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Ideologies and Upheavals The Advents of the “Isms”
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Transcript of Ideologies and Upheavals The Advents of the “Isms”
Ideologies and Upheavals
The Advents of the “Isms”
Background
• Industrialization + French Revolution = new doctrines & movements
• 1815-1848 = advent of the “isms”
• Enlightenment “philosophy” + activism/partisanship of French Revolution = new systemization of ideas
A note on language
• “liberalism” appeared in English lang in 1819 • “radicalism” in 1820• “socialism” in 1832• “conservatism” in 1835• 1830s: “individualism”, “constitutionalism”,
“humanitarianism”, “feminism”, and “monarchism”
• 1840s: “nationalism”, “communism”• 1850s: “capitalism”, “Marxism”
Romanticism
• 1800-1850• Literature/art theory• Rejected classical rules & rational order• Celebrated idiosyncrasies & creative
individuals• Produced modern image of “defiant artistic
rebel”• Affected thinking on social & public questions
Romanticism
• Love of– Moods, impressions– Scenes, stories– Sights, sounds– Mysterious, unknown
• Valued feeling & reason• Importance of subconscious• Original or creative genius nationalism
Gothic Revival (Middle Ages)
England
France
Germany
Classical Liberalism
• Origins:– Spain (Napoleon’s opponents)– France (opposition to royalism in 1814)
• England, 1850s (Liberal Party)
Classical Liberalism
• WHO? Generally business/professional classes & enterprising landowners
• WHAT? Emphasis on individual rights & liberties– Belief in what was modern, enlightened, efficient,
reasonable, & fair– Self-government, self-control– Valued parliamentary/representative gov’t– Freedom of press & right to assemble– Constitutional monarchy
Classical Liberalism
• NOT democrats!– Opposed giving every man the vote (until later in
the 19th c.)– Generally opposed female suffrage
• John Stuart Mill
Classical Liberalism
• Economic views:– Laissez-faire (distrust of gov’t regulation)– Against guilds/unions– Favored freedom of int’l trade
• Disliked:– Church– Aristocracy– War, conquerors, military, revolution
Radicalism
• Origins:– England, 1820s
• WHO? “Philosophical Radicals”– Unrepresented in parliament• Industrial capitalists• Working-class leaders
Radicalism
• Based ideas for institutions on traits of human nature & psychology
• “Radical” from Latin word for “root”• Wanted to completely reconstruct laws,
courts, prisons, poor relief, municipal organization, & clergy
• Demanded reform of Parliament
Radicalism
• Detested:– Church of England– Royalty
• Democratic:– Demanded a vote for every adult Englishman
Republicanism
• Radicalism on the continent = militant republicanism
• Minority groups in France, Italy, & Germany• WHO? Drawn from intelligentsia – Students/writers– Working-class leaders– Elderly veterans
• Police repression secret societies
French Republicanism
• Viewed Reign of Terror as years of hope and progress
• Favored:– Further revolutionary upheaval– Political equality (universal male suffrage)– Parliamentary gov’t
French Republicanism
• Opposed:– Catholic Church (enemy of reason & liberty)– Monarchy of any kind (even constitutional
monarchy)– Aristocracy
• Heirs of the French Revolution!
Socialism
• Shared political views of republicanism• Economic views:– Current system unjust– Improper for wealthy to have so much economic
power (give/deny work, set wages/hours, private profit)
– Questioned value of private enterprise
Socialism
• Favored: – Communal ownership of productive assets (banks,
factories, machines, land, & transportation)– Harmony, cooperation, association– Fairer/more equal distribution of income
• Rejected: – Laissez-faire – Competition-based economic system
British Socialism
• Robert Owen (1771-1858)– Cotton lord from Manchester– Created model community for employees– Paid higher wages, reduced hours– Build schools, housing, & community stores
French Socialism
• Count de Saint-Simon (1760-1825)– Fought in war of American
Independence– Supported French Revolution– Followers called “Saint-Simonians”
• Planned society– Public ownership of industrial
equipment & capital– Captains of industry & social engineers
French Socialism
• Charles Fourier (1772-1837)– Society organized into small units of 1,620 ppl– Work suited to natural inclinations– No successful units created in France
French Socialism
• Revolutionary republicanism + socialism• Louis Blanc, Parisian journalist & spokesperson
for working-class socialists• Organization of Work (1839)– Social workshops– State-supported manufacturing centers– Workers labor by and for themselves
Feminism
• Origins:– Term “feminist” used in France, 1830s– Inspired by Enlightenment ideas & writers– Developed more rapidly in England & America
• Aims:– Expand rights of women (public & private life)– “Rights of man” existed also for women– Secure voting & civil rights for women– “Egalitarian” feminism
English Feminism
• “Philosophical Radicals” & followers of Owen• Harriet Taylor & John Stuart Mill: The
Subjugation of Women (1869)– Women inherently equal to men & entitled to
same rights– Society will benefit from increased participation of
women in public life– Translated & published around Europe
American Feminism
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton• Seneca Falls, New York 1848
French Feminism
• “Saint-Simonians” & followers of Fourier• Inspired by Germaine de Staël• Many moved away from egalitarian feminism– Motherhood & educating rising generation– Schools specifically for girls– Access to higher education
Nationalism
• Britain, France, Spain = national unity already existed
• Italy, Germany, Poland, Austrian & Turkish Empires = politically divided or subject to foreign rule– Looked to success of Britain, France, Spain as
motivator for unification• Movement led by intellectuals• Revolutionary
Nationalism: Western Europe
• Volksgeist = “national spirit”• Cultural nationalism – Shared language, history, worldview, culture – Needed preservation
• Political nationalism – Sovereign state to protect national culture, liberty
& justice for individuals– Those governing should be same nationality as
those governed
Nationalism: Western Europe
• Highly persecuted secret societies & masonic lodges
• Circulated literature & maintained revolutionary excitement
• Feared by conservatives• Not really dangerous to gov’ts
Nationalism: Italy
• Joseph Mazzini (1805-1872)• Founded society “Young Italy”• Advocated for unification of Italy• Organized, conspired, wrote• Exiled to France, England• The Duties of Man – Man’s responsibility to nation lies between duty to
family and God
Nationalism: Germany
• Grimm brothers• Grimm’s Fairy Tales
(1812)• Hoped to find ancient,
indigenous, native “spirit” of Germany
Nationalism: Germany
• Hegel (1770-1831)• “State” = embodiment of reason & liberty• Historian, studied change over time• Hegelian dialectic– Process of endless change– Thesis antithesis synthesis– Disunity of Germany complete unit of Germany perfect German state
Nationalism: Eastern Europe
• More cultural than political• Czechs, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Romanians,
Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Poles, Magyars– Native language = peasant language– Upper classes looked to Paris or Vienna for ideas
• Early 19th c. demanded preservation of culture• Studied languages, collected folktales, wrote
books in mother tongue, etc.
Nationalism: Eastern Europe
• Slavic Revival• Early-mid 19th c.• Slavs = Russians, Poles, Ukrainians,
Byelorussians, Ruthenians, Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Bulgars
• Publishing works & lecturing at university in native language, revival of native history
Nationalism: Russia
• Slower to develop a national sense• Western/European orientation prevailed• 1825 “Slavophilism” spreading
Conservatism
• Remained strong throughout Continental Europe– Supported: Absolute monarchy, aristocracy,
church– Opposed: liberals (constitutional/representative
gov’t)• Monarchism = conservative & reactionary (no
more Enlightened despots!)• Maintain “the throne and the altar”
Humanitarianism
• Concern about the cruelty inflicted upon others
• General decrease in:– Overwork– Torture– Unjust confinement– Separation of families
• General improvement of living/working conditions