Ideology Courses

7/25/2019 Ideology Courses

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1stcourse

Defnition o Ideology, History

IDEOLOGY: gives you orientation/ meaning

- "No one sees the worl as it is!!!" there is no reality as such# even the

most $asic things are inter%rete# we inter%ret things aroun us &e'!: ta$le(#

e%ens on the society# culture how we inter%ret it -) we cannot entirely

s*i% ieology

- +e are social $eings an when we are $orn we are thrown in a worl which

alreay has some sort o, ieological structure# we acuire the $elie,s o, our

,amily# ,rom ,riens# .# etc!

- 0Ieology is !!! illusion conce%t!!!"

Defnitions: Ideologyis

1. a %olitical $elie, system!2. action oriente set o, ieas!3. ieas o, a ominant class!4. the worl-view o, a %articular social class or social grou%!5. %olitical ieas that articulate class interest!6. ieas that %ro%agate ,alse consciousness amongst the e'%loite ones!7. ieas that situate the iniviual within a social conte't an generate a

sense o, social $elonging!8.

settle ieas use to legitimie a %olitical system9. a %olitical ao%tion which claims to have mono%oly o, truth!10. an a$stract an highly systematic set o, ieas!

- there are two major wayso, loo*ing at ieology &.erry Eagleton(

1! neutral unerstaning: when you try to analye# you are not intereste

whether it is true/,alse or goo/$a

2! negative: tries to istinguish $etween true an ,alse or goo an $a -)

this is usually associate with the iea o, ,alse consciousness

- accoring to Eagletonthere are 3 other defnitions o ideology:

&neutral(

1. Ieology is a material %rocess o, generating "ieas# $elie,s an values

in social li,e": ieology-)culture2. Ieology is a$out the conitions an li,e e'%eriences o, a s%eci4c

socially signi4cant grou% or class: ieology -) worl-view


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3. the %romotion an legitimation o, the interests o, such social grou%s in

the ,ace o, o%%osing interest: ieology -) iscursive 4el4. retains this em%hasis on the %romotion an legitimation o, sectorial

interest# $ut con4ne it to the activities o, a ominant %ower: ieology

-) hegemony

&negative(

5. Ieology is ,alse consciousness that is ieas# $elie,s meant to

legitimie a social class# in 5ar'6s sense $ourgeois is this social class6. Ieology is still ,alse consciousness# $ut its ,alsehoo comes not ,rom a

social grou% that mani%ulates# $ut ,rom the material structure o,

society as a whole

History o the concept:

- it was 4rst use $y Antoine Destutt de Tracy &1789-1;3(: ,or him

ieology is a science o, ieas meant to %uri,y the human min ,rom the olirrational %reussians# he tries to legitimie his e,eat# he $lames the ieologists# they

unermine ?rance through a$stract meta%hysics# instea o, ao%ting the

laws to "the *nowlege o, the human heart"-) ieology $ecomes a $a

wor# he $ecomes the 4rst critiue

Karl Marx&11-1;(

- criticies e .racy ,or $elieving in the %ossi$ility o, a neutral eucation#immune to material economic ,actors@ eucation cannot $e neutral# it is

etermine $y the economic situation o, the society# it is not enough to

change the eucation system# you have to change the material structure o,

society

- the critical theory &German 5ar'ist $ranch( -Max Horheimer, Theodor

Adorno, Her!ert Marcuse: they are still 5ar'ist# $ut they

instrumental reason@ ieology ,or them is roote in the very &A(

- Karl "opper, Hannah Arondt: ,or them ieology is a close system o,

ieas s%eci4c to totalitarian ogmatism# ieology is a secular religion thathas the mono%oly o, truth

- Michael #alneshott: ieologies are a$stract systems o, thought# which

sim%li,y social reality


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- Antonio $ramsci: trie to ma*e sense o, a communist ,ailure# lac* o,

revolution in the west $ecause o, a strong civil society# >ussia lace this civil

society@ ieas can etermine the sha%e o, society@ hegemony - he creates a

new common sense&all ieas that are ta*en grante(# ieology is not ,alse

consciousness# all you can o is to oBer a new ieology

- Karl Mannheim: is the one who e4nes ieology as a worl-view# every

ieology is the reCection o, a social grou%

- Andrew Heywood: an ieology is a more or less coherent set o, ieas that

%rovies the $asis ,or organie %olitical action# whether this is intene to

%reserve# moi,y or overthrow the e'isting system o, %ower@ ; main ,eatures

- to oBer an account o, the e'isting orer

- to avance a moel o, a esire ,uture

- to e'%lain how %olitical change can an shoul $e $rought a$ove

2n course &218!1!19!(

%lassical li!eralism

- in mileage teh wor li$eral meant:

-a %erson having a com%le' eucation@

- the eucation o, a gentlean# a ,reeman

- in larger sense# li$eral meant a %erson who is rational# o%en-mine

- negative connotation# a %erson who oes nott ,ollow the acce%te religious

norms

- only in the 1th century is associate with a %olitical ieology

?eatures# $asic values:

1! ?reeom:

- negative li$erty &e4ne $y the a$sence o, an e'ternal inter,erence into

your %rivate li,e( - 17#1th century# 4rst hal, o, 1th century - reemerges atthe en o, the 2th with neoli$eralism

- %ositive li$erty &e4ne as what you can o(- secon hal, o, 1th an

2th century

- it is strongly connecte to euality# everyone has the chance to $ecome

sth# %luralism


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2! Iniviualism: societies com%ose o, iniviuals

- society: social contract $etween ,ree iniviuals

- 17-1th century: %ossesive ineiviualism: an iniviual is seen as an owner

o, his $oy# ca%acities

- 1th century: o%timistic iniviualism# evlolutionary iniviuals@ the $asic

chnange in is meaning - acce%ting that society sha%es iniviuals

;! >ationalism:

- there is a %ro,oun connection $etween li$eralism an Enlightenmnet -)

$elieves in the rational ca%acity o, the iniviuals to have access to the

rational structure o, reality

9! >e,ormism:

- %rogressivly intervine in reality an ma*e in $etter@ we can have change asiniviuals

8! Fonstitutionalism:

- %olitical %ower must $e limite# chec*e

- se%aration o, %owers: legislative# e'ecutive#


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$ecomes a$usive# %eo%le can re$el against it# they have the moral

legitimacy to o that

- 5ontesuieu &13-1788(: he live in an a$solute monarchy@ %eo%le are

$orn in the state o, nature# having 2 universal rights:

-) sel,-%reservation an li$erty

-) the mutual o$ligations which connect the mem$ers o, a ,amily

se%aration o, %owers# amires =ritish system &have li$erty as its $asic

%rinci%le(@ is intereste in limiting the central %ower# he wants a $alance

$etween common %eo%le an aristocracy

- ean acues >ousseau &1712-177(: against Ho$$es# >ousseau $elieves

that in the state o, nature are com%assionate an sel,-suJcient@ sel4shness

is a$out society &society creates sel4shness# $ecause %eo%le ten to

com%are(# $asic goal is to secure human ,reeom# accoring to him we are

not ,ree# $ecause we are to %articular %owers/ authorities# in oer to $e

,ree# we have to sign a social contract $y which we o$ey an im%ersonal

%ower# a general will# he su%%orte iret emocracy &you can have this only

in a small community(# he was the main %hiloso4cal 4gure o, the ?rench

>evolution@ he is li$eral $ut also ili$eral & those who oes not o$ey shoul $e

%unishe(

- Kam mith &172;-17(: .he +ealth o, Ntions &1773(@ he criticies the

merchantalist ieas# economy is a mar*et# li*e in the mar*et there is a

eman an oBer# there are ,ree iniviuals who try to satis,y their nee# teh

relationshi% $etween $uyers an %roucers are ,ree# $ecause o, theirsl4shness# you can secure the wealth o, everyone# $ecause this sel4shness is

com%ensate $y the im%ersonal laws o, the mar*et# such as: no %roucer

can im%ose the %rice# the mar*et oes not nee e'ternal interventions# it is

sel,-regulating# it acts li*e an invisi$le han

- ames 5aison &1781-1;2(: the ,ather o, the Fonstitution o, Kmerica# an

also %resietn@ author o, the ,eeralist %a%ers# those %a%ers manage to

convience the other %art in the Kmerican revolution@ se%aration o, %owers#

legislative %ower is the ominant one@ $icameralism -) to limit the %ossi$le

tirany o, the maevolutions: a$sor$ in their own language the

li$eral ieas@ ?rench >evolution: naturalism ) creates tension# they ,orget

women# $lac* %eo%le - only men with %ro%erty


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- Kam mith ha a huge inCuence o, th 1th century# $ecause he sai the

mar*et regulates itsel,-) creates many crisis an a lot o, ineuality

- social arwinism: the survival o, the 4ttest# the others shoul


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themselves economically @ the solution ,or this %ro$lem: not to esca%e

moernity# $ut to acce%t it# $ut ma*ing them aware that it is in their own

interest to sacri4ce some o, their time ,or %u$lic matters he also avocates

as solution in,ormal $ons $etween iniviuals# allowing them to resist

social con,ormism or the %ressure o, a central authority@ Kmerica is much

more ecentralie than Euro%e# in Kmerica local communities ecie %u$licmatters@ he oBers a mile-way $etween Kmerica an Euro%e# $ecause $oth

moels have virtues an %ro$lems

- (eremy )entham&179-1;2(: criticies the iea o, national rights# $y

%ro%osing instea a more scienti4c iea: iniviuals are mo$ilie $y their

sel,-interest an this sel,-interest can $e e4ne as a esire ,or %leasure or

ha%%iness @ he ,ormulates the %rinci%le o, utility@ an action is goo or $a i, it

%romotes/ inhi$its the ha%%iness o, large num$er o, %eo%le

- (ohn *tuart Mill &13-17;(: he is a utilitarian li*e =entham@ he

criticies =entham ,or not istinguishing $etween %leasures# ,or =entham%leasure are homogenous# $ut ,or 5ill there are ualitative iBerence

$etween them &e'! Human nee ,or creativity is higher than the nee ,or

eating!(# he oBers $oth a %ositive an a negative unerstaning o, iniviual

,reeom# negative ,reeom means the a$sence o, an e'ternal inter,erence

into %rivate s%here# while the %ositive one is trying to oBer an ieal ,or

human ,reeom@ the lac* o, inter,erence in 2 things : iniviuals $oy an

min $oth are the %ossession o, the iniviual# those action that re,er to

$oy an min: 0sel,-regaringP actions@ harm %rinci%le: an action can $e

,or$ien only i, it causes harm to an iniviual# these action are calle

Qother regaring actions# $ecause such action concern not only yoursel,# $utothers@ the %ositive unerstaning comes ,rom the ,act that the iniviual is

a creator an shoul enhance its own iniviual@ iniviuality is the iea o, a

,ree society@ is very much aware li*e .ocueville o, the negative im%act o,

inustrialiation# ,or him the worst thing is social c @ he $elieves in

%rogress@ re%resentative emocracy is the %ea* o, human evolution@

accoring to him re%resentative emocracy shoul ,ace two angers:

tyranny o, a minority or the tyranny o, ma


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- 1thcentury: the level o, ineuality is very high# $ecause the century is

ominate $y the iea that the state shoul not intervene in economy# many

economic crisis uring 1thcentury@ at the en o, the century %eo%le $egan

to realie that the minimal state is not a$le to co%e with these %ro$lems#

,rom a %olitical %oint o, view what you have a com$ination o, colonialism an

nationalism & no longer ,ree commerce# no longer %o%es that want %eace(

- T+ H+ $reen&1;3-12(: li*e ohn tuart 5ill# Green $elieves that

iniviuals are not riven sorely $y their sel,-interest# he oBers a much more

o%timistic view o, human nature# this human nature is ca%a$le o, com%assion

an &not as sel4sh as in classical li$eralism # $eing inCuence $y socialists

Green uestion the %rinci%les o, negative li$erty# $ecause this %rinci%le can

mas* e'%loitation ,or a$uses# o not intervene I my %rivate $usiness# I can

o whatever I want in my %rivate one &chilren e'%loitation(# he %ro%oses a

,ull Cege %ositive ,reeom as the a$ility o, an iniviual to evelo% an

reach his iniviuality# this M ,reeom is aware o, the ,act that ,reeom as

such can $e %ut at ris* $y social isavantages or economic ineuality &you

cannot $e ,ree in you o not have the same economic $ac*groun(# human

nature is sha%e $y society# institution shoul allow ,or the evelo%ment o,

human %ersonality # goes again a very %ower,ul state

- (ohn Maynard Keynes &1;-193(: he reawls tries to oBer a li$eral view with a social touch# in his $oo* K .heory o,

ustice he tries to harmonie ,reeom an euality uner the ,ormula o,


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Fentral ieas:

- Does not tal* a$out natural rights# instea he uses social an historical

arguments

- Is not so intereste in limiting the central %ower or moeration# $ut in

%rogress

- Kre intereste in %ositive ,reeom

- re,ers evelo%ment o, iniviualism# rather a %ossessive iniviuals

- O, .he state is not a minimal state# $ut rather a %ower,ul one

reistri$uting the wealth

- Is also $ase on social res%onsi$ility# we shoul ta*e care o, the

vulnera$le %art o, the society

Neoli$eralism:Fonte't:

- Emerge in 17s -) Oil crisis &17;-79(# 5argaret .hatcher an >onal

>eagan came to %ower in =ritain an Kmerica

- Neoli$eralism woul $e classical li$eralism in an economical level#

com$ine with conservatism

- -riedrich 'on Hayeln &1-12(: he was the main aversary o, ohn

Seynes@ criticies the socialist ty%e o, economy# trying to %lan everything#

the %ro$lem in such an economy is tht you cannot %lan everything $ecauseeconomy is too com%le'@ an economy shoul $e ,ree ,rom %olitical

interventions an shoul $e guie $y the %rice esta$lishe $y the oBer an

eman@ 0roa to ser,omP

- Milton -riedman &112-2(: he criticies Seynes $ecause his measures

o, stimulating economy $y state intervention woul generate inCation# $ut

also the lac* o, more structural re,orm

Fentral ieas:

- Em%hasis on economy# not on %olitics

- Negative li$erty

- 5inimal state an large %rivatiation o, state com%etence

- =elie, in the invisi$le han

- .hese li$eral ieas are com$ine with conservative ieas


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- .he neoli$eral state $ecomes wea*er in social areas &eucation# health(#

$ut $ecomes very %ower,ul in army# %olice# secret services

.th course

%onser'atism/

- secon ma


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- human im%er,ection: at 4rst they are heavily inCuence $y christianity an

the iea o, original sin# they usually have a %essimist view o, human nature#

mar*et $y several limits &%sichological limits - ,ear o, the un*nown#

un,amiliar# moral limits - we ten to $e sel4sh or intelectual ones - we *now

reality only to certain limits(

-! ,or conservatists human nature oes not change in a raical way#

es%ite te ,act that human nature is inCuence $y society

- early conservatism was heavily inCuence $y christianity an religion#

while contem%orany conservatism might use religion# $ut it also unerstans

iniviuals as ,ollowing their own interests in economic com%etition

- organic society: hierarchy# mutual e%enence# ivision o, la$our - each

organ has its ,unction# harmony# change is very slow

- we ,oun ourselves in a certain environment an that environmnet ta*es

care o, us an $ecome %art o, them# we $ecome iniviuals only a,ter wegrow u% in society

- contem%orany conservatists no longer use it

- hierarchy an authorithy: accoring to them there is a natural ineuality

$etween men# %hysical# intelectual# social# accoring to this society nees

elites# that shoul govern ,rom a$ove# shoul ta*e care o, the %eo%le# its an

%aternalistic attitue# many conservatist ha this *in o, nostalgia

- not every ty%e o, conservatism su%%orts this iea &e'! christian

emocrats woul not agree with it(

- contm%orany conservtism: the leas are meritocratic

- %ro%erty: is a source o, sta$ility an %sichological an social motivation# it is

an e'%ression o, ientity# it is not all a$out mony# it is a$ot sel,-res%ect#

social status

- this iea changes its meaning# christian emocrts trie to 4n a certain

$alance $etween %rivate %ro%erty an scial reestri$ution

- the neo-conservatists re


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- ?rench >evolution - reaction to this revolution

- Emun =ur*e &172-177(: >eCections on the >evolution in ?rance

- he ma*es a com%arison $etween ?rencg revoluton an the Glorious

revolution &13# =ritain( - in 13 constitutional monarchy re%laces a$solute

monarchy# this glorious revolution ha as its $asic %rinci%le moeration an%ragmatism# the iea o, "to change in orer to %reserve"# in cnstast to the

glorious revolution# the ?rench on is a$out raically changing reality# change

$ecomes an en in itsel,# the change is mae in the name o, a$stract ieas/

theories &e'! univrsal humsn rights(

- this revolution set ,ree unlimite human %assions# trie to estroy the

continuity with the %ast

- $e@ieves in an organic society

- ,or him: local authorities shoul $e %reserve

- also criticies the li$eral iea o, a social contract# he ree4nes social

contract# this social contract is no longer signe $y iniviuals# rather it is a

social contract $etween generations

2! moern conservatism:

- Fonte't:

- economic ,actors: inustrialiation# ur$aniation an clear economic

ineualities

- %olitical ,actors: revolutions ,rom 1;s an 19s# the %olitical unrest

- =en


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;! the new right:

- Fonte't:

- economic ,actor: oil crisis in 17;# which unermines the $elie, in

well,are state an allow 5argaret .atcher an >onal >aegen to reach %ower

- social %rotests ,rom 13# it create a %anic in western countries# the

,eare that this %rotes woul lea to communism or social chaos

- neo-conservatism or neo-li$eralism com$ine classical economic li$eralism

& economy regulates itsel,( with conservatism - we nne orer# law# o$ert Noich &1;- 22(: Knerchy# tate an Uto%ia

- intene to give a re%ly ot >awls@ he wanst t e,en the iea o, a

minimal state# intereste only in aitaining social %eace

- in hi view social reestri$ution is unoth$ar &123-18(:

- we shoul neutralie everything# in orer to have com%etition

$! new conservatism: to %reserve Kmerican li$eralims

- Irving Sristol

- Daniel =ell

- they $oth critcie the Kmerican %resient# ohnson &emocrat(# $ecause

o, his %rograms o, social assistance/services

- are not ,or a li$eral min imal state# they want to save Kmerican culture#

however# in the s conservatism mi'es with li$eralism

- the state shoul not regulate economy# shoul %rivatie health care# $ut

%ower,ul intervention i n%olice an secret services

Fentral ieas:

1! traitional conservatism:

- %ragmatism

- %aternalism


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- traitionalism# they trie to %reseve the ol aristocracy

- organis society

- hierarchy

- social res%onci$ility- mile- way in economy

2! moern conservatism:

- %ragmatism an %aternalism

- sintesis $etween traition an moernity

- the nee ,or organic ties in a sel4sh# com%etitive worl

- hierarchy# $ut also o%enness towars the wor*ing class

- social res%onsi$ility

- mile-way in economy

;! the new right: tentions

- iniviualism# $ut also organisism

- meritocracy# $ut also social hierarchy

- minimal state in the state that the state no longe rintervenes in econom#

health an eucation# $ut also a ma'imal state &%olice# army# secret

services(- internationalism# $ut also nationalism an anti-glo$aliation

- raical moernism# $ut also traitionalism

0th course

%hristian democracy/

- $ranch on conservatism

Fonte't:

- economic: the emergence o, the $ourgeoise

- ?rench >evolution: strng rection against the church# it also generate a

reaction ,rom the FKtholic Fhurch -) they wante restoration

- 2 $ranches:


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- %olitical catholicism: at 4rst it was a reaction against ?rench revolution

an against li$eralism -) later this catholicism acce%te re%resentative

emcocracy

anti-li$eral --------) acce%ts re%resentative emocracy

- social catholicism: con,ronts ca%italism# tries to a$sor$ a %art o, this%roletariat# tries to aress the %ro$lem o, %owerty

Knti-li$eral catholicism:

- ose%h e 5aistre &178;-121(: "o, course the ?rench revolution is the

source o, a social $ecause it unermine two $asic institutions: monarchy

an the church@ Enlightenment an ?rench >evolution %lease the iniviual

an reasone at the very centre o, the universe# $y oing this ?rench

>evolution unreache unlimite %assions@ the aco$in terror is the

conseurnce o, it

- %olitical systems are not the result o, human reason# actually they have

a ivine source@ %olitics in an e'tention o, religion

- he wants a total restoration o, the ol orer

- the highest %olitical authority is the %o%e himsel,

- some consier him as a recursor o, totalitarians

ocial catholicism:

- Fonte't: ur$aniation# ineuality# inustrialiation M s%rea o, socialism

an nationalism &in 171 the newly $orn italian state conuere atican# the%o%e $ecomes a %risoner# only in 12 atican $ecame ine%enent(

- $ecause o, these events the Fatholic church lost its %olitical inCuence# all

he ha was the social one# it wante to %reserve its inCuence on scoail level

against the inter,erence o, the national state an against the s%rea o, the

socialist movement among the wor*ing class

- +ilhelm Emmanuel von Settler &111-177(: catholic $isho%# who is

consiere to $e the ,ouning ,ather o, social catholic thin*ing

- he is a %olitical li$eral# he is againt the christian a$solutism# $ut he also

criticies li$eralism# his aguement is that li$erty cannot $e achieve# i, it isan a$solute value

- in contrast with the li$erals Settler re


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- we cannot change humans# we are limite $eings# so we shoul give u%

uto%ian %ro


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- he avocates teh nee ,or social reistri$ution# wor*ers shoul $ecome

sta*eholers# he also avocates a minimum wage# we shoul allow an

iniviual to su%%ort his ,amily

- he criticies the economic a$uses on chilren

- he su%%orts charity

- catholic sinicats

- in orer to avoi social antagonism# we nee intermeiary grou%s# $y

,ollowing a meieval moel

- these intermeiary grou%s manage to secure the wel,are o, its mem$ers

$ut also the nee ,or social recognition

- this %o%e e'%licitely mentions the %rinci%le o, su$siiarity

ersonalism:- Fonte't:

- economic crisis ,rom 12# rising o, ,ascism# naism# communism#

atheism

- Emmanuel 5ounier &18-18(: in 1;3 writes K ersonalist 5ani,esto# in

which he enounces the $ourgeoi character o, society in iBerent towars

%owerty an ieals

- he criticies li$eralism ,or generating sel4shness# esire ,rom %ro4t# the

marginialiation o, real human nees in the name o, %rouction an

consum%tion

- li$eralism an collectivism are connecte# $ecause $oth o, them cut oB

the connection with Go# nature# humanity

- tries to oBer a new vision# calle %ersonalism# we shoul trans,orm the

human $eing into an a$solute vallue# the centre o, the universe istinction

$etween colectivity an community# only in the latter iniviuals are treate

as %ersons

- ,amily is the most $asic social ,orm

- li*e the other ones# he $elieves that we ne a $alance $etween local

community an central authority# e'! eucation shoul $e a mi'ture $etween

state intervention an %rivate eBorts

- he criticies in harsh terms ca%italism an $elieves that we shoul

su$oronate economy to the nees o, %ersons# su$oronate ca%ital to

la$our@ la$our is anatural ,eature o, our humanity# i, you wor*# yous shoul


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$e a$le to ha a ecent li,e@ those who o not wor*# o not have the right to

survive# he re


19/39

Fentral ieas:

- the iea o, %erson# ignity is the highest value o, a human %erson

- em%hasis %ut on intermeiary grou%s# they say that moernirty creates a

ga% $etween the sate an the iniviual# the tenency o, the state is to

erase the meiation $etween the state an the iniviuals

- social mar*et economy

- su$siiarity an ,eralism

8th course

*ocialism/

- comes ,rom teh latin wor sociare# means to share# to com$ine -) societas:

in one han it im%lies ,eternity# comoroity# emotional imension@ ,eternity$ecomes later collectivitism# im%lies an euality $ase on state %lani4cation@

on the other han it im%lies a concentual contract $etween ,ree men# society

is a$out ,ormal euality - this meaning goes against the iea that the state

shoul intervene# root ,or civil society

- the terms socialism an communism a%%ear in 127 in a =ritish news%a%er

-) those who su%%orte the secon o%tion were calle communionists an

sociolists

General ,eatures:

1! euality# e'! 5ar'ist communism wants a society without classes an

state# they want a$solute euality@ in the 2th century the societ

communism will have to acce%t the e'istence o, the state# this communis

su%%ort economic euality acce%ting however certain iBerences@ in the 1th

century an the 4rst %art o, 2th century the social emocrats wante to

a$olish ca%italism an to have total euality $etween %eo%le# they were

$asically 5r'ists@ in the secon hal, o, 2th century the social emocrats will

change their %osition# they will acce%ts ca%italism an lo$eral emocracy#

trying however to secure a large reistri$ution o, the national wealth

2! uto%ianism: the $elie, in the %ossi$ility o, construcing an alternativeegalitarian system $ase on soliarity an coo%eration

;! coo%eration: a rather o%timistic view on human nature# in the sense that

human nature is lastic# can $e sha%e $y society an society thus can ma*e

them coo%erative $eings# rather than com%etitive ones# iniviuals are

,unamentally social@ the communist $$elieve in a raical change o, human

nature# while the social emocrats ,rom the secon hal, o, the 2th century


20/39

$elieve that we can ma*e %eo%le more coo%eative in theconte't o, a

com%etitive ca%italism

9! social change: sociolists usuall $elieve in the %ossi$ility o, %roucing

raical changes in the worl through human intervention

5ar'ism:

- Fonte't: ca%italism creates high ineualities in the 1th century# there is a

clear ivision $etween classes as never $e,ore# in 1th century 2 im%ortant

olitical events: the revolution ,rom 19 s%reaing all over Euro%e an

charging monarchies an the commun ,rom aris &171(-) communist#

anarchist e'%eriment where the wor*ers are trying to organie themselves

against the authority

- Sarl 5ar' &11-1;(: in 19 5ar' an his ,rien# ?ririch Engels mae a

clear istinction $etween sociolists an cmmunists# the ,ormer are re,ormist#

while the latter raicalist# only the latter want to a$olish %rivate %ro%erty@accoring to 5ar' the human $eing is a social animal trans,orming its

environmnet through la$our# human $eings are %ractical $eings# rather than

rational# theoretical ones@ the relationshi% $etween men an society is a$out

mutual eoenence# " society %rouces men# while men also generate/

%rouce society"# we are histrical an social $eings# hat im%lies a certain

vision a$out history an historical evolution# hw was very much in,*uence

$y Hagel# ,or 5ar' history is a$out conCicts an these conCict allow history

to evolve an generate new societies# 5ar' oBers an evolutionary

%ers%ective on history# in which one society entirily re%laces another one@

- society: 2 levels: economis $ase an ieological su%erstructure

- economic $ase: ,orces o, %rouction &e'! raw materials an

technologies(

relations o, %rouction &the ivision o, la$our an class ivision(

- ieological su%erstructure covers morality# law# religion# %hyloso%hy# etc!

- the values o, a certain society# these ieas are the ruling ieology# they are

the '%ression o, a ominant class# an ieology is nee in norer to

universalie an naturalie the %osition o, a ominant class

- accoring to 5ar' the $asic tension which allows ,or raical change -),orces o, %rouction

- in 137 he writes the Fa%ital# the very secret o, ca%italist syste is yhe ,act

that in orer ,or the caitalist system to re%rouce itsel, you nee the

la$our,orce o, the wor*er# selling your la$our,orce -) commoity# however

there is a iBerence $etween other commoities an la$our,oce# $ecause it


21/39

is the only commoity caa$le to generate sur%lus value#& e'! accoring to

5ar' the wor*er sells his la$our,orce to ma*e a %rouct!!!(

- 5ar' o$serves the irrationality o, the system# th system has the ca%acity to

%rouce much more# while in the same time it creates %owerty as never

$e,ore@ money is neee to ma*e more money# ca%ital accumulation# not ,or,ul4lling human nees

- creates an ieological istortion which mas*s/ hiesl %rouction o,

commoities# commoity ,ettishism

- in his early te'ts li*e Fommunist 5ani,esto an German Ieology ieology

is only way o, istorting social reality $y a ominant class# $ut in .he Fa%ital

ieology is the result o, the ca%italist system itsel,

- commoity ,ettishm -) commoities are in a sense are natural an not the

%roucts o, a certain society@ the il*lusion is that commoities are valuea$le

in itselves# $ut they are e%enent on social %rouction an this has anotherieological eBect# $ecause o, commoity ,ettishism ca%italism $ecoms a

natral system# ca%italism itsel, manages to hie its social an historical

$ac*groun

- ,or 5Kr' %assing one social system another# ,rom ca%italism to communism

woul mean %ro$a$ly a violent change &stri*e# civil war(@ a,ter the 4rst

moment when you change the system# you will have the ictatorshi% o, the

%roletariat an this ictatorshi% shoul secure the ta*eover o, the

%olitical%wer $y the wor*ers & ictatorshi% - 5ar' too* this wor ,rom

antichity# only ,or a short %erio to sta$ilie# ,or hi* this ictatorshi% was

emocratic(# in the same time this ictatorshi% shoul ma*e the transition,rom ol to new# a transition where you woul have elements o, ol society

an when you manage to issolve the ol elements then you enter

communism

- he oes not oBer an e'tente e4nition o, commnism# the gas% are 4lle

with other# who come later -) %ro$lem: inter%retations %r$a$ly woul have

$een reussian revolution ,rom117# Lenin clearly istinguishe $etween

communiss on the one han an social emocrats on the other han

- 5ar' i not imagine a revolution in >ussia# accoring to him a revolution

shoul ta*e %lace in the west &wor*ers(


22/39

- this communism is a$out an eBort to reinter%ret 5ar'# in orer to legitimie

a revolution outsie the western worl

- Engels a,ter the eath o, 5ar' ta*es over his wor*s

3th course

- Leon .rots*y &17-19(: maussia(

- what we witness at the $eginning o, the 2th century is another ty%e o,

ca%italism than the one escri$e $y 5ar'# 5ar' escri$e a ca%italism

$ase on com%etititon# e4ne $y anarchy in a sense# however# meanwhile

ca%italism change an what we have at the $eginnig o, the the 2th

century is mono%oly ca%italism - western collonial states intervene heavily in

economy# they ma*e huge %ro4ts# $ecause they have colonie

- there are two $asic %olitical imlications o, Lenin6s %osition:

1! the revolution woul ta*e %lace in a non-western %art o, the worl# since

the western wor*ing class are en


23/39

- revolution in >ussia $etween menshevilns &revolution lea $y masses( an

$olschevihs &highly organie %arty# that shoul organie the revolution(

- Lenin was very %ragmatic an he trie to aa%t to the >ussian conte't# so

he changes the theory $y ta*ing into consieration this >ussian conte't:

- while ,or the menschevi*s the two main classes are the $ourgeoise anthe wor*ing class# Lenin on the other han %ays attention to an ignore

social class# the %easants# re%resenting W o, the >ussian %o%ulation -)

you can tal* a$out ca%italist e'%loitation not only in the case o, the wor*ing

class# $ut also in the rural areas# most o, the >ussian %easants $ecame in a

sense %roletarians# $ecause they o not have lan$ an thus they have to

sell their la$our,orce to the richer %easants

- he also wante to gain the su%%ort o, the various nationalities living in

>ussia# he %romise national sel,-etermnation# however he was an

internationalist# he $elieve in an international revolution

- >osa Lu'em$ourg &171-11(: in 118 $ecause the ermna social

emocrats vote ,or entering the war# she le,t them an create the

%artacus league

- she criticies $oth Sarl Sauts*y an Lenin# she criticies Sauts*y an social

emocrats ,or ine4nitely elaying the revolution# Lenin ,or his elitist %osition

- while she re


24/39

however# some o, them are ominant an other seconary# e%ening on

conte't

- the central contraiction o, the west is that $etween $ourgeoise an

wor*ing class# $ut in the case o, semi-collonise countries# such as Fhina the

ominant contraiction concers the anti-im%erialist struggle o, the entireFhinese society against western %owers

- it is not im%ortant to $e %art o, the wor*ing class in orer to have this

revolution# what is more im%ortant is he revolutionary consciousness# you

can $e whatever# i, you have the right %olitical consciousness# $y oing this

he also wante to attract the %easants

Fentral ieas o, communism:

1! they $elieve that 5ar'ism is a science

2! the %ossi$ility to raically change human nature# the %ossi$ility o, having

a new man

;! the goals is to a$olish ca%italism an to create a classless society

9! state intervention/ state %lanning# a state that is lea $y an avantgar

%arty

- a,ter the ,all o, U> an the communist regimes# there was this *in o,

eu%horia# li$eralism an ca%italism won an all it is le,t is to s%rea

li$eralism an ca%italism all over the worl# $ut this eu%horia is -) e'!

economic crisis

1th course

*ocial democracy 2socialism3/

1! Uto%ian socialism:

- reaction against social ineualities generate $y early ca%italism

- it is attem%t to ta*e ,urhter / raicalie ?rench >evolution an its iea o,

euality

- Flaue Henri e aint imon &173-128(: $elieves that we can evelo% a

science ca%a$le to o$ev! social


25/39

revolution means to re%lace non-%rouctive classes# such as aristocracy with

%rouctive ones -) "inustrial scienti4c class" - em%hasis %ut on

inustrialiation an science# that is why we $elieves that we can co%e with/

manage moern caacity only $y re%lacing li$eral iniviulism or laisse-,aire

& the state shoul not regulate economy( ualities with a tecnoratic

socialism &e'%erts who can %lan human society(# only this *in o, socialismcan re%laace the waste cause $y laisse-,aire

- Fharles ?ourier &1772-1;7(: $asic assum%tion: society o%erates through

morality# a re%ression o, our natural %assions# " morality teaches man to $e

at war with himsel,# to resist his %assions# to re%ress them"@ he also criticies

the %reo$ert Owen &1771-187(: iniviuals are almost totally etermine $y

e'ternal ,actors# ,or intance society# natural environment# he $elueves that

religion an economic li$eralism generate a su%erstitious ans sel4sh human

ty%e# so what we nee is to create another ty%e o, scoiety that shoul

trans,orm human $eings in rational ones@ in 1 he o%ens a ,actory in

cotlan in which the wor*ing conitions are ,ar $etter that in other

,actories# in 129 he $uys a lan in U an ceates a socialist coommunity

calle New harmony# $ut the e'%eriment ,ails

- accoring to 5ar' these systems $elong to 6in,ertile stage6 o, the 4nal

$ourgeoise class &A(

2! ocial emocracy:

a! the 5ar'ist version: emerges a,ter 5ar'6s eath an Engels was the one

ta*ing care o, his legacy# in the same times Engels ha an heir# Sarl Sauts*y

&189-1;( - %o%e o, 5ar'ism# he inter%rete 5ar' through Engels eyes -)

%retty rigi view on communism@ he $elieve that the revolution woul ta*e%lace in the west only when the wor*ing class coul $e mature enough to

generate that@ you shoul wait till ca%italism will generate %owerty an a

large unsatis,e wor*ing class@ however# the $olsevich revolution

marginalies Sauts*y & sommunist -)- social emocrats -Lenin(# $ecause o,

Lenin social emocracy means accomoation with c%aitalism@ es%ite the

,act that $oth o, them wante ca%italism to $e a$olishe# the only iBerence

is that $olsevic*s i not want to wait# they want the revolution now# while


26/39

social emocrats $elieve that we shoul wait till the economic conitions are

right $eyon

- Euar =ernstein &18-1;2(: writes a $oo* calle Evolutionary ocialism

in 1 in which he tries to revise 5ar'ist theory@ he $asically crititicies the

iea that ca%italism neccesarily generates in its last %hase an e'treme socialivision# ,ew $ourgeoise an large wor*ing class@ you on6t have this *in o,

social ivision %reecte $y 5Kr'# $ecause what you can see is the rise o,

the living consitions o, the wor*ing class# instea o, $ecoming %oorer# the

wor*ers have a $etter li,e@ accoring to him the 5ar'ist theory generates

%assivity $ecause all we have to o is to wait that ca%italism estroys itsel,@

howver# in his view the evolution ,rom ca%italism to socialism is a$out the

emergence o, a "new ty%e o, social emocracy"# that woul mean

trans,orming wor*ers into citiens@ h also criticies 5Kr'ism ,or $eing uto%ian

an ,or not having a moral imension# the en


27/39

economic ineualities# $ecause that woul have triggere a communist

revolution in their societies

- 4rst im%ortant moment in the emergence is in 18: the german social

emoctratic %arty ao%ts a %olitical %rogramme cce%ting li$eral emocracy

an ca%italism# ,rom now on social emocrac no longer wants to a$$olishca%italism# $ut to omesticate it $y large social security

- the seon im%ortant moment: in the en the euro%ean communists

emanci%ate themselves ,rom 5oscow# o%ting ,or a Euro-communist vision

an acce%ting ,or the 4rst time %arliamentary elections

- Her$ert 5arcuse &1-27(: he $ecomes the most intellectual 4gure

uring social %rotest ,rom 13@ accoring to him emanci%aton shoul not $e

reuce to raicating/ eliminating economin ineuality# $ut shoul also $e

a$out a se'ual revolution@ accoring to him the most im%ortant agent o,

social change is no longer the wor*ing class# $ecause this wor*ing class has

$een alreay a$sor$e $y ca%italism# the chage actually will $e generate

$y "marginals# such as ethnic minorities# etc!"

- urgen Ha$ermas &12 - (: he tries to criitiually reconstruct 5Kr'ism $y

moving ,rom class struggle to a tention $etween instrumental rationality &is

%resent in social systems@ is a very narrow %ers%ective o, what reason is( an

communicative rationality & when we tal* with each other without trying to

mani%ulate each other@ we are guie $y the iea o, the $est argument(@ this

can oBer us a $etter critue agaisnt the iea o, %ro4t# etc@ the state is no

longer to re%lace ca%italism# $ut to lomit the im%act o, this social system $y

ur$ust &A( %ower,ul %u$lic systems ca%a$le to in %u$lic e$ates$! non- 5ar'ist version: ,a$ionists &=ritish socialists( comes ,rom a roma

general# ?a$ius# who mange to win $attles without $looshe &A(@ accoring

to them socalism can im%ose itsel, $y using %arliamentary means@ the la$our

%arty was ,oune in 1 ao%ts this tactic o, %rliamentary election an

manages to come to!!!!

- the thir way: Fhurchill lost the election an the la$our %arty came to

%ower@ =ritain was amonst the most socialist countries in the west till the

67s# in the 67! .atcer $ecame %rime-minister an that change $ritish

society@ a,ter her the la$our %arty ha to ree4ne itsel,# it $ecame much

more %rogmatic $y choosing what Knthony Giens calls .he .hir +ay@

acoring to him social emocracy shoul aa%tto contem%orany ca%italist

glo$aliation# glo$aliation that is e4ne $y iniviualiation# reCe'ity# @

the erosion o, the traitinal istinction $etween right an le,t means that we

shoul re%lace collective emanci%atory %ro


28/39

li,estyle# such as ,eminism@ he avocates iological emocracy as the only

sourse o, generating some sort o, social concensus in the contects o,

contem%orany!!!!

Fentral ieas:

- there is a tenency to move ,rom scienti4c socialism to an ethical socialism

- the tenancy to re%%lace the wor*ing class as the agent o, social change

with other categories such as minorities

- tenancy to $elieve that c%aitalism cannot $e sim%ly a$olishe# $ut shoul

$e omesticate $y social re,orms

- state intervention in economy in ore to reistri$ute common wealth &e'!

well,are state(

- the tenancy to acce%t li$eral emocracy an %olitical %luralism

th course:

Knarchism:

- anarchy: "is com%oun o, two gree* wors: an&without( an ar*he# which

means the a$sence o, rulers more commonly the term state an

am$iguity cree%s in here# which can $e istructive o, a clearer unerstaning

o, the ieology# the ieao, $eing without a state an government can sli%

into the notion o, $eing "without authority or rules"# which can $ecome an

euivalent to isorer# chaos o, cn,usion"

- the term itsel, %oints to an ieology only in the 1th century

- the 4srt use o, the term to enote a %olitical %osition is to $e ,oun in

ierre-ose%h rouhon6s wor*: +hat is %ro%erty

- $e,ore that %eo%le usually associat anarchism with chaos an isorer

?eatures:

1! li$erty an euality &$oth o, them in one(

- somewhere in $etween li$eralism an socialism

- it might $e inter%rete as ultra li$eralism on one han an e'treme

socialism on th other

- 1! collectivist anarchism - em%hasiing ,reeom an euality at a collective

level@ 2! iniviulist anarchism - they on6t e%en on their social

environmnent# em%hasi on iniviual ,reeom


29/39

2! the critiue against an authority &state an religion(@ anarchism woul $e

"the negtion o, the %rinci%le o, an authority# ,or anarchists any ,orm o,

authority creates e%enence an su$mission an thus goes against the

constitutive autonomy o, iniviuals an their euality! 5oreover# authority

tens to corru%t human nature $y trans,orming it in a sel4sh com%etitive an

su$missive one"

- anarchism criticies the %olitical authority o, the state# $ecause the state

wants to control# cenur# e'%loit an homogenie iniviuals# $ut there is

also a critiue o, religiou authority# $ecause o, the iea o, Go im%lies

unconitional su$mission# the church oes nothing else# $ut %er%etuate that

$y ela$orating a moral coe

;! uto%ianism: usually anarchist have this uto%ian human nature# ,or +illiam

Gowin inviuals in the national state are rational an coo%erative $eings#

only society an state trans,orm them in sel4sh $eings# accoring to them

we nee to a$olishthis *in o, machinery $ase on law an orer an createa new ty%e o, society# in which iniviuals can acticate their natural

tenency towars iniviual an social harmony

Origins o, anarchism:

- conte't: early ca%italism - this ca%italism emanci%ate iniviiviuals ,rom

a rigi $elonging to a social class@ ?>ench revolution also gave a $oost to

anarchist thin*ing

- +illiam Gowin &1783-1;3(: in his wor* Kn inuery concercing %olitical


30/39

istinction $etween ty%e o, %ro%erties: the wor*er has the right to %osses

what he %rouces# however# he oesn6t have a right on te means o,

%rouction# $ecause these means %, %rocutions are ta*en ,orm nature an

in the same time they can only wor* in a collective manner@ ,or rouhon

%ro%erty is incom%ati$le with ussia there are still therural communities# which can $ecome a moel

Follectivist anarchism:

- conte't: the o, 1th centry# the $eginning o, the 2th century@ the growing

o, the wot*ing class an the s%rea o, sinicaliation o, the wor*ing class@

the strength# maturity o, the national state

1! anarcho-communism:

- iotr Sro%ot*in &192-121(: he is the one one o, those who wante to give

a scieti4c $ase to anarchism@ wor*: 5utual Ki# K ?actor o, Evolution# hesuggests that the more involve s%ecies survive not $ecause o, com%etition#

$ut through mutual ai an socia$ility &he goes against Drawinism an scial

Darwinism(@ accoring to him coo%eration is %art o, human nature#

institutions an the state are the ma


31/39

2! anarcho-sinicalism: Italy# %ain# Latin Kmerica:

- >uol, >oc*er &17;-18(:securing $etter living stanar# $ut also the

nee to eucate the wor*ers# how to organie the %rouction

- Georges orel &197-122(: in >eCections o, violence he tries o, a

revolution $ase on general stri*we@ what the socialit movement oes nothave is a %olitical myth to mo$ilie %eo%le an the general stri*e coul

$ecome such a myth

- Noam Fhoms*y

Fentral ieas:

1! the iniviual is a social $eing having this tenency towars coo%eration

an soliarity

2! we nee a social revoltuion in orer to a$olish the state# $ut also the

economic system

;! common %ro%erty

9! the $elie, that anarchism can $e a%%lie only within sel,organiing small

communities

8! the iea o, irect emocracy

Iniviualist anarchism:

- .horoeu might me consiere as a main ins%iration ,or this ty%e o,

anarchism

- =en


32/39

also to show that society coul not woe* in the a$sence o, creative

iniviuals

Fentral ieas:

1! the iniviual is sovereign# he is not e4ne $y his social environment

2! the value o, %rivate %ro%erty# everything shoul $ecome %rivate

;! the im%ortance o, the mar*et to solve the tensions $etween iniviuals

4th course

-ascism

- ,asces: $ons o, roes &A(# $oun together sim$oliing unity# which were

traitionally carrie $e,ore consults in the >oman >e%u$lic inicating their

authority

- in the 4rst %hase the wor ,ascism ha more sentimental or socialist

connotations

- the term retaine this socialist connotation u% to 11;# when ,asco grou%s

calle ,or intervention in ++I# when they chose to go to war give u% in

asense their socialist ientity an ,ocuse on nationalism

?eatures:

- anti-rationalism: ,acist go against o, Enlightenment an the o%timism o,

Enlightenment# e4ning iniviuals as ratonal $eings# ca%a$le o, %rogress

- they re


33/39

- statism: accoring to Hagel the state is the culminating %oint o, the society#

in ,ascism statism is relate to two other conce%ts: totalitarianism an

cor%oratism# 5ussolini ao%te the term totalitarian# unerstanting $y the

term the concentration o, all social ,orces aroun the state@ cor%oratism: the

state is an organism# it tries to %resent itsel, as a thir way $etween

li$eralism an socialism# intervenes in econom# $ut allows some sort o,,reeom

- ,ascism can $e turne in a conservative revolution# +alter =en


34/39

- ?rierich Nietche: criticies the rationalism an egalitarianism %romote $y

the ?rench revolution# he also criticies moern massi4cation# against all this

%henomena he avocates ,or a society that woul stimulate the immergence

o, create iniviuals@ he has a vision a$out a new *in o, aristocracy# a

s%iritual one# however he was very critical a$out anti-semiats@ he criticies

anti-semiats# $ut alos Germna %eo%le ,or not $eing a$le to igest the ewishelement/ %o%ulation

Italian ,ascism:

- at the $eginnig o, the 2th century Italy was a country with $ig economic

iscre%encies & e'! $etween rural areas an inistrial areas# south an east(

- ++I: Kntanta - among the winners# $ut they were not satis4e with what

they got a,ter the war - mutilate victory

- Giovanni Gentile &178-199(: consier himsel, as the %hiloso%her o,

,ascism@ he is inCuence $y Hegel an he uses Hegelian ialectics@ tension$etween iniviual an society - this tension coul $e overcome $y a new

sinthesis&A(# the state# it invlves $oth the %i$lic an iniviual s%heres he

amires 5ar'# $ut in contrast with 5ar' the central struggle generating

%rogress in not class syruggle# $ut the struggle $etween wea* an strong

nations

- =enito 5ussolini &1;-198(: ta*es %ower in 122# a,ter the ,amous march

to >ome@ initially he is a socialist an then a nationalist@ he $elives that class

ivision is not international# $ut a s%ar*&A( o, a nation@ li*e ,or Gentile# the

central conCict is $etween nations# he is inCuence $y lato or Nietsche#

$elieving that masses are mani%ula$le $y strong# carismatic leaers@ theiniviual is ,rom the very $eginning %art o, a collectivity@ Italian ,ascism is a

thir way $etween li$eralism an socialism# "Li$eralism enies the state in

the intersst o, the iniviual# socialism on the other han oes not

ac*nowlege the %ossi$ility o, harmoniing social classes in the national

state"@ 5ussolini ao%te racism only in 1;# in 1; he ao%te the 4rst

anti-semiant laws@ he was racist only $ecause he was trying to have HItler

as an allien@ ,or him the central tas* is not ratial omination# $ut the

e'tention o, the Italian state#,olowng the glory o, >oman em%ire@ accoring

to him the state is li*e an organism# its vitality is %roven only through

e'tention# coservation is a sign o, ecaence

National socialism:

- Fonte't: a,ter ++I Germany# the most im%ortant Euro%ean %ower launce

into economic crisis an in the same time the treaty o, ersailles ,rom 11

%lace the entire moral an economic res%onsa$ility on Germany6s shoulers


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- Kl,re >osen$erg &18-193(: in his $oo* .He myth o, 2th century

>osen$erg is inCuence $y Govino an H!!Fham$erlain@ there are

ualitative iBerences $etween races# some sort o, hierarchy# some sort o,

scale# at the $ottom are $lac* an


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2! atriarchy: esignates the %ower relation $etween mena n women &the

term literally means the rule $y the ,ather(! .he li$eral ,emininsm usually

wants to eliminate the %olitical ineuality ,rom the %u$lic s%ace# while the

socialist one wants to eliminate the economic ineualities $etween men an

women# raical ,eminism: o%erates on the omestic level# too!

;! e' an genger: se' -) $iological ,eatures o, men an women! ?or

conservatists these iBerences are natural# however ,eminists introuce the

istinction $etween se' an gener! Gener is a social# cultural cathegory

meaning the iBerent roles that society attri$utes to men an women# that is

that we are taught o, our very early socialiation what can we o! =y

introucing 0generP ,eminism trie to show that: not $iological# men can

also o it!

9! Euality an iBerence: the li$eral ,eminism %romotes %olitical an


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natural! >e%lacing the 0omestic tyranyP can $e achieve only when women

will have the same %olitical an legal rights or they will have access to

eucation an


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- =etty ?reeam &121-23(: 0 .he ?eminism 5istiueP: she tal*s a$out the

%rison in which women live# $ecause they have to ao%t themselves# to

reesta$lish social roles $ase on this cultural myth a ,eminin mistiue! .his

cultural myth im%lies !!!! women can ,ul4ll is in the %rivate s%ace!

-) ocialism:- 5ariarosa ella Fosta: criticies ca%italism an economic e'%loitation# $ut

she as sth e'tra $y saying that wmen are %ressure $y having to ,ul4ll

omestic uties# while they are also %ressure to ,ul4ll the tas*s in the

wor*%lace# ou$le e'%loitation &$y hus$ans an em%loyers(! In orer to

emanci%ate women yet have to change the whole ca%italist system!

- uliet 5itchell: $elieves that we shoul try to ta*e into consieration $oth

economic an ieological ,eatures# $ecause only $y oing this we can really

have emanci%ation! Kccoring to her in our current society women have to

,ul4ll several social ,unctions &la$our,orce# they secure the $iological

re%rouction o, s%ecies# res%onsi$le with raising chilren# se'ual o$aical ,eminism: 0Unli*e the 5ar'ist ,eminists# many raicals ,ormulate

their ieas in a ahistorical manner# this was %artly ue to the ,act that many

o, their ieas were roote in an em%hasi on either $iologism or

%sichlologism# they o,ten contem%te that they were essential universal

characteristics to all womanP! .heir ,ocus was on all ,orms o, %atriarchy an

se'ism &%olitical les$ianism(

- imone e =eauvoir &13-13(: 0In the secon se'P she says that you are

not $orn a woman# you $ecome one!!! women: misterious $eings# as a way o,

not trying to really u%set an unerstan women -) men: stanar# women:e'ce%tion

- Germaine Greer: 0.he ?emale EunucP: society oes the same with women#

they are castrate an trans,orme in ase'ual $eings accoring to the

stereoty%e o, e'ternal ,eminity!

- Sate 5illet: 4rst one who actually uses the term o, %atriarchy in orer to

e4ne a society ominate $y men# she $elieves that it atarts in the ,amily

an e'%ans in the whole society

;r wave &1s-2(: inCuence $y %ostmoernism# they o not go either

,oe euality# or iBerence! .hey want to ma*e this istinguishment much

more am$igous an unsta$le# as the only way to avoi hierarchy $etween

the %arts! It manage to ta*e into consieratio the e'%eriences o, other

women then the white &$lac*# latin# asian(


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- uith =utler: 0Gener .rou$leP: %ro%oses the conce%t o, %er,ormitivity as a

way to criticie the iea that gener is a $iological ,eature# in orer to

$ecome a men/ women you have to %er,orm this social role

*eminar

1. What is, according to George Rud, the ideology of popular protest?

2. How could we interpret the acceptance of being arrested in the tradition of civil disobedience?

3. What is civic disobedience in Thoreaus view?

4. What is the novelty and importance of Russian Revolution from 1905 for Rosa Luxemburg?

5. Why is Satyagraha a radical method to fight oppression?

6. What are the steps of a nonviolent campaign in Martin Luther Kings view?

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