IDENTIFICATION OF ARJUNO-WELIRANG VOLCANO · PDF fileInternational Journal of Civil &...

International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol: 12 No: 01 9

120901-3838 IJCEE-IJENS © February 2012 IJENS I J E N S

IDENTIFICATION OF ARJUNO-WELIRANG VOLCANO-GEOTHERMAL ENERGY ZONE BY MEANS OF DENSITY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY CONTRAST PARAME-

TERS

Sunaryo1

1Geophysics Program Study, Physics Dept., Sciences Faculty, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia

[email protected]; [email protected]; +0628123354285; +062341463499

ABSTRACT

Study on quantity and quality of Arjuno-Welirang volcano-geothermal energy zone by means of density contrast from gravity survey and susceptibility contrast from magnetic survey has been done.Gravity, magnetic, and position data acquisition were acquired 120 data respectively by using gravitymeter, PPM, and GPS distributed in lines of Singosari-Tretes, Lawang-lereng_Arjuno, Karangploso-Batu-Pujon, Batu-Cangar, Cangar-Pacet, Tretes-Welirang-Cangar, and Tretes-Arjuno-Lawang. Contrast density parameter i.e. residual gravity anomaly was acquired from subtracting result of regional Bouguer anomalyfromcomplete Bouguer anomaly. Contrast susceptibility para-meter i.e. residual magnetic anomaly was acquired from subtracting result of regional magnetic anomalyfrom total magnetic anomaly. 3D quantitative interpretation has been done by 2.5D Talwani for arbitrary shape approximation. Qualitative interpretation has been done by using fluid-crater sample-coretest.By means of gravity and magnetic in-terpretation, has been carried out volcano-geothermal chamber quantitative value for contrast density -2.9 i.e.: maxi-mum volume ±2.26km3, depth to top0m dpl and depth to bottom 781.065m dpl withrms error 0.41% and for contrast susceptibility 0.00595 i.e.: andesitic-basaltic rocks body with maximum volume ±18326.85km3, depth to top 0m dpl and depth to 124260.4m dpl with rms error 11% respectively. From fluid-crater sample-core test shown that volca-no-geothermal chamber has steam system with high temperature relatively (±3000C). By means of volcano-geothermal chamber quantitative value and fluid-crater sample-core test shown that Arjuno-Welirang volcano-geothermal chamber have good prospect for geothermal energy resources in the future.

Key words: volcano-geothermal, Arjuno-Welirang, density, susceptibility. 1INTRODUCTION Availability of petroleum fuel energy will be increasingly depleted with time tra-vel.Energy resource which is a byproduct of fuel, namely gas fuel will also follow the ex-istence of petroleum fuel because both are non-renewable.Therefore, ongoing research in efforts to find an alternative energy as substitute of non-renewable energy must be done continuously. One of the potential natural resources that can answer the above mentioned prob-lems is a volcano-geothermal energy.As a country located at the subduction zone of tectonic plates with a belt of volcanic com-plexes, both are still active (type A), which had been inactive or solfatara and fumarola phase (type B, and C), and those already signed on the type of history makes the state of Indonesia is rich in geothermal energy po-tential of volcano-geothermal. With clean, efficient, and renewable characteristics, then the volcano-geothermal energy can become the reliable energy for the future.As the vol-cano of the type B/C and the size of magma chamber is large enough, then G. Arjuno-Welirang is one of the volcano in Indonesia, whic is potential as a volcano-geothermal potential reservoir[1].Futhermore, we con-

ducted research to indentify the geothermal potency in the volcano-Welirang Arjuno. To get a volcano-geothermal reservoirs are eligible to be managed needs to be com-prehensive and sustained research. One study that became determinant key of a vol-cano-geothermal reservoir feasible to be ex-plored and exploited is geophysical research.

This is because the geophysical able to pre-dict conditions in the reservoir by measuring the earth's surface.

Among the many geophysical methods suitable for the above reasons with the re-sponse sensitivity, economically affordable, and technical field are gravity method with density contrast and magnetic method with susceptibility contrast. The gravity method will record the existence of density contrast between the reservoir and the host rock.

However, the density parameter is less or no response in temperature. To overcome this obstacle, it mustuse other parameters. One of parameters that can be utilized to over-come these obstacles is the parameter of susceptibility or magnetic method. With magnetic parameters can be recorded varia-tions of the field will limit the reservoir and the host rock in temperature, so that the di-rection which will lead to temperature fluc-



tuations can be seen [2]. Thus to get the quantity or volume of volcano-geothermal reservoirs will be very suitable if we use the study of these parameters together (gravity and magnetic). In addition to the quantity of compo-nents, component quality is also important.

To determine the quality of volcano-geothermal reservoirs is feasible to explora-tion and exploitation that should have a rela-tively high temperature, a minimum of 230oC for wet steam or 150oC for dry steam[3]. Thus, chemical test of the fluid or steam must also be done. 2METHOD The study was conducted in a complex Arjuno-Welirang volcano, located at geo-graphic coordinates (112.47816o;-7.90949o) through (112.74265o;-7.65o) or covering an area of 29.721km x 29.1573km = 866.584km2, and Arjuno-Welirang complex located in the center of the area. Arjuno-Welirang volcano is a part of B/C volcano type.In physiographic a part of the Solo zones volcanic. Volcano was signed on quaternary volcanic group. On these zones encountered the path a row of volcanoes, both active (type A), or inactive, both of type B, C, and type of history, which has been no activity at all, such as Kawi-Butak volcano [1]. Arjuno-Welirang volcano on the P3G geological map with scale 1:100,000 located in Malang sheet [4] at the summit and east side and the sheet of Kediri [5] on the west side. This sheet is located in Sololane-quaternary volcano flanked by Kendeng lane in the north and southern mountains in the south, outside the sheet[6]. In broad out line, this research is divided into four groups based on type of data, i.e: position, gravity, magnetic, and fluid sample of the crater surface.

Data acquisition of position, gravity, and magnetic respectively performed at the same time using the Global Positioning System equipment (GPS), Gravitymeter La Coste & Romberg, and Proton Precision Magnetome-ter (PPM). Measurements made along the path to the summit of Arjuno-Welirang with ±15km radius from summit or with edge to edge diameter is ± 30km, i.e pathways Sin-gosari-Tretes, Lawang-lereng_Arjuno, Ka-rangploso-Batu-Pujon, Batu-Cangar, Can-

gar-Pacet, Tretes-puncak_Welirang-Cangar, and Tretes-puncak_Arjuno-Lawang.To get the quality of volcano-geothermal reservoir, geochemical testing of crater surface water has been doing. Gravity data processing is done through corrections: tidal, drift, base station, tie, normal gravity, free air, Bouguer, and terrain to obtain the complete Bouguer anomaly.

Residual gravity anomaly obtained from the differencing of regional gravity anomaly (the result of filtering/upward continuation) to the reduced gravity anomalies onto a even surface at the highest topographic.To get the position of the cross section is also used in consideration of the horizontal gradient of residual gravity anomaly[7].

Total magnetic field data processing is done through corrections: daily (drift correc-tion), and the IGRF (International geomag-netic Reference Field). Residual total mag-netic anomaly obtained from the differenc-ing of regional total magnetic anomaly ob-tained from filtering/upward continuation to total magnetic anomaly reduced to the even surface at the highest topographic.To get the exact position of the cross section which is also used pseudogravity transformation con-siderations, and horizontal gradient of total magnetic anomaly [7].

Interpretation to obtain the value of 3D-volkano quantity of geothermal reservoirs in use approach of Talwani 2.5D polygon me-thod for arbitrary shape objects [8][9] with the help of the program mag2dc and grav2dc. By combining the results of interpreta-tion of the quantity value based on the densi-ty contrast parameter value (gravity), sus-ceptibility contrast value (total magnetic field), and the test fluid geochemistry of the surface crater is expected to obtain the out-look of the exploration and exploitation po-tential of the Arjuno-Welirang volcano-geothermal servoir. The gravity method works based on the density contrast from the rock of the earth. If there is an anomaly under the surface, then the value of the gravitational field will de-viate from the normal measured.If the devia-tion is the addition of value, called a positive anomaly (anomaly density> density of the surrounding area).Conversely, if the devia-tion is reduction of the value, called a nega-tive anomaly (anomaly density <density of



the surrounding area).Measured gravity val-ue is influenced by the earth-moon tide, the advantages and disadvantages of mass due to topography of the earth, and refer-ence.Therefore, the measured data must be corrected to eliminate these influences. Magnetic method is a method that re-sponds to contrast of susceptibility.Besides, due to the susceptibility contrast, the meas-ured magnetic values are also influenced by external factors.So that should be corrected to eliminate the influence of these external factors. From data acquisition, can be obtained 120 data are spread along Tretes-Singosari, Lawang-Arjuno side, Karangploso-Batu-Pujon, Batu-Cangar, Cangar-Pacet, Tretes-Welirang summit-Cangar and Tretes-Arjuno summit-Lawang (Figure 1.). 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1Results of Data Processing 3.1.1 Gravity Data Processing Results After correction for eliminating the in-fluence of tidal effect due to the rotation of the earth and the moon, drift correction to eliminate the influence of drift, basestation correction to equate the value of inter-loop gravity, tie correction to get the value of gravity on the actual measuring point [10], and normal gravity G using the formula of the IAG (International Association of Geo-dessy) that is GRS(Geodetic Reference Sys-tem) of 1980 on the WGS84 (World Geodet-ic System 1984) to compare the value of gravity measurements with ellipsoida or sfe-roida reference, then obtained free air ano-maly. From this last correction, the data which was originally located on the sferoida reference was taken to the topography.From the free air correction is already a rough idea can be seen in spatial location of an anomaly to be searched, which tends toward the top Welirang.Bouguer correction (and terrain) to account for the influence of the topography, the advantages and disadvantages of mass confirm the spatial anomaliy position.

To obtain regional conditions of Arjuno-Welirang volcano body, low pass filter is applied, i.e first by taking vertical derivative of the potential field value [7](Blakely, 1995) for transform the Bouguer anomaly on topography to even surface.Then upward continuation is performed using the continu-ation integral equation [7] (Blakely, 1995) to

achieve the regional anomalyof Arjuno-Welirang volcano body. Finally, by sub-tracting the regional anomaly of the volcano body due to anomaly on even surface lo-cated at above of the highest topography, obtained residual gravity anomaly (Figure 2).Horizontal gradients residual gravity anomaly can be seen in Figure 3[11]. 3.1.2 Magnetic Data Processing Results The magnetic field measuring result is influenced by the targets anomaly field, re-gional field, and the influence of external field (diurnal). Diurnal correction was done by interpo-lating the measured magnetic field versus time.The regional correction using the IGRF (International geomagnetic reference field) in 2004 which refers to the WGS 84.The IGRF parameters input i.e: year: 2004, lati-tude: -7.74, longitude: 112.585, height: 3.370, with output i.e: the total field IGRF value: 45136.9nT, inclination: -33.6, and declination: 4.1.Finally obtained magnetic anomaly in topography. Correction for volcano body or regional anomaly obtained from the low pass filter using vertical derivative magnetic fields for transform the total magnetic anomaly to the even surface and then upward continued with continuationintegral[7]. Differencing the value of the regional total magnetic field due to anomalies in the highest topography resulting residual total magnetic anomaly (Figure4).Pseudogravity transformation can be seen in the Figure 5 and the horizontal gradient on the Figure 6 and 7 showing the spatial location of anoma-lies that are relatively similar to that shown by the gravity.

Figure 8a and 8b shows the cross section of gravity and total magnetic field interpre-tation. 3.2Quantitative Discussion Based on the residual gravity anomaly (Figure 2), can be described spatially, that there is a low density (contour with hat-chure) who were closures among the Weli-rang summit and Arjuno summit as well as high density located in the southeastern part Arjuno-Welirang with high horizontal gra-dients (Figure 3).This illustrates that magma chamber developed in the southeast-northwest direction. Status type C Arjuno



volcano gradually become older type or his-tory by abandoning the basaltic andesitic rocks with high density. While on the Weli-rang volcanostill leaves magma chamber, even the results of quantitative interpretation of gravity data using the 3D approach of Talwani method, arbitrary shape of 2.5D ob-jects [8][9] revealed the existence of reser-voir ormagma chamber volcano-geothermal ±2km3 (Interpretation cross section AA 'and BB')(Figur 9). Contours of residual total magnetic anomaly (Figure 4), pseudogravity transfor-mation (Figure 5), and horizontal gradients (Figure 6 and 7) shows the spatial location of anomalies volcano-geothermal reservoirs are relatively the same, which is located be-tween Arjuno-Welirang form of two pairs of dipoles with positive pole is located between Arjuno and Welirang.In total magnetic field data interpretation can not be seen the mass of cavity as shown on the gravity, but it ap-peared that describe the susceptibility con-trast of andesitic-basaltic.This supports the history that complex of Arjuno-Welirang originally form of a vast caldera in the solo volcanic zone row with quarter age (cross section CC 'and DD')(Figur 9).Summary of the results of interpretation can be seen in Table 1. 3.3Qualitative Discussion Geologically, distribution of geothermal resources can be detected by observing symptoms of ancient volcanism, volcanism end, the breakthrough of magma, lithology and stratigraphy, the rate of hydrothermal al-teration of rocks and measuring the tempera-ture of hot water and rock.Chemically, geo-thermal resources can be identified with the monitoring of steam, gas and hot water by paying attention to clues like ions Si, Na, K, Ca, Cl, Br, CO3

-, HCO3-and SO4

-. Geochem-ical properties will determine the tempera-ture of hot water and geothermal systems.If the geochemical analysis of Cl content is low, then the existing geothermal systems in the steam system; because Cl would dissolve at temperatures higher than 300oC. Based on the results of chemical tests as in Table 2 shows that the Cl content enough. So it could be assumed that the Arjuno-Welirang geothermal system is a steam sys-tem.This is also supported by the gravity da-ta indicate the mass cavity as volcano-

Geothermal reservoirs with a density con-trast value of -2.9. While the high silica val-ues will generally indicate a high tempera-ture of the system also. As shown in table 1, that the density contrast -2.9 show volkano-geothermal re-servoirs with a maximum volume ± 2.26km3.The volume of magma chamber size is relatively small, but for the size of the geothermal reservoir volkano-steam sys-tems, this condition has included large. It is also correlation with the prevalence that oc-curred in the B and C volcano type.From the depth aspect also looks of the prospecting feasibility quite good, i.e the bottomof depth approximately 3000m above sea level and top of depth of 0m above sea lev-el.Assessment based on the parameters in-volved in the research, it appears that Arju-no-Welirang volcano prospective as a source of geothermal reservoir.

4CONCLUSIONS 1. Based on the gravity parameters with

density contrast of -2.9 obtained volcano-geothermal reservoirs maximum ±2.26km3, depth of top 0m asl and bot-tom 781.065m asl with 0.41% error.

2. Based on the magnetic parameters with susceptibility contrast 0.00595 obtained the basaltic-andesitic igneous rock with a maximum volume ±18326.85km3, depth of top 0m above sea level and bot-tom124260.4m above sea level with the RMS error 11%.

3. Based on geochemical parameters of the crater surface water samples obtained value of Cl is relatively small, i.e 117.15ppm and Si 10.90ppm, indicating that the reservoir is dry system with a relatively high temperature (± 300oC).

4. Based on the conclusions 1 and 3, pre-dicted that the Arjuno-Welirang volcano-geothermal reservoirshave good pros-pecting as a source of volcano-geothermal energy.

REFERENCES [1] Bemmelen, R.W.V., 1949, The Geology of Indo-

nesia vol. 1A General Geology of Indonesia and Adjacent Archipelagos, Government Printing Office, The Hague.

[2] Sunaryo, 2001, Pendugaan Struktur Kantong Magma Gunungapi Kelut berdasarkan Survei Magnetik, Tesis S-2, UGM, Yogyakarta.



[3] Pertamina, 2001, Panasbumi Energi Andalan Masa Depan Bersih, Efisien, dan Terbarukan, Divisi Geothermal, Pertamina Pusat.

[4] Santoso, S., dan Suwarti, T., 1992, Geologi Lembar Malang, Jawa, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung.

[5] Santoso, S., dan Atmawinata, S., 1992, Geologi Lembar Kediri, Jawa, Pusat Penelitian dan Pen-gembangan Geologi, Bandung.

[6] Nachrowi, T., Syratman, Y., Namida, S., dan Hidayat, S., 1978, Geologi Pegunungan Selatan, Jawa Timur, Prosiding PIT IX Ikatan Ahli Geo-logi Indonesia.

[7] Blakely, R.J.,1995, Potential Theory in Gravity and Magnetic Applications, Cambridge Univer-sity Press, USA.

[8] Shuey, R.T., and Pasquale, A.S., 1973, End Cor-rections in Magnetic Profile Interpretation, Geo-physics vol.38 No. 3, 507 – 512.

[9] Cady, J.W., 1980, Calculation of gravity and magnetic anomalies of finite-length rigth poly-gonal prisms, geophysics vol. 45 No. 10, 1507 – 1512.

[10] Adkins, J., Sukardi, S., Said, H., and Untung, M., 1978, A Regional Gravity Base Station Network for Indonesia, Publikasi Teknik-Seri Geofisika, No.6, Geological Survey of Indone-sia, Direktorat Geologi, Direktorat Jendral Per-tambangan Umum, Departemen Pertambangan dan Energi.

[11]Sunaryo, Budiono, H., Susilo, A., 2005, Studi Energi Vulcano-geothermal Arjuno-Welirang Berdasarkan Survei Gravitasi, Prosiding Semi-nar Nasional Basic Science II FMIPA UNI-BRAW Malang, Indonesia.



Figure 1.Distribution of measuring points of gravity and magnetic and Arjuno-Welirang region topo-

graphic contour. Contour interval 200m.

Figure 2. Residual gravity anomaly contour. Contour interval 10mGal.

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

LONGITUDE (degree)

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

LAT

ITU

DE

(de

gree

)

TRT 01

TRT 02

TRT 03

TRT 04

TRT 05

TRT 06

TRT 07

TRT 08

TRT 09

TRT 10

TRT 11

TRT 12TRT 13

TRT 14

TRT 15

TRT 16TRT 17

LWG 01LWG 02LWG 03

LWG 04LWG 05LWG 06

LWG 07LWG 08

LWG 09LWG 10LWG 11

LWG 12

LWG 13

LWG 14

LWG 15

LWG 16LWG 17

LWG 18

CGR 01

CGR 02

CGR 03

CGR 04

CGR 05

CGR 06CGR 07CGR 08

CGR 09

CGR 10

CGR 11

CGR 12

PCT 01

PCT 02

PCT 03

PCT 04

PCT 05

PCT 06

PCT 07

PCT 08PCT 09

PCT 10

PCT 11

PCT 12

PCT 13PCT 14

PCT 15

WLG 01WLG 02WLG 03

WLG 04WLG 05

WLG 06WLG 07WLG 08

WLG 09

WLG 10

WLG 11WLG 12WLG 13WLG 14WLG 15

WLG 16WLG 17WLG 18

WLG 19

WLG 20WLG 21ARJ 01

ARJ 02ARJ 03

ARJ 04ARJ 05ARJ 06ARJ 07ARJ 08ARJ 09ARJ 10

ARJ 11ARJ 12

ARJ 13

ARJ 14ARJ 15

ARJ 16ARJ 17ARJ 18

ARJ 19ARJ 20

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

G. WELIRANG

G. ARJUNO

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

LONGITUDE (degree)

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

LAT

ITU

DE

(de

gree

)

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

G. WELIRANG

G. ARJUNO



Figure 3. Horizontal gradient of residual gravity anomaly contours. Contour interval 5.

Figure4. Contours of residual total magnetic anomaly. Contour interval 50nT.

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

LONGITUDE (degree)

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

LAT

ITU

DE

(de

gree

)

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

G. WELIRANG

G. ARJUNO

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

LONGITUDE (degree)

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

LAT

ITU

DE

(de

gree

)

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

G. WELIRANG

G. ARJUNO



Figure 5. Pseudogravity anomaly contour. Contour interval 5 pseudomGal.

Figure 6.Pseudogravity horizontal gradient contour.Contour interval 0.5pseudomGal.

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

LONGITUDE (degree)

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

LAT

ITU

DE

(de

gree

)

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

G. WELIRANG

G. ARJUNO

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

LONGITUDE (degree)

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

LAT

ITU

DE

(de

gree

)

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

G. ARJUNO

G. WELIRANG



Figure7. Contour of the horizontal gradients residual total magnetic anomaly. Contour interval 20nT.

(a)

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

LONGITUDE (degree)

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

LLA

TIT

UD

E (

degr

ee)

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

G. ARJUNO

G. WELIRANG

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

LONGITUDE (degree)

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

LAT

ITU

DE

(de

gree

)

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

G. WELIRANG

G. ARJUNO

A

A'

B

B'



(b)

Figure 8 Contour residual anomaly and cross section: (a). gravity with the cross section AA '& BB'. Con-tour interval 10mGal, (b). total magnetic field with a cross section CC'and DD'. Contour inter-

val 50nT.

(a)

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

LONGITUDE (degree)

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

LAT

ITU

DE

(de

gree

)

112.5 112.55 112.6 112.65 112.7

-7.9

-7.85

-7.8

-7.75

-7.7

G. WELIRANG

G. ARJUNO

C

C'

D

D'



(b)

(c)



(d)

Figur 9.(a).Cross section AA'(Depth: top: 53.254m; bottom: 840m; RMS error: 0.12%), (b).BB'(Depth: top: 0m; bottom: 781.065m; RMS error: 0.41%), (c).CC ' (Depth: top: 414.201m;bottom:18757.4m; RMS error: 0.11%), and

(d).DD' (Depth: top: 414.201m; bottom: 18757.4m; RMS error: 8.6%)

Table 1. Summary results of interpretation CROSS

SECTION Z (m) L (m) CONTRAST

(nT or g/cm3) STRIKE

(m) VOL (km3)

ERROR (%) TOP BOTTOM MIN MAX

AA' 53.254 840.237 653.8 1426.8 -2.9 1722.75 1.04805 0.12

BB' 0 781.065 435.8 2160.26 -2.9 1681.91 2.26538 0.41

CC' 0 124260.355 119.1 17470.5 0.006 8500 18326.8 0.11

DD' 414.2 18757.396 0 12731.9 0.006 4455.45 1040.55 8.6

Table 2. Geochemical test results on samples of crater surface water of Welirang

SAMPEL PARAMETER RESULT

ANALYSIS METODE ANALYSIS

CONCENTRATION UNIT REAGENT METODE

CRATER SURFACE

WATER OF WELIRANG

K 2.95±0.02 % HNO3 AAS Ca 4.86±0.00 Ppm HNO3 AAS Na 0.29±0.00 0.29 HNO3 AAS

S total 2.45±0.00 % BaCl2 spectrophotometer

SO4 733.88±0.00 Ppm BaCl2 spectrophotometer

Cl- 117.15±0.00 Ppm AgNO3 Argentometer

CO3- Not idenfied Mg CaCO3/L EDTA Complexometer

Si 10.90±0.00 ppm Aquaregia Gravimeter

IDENTIFICATION OF ARJUNO-WELIRANG VOLCANO · PDF fileInternational Journal of Civil &...

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