Ideological Ideological Foundation: History Foundation: History of the Creation of of the Creation of

PakistanPakistan

Ideology of PakistanIdeology of Pakistan Teaching of the Holy Quran is such source for Muslims Teaching of the Holy Quran is such source for Muslims

that has been taken up as ideology of Islam. that has been taken up as ideology of Islam. And Ideology of Islam is the Ideology of Pakistan.And Ideology of Islam is the Ideology of Pakistan. Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideas of a group and a Ideology is a set of beliefs, values and ideas of a group and a

nation.nation. Ideology gives nation a direction and worldview and its Ideology gives nation a direction and worldview and its

implementation is the responsibility of the concerned peopleimplementation is the responsibility of the concerned people The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary The ideology of Pakistan took shape through an evolutionary

process. Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal process. Historical experience provided the base; Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it gave it a philosophical explanation; Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of into a political reality; and the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March 1949, gave it legal sanctiongave it legal sanction

The Arrival of IslamThe Arrival of Islam Islam is complete code of life. Islam is complete code of life. Its religion of reality and was spread all over the world.Its religion of reality and was spread all over the world. Foundation stone of Islam in India was laid; during the Foundation stone of Islam in India was laid; during the

period of Hazrat Umer (RA)period of Hazrat Umer (RA) Indian society was rigid society. Indian society was rigid society. They were having the concept of 6 crore of gods. They were having the concept of 6 crore of gods. Hinduism was the religion of rituals.Hinduism was the religion of rituals. BarhamaBarhama (god of creation) (god of creation) VishnuVishnu (god of love, prosperity, wealth and health) (god of love, prosperity, wealth and health) ShivaShiva (god of destruction, diseases, wars and (god of destruction, diseases, wars and

troubles)troubles)

Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Muslim invader Muhammad bin Qasim was the first Muslim invader who conquered some part of India and after that, who conquered some part of India and after that, Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks and opened Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks and opened the gate to preach Islam.the gate to preach Islam.The Muslim sufi (saints) like Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain The Muslim sufi (saints) like Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etc. entered Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the Zanjani etc. entered Sub-Continent. They, rejecting the vices in the Indian society, presented the pure practical vices in the Indian society, presented the pure practical picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge picture of the teachings of Islam and got huge conversionsconversionsRole of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and others is Role of Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi and others is noteworthy. Equality and social justice inspired noteworthy. Equality and social justice inspired conversions to Islam. conversions to Islam.

India! A vast country, was known as “Golden Bird” (Semi-India! A vast country, was known as “Golden Bird” (Semi-Continent)Continent)

Because of Economic attraction so many nations came to India Because of Economic attraction so many nations came to India as: Muslims, Dutch, French, European and British.as: Muslims, Dutch, French, European and British.

1602, British East India Company was established and their 1602, British East India Company was established and their centers were: Bengal, Bihar, Urrisa, Qasim Bazar.centers were: Bengal, Bihar, Urrisa, Qasim Bazar.

With the passage of time they extended their business in India With the passage of time they extended their business in India and got economic benefit. and got economic benefit.

UK was began to develop its structure on Indian capital. 1707 UK was began to develop its structure on Indian capital. 1707 with death of Aurangzeb Aalamgir, Mughal’s downfall started.with death of Aurangzeb Aalamgir, Mughal’s downfall started.

So traders were dreamed as master now.So traders were dreamed as master now.

The Arrival of BritishThe Arrival of British

War of Independence started May 1857 War of Independence started May 1857 Its causes wereIts causes were

Imperialistic design of British East India CompanyImperialistic design of British East India Company Arrogant attitude of British.Arrogant attitude of British. Monopoly on services Monopoly on services Heavy taxes Heavy taxes Religious cause.Religious cause.

After the war of Independence our slavery period After the war of Independence our slavery period started.started.Now 1Now 1stst time Muslims faced extremism of Hinduism and time Muslims faced extremism of Hinduism and British.British.Thus It became clear that Hindus and Muslims are two Thus It became clear that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations.separate nations.

The War of Independence 1857 ended in a disaster for The War of Independence 1857 ended in a disaster for the Muslims. The British believed that the Muslims were the Muslims. The British believed that the Muslims were responsible for the war of 1857 and therefore, they were responsible for the war of 1857 and therefore, they were subjected to ruthless punishment and merciless subjected to ruthless punishment and merciless revenge.revenge.The British had always looked upon the Muslims as The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their enemies because they had ousted them from their enemies because they had ousted them from power. With the war of 1857 this feeling was intensified power. With the war of 1857 this feeling was intensified and every attempt was made to ruin and suppress the and every attempt was made to ruin and suppress the Muslims forever. Muslims forever. Thus the Mughal rule came to an end and the Thus the Mughal rule came to an end and the subcontinent went directly under the British crown. subcontinent went directly under the British crown.

Syed AhmedSyed AhmedAfter the Muslim rule, the new rulers, the British, implemented a After the Muslim rule, the new rulers, the British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy restricted new educational policy with drastic changes. The policy restricted Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and made Arabic, Persian and religious education in schools and made English as the only medium of instruction as well as the official English as the only medium of instruction as well as the official language in 1835.language in 1835.

Sir Syed’s first and foremost objective was to modernize the Sir Syed’s first and foremost objective was to modernize the Muslims following the Western cultural values that could create Muslims following the Western cultural values that could create friendly atmosphere for the two communities. He motivated his friendly atmosphere for the two communities. He motivated his community to learn the Western philosophy and English literature community to learn the Western philosophy and English literature to get along with the ruling people. to get along with the ruling people.

Therefore, in order to fulfill this desire he started the Aligarh Therefore, in order to fulfill this desire he started the Aligarh movement.movement.

Services Services Efforts to remove the doubts of British.Efforts to remove the doubts of British. After the war of Independence, the heavy hand of British fell After the war of Independence, the heavy hand of British fell

on Indian Muslims. They considered Muslims responsible. To on Indian Muslims. They considered Muslims responsible. To remove their doubts, Syed Ahmed wrote different pamphlets remove their doubts, Syed Ahmed wrote different pamphlets as: The causes of Indian revolt. Loyal Muhammaden of as: The causes of Indian revolt. Loyal Muhammaden of India. Ahkam-e-Taam with Ehle-e-Kitab. Tabyin-ul-Kalam and India. Ahkam-e-Taam with Ehle-e-Kitab. Tabyin-ul-Kalam and Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya Khutbat-i-Ahmadiya

Efforts to facilitate Indian Muslims in Education.Efforts to facilitate Indian Muslims in Education. Education is key to success. Syed Ahmed try to facilitate Education is key to success. Syed Ahmed try to facilitate

Indian Muslims in education because it was the only way of Indian Muslims in education because it was the only way of development.development.

In 1858, A School at Muradabad. In 1864, Another School at In 1858, A School at Muradabad. In 1864, Another School at Ghazipur. In 1864, “Scientific (Translation) Society” under Ghazipur. In 1864, “Scientific (Translation) Society” under Syed Suleman Nadvi. In 1869, he toured England and see the Syed Suleman Nadvi. In 1869, he toured England and see the educational policies of Oxford and Cambridge. May 24, 1875, educational policies of Oxford and Cambridge. May 24, 1875, MAO School (Aligarh).MAO School (Aligarh).

Political Awareness Political Awareness Initially Syed Ahmed advise Muslims that they should keep Initially Syed Ahmed advise Muslims that they should keep

away from politics. They should focus on education only, but away from politics. They should focus on education only, but latterly by seeing extremism of Congress proper political latterly by seeing extremism of Congress proper political awareness was given to the students of Aligarh. awareness was given to the students of Aligarh.

Initially Syed Ahmed was also true believer of Hindu-Muslim Initially Syed Ahmed was also true believer of Hindu-Muslim unity. But when All India National Congress was formed in unity. But when All India National Congress was formed in 1885, its all demands were Anti-Muslims. These demands 1885, its all demands were Anti-Muslims. These demands changed the attitude of Syed Ahmed.changed the attitude of Syed Ahmed.

Urdu-Hindi controversy was also a factor which changed Urdu-Hindi controversy was also a factor which changed Syed Ahmed.Syed Ahmed.

He was the 1He was the 1stst Man who was of the opinion that Hindus and Man who was of the opinion that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations. So Syed Ahmed is to be Muslims are two separate nations. So Syed Ahmed is to be known as Pioneer of two nation theory.known as Pioneer of two nation theory.

The ideas of Sir Syed may be summed up as following:The ideas of Sir Syed may be summed up as following:To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding To create an atmosphere of mutual understanding between the British government and the Muslimbetween the British government and the Muslim To motivate the Muslims to learn Western education To motivate the Muslims to learn Western education To persuade Muslims to abstain from agitational politicsTo persuade Muslims to abstain from agitational politicsSyed Ahmad Khan’s Aligarh Movement played a Syed Ahmad Khan’s Aligarh Movement played a significant role to bring about an intellectual revolution significant role to bring about an intellectual revolution among the Indian Muslims. Thus Aligarh Movement among the Indian Muslims. Thus Aligarh Movement succeeded in achieving its major objectives and boosted up succeeded in achieving its major objectives and boosted up the depressed Muslim community to the real status of the depressed Muslim community to the real status of nation. nation.

MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH and MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH and Two Nation TheoryTwo Nation Theory

In 1906, Jinnah started his political career when he joined All In 1906, Jinnah started his political career when he joined All India National Congress. In 1913, Jinnah joined All India Muslim India National Congress. In 1913, Jinnah joined All India Muslim League on the request of Mollana Muhammad Ali Johar.League on the request of Mollana Muhammad Ali Johar.

In 1919, he became the President of All India Muslim League.In 1919, he became the President of All India Muslim League. Up to the 1928, Jinnah was also true believer of Hindu Muslim Up to the 1928, Jinnah was also true believer of Hindu Muslim

unity. But Nehru report of 1928, dishearted Jinnah.unity. But Nehru report of 1928, dishearted Jinnah. So after Nehru report, Jinnah also talk on Two Nation Theory.So after Nehru report, Jinnah also talk on Two Nation Theory.““Pakistan was created the day the 1Pakistan was created the day the 1stst Indian National entered Indian National entered

the fold of Islam”the fold of Islam” 11stst Round Table Conference he said Round Table Conference he said “Now we are on position, “Now we are on position,

from where, if Indian Muslims are not consulted about the from where, if Indian Muslims are not consulted about the future of India; then the proposals of British Govt. would future of India; then the proposals of British Govt. would not be run-able more than weeks.”not be run-able more than weeks.”

He said British Govt wanted to rule India; while Congress He said British Govt wanted to rule India; while Congress wanted to rule Indian Muslims. It would not be possible wanted to rule Indian Muslims. It would not be possible during our life.”during our life.” In 1938, Jinnah presided at Patna: In 1938, Jinnah presided at Patna:

The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs and literature. They neither philosophies, social customs and literature. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and indeed they belong to intermarry nor interdine together and indeed they belong to two different civilizations. So they are separate nation.”1940 two different civilizations. So they are separate nation.”1940 LahoreLahore

We did not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land We did not demand Pakistan simply to have a piece of land but we wanted a laboratory where we could experiment on but we wanted a laboratory where we could experiment on Islamic principles.” Islamic principles.” 19441944

Now Pakistan is our aim and we will reach there on every Now Pakistan is our aim and we will reach there on every cost and every condition.”cost and every condition.” General Election 1945-46 General Election 1945-46

Partition of Bengal: 1905 Partition of Bengal: 1905

United Bengal’s area covered 189,000 sq. miles with 80 million United Bengal’s area covered 189,000 sq. miles with 80 million populations. Before 1905, many proposals of partition of Bengal populations. Before 1905, many proposals of partition of Bengal had been under consideration but Lord Curzon decided to had been under consideration but Lord Curzon decided to practicalise this administrative scheme. East Bengal became practicalise this administrative scheme. East Bengal became incidentally a Muslim majority province having 1,80,00,000 out of incidentally a Muslim majority province having 1,80,00,000 out of 3,10,00,000. West Bengal was a Hindu majority province. The 3,10,00,000. West Bengal was a Hindu majority province. The Congress joined the anti-partition movement. They started Congress joined the anti-partition movement. They started widespread agitation, violence and boycott of foreign goods. widespread agitation, violence and boycott of foreign goods. Annulment of the Partition on 12 December 1911 Annulment of the Partition on 12 December 1911 The British The British government revoked the partition to avoid trouble on the visit of government revoked the partition to avoid trouble on the visit of King George V. The Muslims were disappointed by the King George V. The Muslims were disappointed by the government response to the violent strategy of protests adopted government response to the violent strategy of protests adopted by the Hindusby the Hindus

The Simla Deputation 1906 The Simla Deputation 1906 The Simla deputation comprised 35 Muslims from all over India. The Simla deputation comprised 35 Muslims from all over India.

It was a galaxy of Muslims leaders from all the provinces from It was a galaxy of Muslims leaders from all the provinces from India This delegation was led by Sir Agha Khan and Nawab India This delegation was led by Sir Agha Khan and Nawab Mohsin ul Malik served as a secretary and this delegation met Mohsin ul Malik served as a secretary and this delegation met the Viceroy in Simla that was why it was called as Simla the Viceroy in Simla that was why it was called as Simla Deputation. Deputation.

Demands:Demands: 1.Representation more than their population because of their 1.Representation more than their population because of their

importance. 2.Separate electorate 3.Reservations of Muslims importance. 2.Separate electorate 3.Reservations of Muslims seats in government jobs. 4. Special share in Municipal or seats in government jobs. 4. Special share in Municipal or district boards University senates and syndicates 5. Muslim district boards University senates and syndicates 5. Muslim representation in Viceroy Executive Council. 6. Muslim representation in Viceroy Executive Council. 6. Muslim University at Aligarh. University at Aligarh.

Formation of the Muslim LeagueFormation of the Muslim League Time had come to formally organize the Muslims after the Time had come to formally organize the Muslims after the

success of the Simla Deputation. The Muslim leaders desired to success of the Simla Deputation. The Muslim leaders desired to create a permanent political forum. After the meeting of the create a permanent political forum. After the meeting of the Mohammedan Educational Conference, the Muslim leaders met Mohammedan Educational Conference, the Muslim leaders met to set up the All India Muslim League. Wiqar-ul-Mulk chaired to set up the All India Muslim League. Wiqar-ul-Mulk chaired the meeting. Nawab Salimullah proposed Muslim League and the meeting. Nawab Salimullah proposed Muslim League and Hakim Ajmal Khan and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan seconded. Hakim Ajmal Khan and Maulana Zafar Ali Khan seconded.

GOALS: GOALS: 1. Protection and promotion of political rights and 1. Protection and promotion of political rights and interests of the Muslims. 2. Cooperation with other communities interests of the Muslims. 2. Cooperation with other communities without prejudice to the above goal. 3. Fostering sense of without prejudice to the above goal. 3. Fostering sense of loyalty, among the Muslims, towards the governmentloyalty, among the Muslims, towards the government

The Khilafat Movement The Khilafat Movement The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement The Khilafat movement was a religio-political movement

launched by the Muslims of British India for the retention of the launched by the Muslims of British India for the retention of the Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control of Ottoman Caliphate and for not handing over the control of Muslim holy places to non-Muslims. Turkey sided with Germany Muslim holy places to non-Muslims. Turkey sided with Germany in World War 1. As it began to lose the war, concerns were in World War 1. As it began to lose the war, concerns were expressed in India about the future of Turkey. expressed in India about the future of Turkey.

Goals: Goals: 1. Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact.1. Ottoman Khilafat should be kept intact. 2. Territorial solidarity of Turkey be preserved. 2. Territorial solidarity of Turkey be preserved. 3. Control of holy the places should not be given to non-3. Control of holy the places should not be given to non-

Muslims. Muslims. Protests in India: Protests in India: All India Khilafat Committee was formed at All India Khilafat Committee was formed at

Bombay in July 1919. Bombay in July 1919.

Non-Cooperation: Non-Cooperation: Return Titles.Return Titles. Boycott of courts and educational institutions. Boycott of courts and educational institutions. Resign from jobs.Resign from jobs. Later resign from police and military jobs.Later resign from police and military jobs. Refusal to pay taxes.Refusal to pay taxes. Hijrat Movement 1920-21Hijrat Movement 1920-21 Result:Result:

It was re-affirmation of the reality that religion is a It was re-affirmation of the reality that religion is a mobilizing force and especially Islam has mobilization mobilizing force and especially Islam has mobilization capacity to organize masses. Hindu-Muslim unity proved capacity to organize masses. Hindu-Muslim unity proved short-lived.short-lived.

The Nehru Report: 1928 The Nehru Report: 1928 Recommendations that threatened Muslim interests are:Recommendations that threatened Muslim interests are: No Separate electorate No Separate electorate No One-third seats for Muslims in Central Assembly No One-third seats for Muslims in Central Assembly No reservation of seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal. In No reservation of seats for Muslims in Punjab and Bengal. In

Hindu- majority provinces, the Muslims may be given seats Hindu- majority provinces, the Muslims may be given seats according to populationaccording to population

Sindh to be made a province if it can bear its expenses. Sindh to be made a province if it can bear its expenses. Balochistan, NWFP were accepted to be given constitutional Balochistan, NWFP were accepted to be given constitutional status on certain conditionsstatus on certain conditions

Jinnah remarked, “it is parting of the ways.” He presented the Jinnah remarked, “it is parting of the ways.” He presented the 14 points as a Muslim leader. These points reflected the 14 points as a Muslim leader. These points reflected the aspirations of every Muslim living in India. aspirations of every Muslim living in India.

ALLAMA IQBAL AND ALLAMA IQBAL AND TWO NATION THEORYTWO NATION THEORY

Allama Iqbal was also a strong believer of Hindu-Muslim unity Allama Iqbal was also a strong believer of Hindu-Muslim unity but Congress extremism compel him to change his attitude.but Congress extremism compel him to change his attitude.

In 1930, Iqbal clearly discussed Two Nation Theory as:In 1930, Iqbal clearly discussed Two Nation Theory as:

Muslims are separate nation, Demand of separate state.Muslims are separate nation, Demand of separate state.““Islam is complete code of life; so Indian Muslims should Islam is complete code of life; so Indian Muslims should get assistance from Islam. It will support them fully. We get assistance from Islam. It will support them fully. We could not separate religion and politics.”could not separate religion and politics.”““Nations are based with religion; not with territories. So Nations are based with religion; not with territories. So we are separate nation because we have our own we are separate nation because we have our own ideology.”ideology.”

Allabad address 1930Allabad address 1930Address to the Muslim League Session, Allahabad, Address to the Muslim League Session, Allahabad, December 1930 December 1930 I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan I would like to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sind, Balochistan amalgamated into a single state as a self government amalgamated into a single state as a self government within the British empire or without. This is the final destiny within the British empire or without. This is the final destiny of the Muslims of N.W. India. of the Muslims of N.W. India.

““If British Government is interested to resolve Hindu-If British Government is interested to resolve Hindu-Muslim conflicts then India should be divided into Muslim conflicts then India should be divided into states. NWFP, Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, Assam and states. NWFP, Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, Assam and Bengal should be converted into one unit and authority Bengal should be converted into one unit and authority should be given to Indian Muslims.”should be given to Indian Muslims.”

The Lahore Resolution, 1940 The Lahore Resolution, 1940 The Muslim League held its annual session at Lahore on 22-24 The Muslim League held its annual session at Lahore on 22-24

March 1940. The Lahore Resolution was moved by Maulvi March 1940. The Lahore Resolution was moved by Maulvi Fazlul Haq and seconded by Ch. Khaliquzzaman that finally Fazlul Haq and seconded by Ch. Khaliquzzaman that finally approved on March 24, 1940. Jinnah rightly expressed his approved on March 24, 1940. Jinnah rightly expressed his valuable remarks about the political circumstances of India and valuable remarks about the political circumstances of India and the Muslims stand. He said:the Muslims stand. He said:

“ “Indian problem is not communal but international. No Indian problem is not communal but international. No Constitution can work without recognizing this reality. Muslims Constitution can work without recognizing this reality. Muslims of India will not accept a constitution that establishes a of India will not accept a constitution that establishes a government of the Hindu majority on them. If Hindus and government of the Hindu majority on them. If Hindus and Muslims are placed under one democratic system, this would Muslims are placed under one democratic system, this would mean Hindu Raj.” mean Hindu Raj.”

The Elections, 1945-46 The Elections, 1945-46 Lord Wavell announced elections in August 1945. The ML’s stand Lord Wavell announced elections in August 1945. The ML’s stand was very clear i.e. the ML is a sole representative of Muslims and was very clear i.e. the ML is a sole representative of Muslims and Pakistan is its ultimate goal. The ML launched the massive Pakistan is its ultimate goal. The ML launched the massive campaign for these destinations. The Islamic slogans became campaign for these destinations. The Islamic slogans became massively popular. In this way, the struggle for the establishment massively popular. In this way, the struggle for the establishment of Pakistan was motivated on the basis of Islam. The role of of Pakistan was motivated on the basis of Islam. The role of students was also prominent during the political drive. On the students was also prominent during the political drive. On the other hand, the Congress put the slogan of independence from other hand, the Congress put the slogan of independence from British in the shape of undivided India before the Hindu nation. British in the shape of undivided India before the Hindu nation. They proclaimed that their stand was for all the Indian They proclaimed that their stand was for all the Indian communities. In December 1945 the elections of Central communities. In December 1945 the elections of Central Legislature were held and the ML won all 30 Muslim seats. The Legislature were held and the ML won all 30 Muslim seats. The Congress won 57 seats. Congress won 57 seats.

Provincial Elections: February 1946Provincial Elections: February 1946 Punjab: 79 out of 86 Muslim seatsPunjab: 79 out of 86 Muslim seats Bengal 113 out of 119 Muslim seats Bengal 113 out of 119 Muslim seats Sindh 28 out of 35 Muslim seats Sindh 28 out of 35 Muslim seats NWFP 17 out of 38 Muslim seats NWFP 17 out of 38 Muslim seats The ML also showed an impressive performance in the Muslim The ML also showed an impressive performance in the Muslim

minority provinces. The ML formed its ministry in Sind, Khudai minority provinces. The ML formed its ministry in Sind, Khudai Khidmatgar (Dr. Khan) in NWFP, coalition government by ML Khidmatgar (Dr. Khan) in NWFP, coalition government by ML in Bengal, and Unionist, Akalis and the Congress in Punjab in Bengal, and Unionist, Akalis and the Congress in Punjab (Khizr Hayat Tiwana).(Khizr Hayat Tiwana).

Transfer of Power:Transfer of Power: Governor General’s Issue: Mountbatten wanted to be Governor General’s Issue: Mountbatten wanted to be

joint GG (Governor General) of India and Pakistan while joint GG (Governor General) of India and Pakistan while ML decided to appoint Jinnah as the first Governor ML decided to appoint Jinnah as the first Governor General of Pakistan in July 1947. General of Pakistan in July 1947.

Transfer of Power: 1st meeting of the Constituent Transfer of Power: 1st meeting of the Constituent Assembly was held on August 11, 1947 and the Assembly was held on August 11, 1947 and the ceremonies on August 14. Radio announcement was ceremonies on August 14. Radio announcement was made at midnight 14-15 Aug. Oath taking ceremony for made at midnight 14-15 Aug. Oath taking ceremony for GG (Governor General) and PM (Prime Minister) was GG (Governor General) and PM (Prime Minister) was held on August 15 1947held on August 15 1947

ConclusionConclusion

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