Identify and Meeting of Antimicrobial Research - ProCEs3.proce.com/res/pdf/643.pdf · the Needs of...

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1 Identify Gaps and Meeting the Needs of Antimicrobial Stewardship Research P. Brandon Bookstaver, PharmD, BCPS, FCCP, FIDSA, AAHIVP Associate Professor & Director of Residency & Fellowship Training University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy Palmetto Health Richland Columbia, SC Disclosures » Content developer and speaker for FreeCE.com » Content developer and speaker for Rockpointe Inc. » Noncommercial disclosure: Codirector of Southeastern Research Group Endeavor (SERGE45)

Transcript of Identify and Meeting of Antimicrobial Research - ProCEs3.proce.com/res/pdf/643.pdf · the Needs of...

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Identify Gaps and Meeting the Needs of Antimicrobial Stewardship Research

P. Brandon Bookstaver, PharmD, BCPS, FCCP, FIDSA, AAHIVPAssociate Professor & Director of Residency & Fellowship Training

University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy Palmetto Health Richland

Columbia, SC

Disclosures

»Content developer and speaker for FreeCE.com  

»Content developer and speaker for Rockpointe Inc.

»Non‐commercial disclosure: Co‐director of Southeastern Research Group Endeavor (SERGE‐45)

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Learning Objectives

• Identify key gaps in the antimicrobial stewardship literature

•Discuss opportunities within antimicrobial stewardship programs to meet scholarship needs

• Identify strategies to increase the scholarly output of your antimicrobial stewardship program

Overview for Conducting Stewardship‐Related Research 

1) Needs Assessment: Identify gaps in the literature, local research needs and research infrastructure

2a) Identify research team members & establish roles

2b) Discuss institutional goals & stewardship program goals related to research

3) Establish research strategy

4) Execute, evaluate and report out deliverables

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Level of Evidence among IDSA Guidelines

Level of Evidence % of Recommendations Median % (IQR)

I 14.8 15.8 (5.8‐28.3)

II 29.7 30.9 (23.3‐43.2)

III 55.5 50.0 (38.1‐58.6)

Class of Recommendation

A 40.2 41.5 (28.7‐55.6)

B 37.7 40.3 (27.1‐47.9)

C 14.0 8.1 (1.8‐14.7)

Other 8.1 0 (0.6.7)

IQR=Interquartile range

Khan AR et al. Clin Infect Dis 2010;51:1147‐56.

8 interventions

6 optimization6 microbiology & laboratory diagnostics

3 measurement

5 special populations

StrengthStrong = 2Weak = 6

QualityHigh = 0

Moderate = 3Low = 5

Very Low = 0

StrengthStrong = 3Weak = 3

QualityHigh = 0

Moderate = 3Low = 3

Very Low = 0

StrengthStrong = 0Weak = 6

QualityHigh = 0

Moderate = 3Low = 3

Very Low = 0

StrengthStrong = 0Weak = 1

QualityHigh = 0

Moderate = 0Low = 1

Very Low = 0

StrengthStrong = 0Weak = 2

QualityHigh = 0

Moderate = 0Low = 2

Very Low = 0

2 good practice recs 3 good practice recs

28 Total Recommendations 

in 2016 IDSA Antibiotic Stewardship Guidelines

Barlam TF, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2016;62:e51‐77.

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What percentage of stewardship programs have formally evaluated rapid diagnostic technologies?

A. 90%

B. 30%

C. 60%

D. 10%

Reported Assessment Rapid Diagnostics

• Survey of pharmacists involved in antimicrobial stewardship (n=214)

• Focus was on rapid diagnostic technology (RDT) familiarity/utilization and measuring impact

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Percent Respondents

Foster RA, et al. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:863‐6.

Outcomes Assessed with RDTs

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Identifying Gaps in the Infectious DisesesLiterature that Impact Patients – British Columbia Experience

• Purpose: Review research activity & infrastructure in BC and link to a process for identifying public health needs, gaps and opportunities

• Focus was on infectious diseases topics and public health

Patrick DM, et al. Can J Public Health 2006;Suppl 3:S24‐32, S27‐36.

Step 1:  Environmental scan to describe current activity in BC 

Step 2:  Consultation to describe gaps/needs (key 

informants) AND end users of results (stakeholders)

Step 3: Prioritization of research needs

Nine Priorities Identified**:1) Efficacy & cost‐benefit2) Disease patterns3) Emerging infectious disease4) Immunology & vaccines5) Disease‐specific research6) Health promotion & 

communications7) Safe food & water8) Knowledge translation research & 

genomics

**Identified six research capacity building themes

Palmetto Health Antimicrobial Stewardship & Support Team (PHASST)

4 hospital system in central South Carolina (Columbia, SC)

Approximately 1,500 patient beds

Stewardship Team System‐Wide (Core):‐ Majdi Al‐Hasan, MBBS‐ Brandon Bookstaver, PharmD

(Faculty Full‐time)‐ Julie Ann Justo, PharmD

(Faculty Full‐time)‐ Joey Kohn, PharmD‐ Emily Haggard, PharmD‐ Krutika Mediwala, PharmD

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Our stewardship research strategy…it’s simple really

1) We take clinical questions and look for practical answers using local data.

2) We strive to have objective, evidence‐based recommendations (discussions) with our colleagues.   

Palmetto Health ASSTEvidence‐Based Precision Medicine

Strength of association of risk factors & cumulative effect of multiple risk factors

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Important Question to Ask yourself: Is your research meaningful?

To you

To your trainees

To your institution

To your patients

To the greater medical/pharmacy community regionally, nationally or internationally

Benefit of Scholarship to the individual

• Professional satisfaction• Professional gain (eg promotion)

• Personal satisfaction• “Black Tie Invitation Only List”

• Speakers• Awards• Textbook chapters• Peer review requests

• Financial gain

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Scholarship Strategy

Focus your area of study but diversify your approach

“Financial portfolio model”

Trainee‐driven research

Internal collaborations

External collaborations

Utilize your resources

• Utilize (motivated) pharmacy and medical trainees• Pharmacy/Medical students, residents

• ID or non‐ID medical fellows

• ID or non‐ID Pharmacy resident/fellow

• Outside collaboration• Research networks (eg SHEA,                                                                                       SERGE‐45– Southeastern Research Group Endeavor)

• Physicians and pharmacists who are excited and engaged in research productivity

• Data already available locally (eg. perpetual databases; infection control; claims data)

• Mentorship

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Effective Mentoring in Research

Effective Mentor/  Mentee 

Relationship

Research Skills

Sponsorship

Interpersonal

Culturally responsive/    Diversity

Psychosocial & Career

Pfund C, et al. AIDS Behav 2016;20(Suppl 2):238‐48.

Mentoring References

• Healy CC, Welchert AJ. Mentoring relations: a definition to advance research and practice. EducRes 1990; 19:17‐21. 

• Goff DA, et al. Impact of national ASP mentoring Program. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2017 15;74:224‐31.

• Pfund C, et al. Defining attributes & metrics of effective research mentoring. AIDS Behav2016;20(Suppl 2):238‐48.

• Morrison‐Beedy D, et al. Mentoring students and junior faculty in research: a win‐win.  J Prof Nurs 2001; 17:291‐6.

• Hoffman Brenda AACP, Mentoring: ON Having One & Being One.  Available at: http://www.aacp.org/career/facultyrecruitment/Documents/AcademicLife_Mentoring.pdf

• The Bible – having wise counsel. (Proverbs 15:12; Proverbs 12:15)

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Writing, Publishing & Citing your work: A trainee’s guide

P. Brandon Bookstaver, PharmD, BCPS, FCCP, FIDSA, AAHIVP

Associate Professor & Director of Residency & Fellowship Training

University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy

Columbia, SC

(Sample presentation for trainees/clinicians)

Scholarship as a metric

• Presentations, abstracts and publications are metrics for our stewardship program

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PHASST 2015 Paper of the Year

Sarah (Cain) Battle, MDPH/USC SOM

Cain SE, et al. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015;49:245‐50.

PHASST Webpage

www.phformulary.net

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AHRQ Definition: Practice Based Research Network (PBRN)• “…. groups of primary care clinicians and practices working together to answer community‐based health care questions and translate research findings into practice. PBRNs engage clinicians in quality improvement activities and an evidence‐based culture in primary care practice to improve the health of all Americans”

• “…address the full continuum of care and outcomes research, to link research to practice improvement, and to speed the dissemination of research findings to community practice settings…”

(S.580: Healthcare Research and Quality Act of 1999). 

Available at: http://www.aacp.org/resources/research/PBRN/Documents/PBRNFAQs.pdf

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Advantages/Disadvantages of PBRNs

Advantages

• Great ROI• Point/period prevalence

• Retrospective or prospective

• Sites/Clinicians that WANT to do research, but difficult

• No forced participation

• funding opps. (+/‐)

• Doable when funding not desired/available

Disadvantages

• “Herding cats”

• Apathy about research concept

• IRB coordination

• Lack of input on feasibility analysis or project ideas

AtlantaAugusta

AthensSavannah

CharlestonColumbiaFlorence

Montgomery

Jackson

St. LouisLexington

Huntsville

Nashville

Johnson City

Charlottesville

Greenville/Spartanburg

Winston Salem

Raleigh/Chapel Hill

Charlotte

Maryville

Knoxville

AtlantisPalm Beach

Ft. MyersFt. Lauderdale

SERGE‐45

SoutheasternResearchGroupEndeavor‐45

Auburn

Charlotte

Greenville (NC)

34 sites with      41 investigators

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• ‘Pieces’ (membership) of PBRN • Defined shared practice‐base 

• PharmD or MD 

• Defined shared specialty/expertise• Infectious diseases

• Defined shared case‐mix or practice model and data access• Acute care; ambulatory care

• Define additional pieces needed to achieve goals• Local support for grant writing and data analysis

• IRB support

• Coordinators/Executive board

Development of the SERGE‐45 Network, circa 2010/2011

SERGE‐45: Process for Conducting Studies

• Email listserv available for discussion and facilitation of research ideas – NOT meant for general questions

• Research ideas can be submitted by anyone in the group• Question

• Feasibility survey (email)

• Facilitated by SERGE coordinators

• Data collection limited to one or two ongoing large studies (e.g. >10 institutions involved)

• Multiple concurrent smaller studies ‘ok’

• Abstracts to include all investigators• Manuscript authorship based on level of interest/involvement

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“How to successfully publish a manuscript”

Step 1:

Write a manuscript

A good idea done well always has a home. 

April Miller Quidley (circa 2008)

John Bosso, faculty development session (circa 2010ish)

Scientific literature is not a children’s book.

Paraphrasing John Williamson             (circa 2006)

Research & Career Direction

• Participation in research among both pharmacy and medical students increases likelihood of future careers in research & discipline‐specific areas of research

• Positive research mentoring leads to increased likelihood of subsequent mentee/mentor experiences for all participants

• Research participation for pharmacy trainees increases critical thinking

• Pharmacy students participating in research are significantly more likely to successfully match for post‐graduate residency

Osborne K, et al. Presented at American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy, Anaheim, CA. Rosenkranz SK, et al. BMC Med Educ 2015;15:95.

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Research & Career Direction

Results and Data Specialties Matching Service, 2016 Appointment Year; NRMP, February 2016 

Characteristic ID PGY2 Programs (%)

ID Fellowship Programs (%)

No. of programs 74 15

No. of positions 75 18

Program location

West 11 (15) 2 (13)

Midwest 23 (31) 7 (47)

Northeast 14 (19) 3 (20)

South 26 (35) 3 (20)

General/Adult ID focus 71 (96) 14 (93)

Research &    Career Direction

Infectious Diseases Pharmacy Training Programs (2015)

Gauthier TP, et al. Clin Infect Dis 2015;60:826‐7.

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Avoid distractions,   pitfalls & barriers

• Not establishing end goal prior to embarking on research

• Lack of focus

• Lack of “wins”

• Failure to grownetwork/research base

• Spending excessivetime/resources on “outliers”

Available on Twitter®                                         Included with permission of involved parties

Opportunities for Research Training & Funding

https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.171

https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.91

https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.160

https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.118

https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.117

https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.93

https://doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.189

Series of papers published  in Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology (ICHE) from June 2016 –November 2016 highlighting general research principles in stewardship and epidemiology:

• Quasi‐experimental studies• Survey  methodology• Mathematical modeling• Qualitative analyses

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Suggestions for Successful Research Pursuits

1) “The Best Yes” – marked by deadlines, not current workload

2) Diversify your publishing portfolio• Collaborations; journals

3) Have a research focus…but maintaining some variety may work for you

• 60% = ID; 16% = Education/Academic; 16% = Med Safety

4) Each clinical, service or academic endeavor may be an opportunity for scholarship (including funding)

5) Find enjoyment and purpose in it

Summary Points

• What research is important to you? • It’s like anything else in life, if you have a calling/passion/drive behind it, you can be successful

• Doing research that’s meaningful – what gaps does it fill for you, your patients, and others regionally/nationally/internationally

• Match your institutional goals and vision with your research endeavors

• Mentorship, either internal or external, drives success for both mentee and mentor when effective relationships are established. 

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Identify Gaps and Meeting the Needs of Antimicrobial Stewardship Research

P. Brandon Bookstaver, PharmD, BCPS, FCCP, FIDSA, AAHIVP

Associate Professor & Director of Residency & Fellowship Training

University of South Carolina College of Pharmacy 

Palmetto Health Richland, Columbia, SC

[email protected]