Identification of seeds to genus - ISTA Online · Identification of seeds to genus ... Malvaceae...
Transcript of Identification of seeds to genus - ISTA Online · Identification of seeds to genus ... Malvaceae...
ISTA Purity Seminar15. June 2009 Zürich
Identification of seeds to genusIdentification of seeds to genus and species leveland species level
bby
Norbert Leist and Andrea Jonitz
Prof. Dr. Norbert LeistBrahmsstr.25
Dr. Andrea JonitzLTZ AugustenbergNeßlerstr.23
76669 Bad Schö[email protected]
Neßlerstr.2376227 [email protected]
Can we find botanical characters which allow a systematic searchleading to the families first, than to the genera and at least to the species?
Mostly you can find the following structures more or less well visible:Mostly you can find the following structures, more or less well visible:Testa developed from the integument. The hole between the integument remains as micropyle, in every seed this is the point where the radicle emerges. The funiculus growth a shorter or larger part together with the integument, this part is the raphe. The breaking point of the funiculus at ripeness is the hilum. The
f f fregion where the funiculus enters the integument for nutritition of the embryo is the chalaza.
Hilum
--Integument
Cardiospermum halicacabum
Definition of seed• A seed is a matured ovule that contains an
b d fembryo and often nutritive tissue (endosperm, perisperm) Judd et al. Plant Systematics
• Achene: Asteraceae (Carex, Ranunculus, Rosa, Rumex)
• Caryopsis: Poaceae
• Drupe: Celtis, Cocos, Prunus
• Nut: Castanea, Corylus, Fagus, Quercus
• Samara: Ailanthus Betula Fraxinus Liriodendron Ulmus Carya ovataSamara: Ailanthus, Betula, Fraxinus, Liriodendron, Ulmus
• Schizocarp: Acer, Apium, Daucus, Erodium, Euphorbia, Lamium, Malva
• Utricle: Amaranthus, Chenopodium
Carya ovata
• Seed units are commonly found dispersal units ISTA Rules 2009
Abrus precatorius
Caryopsis SchizocarpAlAlopecurus gerardii
Euphorbia verrucosa
Echinochloa crus-galli
Aethusa cynapium
crus galli
BromusAbelmoschus
Bromus mollis
esculentus
Seed charactersSeed charactersColor : black, brown, yellowish, white, different colored, shiny, dull
Shape, size : round, edged, flat, triangular, fourthsized, barrelshaped
Testa surface: smooth, ribbed, striped, edged, winged, furrowed, wrinkled, dimplelike, reticular, humplike, spiny, dotted, flaking, finehirsute, woolly hirsute, shaggy
A d ill l i l i t t hi l i tAppendages : arillus, elaiosom, caruncula, crista, strophiolum, awn, arista, glumes, beak, wing, pappus
Hilum : tiny spotshaped with other colorHilum : tiny, spotshaped, with other color
Raphe : Strophiolum
Micropyle : CarunculaMicropyle : Caruncula
Types of seed units d i th d k f B Stählias used in the seed key of Brouwer, Stählin
1. Seed unit with edges or borders, spiny points (35 families)
2. Seed unit with caruncula, often with clear raphe (2 families)
3. Seed unit winged (9 families)g ( )
4. Seed unit with hairs, partly as crown, tuft or scale (6 families)
5. Seed unit bottleshaped (2 families)5. Seed unit bottleshaped (2 families)
6. Seed unit stickshaped, at least 4 times as long as wide (4 families)
7 Seed unit with shiny testa or special structures of surface (6 families)7. Seed unit with shiny testa or special structures of surface (6 families)
8. Seed unit enrolled, therefore kidney – or hornshaped (3 families)
9 S d it thi d fl t tl b d d d/ ith ll i i (49. Seed unit thin and flat, partly bended and/or with small wing ring (4 families)
10 Seed unit ball-to oval rounded hilum visible (2 families)10. Seed unit ball to oval rounded, hilum visible (2 families)
11. Seed unit flat and smooth, often like amphora (1 family)
1. Seed unit edged or with border, point spine (35 f ili )
Amranthaceae Apiaceae Aristolochiaceae
(35 families)
AsclepiadaceaeBrassicaceaeChenopodiaceae
pAsteraceaeCampanulaceaeConvolvulaceae
BoraginaceaeCaryophyllaceaeCoriariaceaeChenopodiaceae
CucurbitaceaeEuphorbiaceae
ConvolvulaceaeCyperaceaeFabaceae
CoriariaceaeDipsacaceaeFumariaceae
GeraniaceaeLiliaceaePapaveraceae
IridaceaeMalvaceaePlantaginaceae
LamiaceaeOnagraceaePlumbaginaceaePapaveraceae
PoaceaeRosaceae
PlantaginaceaePolygonaceaeRubiaceae
PlumbaginaceaePrimulaceaeRutaceae
SantalaceaeTropaeolaceae
ScrophulariaceaeValerianaceae
SolanaceaeZygophyllaceae
2. Seed unit with caruncula, often with clear rapheEuphorbiaceae Polygalaceae
Violaceae ChelidoniumViolaceae Chelidonium
3. Seed unit wingedAsclepiadaceae Asteraceae BrassicaceaeAsclepiadaceae Asteraceae Brassicaceae
Caryophyllaceae Chenopodiaceae Cyperaceae
Liliaceae Gentianaceae Iridaceae
4. Seed unit enrolled, therefore kidney – or hornshapedAsteraceae CaryophyllaceaeAsteraceae Caryophyllaceae
Chenopodiaceae Fabaceae
How stable are these seed characteristics?
Depending on the type of reproduction:
Apogamie =Apomixis, parthenogenesis without pollinationAlchemilla, Amelanchier, Hieracium, Poa, Rubus, Sorbus, Taraxacum (2000 microspecies)( 000 c ospec es)Autogamie – selfpollination, cleistogamyViolaHeterogamie - self incompatible pollination by other plant of the sameHeterogamie - self incompatible, pollination by other plant of the same speciesPrimula, AstragalusPolyploidie multiplication of the chromosome numberPolyploidie - multiplication of the chromosome numberBiscutellaHybridisation – pollination between speciesA il i A B t l C E il bi P i P RAquilegia, Avena, Betula, Carex, Epilobium, Paeonia, Poa, Rumex, Salix(worldwide 70.000 naturally occurring interspecific plant hybrids are estimated)
How stable are these seed characteristics?
These characteristics are genetically controlled, but some factors
l d b l i l dmay lead to abnormal or untypical seeds:
nutritition of the plant
insect damage of the seed unitinsect damage of the seed unit
fungi infection
environmental stress conditions
Equipment for seed identification
• Pincette
• Scalpel
• Small boxesSmall boxes
• Tubes, adhesive papel, pencil
• Magnifying lensMagnifying lens
Tools for seed identification• Binocular 10‐60 fold
Mi• Microscope– Light microscope
– Electron microscope
– Special types likeSpecial types like Keyence
If Seed identification with morphological characters is not successful ?
Check for alternative methods:
• Anatomy of the seed (type of endosperm)
• Seedling (Rumex)
• Chemical reactions (phenol, sulphuric acid..)
– Lolium, Poa, Phleum, Cuscuta, Orobanche, Vicia
– Ultraviolet radiation
• Seedproteins, electrophoresis
Anatomy of seed units to be observed by a transverse cut
Characteristics :With or without endosperm, perisperm,( endosperm oily (ol), with starch (st), fleshy (fl)); embryos place on the side, inner part; embryo straight or bended
Perisperm Endosperm large Endosperm small None or nearly noPerisperm Endosperm large Endosperm small None or nearly no endosperm
AmaranthaceaeCaryophyllaceae
ApiaceaeAristolochiaceae (fl)
AsclepiadaceaeBoraginaceae
AsteraceaeBrassicaceaeCaryophyllaceae
ChenopodiaceaePlantaginaceae
Aristolochiaceae (fl)EuphorbiaceaePoaceae (st)
BoraginaceaeCampanulaceae (fl)Dipsacaceae
BrassicaceaeCucurbitaceaeFabaceae
Papaveraceae (oil)Plumbaginaceae (st)Polygonaceae (st)
FabaceaeLamiaceaeRosaceae
GeraniaceaeLamiaceaeOnagraceaePolygonaceae (st)
Primulaceae (fl)Rubiaceae
RosaceaeRutaceaeSantalaceae
OnagraceaeTropaeolaceaeValerianaceae
Scrophulariaceae (fl)Solanaceae (fl)Convolvulaceae
Polygalaceae
IridaceaeLiliaceae
If Seed identification with morphological characters is not successful ?
Check for alternative methods:
• Anatomy of the seed (type of endosperm)
• Seedling (Rumex)
• Chemical reactions (phenol, sulphuric acid..)
– Lolium, Poa, Phleum, Cuscuta, Orobanche, Vicia
– Ultraviolet radiation
• Seedproteins, electrophoresis
Fabaceae (Leguminosae)Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
643 Genera, 18.000 Species
Caesalpinioideae 153 Genera, 2.175 Species
Mimosoideae 64 Genera, 2.950 Species
Papilionoideae 426 Genera, 12.150 Species
Lathyrus 160
Vicia 140
Seeds showing one typical characteristic for one certain family onlywell expressed hilum, micropyle, raphne, chalaza
for one certain family only
Fabaceae:Medicago Sophora Melilotus Robinia ViciaMedicago, Sophora, Melilotus, Robinia, Vicia .....
Medicago trunculata Melilotus albaSophora japonica
Seed characteristicsSeed characteristics
Micropyle
Hilum
Phaseolus vulgaris; Micropyle, Hilum, Testa structure
Testa surface
Smoothy shining smoothy dull rough velvet like hoarfrostSmoothy shining, smoothy dull, rough, velvet, like hoarfrost, warty structures, pories structures, labyrinth structures.
These characters can be observed with magnification
Testa colour and pattern
Variation from white to light brown, dark to black, greenish and from uniform colour to different patternp
This pattern can be named as: marked - small area spot, speckle reptile pattern marble patternspeckle, reptile pattern, marble pattern.
The micropyle can be well expressed to nearly not visible.
The hilum is more informative with its size, shape, colour, structure and the distance to the micropylestructure and the distance to the micropyle.
The hilum can be:
round-oval, less than 2 x as long as wide(eg. Lathyrus gorgoni Parl.)
elongated-oval, at least 2 x, but not more than 5 x as long as wide(eg. Vicia dumetorum L.);
linear, more than 5 x as long as wide (eg Lathyrus articulatus L )(eg. Lathyrus articulatus L.)
Furthermore, the hilum itself can show the same width in its whole length it can narrow at one or both ends andits whole length, it can narrow at one or both ends and became also lanceolate at one or both ends.
Once more the are a of the hilum can differ in colour. The middle part (M) can be white-light sometimes yellowishmiddle part (M) can be white-light, sometimes yellowish, with the border region (R) darkened, in some species a very li ht li t th hil l th i (L)light line separates the hilum lengthwise (L).
M
R
L
Genus Lathyrus19. Lathyrus maritimus (L.) Bigelow20 L th t B h
1. Lathyrus amphicarpos L.2. Lathyrus angulatus L.3 Lathyrus annuus L
20. Lathyrus montanus Bernh.21. Lathyrus neurolobus Boiss. Et Heldr. in Boiss.22. Lathyrus nissolia L.
3. Lathyrus annuus L.4. Lathyrus aphaca L.5. Lathyrus articulatus L.
23. Lathyrus niger (L.) Bernh.24. Lathyrus ochrus (L.) DC.25. Lathyrus odoratus L.
6. Lathyrus aureus (Steven) Brandza7. Lathyrus bauhinii Genty8. Lathyrus cicera L.
y26. Lathyrus Pannonicus (Jacq.) Garcke
ssp. varius
27. Lathyrus pisiformis L.y9. Lathyrus clymenum L.10. Lathyrus davidii Hance11 Lathyrus digitatus (Bieb ) Fiori
28. Lathyrus pratensis L.29. Lathyrus roseus Steven30 Lathyrus rotundifolius Willd11. Lathyrus digitatus (Bieb.) Fiori
12. Lathyrus gorgoni, Parl.13. Lathyrus heterophyllos L.
30. Lathyrus rotundifolius Willd.31. Lathyrus sativus L.32. Lathyrus sphaericus Retz.33 L th l t i L14. Lathyrus hierosolymitanus Boiss.
15. Lathyrus hirsutus L.16. Lathyrus inconspicuus L.
33. Lathyrus sylvestris L.34. Lathyrus tingitanus L.35. Lathyrus tuberosus
17. Lathyrus latifolius L.18. Lathyrus laxiflorus (Desf.) O. Kuntze
36. Lathyrus venetus (Miller) Wohlf. in Koch37. Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh.
Example for a key to determine seed of Vicia and Lathyrus species
Seed small, not more than 2 mm I
to determine seed of Vicia and Lathyrus species
Seed larger > 2 mm II
I1 Whole testa with clear wart structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2
1´ Testa with structures like pores or labyrinnth in no case warts 4pores or labyrinnth,in no case warts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
2 seeds globular, egg shaped-oval or cylindrical;hilum more than 0,5 mm long, round-oval measuring 1/8 to 1/9 of seed perimeter; chalaza is near by the hilum less than 0,5 mm formed as a small bulge; testa surface with some single warts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .L. nissolia L.
2´ seed mostly edged-hatchet like, hilum very small, not more than 0,5 mm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Lathyrus
L h L i L t i L ti l tL. ochrus L. pannonicus L. pratensis L. articulatus
L. tingitanus L. angulatus L. nissolia L. rotundifolius ssp. rotundifolius ssp. miniatus
Genus Vicia
V b i V h l V iV. narbonnensis V. ochroleuca V. peregrina
V. villosa V. lathyroides V. sativa V. grandiflora
V. tenuissima V. pubescens V. sepium
Vicia tetrasperma Lathyrus tuberosus
Vicia villosa Vicia hirsuta Vicia angustifolia Vicia sativa
Partzsche et al.
ScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceae
268 Genera, 5.100 Species
Veronica 180 (since 2003 the genus belongs to the Plantaginaceae)
G d l tGarden plants
Veronica paniculata, longifolia, spicata, aphylla…..p , g , p , p y
Weeds
Veronica hederifolia, cymbalaria, persica, filiformis, opaca, agrestis, polita, triphyllos, dillenii, verna, peregrina, arvensis….
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica teucrium Veronica hederifoliaVeronica teucrium Veronica hederifolia
Veronica agrestis Veronica arvensis
Scrophulariaceae
Veronica filiformis Veronica persica Veronica triphyllosVeronica filiformis Veronica persica Veronica triphyllos
Veronica polita Veronica agrestis Veronica praecox Veronica hederifoliaPartzsch et al. Acker- und Gartenunkräuter
Chenopodiaceae
Atriplex patula Chenopodium hybridum Ch. albump p p y
Chenopodium polyspermum Ch. ficifolium Ch. glaucum Portulaca oleracea
Partzsch et al. Acker- und Gartenunkräuter
There is still much effort needed go come fromThere is still much effort needed go come from
seed images to seed tablesseed images to seed tables
which can be used for comparison of unknown seedswhich can be used for comparison of unknown seeds
worldwide and not only of weed seedsworldwide and not only of weed seeds
Hypochaeris radicata