IEA Implementing Agreement on Nuclear Technology for Fusion Reactors
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Transcript of IEA Implementing Agreement on Nuclear Technology for Fusion Reactors
IEA Tritium and Safety Issues in LL Breeders, 11-12 June 2007, Idaho FallsO. GASTALDI
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IEA Implementing Agreement on Nuclear Technology for Fusion ReactorsLiquid Breeder Blankets Subtask
Coordinating Meeting on R&D for Tritium and Safety Issues in Lead-Lithium Breeders 11-12 June 2007, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
How could be foreseen the tritium mass transfer
F. Gabriel 1, O. Gastaldi 1(presenter), L. Sedano2
(1 CEA, 2 CIEMAT)
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The TBM objectives
Demonstrate the capacity of tritium extraction while masteringits inventory
– efficient technological components– efficient remote control– understanding the physical and chemical phenomena and their
interactions– capitalize these knowledge in software tools
Knowledge modelling is required in order to represent in a reliable way the different phenomena (in particular T mass transfer phenomena)
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Recall of the needs in term of tritium management
Prediction capabilities of tritium transport modeling tools for tritium transport simulation analyses is a major scientific technical goal of fusion nuclear technology for ITER-TBM:– To help the designer and optimize the technical choices– To better understand future experimental tests– To answer to safety concerns :
• Inventories prediction (help for accountancy methods)• Tritium release estimation
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Understanding of T transport phenomena
Many phenomena could have an impact on tritium mass transfer from LLE to helium coolant:– Level of solubility– MHD impact of velocity profile, – Impact of He bubbles contained in PbLi (transfer to gas phase)– Boundary layer resistance– Diffusion under irradiation– Interface phenomena (sorption – desorption)– Isotopic swanping effect– …
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Understanding of T transport phenomena
Many phenomena could have an impact on tritium mass transfer from LLE to helium coolant
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Different levels of modelingTwo complementary type of tools
– System analyses (ODE system – component = 2 inlets, 2 outlets and a transfer function)
• loop control (main tritium rates, inventory)• global sensitivity analysis
– Component analysis (PDE system – multiphysics analyses)
• qualification of the transfer function• local analysis and component optimization• model validation
Development of reliable system tools, a good knowledge of phenomena is needed
In case of lack of knowledge, refined models associated with analytical experiments are needed
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System approach tools developed in EU
Development of engineering tool (system approach) based on
– Steady state– Fick’s law– Simplified components
description– Using mean values
It allows to: – Lead sensivity studies– Determine what are the
major parameters (on which priority must be put in term of R&D)
FW
Helium circuit PbLi circuit
20 %
80 %
1
2
3FW F
f = Fuite
GV
Water
4
5
CPS
HéD
T E S
HéD
PbLiD
EauTC
2
SlipD
CPSD
HéMoyTC _
TESOUTTC _
TESINTC _
SP
3SP
CP
3CP
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System approach tools developed in EU Example of result:
Except at the beginning of the range, quite progressive gain
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 50 100
PRF Blanket
Out
goin
g T
Flux
(g/
year
)
0.1
1
10
100
T in
vent
orie
s in
loop
s (g
)
Outgoing T flux (g/year)g/an
T inventory in PbLi (g) T inventory in He (g)
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TRICICLO: system tool
Non –linear, (self)-coupled(self)-coupled, multiparametricmultiparametric problem. (at a larger scale)
System approach tools developed in EU: TRICICLO
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System approach tools developed in EU: TRICICLO
))(5.4exp()5.4exp(1
5.4)( yLL
Lgyg
“Moving-slab” technique for tritium transport transient computation in HCLL channel (unit symmetry from BB segmentation)
SOURCESOURCE
DIFF. BALANCEDIFF. BALANCE
LOCAL FLUX EXPRESSIONLOCAL FLUX EXPRESSION
zzyxT
kTTQzyxc
zzyxc
D
zyx
CPSTCPST
CPST
CPST
CP
)0,,()()0,,(
)0,,(
)0,,(
,2,
,
,
dyAzyxdyzyxBdyygBA
xyxczdyyxcBAV
SPCP
),,0(2)0,,()(),,(),,(
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System approach tools developed in EU: TRICICLOSimplified (reliability of the MODEL?) but TRANSIENT. Main hypothesis:– Diffusion (Fick’s law).– No bubbles in Pb-Li (possible to be taken into account by an
apparent Pb-Li higher T solubility in Pb-Li).– MHD drag transport take in a very simplified way (apparent
i.e.: reduced radial diffusivity).– Interfacial resistance (He-film) can be endorsed in the model
(as a PRF of a barrier).– Radiation effects in the steel (as factors in Diff. & Solub.).– Accounting of isotopic swamping possible (Walbroek
theory).– Dynamic accounting of gas chemistry criteria (oxidation
threshold) on EUROFER and INCOLOY for surface characteristics.
– Precise sizing of INCOLOY 800 Steam Generator and dynamic transfers (in surface limiting regimes through).
– CPS, TES, TRS transfers in/out with system efficiencies (DF factors)
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System approach tools developed in EU: TRICICLO
Example of results: – assessment of macroscopic behaviour
– But also sensitivity analysis
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System approach tools developed in EU: TRICICLO
Illustration of potential discussions on hypothesis: basic controversial (unknowns ?) to write to express some fluxes.
ISOTOPIC SWAMPING:ISOTOPIC SWAMPING:
T-FLUXT-FLUXHCSHCSBBBB
T-p.p.T-p.p.H-p.p.H-p.p. H´-p.p.H´-p.p.
Does T-flux vary with H-pp. or H´-pp. ? Does T-flux vary with H-pp. or H´-pp. ? Quantit. dependences on T., H, H’ pp ? Quantit. dependences on T., H, H’ pp ?
Experimental data on isotopic swamping is poor. Dependencies from the Theory on Isotopic effect on transport in [F. Waelbroek, Jül 1966, Dez. 1984F. Waelbroek, Jül 1966, Dez. 1984 ] for gas-gas problems assumed.
Isotopic effects would play on BBIsotopic effects would play on BBPC and PCPC and PCSG fluxes SG fluxes
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System approach tools developed in EU: TRICICLO ISOTOPIC SWAMPING EFFECTSISOTOPIC SWAMPING EFFECTS: DIFFERENT SITUATIONS: DIFFERENT SITUATIONS
CO-STREAM ISOT. SWAMP.CO-STREAM ISOT. SWAMP.
STEADY STATE ISOT. SWAMP. MODEL IMPLEMENTED IN TRICICLOSTEADY STATE ISOT. SWAMP. MODEL IMPLEMENTED IN TRICICLO
COUNTER-STREAM ISOT. SWAMP.COUNTER-STREAM ISOT. SWAMP.
[F. Waelbroek, Jül 1966, Dez. 1984F. Waelbroek, Jül 1966, Dez. 1984 ] pp. 109
HCLL HCPB• Large permeation numbersLarge permeation numbers (diffusion-limited regimes) (diffusion-limited regimes) for H and Tfor H and T
• Low permeation numbers Low permeation numbers (surface-limited regimes) for H and T co-/counter-stream (surface-limited regimes) for H and T co-/counter-stream
T-FLUXT-FLUX
T-FLUX swamped a factor T-FLUX swamped a factor
T-FLUXT-FLUX
T-FLUX swamped a factor T-FLUX swamped a factor
• Large permeation numbersLarge permeation numbers (diffusion-limited regimes) (diffusion-limited regimes) for H and Tfor H and T
T-FLUX swamped a factor T-FLUX swamped a factor
T-FLUX swamped factor T-FLUX swamped factor
GASGAS
GASGAS
GASGAS
GASGAS
4)()(
2 bHp
)()(2 fHp
1
• Low permeation numbersLow permeation numbers (surface-limited regimes) (surface-limited regimes) forfor T & large for HT & large for H
)()(2 fHp
4)()(
2 bHp
No effectNo effect
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System approach tools developed in EU: TRICICLO
Uncertainties on Isot. Swamp. for TRICICLO
– Basic theory and experimental database for gas-gas mixtures.
– It is uncertain how a low solubility media (LM) in (f) position can reduce H flux- back minimizing isotopic swamping effects.
– Isotopic swamping effects if taken into account should be coupled with presence of permeation barriers and/or EUROFER oxidation conditions (as it is tentatively done in TRICICLO tools) .
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General issue: The tritium concentration in the He and in the Pb-15.7Li are evaluated by solving partial differential equations governing the tritium balance, the thermal field and the velocity field in a simplified 2D geometrical representation of the breeder unit at the mid equatorial plan.
Objective: evaluate the sensitivity effect of the Pb-15.7Li velocity profile on engineering outputs 3, and Cf for the inboard and outboard equatorial modules
Blower
Tritium extractionfrom LiPb
FW3
5
He purificationGHe
LiPb
He
mHe
GPbLi
1
2
4
Steamgenerator
Secondary circuit
HCLL Blanket modules
LiPbpurification
Pump
air purification
QHe
mLiPb
Blower
Tritium extractionfrom LiPb
FW3
5
He purificationGHe
LiPb
He
mHe
GPbLi
1
2
4
Steamgenerator
Secondary circuit
HCLL Blanket modules
LiPbpurification
Pump
air purification
QHe
mLiPb
Tritium extractionfrom LiPb
FW3
5
He purificationGHe
LiPb
He
mHe
GPbLi
1
2
4
Steamgenerator
Secondary circuit
HCLL Blanket modules
LiPbpurification
Pump
air purification
QHe
mLiPb
Refined models – an illustration
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Refined models – an illustration
Heat source and tritium source from Monte Carlo analysis, Boussinesq approximation, Inductionless MHD approximation, Inboard magnetic field = 10 T, Outboard magnetic field = 5 T, Toroidal magnetic field, Perfect conductor side walls, Limited diffusion regime for the tritium, Permeation Reduction Factor = 1, Steady state.
B0
inlet a)
radial
poloidal
outlet b)
outlet a)
inlet b)
He
LiPb
B0
inlet a)
radial
poloidal
outlet b)
outlet a)
inlet b)
He
LiPb
A’
A B’
B
B0
inlet a)
radial
poloidal
outlet b)
outlet a)
inlet b)
He
LiPb
B0
inlet a)
radial
poloidal
outlet b)
outlet a)
inlet b)
He
LiPb
A’
A B’
B
( , )
( , )( , )
( , )
minminminmin
r p
r pu r p u
c r p C
aa
a
( , )( , ) 0
( , )
( , ) (1 )
maxmaxmaxmax
r pr p
u r p u
c r p C
in
f
( , )min
freeor
u r p uInlet a)Outlet a)
Inlet b) Outlet b)( , )min
freeoru r p u
( , ) 0 ( , )c r p r p ar b
( , ) 0 ( , )c r p r p ar b
( , ) 0 ( , )c r p r p ar b
0C CK Kl wl w
0C CK Kl wl w
( , )
( , )( , )
( , )
minminminmin
r p
r pu r p u
c r p C
aa
a
( , )( , ) 0
( , )
( , ) (1 )
maxmaxmaxmax
r pr p
u r p u
c r p C
in
f
( , )min
freeor
u r p uInlet a)Outlet a)
Inlet b) Outlet b)( , )min
freeoru r p u
( , ) 0 ( , )c r p r p ar b
( , ) 0 ( , )c r p r p ar b
( , ) 0 ( , )c r p r p ar b
0C CK Kl wl w
0C CK Kl wl w
3w
w
wall
CD dy
y
Engineering Outputs:1
3
r
LiPb inlet
Horizontal stiffening plate
Breeding zone cell
Breeding zone
column
LiPb distribution
box
LiPb outlet
boutlet
f
boutlet
f
fdyC
dyCu
C
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Refined models – an illustration
FW
A
A’
B’
B
FW
A
A’
B’
B
Temperature distribution (°C) – B = 10 T
FW
A
A’
B’
B
FW
A
A’
B’
B
FWFW
A
A’
B’
B
Tritium concentration (at m-3) – B = 10 T
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0x 10
-4 u upper channel velocity profile
meter
m s
-1
NE 2 - 10 TNE 2 - 5 TNE 4 - 10 TNE 4 - 5 T
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04-2
0
2
4
6
8
10x 10
-5 u lower channel velocity profile
meter
m s
-1
NE 2 - 10 TNE 2 - 5 TNE 4 - 10 TNE 4 - 5 T
a) along AA’ b) along BB’
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04-1.2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0x 10
-4 u upper channel velocity profile
meter
m s
-1
NE 2 - 10 TNE 2 - 5 TNE 4 - 10 TNE 4 - 5 T
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.04-2
0
2
4
6
8
10x 10
-5 u lower channel velocity profile
meter
m s
-1
NE 2 - 10 TNE 2 - 5 TNE 4 - 10 TNE 4 - 5 T
a) along AA’ b) along BB’
Radial velocity
Sensitivity analysis based on the identification of the parameters of the response surface 31 2
00 0 0
( , ) (1 )BC NC BC NC BC NCaa a
y X X a X X X Xa a a
a0 a1/a0 % a2/a0 % a3/a0 %
3 (g.m-2d-1) – 5 T 2.93 10-3 -0.08 -0.66 -0.10
Cf (mol m-3) - 5 T 0.0454 -0.10 0.26 -0.08
r (%) – 5 T 21.16 -0.08 -0.66 -0.10
3 (g.m-2d-1) – 10 T 2.94 10-3 0.015 -0.21 -0.005
Cf (mol m-3) - 10 T 0.0453 - 0.023 0.066 -0.013
r (%) – 10 T 21.25 0.014 -0.21 -0.005
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.040
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5x 10
22 lower channel concentration profile
meter
at m
- 3
NE 2 - 10 TNE 2 - 5 TNE 4 - 10 TNE 4 - 5 T
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.040
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2x 10
22 upper channel concentration profile
meter
at m
- 3
NE 2 - 10 TNE 2 - 5 TNE 4 - 10 TNE 4 - 5 T
a) along AA’ b) along BB’
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.040
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5x 10
22 lower channel concentration profile
meter
at m
- 3
NE 2 - 10 TNE 2 - 5 TNE 4 - 10 TNE 4 - 5 T
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025 0.03 0.035 0.040
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2x 10
22 upper channel concentration profile
meter
at m
- 3
NE 2 - 10 TNE 2 - 5 TNE 4 - 10 TNE 4 - 5 T
a) along AA’ b) along BB’
Concentration profile
XBC = choice of the fluid boundary conditionXNC = choice of the natural convection
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Refined models – an illustration
Results:– In the inboard and outboard equatorial HCLL modules
within the above listed assumptions, the permeation rate towards the He circuit, the mean outlet tritium concentration and the ratio of the permeation rate to the production rate are almost insensitive to the magnetic field
– A concentration boundary layer is developed and could be regarded as an equivalent Permeation Reduction Factor of 30 (which was not considered in the previous tritium permeation estimations).
– Such results can be integrated in the system approach tools as PRF
But even with refined model it is needed to solve some persistent lacks of knowledge and uncertainties by experimental campaign
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Many uncertainties and persistent lacks
Data lacks (persistent)– Materials databases:
• Pb-15.7Li properties (like T solubility), • Radiation spectral effects on T-transport properties in
EUROFER (& coatings)
– Base phenomena with large potential effect on T-transfers in IBTC
• He-cavitation issues (bubble nucleation impact on tritium)• Validation (or not) of isotopic swamping mechanisms• Soret effect quantification• Trapping models• Coatings impact and associated representation• (He chemistry effects)
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Many uncertainties and persistent lacks
Data lacks (persistent)– Systems definition and system parameter unknows.
• Key technological choices: Power Conversion System (SG) for the IBTC
• Unknown dependencies: Do TES/LM efficiencies depend on T p.p. ? - H-dopping effect ??? - (CPS, TRS) scaling & DFs dependencies on (Q2, Q2O) stream p.p. ?
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(1) wall impact on solubility ()(2) uncertainty in the eutectic composition ()(3) impact of eutectic disproportioning ()(4) role of M-impurities (¿ ? ?)(5) Other ? LM hydrodynamics (¿--??)
Li vapors and pressure gauge performances (--)
Pb-Li eutectic alloy proposed in the 70´s70´s with intensive characterization of base properties work during 80´s in EU labs (JRC, CEA, KfK) on eutectic (assumed as 83at%Pb-17at %Li).Practical experience determining H-isotope´s solubility in Pb-Li alloys shows how the measurement is potentially full ofpotentially full of parasitic effectsparasitic effects:
Many uncertainties and persistent lacks – illustration (Ks)
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- See previous presentation
(11) wall impact on solubilitywall impact on solubility(())- confirmed for some early data
(corrected > 90´s > 90´s measure: by coating capsules: Al2O3, W,..),
- [ 2 o.o.m. values ] & wall material solution activation -Es
(22) uncertainty in the eutecticeutectic composition (composition ())
(33) eutectic d) eutectic disproportioningisproportioning ( ())
Deviation from theoretical eutectic composition [15.7(2)at%Li] at liquid phase and solubility
impact with Li aggregation.
- not systematically checked & driving potentially to incorrect overestimated solubility (in connection with Li-aggregation by clustering)
eut
LieutLiPbs Ks
KsLiatLiatLnK)(
)).(..(1)( 17
Many uncertainties and persistent lacks – illustration (Ks)
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Solubility limits for FM corrosion components (Fe, Ni, Mn, Cr) in Pb-Li
(44) role of M-impuritiesimpurities (¿ (¿?)?)
However, tritium solubility in dominant (Fe) is comparable (10-8 at.fr. Pa-1/2) to lower reference solubility data in Pb15.7Li [Reiter], i.e.: amount of impurity comparable to that of measured eutectic.
Steel corrosion products show high solubility limits in Pb15.7Li (Ni > Mn > Fe > Cr).
In this sense, even for unprotected samples and conservatively high corrosion rate values for (cm s-1) thermo-convection velocities (10-100 mg m-2 h-1), impurity impact can be assumed as negligible.
Many uncertainties and persistent lacks – illustration (Ks)
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Results: Results: HA-gHA-g (o.o.m higher than actual solubility values and no Sievert´s law) ABANDONED. First HA-p HA-p measurements shown first Sievert´s dependencies and lower values (> 1 o.o.m) ID techniques seem to be as most performant methode for measuring Sievert´s constant and a refinement of HA-p methodes. Allows Allows checking reversibility between absortion & desorption (key issue)
can neutralize possible role of LM hydrodynamics
Many uncertainties and persistent lacks – illustration (Ks)
Two kinds of techniques Two kinds of techniques have been used: have been used:Hot AbsorptionHot Absorption (HA) techniques: gravimetric (HA-g) or pressure drop (HA-p) versions, Isovolumetric Desorption (ID) (desorbed gas pressure evolution after absorption)
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Development plan
First step:– Exchange on the way to represent the main transport
phenomena of tritium in LLE
– Establish a common basis of knowledge
– Prioritize the main issues in order to cover the lacks of knowledge
– Develop experimental program in order to solve them (using shared procedure and/or using cross checking)
Second step :– Develop one (or several (depending on the objectives)) open
tool(s) for T transfer modeling
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Development plan of the tool – What is the need?Potential users :
Design Engineer component simulation (validated models) sensitivity analysis
complex meshing important CPU time user-friendly interface
Physicist model validation experiment design
interpreted language (easily model implementation) numerical tools access
Numerician software improvement
basic programming level object-oriented language
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Development plan of the tool- How could we built it?
Basic facts
not really a commercial tool not that much users quite complex physics
Shared development
open access CFD based tools development divided among partners A team will integrate all developments in a QA version
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Development plan - Preliminary road map for the 1st tool
needs specification analysis of needs specification of criteria
selection of a software research of potential software assessment of bests
development of our application model implementation benchmark evaluation
Experimental program in order to reduce data lack qualification of codes
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Conclusion (1/2)
Main issues to solve are:– Permeation modeling
• isotopic swamping• surface model• trapping model• coating and interface models• He chemistry effects• experimental validation
– Multiphysic analysis and validation– He bubbling effect– Constitutive law [C = f(P)]
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Conclusion (1/2)
Main issues to solve are:– Permeation modeling
• isotopic swamping• surface model• trapping model• coating and interface models• He chemistry effects• experimental validation
– Multiphysic analysis and validation– He bubbling effect– Constitutive law [C = f(P)]
With or without irradiation
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Conclusion (2/2)
Main points to treat within the collaboration program:
– Definition of common way to describe phenomena in modeling tools (benchmarking of the different available codes)
– Definition of specific experimental tests in order to obtain main parameters of models
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Support to the discussion
Fundamental points:– Establishment of a common database
– Definition of common LLE specifications with QA procedure for its manufacturing – EU can propose some specifications (to be discussed)
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Support to the discussionFor each issues what could proposed:– Permeation modelling
• isotopic swamping• surface model• trapping model• coating and interface models• He chemistry effects• experimental validation
– Multiphysic analysis and validation– He bubbling effect– Constitutive law [C = f(P)] – Sievert constant determination
What are the reference laws for these phenomena?– What is the level of reliability?– Which kind of experiments do we need to complete it?– Is there existing facility or analytical bench able to do so?