Idep a real time soil moisture, erosion, and runoff inventory

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Iowa Daily Erosion Project 2: Real time soil and water resource inventory Brian K. Gelder, PhD Associate Scientist Iowa State University D. James, D. Herzmann, R. Cruse, J. Laflen, W. Kraszewski, J. Opsomer, D. Flanagan, J. Frankenberger

description

69th SWCS International Annual Conference “Making Waves in Conservation: Our Life on Land and Its Impact on Water” July 27-30, 2014 Lombard, IL

Transcript of Idep a real time soil moisture, erosion, and runoff inventory

Page 1: Idep   a real time soil moisture, erosion, and runoff inventory

Iowa Daily Erosion Project 2: Real time soil and water resource inventory

Brian K. Gelder, PhDAssociate Scientist

Iowa State UniversityD. James, D. Herzmann, R. Cruse, J. Laflen, W. 

Kraszewski, J. Opsomer, D. Flanagan, J. Frankenberger

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Iowa Daily Erosion Project

• Our mission:To help farmers, land managers, and the public better understand the dynamics and magnitude of runoff and soil erosion through daily estimation of these processes on agricultural areas and dissemination of the estimates via the web

These estimates are made using WEPP, the Water Erosion Prediction Project model, a mechanistic model designed for agricultural and forest plots.

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• Township level data– Soils– Slopes– Manage

ment

NEXRAD Precipdata

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Iowa Daily Erosion Project 1

• Estimating– Sheet and rill erosion – Soil moisture – Runoff– Rainfall

• On 18,000 hillslopes– 6‐20 per township

• Weather from NEXRAD/ Iowa Mesonet

• Slope, soils, and management information from 1997 USDA Natural Resource Inventory (NRI)– Extrapolated to present

• Estimates aggregated to township level

• Debuted in 2003

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Iowa Daily Erosion Project 2

• IDEP continues to function, but– Rotations are out of date (1994‐97)– Hillslopes are simple, uniform slope– Actual locations not known

• Impossible to assess current accuracy• Township structure not ideal for water issues

• Research in remote sensing makes it possible to generate all model inputs– Run at HUC12 watershed scale on approximately 250 flowpaths per watershed

• 1700 HUC12 watersheds, each approximately 100 km2

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NEXRAD Precip

LiDARSlopes

SSURGO Soils

Remote Management

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Iowa Daily Erosion Project 2

• New Interface– Similar to Google Earth, Bing Maps

• Selectable basemaps, overlays, data layers

• Transition to remotely sensed inputs– Rainfall – 1x1 km 5 minute NEXRAD

• Upgraded from 4x4 km 15 minute NEXRAD– Management – Remote sensing of crops/residue cover– Hillslope profile – LiDAR derived – Soils – SSURGO derived

• Enables field and watershed monitoring comparisons for estimating model accuracy and precision– Eventually stream delivery and channel erosion

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IDEP 2 Rainfall

• Upgrade to Level II NEXRAD radar data from the NWS and UI– 1 x 1 km rainfall – Every 5 minutes

• Previously– 4 x 4 km rainfall– Every 15 minutes

• Improved wind, temp, and solar spatial resolution

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IDEP 2 Management• Estimates are currently made on 

agricultural land parcels greater than 10 acres

• To accurately delineate agricultural land we began with pre‐2008 publically available USDA FSA Common Land Units

• A CLU has– Permanent, contiguous boundary– Common land cover & 

management– Common owner– Common producer

• Does not represent crop boundaries

• Aerially truthed to 2009 field boundaries

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IDEP 2 Management

• To obtain crop rotations we use USDA NASS Cropland Data Layer– Annual map of crop cover

– Based on Landsat & other images

– Does not delineate common management practices

2011

20092008

2010

20132012

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IDEP 2 Management

2011

20092008

2010

20132012

For each 2009 field boundary the majority land cover and fraction is calculated for each year from 2008‐2013 and the pattern is assigned to one of nine major rotation types and extrapolated to the current year.

+

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IDEP 2 Management

2008‐2013 Crop Rotations

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IDEP 2 Management• Remotely sensed residue 

cover estimates will come from Landsat TM and ETM+ sensor

• Soil and residue reflect differently in middle infrared

• Index relationship can define tillage intensity

• Index uses crop cover from previous step to improve estimates

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IDEP 2 Management

Post Fall Residue Polygons NDTI = Band 5 – Band 7Band 5 + Band 7

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IDEP 2 Management

• Determining residue cover (RC)– Identify and download all imagery 

from the Landsat archive over Iowa from October 15 to June 15 from 2000‐01 to 2011‐12

– Use Fmask, an automated process for classifying imagery into snow, cloud, cloud shadow, water, and clear sky pixels

– Visually inspect Fmask results to find any missed clouds and create additional cloud/shadow masks if needed

– Calculate Normalized Difference Tillage Index (NDTI) value to estimate RC

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IDEP 2 Management• Steps to determine residue cover (RC)

– Utilize date, crop, growing crop (and potentially soil) adjusted NDTI values to calculate residue cover

• 100% NDTI value decreases with time• 100% decreases from corn ‐> beans• 0% ‐ consistent across date & crop• Growing crop increases values• No till class may be needed

– Utilizing all available imagery minimum residue cover for each field is estimated in two time periods

• After fall tillage (before March 15)• After planting (before June  15)

– Based on residue cover estimates, corn and soybean tillage practices are assigned to 1 of 4 possible regimes

• No‐till• Mulch‐till (2 levels) • Conventional tillage

y = 507.95x - 23.333R² = 0.8063

0

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IDEP 2 Hillslope Profiles

• LiDAR topographic data can better predict water flow across the landscape but LiDAR is not perfect –– Doesn’t always flow

• Roads/railroads create digital dams

• Areas of no returns (water, heavy trees) create errors

– Enforcement is needed to get water to the channels or depressions and not back up in fields

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Fill Depth at 3 m Resolution

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Best Connection(s)

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Remaining Fill Depth

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IDEP 2 Hillslopes (Cont.)

• Once surface is enforced further processing begins– Too many flowpaths to run them all

• Random sampling

– Stratify HUC12s into subcatchments

• Using Douglas‐Peuker constant drop stream analysis

• 100‐250 subcatchments per HUC12

– Select 1 ag flowpath per subcatchment

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Catchments and Channels

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Field Level Flowpaths

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Field Level Flowpaths and Soils

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HUC12 Framework

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IDEP2 Rainfall

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IDEP2 Erosion

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IDEP2 Runoff

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Questions?

• Acknowledgements:– Iowa State University Agronomy Department Endowment

– USDA Agricultural Research Service– Environmental Defense Fund

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IDEP 2 Management

June 1 2011 Residue Cover Index