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Transcript of IDE and SCSI Devices Terms and Definitions. Chapter Objectives After completing this chapter you...
![Page 1: IDE and SCSI Devices Terms and Definitions. Chapter Objectives After completing this chapter you will: Understand hard drive terminology. Understand the.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022033105/56649da05503460f94a8b5df/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
IDE and SCSI Devices
Terms and Definitions
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Chapter Objectives
After completing this chapter you will:
• Understand hard drive terminology.
• Understand the different hard drive types.
• Be able to set up and configure different types of hard drives.
• Be able to troubleshoot hard drive problems.
• Understand and be able to perform hard drive preventive maintenance.
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Hard Drive Overview
• Hard drives are the most popular devices for storing data. The hard
drive subsystem can have up to three parts:
– The hard drive
– Cables that attach to an adapter or the motherboard
– Control circuits located on an adapter or the motherboard
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Hard Drive Geometry
• Components of a Hard Drive:
– Platters are multiple hard metal surfaces contained in the hard drive.
– Read/Write Heads write and read 1s and 0s to and from the hard drive surface.
• A Head Crash occurs when a read/write head touches the hard drive platter.
– Track is a concentric circle on a formatted floppy or hard drive platter.
– Cylinder is one corresponding track on all surfaces of a hard drive.
– Sectors – Each track is divided into sectors which contains 512 bytes of data.
• ZBR (Zone Bit Recording) efficiently uses the hard drive surface by placing more sectors on the outer tracks than on the inner tracks.
• Interleaving is a method of numbering sectors for the most efficient transfer of data between the hard drive and the controller. Today’s hard drives normally use a 1:1 interleave.
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Hard Drive Geometry
Hard Drive Geometry
IDE/SCSI – Figure #1
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Hard Drive Geometry
Cylinder vs Tracks
IDE/SCSI – Figure #2
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Hard Drive Geometry
Sectors on Older Hard Drives
IDE/SCSI – Figure #3
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Hard Drive Geometry
IDE/SCSI – Figure #4
Zone Bit Recording Sectors
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Hard Drive Geometry
3:1 Interleaving
IDE/SCSI – Figure #5
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Hard Drive Interfaces Overview
• There are four hard drive interfaces:
– ST506
– ESDI
– IDE (ATA)
– SCSI
• Encoding is the way 1s and 0s are placed on the drive.
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IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
• IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) is the most popular type of hard drive used in home
and business computers.
– DMA (Direct Memory Access) allows data transfer between the hard drive and RAM
without going through the CPU.
– PIO (Programmed Input/Output) is a speed standard for data transfers to and from the
hard drive.
– UDMA (Ultra DMA) allows the IDE interface to control the PCI bus for faster transfers.
– SMART (Self-Monitoring Analysis & Report Technology) is part of the ATA-3 IDE
standard for power management, drive analysis, and failure reporting.
– CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Checking) is an advanced method of checking the data for
errors.
– ATAPI (AT Attachment Packet Interface) is the hardware side of the IDE specification
that supports devices like CD and tape drives.
– Serial ATA is a point to point interface in which each device connects to the host
through a dedicated link and has the entire interface bandwidth.
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IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
PIO Modes for IDE Hard Drives
IDE/SCSI – Table #1
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IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
DMA Modes for IDE Hard Drives
IDE/SCSI – Table #2
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IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
80 and 40 Pin Conductor Cable
IDE/SCSI – Figure #6
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IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
IDE ATA Standards
IDE/SCSI – Table #4
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SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
• SCSI (Small Computer System Interface) is an interface standard that
connects multiple small devices to the same adapter via a SCSI bus.
– SCSI bus is the bus shared by all devices that attach to one SCSI
adapter.
– Host Adapter connects the SCSI device to the motherboard and
coordinates the activities of other devices connected.
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SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
SCSI Standards
IDE/SCSI – Table #5
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Laptop Storage Devices
• Laptops can use IDE or SCSI hard drives.
• Laptop IDE hard drives are installed using two methods:
– Proprietary installation is installed in a location that cannot be
changed, configured, or moved very easily.
– Removable IDE hard drives with a laptop are installed or removed
through a 44-pin connector.
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SCSI Software Standards
• Most SCSI hard drives have software built into the hard drive’s BIOS
chip. Other drives must use one of three types of SCSI software
standards:
– ASPI (Advanced SCSI Programming Interface)
– CAM (Common Access Method)
– LADDR (Layered Device Driver Architecture)
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Drive Configuration Overview
• The configuration of a hard drive usually includes setting jumpers on the
drive, terminating properly, and performing a few software commands.
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IDE Device Configuration
• IDE Hard Drives are normally configured using jumpers.
– Single IDE setting is used when only one devices connects to the IDE cable.
– Master IDE setting is a jumper setting used to configure an IDE device and is
the controlling device on the interface.
– Slave IDE setting is an IDE setting for the second device added to the IDE
cable. The device should be a slower device than the master.
– Cable Select is a setting used on IDE devices when a special cable
determines which device is the master and which one is the slave.
– DASP (Drive Active/Slave Present) is a signal in the ATA interface of the
IDE connector that is used to indicate the presence of a slave IDE device.
– Master/Slave configuration can be found on 9-19.
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IDE Device Configuration
IDE Motherboard Connectors
IDE/SCSI – Figure #7
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IDE Device Configuration
IDE Hard Drive Set as Master
IDE/SCSI – Figure #8
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IDE Device Configuration
Two IDE Hard Drives
IDE/SCSI – Figure #9
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Serial ATA (SATA) Installation
• Serial ATA drives are easy to install.
– Serial ATA drives do not have any master/slave, cable select, or
termination settings
– Uses a small 7-pin connector that attaches between the serial ATA
controller and the serial ATA drive
• Installation instructions for serial ATA drives can be found on 9-25.
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Serial ATA (SATA) Installation
Installed SATA Hard Drive and Adapter
IDE/SCSI – Figure #12
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SCSI Configuration
• A SCSI device is configured by:
– Setting the proper SCSI ID
– Terminating both ends of the SCSI chain
– Connecting the proper cables
• A SCSI ID is the priority number assigned to each device connected by a
SCSI chain.
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SCSI ID Configuration
• Standard SCSI devices recognize SCSI IDs 0 through 7.
• Wide SCSI devices recognize SCSI IDs 0 through 15.
• Power on all external SCSI devices before powering on the computer.
• Each SCSI device must have a unique SCSI ID.
– SCAM (SCSI Configured AutoMatically) allows for automatic SCSI
ID assignment.
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SCSI ID Configuration
SCSI ID Settings (Most Significant Bit to the Left)
IDE/SCSI – Table #7
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SCSI ID Configuration
Two Internal SCSI Devices – SCSI IDs
IDE/SCSI – Figure #13
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SCSI ID Configuration
Two External SCSI Devices – SCSI IDs
IDE/SCSI – Figure #14
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SCSI Termination
• SCSI termination is performed in several different ways:
– By installing a SIPP
– By installing a jumper
– By setting a switch
– By installing a terminator plug
– By installing a pass-through terminator
– Through software
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SCSI Termination
• The SCSI bus cannot operate properly without terminating both ends of the SCSI bus.
– SE (Single Ended) is a type of SCSI electrical signal and terminator used with most SCSI devices.
– Passive Terminators are one type of SCSI chain end that is susceptible to noise interference over long cable distances. It is used with SCSI-1 devices.
– Active Terminators are a type of end to a SCSI chain that allows for longer cable distance and provides correct voltage for SCSI signals.
– FPT (Forced Perfect Termination) is a special type of active terminator that can be used with SE devices.
– HVD (High Voltage Differential) is a SCSI-2 standard that allowed longer SCSI bus lengths and required a differential terminator. HVD was removed from the SCSI-3 standards.
– Differential Terminator is a SCSI terminator used with HVD SCSI devices. It cannot be used with other SCSI types.
– LVD (Low Voltage Differential) is a SCSI signaling type that is required on all SCSI devices that adhere to the Ultra SCSI standards. LVD is backwards compatible with SE.
– Pass Through Terminator allows a device that does not have terminators to be terminated through the connector that attaches to the cable.
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SCSI Termination
SCSI Termination
IDE/SCSI – Figure #15
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SCSI Termination
Today’s SCSI Terminators:
Pass Through Terminator and 68-Pin Active Terminator
IDE/SCSI – Figure #17
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SCSI Termination
SCSI Symbols
IDE/SCSI – Figure #19
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SCSI Termination
Two Internal SCSI Devices - Termination
IDE/SCSI – Figure #20
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SCSI Termination
Two External SCSI Devices - Termination
IDE/SCSI – Figure #21
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SCSI Termination
Internal and External SCSI Devices - Termination
IDE/SCSI – Figure #22
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SCSI Cables
• SCSI cabling allows multiple devices to be connected to one SCSI host
adapter and share the same SCSI bus.
– Most internal SCSI-1 and SCSI-2 cables are 50-pin ribbon cables.
They are also known as an A cable.
– Internal SCSI-3 cables are 68-pin ribbon cables.
• When installing multiple SCSI devices, install one device at a time.
• Always avoid using the cheaper, thinner SCSI cables. They are more
susceptible to outside noise.
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SCSI Cables
Internal SCSI Cables
IDE/SCSI – Figure #23
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SCSI Cables
External SCSI Cables
IDE/SCSI – Figure #24
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SCSI Cables
SCSI Cables and Connectors
IDE/SCSI – Table #9
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System Configuration for Hard Drives
• Hard drives are configured through the Setup program with a drive type
number.
– Drive Type is a number that corresponds to a drive’s geometry (the
number of cylinders, heads, and sectors).
– IDE hard drives are normally configured using the Auto-Detect feature
included with BIOS. This feature automatically determines the drive
type for the system.
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BIOS Configurations for Hard Drives
• Most system BIOS chips manufactured before 1994 use INT13 to
recognize hard drives up to 504MB.
– INT13 Interface or Interrupt 13 is a standard that allows a system
BIOS to locate data on the hard drive.
– LBA (Logical Block Addressing) allows hard drives to be
recognized up to 8GB in capacity.
– Extended INT13 Interface can support drives larger than 8GB in
capacity.
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Hard Drive Preparation Overview
• Three steps to hard drive preparation:
– Low-Level Format
– Partition
– High-Level Format
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Partitioning
• Partitioning divides a hard drive so that the computer system sees more than
one drive.
– FDISK is a command used to partition a hard drive.
• A File System defines how data is stored on a drive.
– FAT (File Allocation Table) is a method of organizing a computer’s file
system.
– FAT16 file system is supported by DOS, Windows 9x, NT, 2000, and XP.
– FAT32 file system used by Windows 95 Service Release 2, Windows 98,
Windows 2000, and XP that supports hard drives up to 2TB in size.
– NTFS (NT File System) file system used with Windows NT, 2000, and XP.
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Partitioning
• Types of Partitions:
– The Primary Partition is the first detected drive on the hard drive.
– The Extended Partition is a hard drive division
– Logical Drives divides the extended partition into separate units which appear as separate drive letters.
– System Partition is a type of active hard drive partition found in Windows NT and 2000 that contains the hardware-specific files needed to load the operating system.
– Boot Partition – A type of partition found in Windows NT and 2000 that contains the operating system.
• The Partition Table holds the information about the types and locations of partitions created. It is part of the master boot record.
• MBR (Master Boot Record) is a program that reads the partition table to find the primary partitions used to boot the system.
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Partitioning
Clusters
IDE/SCSI – Figure #25
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Partitioning
FAT16 Partitions and Cluster Size
IDE/SCSI – Table #12
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Partitioning
FAT32 Partitions and Cluster Size
IDE/SCSI – Table #13
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Partitioning
NTFS Partitions and Cluster Size
IDE/SCSI – Table #14
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Partitioning
NT Disk Administrator
IDE/SCSI – Figure #26
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Partitioning
Hard Drive Partitioning
IDE/SCSI – Figure #27
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Partitioning
Two Logical Drives
IDE/SCSI – Figure #28
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How Drive Letters Are Assigned
• The order in which the partitions are assigned drive letters depends on
three factors:
– The number of hard drives
– The type of partitions on the hard drives
– The operating system
• The first floppy drive detected is assigned drive letter A:.
• The second floppy drive detected is assigned drive letter B:.
• The first hard drive primary partition detected receives drive letter C:.
• Drive letters assigned after letter C: are dependent upon the operating
system installed.
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How Drive Letters Are Assigned
Logical Drive Letters with Two Hard Drives
IDE/SCSI – Figure #30
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Windows 2000/XP Logical Disk Management
• Windows 2000 and XP have two types of storage: Basic and Dynamic.
– Basic Storage is a Windows 2000 term for a partition.
• Basic Disk is a Windows 2000 term for a drive that has been
partitioned and formatted.
– Dynamic Storage is a Windows 2000 disk that has been configured
for the 2000 operating system.
• Dynamic Disk is a Windows 2000 term for volumes that can be
resized and managed without rebooting.
• Volume is a hard drive term used to describe all of a hard drive or hard
drive portions that have been combined into one unit.
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Windows 2000/XP Logical Disk Management
• Dynamic disks can have different types of volumes:
– Simple Volume is disk space allocated from one hard drive.
– Spanned Volume is disk space created from multiple hard drives.
– Striped Volume is when data is written across two to thirty-two hard
drives.
– Raid 5 Volume puts data on three or more hard drives and one of the
hard drive spaces is used for parity.
– System Volume holds the files needed to boot the operating system.
– Boot Volume holds the remaining operating system files. The
system volume and the boot volume can be one and the same.
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Fault Tolerance
• RAID (Redundant Array of Independent (formerly Inexpensive) Disks allows
writing to multiple hard drives for larger storage areas, better performance, and
fault tolerance.
• Fault Tolerance is the ability to continue functioning after a hardware or software
failure.
• Different RAID levels
– RAID Level 0 is also called disk striping without parity. It does not protect
data when a hard drive fails.
– RAID Level 1 is called disk mirroring or disk duplexing.
• Disk mirroring uses two or more hard drives and one disk controller.
• Disk duplexing uses two or more hard drives and two disk controllers.
– RAID Level 5 is also called disk striping with parity. It writes data to three or
more hard drives and includes parity information with the data.
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High-Level Format
• The last step in preparing a hard drive for use is high-level formatting.
– High-Level Format is the process that sets up the file system for use
by the computer.
• DBR (DOS Boot Record) is area of a disk that contains system files.
• Boot Sector was previously called DBR. This section of a disk contains
information about the system files.
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High-Level Format
FAT16 and NTFS Volume Structure
IDE/SCSI – Figure #32
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Bootable Disks
• A user should have a startup disk for each operating system supported.
– ERD (Emergency Repair Disk) is a copy of the REPAIR folder
created when backing up the registry in Windows 2000 Professional
and NT Workstation. This can help when the operating system has
problems booting.
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Bootable Disks
Boot Files
IDE/SCSI – Table #17
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Viruses
• A Virus is a program written to cause a device not to operate in its
normal fashion.
• Common types of viruses include:
– BIOS virus
– Boot sector (MBR) virus
– File virus
– Macro virus
– Trojan Horse Programs
– Worm virus
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Viruses
Virus Types
IDE/SCSI – Table #18
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Logically Troubleshooting Newly Installed Drives
• Problems with new drive installations:
– Improper jumper configuration
– SCSI ID settings
– Termination
– Problems with cabling
– Drive type configuration
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Logically Troubleshooting Previously Installed Drives
• Problems with hard drives that worked previously:
– Check for viruses
– Check for resource conflicts from any new hardware or software that
was installed
– Check for loose cables
– Verify bootable system files
– Verify that the hard drive is still operational
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IDE Specific Errors
• Problems with IDE hard drives:
– Verify Pin 1 connection on the cable to Pin 1 connection on the drive
– Verify the master and slave jumper settings
– Verify the correct CMOS settings for the drives
– Verify if an 80 conductor cable is required.
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SCSI Specific Errors
• Problems with SCSI hard drives:
– Check for incorrect termination
– Check the SCSI ID for the drives
– Check the SCSI adapter’s resources assigned
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Autoexec.bat and Config.sys Errors
• To troubleshoot CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT problems, step
through one command or driver at a time.
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Preventive Maintenance for Hard Drives
• Preventive Maintenance will prolong the life of the computer.
– CHKDSK is a program that locates clusters disassociated from data
files.
• Lost Clusters are sectors on a disk that the file allocation table
cannot associate with any file or directory.
– SCANDISK is a software program used to detect and repair lost
clusters.
– Disk Cleanup is a Windows 2000 utility that helps free up hard drive
space by emptying the Recycle Bin, removing temporary files, etc.
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Hard Drive Fragmentation
• Over time files will become fragmented on a hard drive and slow down
access time.
– Defragmentation is the process of placing files in contiguous sectors.
This allows for faster hard disk access of files.
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Hard Drive Fragmentation
Fragmented Hard Drive
IDE/SCSI – Figure #34
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Disk Caching/Virtual Memory
• Ways to speed up the hard drive:
– Disk Cache or Data Buffer is a portion of RAM set aside for hard
drive data that speeds up hard drive operations.
– VMM (Virtual Memory Manager) is a Windows component that
uses hard disk space as if it were RAM.
• It is best to put the swap file on a the fastest hard drive that doesn’t
contain the operating system.
• Virtual memory swap file size can be adjusted.