IDAF I DAF PROGRAMME - fao.org · Tr7E. c1. ON F07 _IDAF. IN ODUCTION Development strategy during...

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PROGRAMME FOR INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT OFARTISANAL FISHERIES IN WEST AFRICA

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DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION OF DENMARK

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Technical Report N° 89 September 1996

Nutritional Condition, Food Security, Hygiene and Sanitation in theFishing Community of Limbe, Cameroon

FAO LIBRARY AN: 370145

Technical Report N° 89 September 1996

Nutritional Condition, Food Security, Hygiene and Sanitation in theFishing Community of Limbe, Cameroon

by

Dr. Julienne Ngo Som (Ph.D)Nutrition Research Scientist

Po.Box.7489 Yaoundé, Cameroon

UNITED NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATIONCotonou, September 1996

The desigmations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organisationconcerning the legal status of any country or territory, city or area, or of its authorities, orconcerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

For bibliographical purposes this document should be cited as follows:

Julienne Ngo Som; Nutritional Condition, Food Security, Hygiene and Sanitation in the Fishing1996 Community of Limbe, Cameroon. Program for the Integrated Development of

Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF), IDAF/WP/89, 78p Cotonou, Benin,

IDAF ProjectFAO

P.O.Box 1369Cotonou, Republic of BENIN

Telex: 5291 FOODAGRI Fax:(229)33 05 19 Tel:(229)33 09 25

Tr7E c1 ON F07 _IDAF

IN ODUCTION

Development strategy during the 1960 and 1970s was based on the philosophy thatdeveloping countries lacked improved technology and capital for speeding up their development.'Industrialization was promoted in order to capitalize on the abundant fish resources. However,the anticipated expansion of the economy did not happen and the development approach shiftedtowards an integrated rural strategy where emphasis is put on the community as a whole to up-grade incomes and the quality of life tlu:ough technical assistance and the active participation offisherfolk and the community.

In this context, emphasis was initially placed on the Community Fishery Centre (CFC)concept as a means of promoting artisanal fishery development. But it became apparent that thepresence of a complex of facilities and seivices tailored to meet local needs was no guarantee thatthe structures/facilities would be used or that development would occur. The active participationof fisherfolk and the mobilisation of local and community resources was imperative in order toassure sustainability of initiatives undertaken by development projects and/or the community.

So far and in general terms, the IDAF Programme has worked under the context ofabundant or seemingly adequate fishery resources with moderate population pressure. Thescenario is however changing (and very fast for that matter) and we.would soon face the tripleconstraints of reduced or depleting fish stocks, degrading environment and increasing populationpressure. Like in other sectors, it must be anticipated that just to survive, parts of the populationsurplus in the fishing communities will enter the artisanal fisheries, which will increase thecompetition for the resources among the small scale fisherfolk in addition to the prevailingcompetition between the artisanal and industrial fisheries, with their attendant effect on theenvironment.

This scenario calls for a co. ntinuation of the integrated participatory strategy which remainsrelevant to the development of artisanal fisheries in West Africa. However, the emphasis needsto be placed on the elements and mechanisms that favour the sustainability of initiatives:responsible fishing, the empowerment processes that ensure the devolution of major resourcemanagement and development decisions to the local community, the strengthening of nationalhuman and institutional capacities at all leVels for a sustainable and equitable fisheries resourcesmanagement and development, as well as in the follow-up and consolidation of past achievements.

DEVELOPMENT C):DJECTIVE

Thus the development objective of the Programme in the present phase III which started on 1 July1994 is to ensure twenty coastal West African countries a sustainable development andmanagement of their artisanal fisheries for maximum social and economic benefit of their fishingcommunities in terms of employment, proteins and earnings. This will be done through anintegrated and participatory approach in which emphasis will be laid on equity, gender issues, thetransfer of technology for development, environment protection, as well as the strengthening ofhuman and institutional capacities.

The immediate objectives are:

1 To identify, assess and disseminate strategies and mechanisms for sustainable managementand development of the artisanal fisheries in fishing communities;

To improve the competence of national Fisheries Departments staff in development andmanagement planning of artisanal fisheries;

To enhance regional technical competence in the fisheries disciplines, particularlyfishing and fish technology;

To improve information and experience exchange related to artisanal fisheries within theregion;

To promote regional and sub-regional collaboration for the development and managementof artisanal fisheries

In this context, IDAF WTT ar ong other things tackle the following major aspects init's work :

assisting in the elaboration and implementation of a clear and coherent nationaldevelopment policy for the artisanal fishery sector;

providing advice on management and allocation of resources between artisanal andindustrial fishing fleets, both national and foreign;

involving users in the design and management of on shore infrastructures;

monitoring the sector's evolution by the setting up of an economic indicator system forthe sector adapted to the financial and human availabilities;

improving fishing technologies in accordance with the available resources;

increasing the final product's value by improvement in processing and marketing;

promoting community development in accordance with the lessons learned from Phase Iand II and oriented towards the sustainability of actions undertaken;

reinforce the Programme's information/communication system.

It is anticipated that by the end of the third phase of the Project, the region will have anucleus of field oriented experts capable to respond to the challenges of the artisanal fisheriessector and to spur development in their individual countries in keeping with the aspirations andneeds of fisherfolk.

SUMMARY

Improving the nutritional and health condition of fisherfolk households on the one hand,and promoting food security and environment cleansing in fishing communities on the other, areessential for the development of marine artisanal fisheries in Cameroon

The main objective of the study on the "Nutrition, Hygiene and Sanitation conditions inthe Fishing Communities of Limbe" is to provide basic information necessary to design efficientintervention strategies to improve the present situation.

Fifty-one households were selected on the whole in 4 fishing communities, of which 2 arein rural areas (Wovia and Batoke) and 2 in urban areas (Dockyard and Ne-wtown) . A team of 11investigators was formed and trained for 4 days. A total of 412 persons was observed, 70% ofwhom for the evaluation of their nutritional condition.

The data were collected based on the following parameters:

household size, main occupation, ethnic group and religion,health infrastructures, hygiene and sanitation,infant nutrition and birth spacing,daily household food expenses,men and women's contribution to households' food,contributions in nutrients of foods and coverage rates of needs, andnutritional condition of pre-school age children(0 to 5 years), school age childrenteenagers, birth giving age women (15 to 49 years), pregnant and breast feeding women,and adult men (over 20 years).

The data collected on the ground were counted manually and draft lists of data prepared.Then, they were analysed statistically to find out whether the residence, nationality, food expensesor household size have an impact on the nutritional condition of the different strata of thepopulation. The impact of ethnic or religious membership was not taken into account as themajority of households were christians and the predominant ethnic group is the Bakweri

The following results were obtained:

The households surveyed and their socio-economic features

Out of the 51 observed, 39.2% live in an urban area (19.6% in Newtown and Docicyard)and 60.8% in a rural area (29% in Wovia and 31% in Batoke). The average size of the 51households surveyed is 8 persons; 60.8% households have less than 8 persons and 39.2% morethan 8. Households of Cameroonian nationality represent 80.4% and foreigners 19.6%. Out ofthe 41 Cameroonians 85.4% are Bakweri and 97.8% are christians. Among the persons surveyed,13.8% are fishermen, 15.3% women fish smokers and the others represent 70.9%.

Household food security and consumption

The foods consumed are either bought in the market or harvested on the farm. Fishing,the main activity of the households surveyed, is the principal source of animal proteins The staple

IDAF Technical Report N° 89

foods are cassava, macabo (Sagitarium esculenta) and plantain. They are served with vegetablesauces (Okra, Vernonia, Amaranthe), palmnut sauces or "mbanga soup", and tomato orgroundnut sauces. Fish is the main source of protein. However, only about 2.3% of the catchesis consumed, which is still too low.

Generally, households have three meals: breakfast, lunch and dinner, but the quantities aresmall

Each person spends an average of 212FCFA a day on food. Out of the 51 householdssurveyed, 52.9% spend less than 212FCFA on food. Usually, women contribute a little more tohousehold food (58.7%) than men (41.3%). However, in rural areas, men contribute more(71.6%).

The foods consumed are qualitatively varied and balanced, but quantitatively small . Thecoverage rates of nutritional needs are low for energy, proteins and iron.

Infant nutrition

Women in the fishing communities of Limbe practise three types of child feeding: breast-feeding (8%), bottle feeding (17%) and mixed (75%). The main additional food is baby's cerealwhich is simple but not rich. There is no special weaning food. After the age of 12 months thebaby shares the household food.

Nutritional condition of the different strata of the population

Occurrence of proteino-energetic malnutrition (PEM)among preschool age children(0 to 5 years)

Out of the 56 preschool age children observed, 41.1% suffer from PEM due tounderweight, of whom 10.7% have the severe form, 30.4% the light form, 12.5% the chronicform or slow development and 3.6% the acute form. The PEM caused by underweight is morespread in rural areas (48.3%). The district which is most affected by PEM is Wovia with 50%of underweight,21.4% of slow development and 1.8% of acute PEM.

Occurrence of malnutrition

Out of the 84 school age children observed, 41.1% suffer from malnutrition. However,no case of malnutrition was noted among teenagers, adult men and women, or breast feedingwomen.

Occurrence of anaemia among 6 month to 5 year olds

Out of the 52 children observed, 45 cases of anaemia were recorded, that is 86.5%, ofwhich 48.1% are of severe anaemia, 34.6% of moderate anaemia and 3.8% of light anaemia.

ii IDAF Technical Report N° 89

Occurrence of anaemia among school age children

Out of the 84 children, aged 6 to 12 years, observed, 73 cases of anaemia were recorded,which corresponds to a prevalence rate of 86.9%, of which 38.1% are severe anaemia, 25%moderate anaemia, and 23.8% light anaemia.

Occurrence of anaemia among teenagers

Out of the 43 teenagers observed, 90.7% have anaemia, of whom 37.2% have severeanaemic, 27.9% moderate anaemia, and 25.6% light anaemia. It also appeared that boys are moreanaemia (94.7%) than girls (87.5%).

Occurrence of anaemia among birth giving age women

Out of the 65 women observed, 52, which corresponds to 80.8%, have anaemia. 40.0%of them suffer from severe anaemia, 26.2% from the moderate anaemia and 13.8% from lightanaemia.

Occurrence of anaemia among pregnant and breast feeding women

Out of the 11 preg,nant and breast feeding women observed they all have anaemia, 63.6%of which are severe.

h) Anaemia rates among adult men

It is observed that 44% of adult men have severe anaemia

Factors influencing the nutritional condition

According to statistics (T-test, P 0.05), the residence, food expenses, or household sizehave no impact on the occurrence of malnutrition (PEM, malnutrition) in the fishing communityof Limbe (Khi2 and T test P0.05).

Hygiene and sanitation in the fishing communities surveyed

Household refuse is thrown away near residences. Waste waters are discharged aroundhouses and stagnate in puddles. About 90% of houses are made of planks. Despite the availabilityof latrines in 84% of households, many people use the open air, rivers and beaches as restrooms.About 44% of households drink water from the same rivers.

Health situation

Health condition in the fishing communities of Limbe is characterized by a high occurrenceof malaria (32%), diarrhoea (10.6%), and respiratory infections. The health coverage rate isinsufficient with only one health centre for 10,000 inhabitants. The area surveyed has 3 threehealth centre services, but fisherfolk households have limited access to these health servicesbecause of financial difficulties.


Conclusions

The nutritional contributions of the foods consumed by the different strata of thepopulation in the Limbe fishing community reveal that they have difficult access to food. Thecoverage rate of energy needs is below 80.0% among children older than 6. Birth giving agewomen satisfy less than 65.0% of their energy needs, and less than 50.0% of their iron needs.

Families in the Limbe fishing communities are threatened with food insecurity becausefoods are expensive, the money spent on food is not enough, and the families are large. On theother hand, fishing activities give little time to households to devote to agro-pastoral activities.

The environment in the Limbe fishing community is unhealthy and people are exposed todiseases, especially malaria and diarrhoea. The lack of sanitation is more marked in urban areassuch as Dockyard and Newtown, than in rural areas such as Wovia and Batoke. People are usedto unhealthy hygienic practices like throwing household refuse near residences and on beaches,using the open air, rivers or the seaside as restroom, drinking filthy waters from rivers and wellsand building plank houses with holes through which mosquitoes, rodents and other diseasetransmitting animals can pass.

Health infrastructures are limited and access to health services has become more difficultbecause of the high cost. Households cannot afford to buy drugs at pharmacies. Moreover, thetimetable of fishermen and women smokers prevents them from visiting health centres frequently.

Proteino-energetic malnutrition is widespread among 0 to 5 year old children, and schoolage children suffer from malnutrition. Almost all the strata of the population in the Limbe fishingcommunities have anaemia.

The occurrence of PEM among 0 to 5 year old children is higher in rural areas whilesevere anaemia (haemoglobin rate below 7g/di) is more spread in urban areas

Suggestions

In order to promote food security and good hygienic practices among the households, andto improve the health and the nutritional condition of the different strata of the population in thecommunity surveyed, emphasis should be put on the involvement of the populations concernedin community activities with the external support of national or international organizations or/andNG0s. It is essential then to:

intensify agro-pastoral activities in order to increase food availability,

promote food preservation and the consumption of local foods to the detriment ofimported ones,

reduce household size by organising educational sessions on parent responsibility,

declare a hygienic and cleansing day,

make inhabitants dig holes for their refuse and gutters for the draining off of waste waters,

iv IDAF Technical Report N° 89

create incentives for the cleanest households,

dig wells and latrines,

organize periodical campaigns of awareness creation and health education,

create within each fishing community small local infrastructures such as propharmaciesand health centres in order to ensure health coverage for fisherfolk households,

fight against abusive consumption of alcohol,

promote community based food and nutritional surveillance (SAN) to fight against badinfant nutrition practices and promote breast-feeding, good weaning practices as well asthe rational use of available food,

organise periodical distribution of iron, eradication campaign of intestinal worms in orderto combat and prevent anaemia,

organise periodical campaigns of sensitization and eradication of diarrhoeic diseases andmalaria

IDAF Technical Report N° 89 y

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Many thanks to Dr. Folack Jean, Director of the Centre for Oceanographic and FisheriesResearch, Limbe, as well as all his staff for their technical and logistical support during my stayin Limbe. Special thanks to Mr Njifonjou for his assistance in selecting districts and negotiatingwith village and quarter chiefs, and to Mr Denis Njamen for his assistance in statistical analysisof data. I also thank the investigators for their patience, courage and efficiency during the fieldwork. I sincerely thank Dr. B. Satia whose pertinent-remarks and suggestions on the draft of thereport enabled me to improve the final version of this document.

Thanks also to Dr. Lyonga M. John, Director of the Provincial Hospital of Limbe/BotaAnnex, Dr. E. M. Chewenko, Medical Adviser, Down Beach Clinic Chief Doctor and the ChiefPhysician of Batoke Health Center, as well as Mr Ngoe Oscar, Chief of MINEPIA Sub-Sectorof Limb e.

My deep gratitude to the management of IDAF/Benin, FAO/Cameroon and FAO/Romefor both their collaboration and material, financial, and moral support, necessary for theaccomplishment of such a study.

vi IDAF Technical Report N° 89

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMIVIARYACKNOWLEDGEMENT S viOUTLINE viiLIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Presentation of Cameroon 1

1.2. The socio-economic potentialities of the area surveyed 1

1.3. Relevance of the study 21.4. Objectives 2

METHODOLOGY 2

2.1. Districts and households selection 22.2. Formation of the investigation team and their training 3

2.3. Data collection 3

SURVEYED HOUSEHOLDS AND THEIR SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEATURES 5

3.1. Distribution of households 5

3.2. Household size 63.3. Nationality, ethnic group and religion 63.4. Occupation of the persons surveyed 6

HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AND CONSUMPTION 6

4.1. Household sources of food 64.2. Food habits 64.3. Food expenses 74.4. Women and men's contribution to household food 84.5. Contribution in nutrients of the foods consumed and coverage rates of

nutritional needs 8

INFANT NUT'RITION 9

5.1. Infant nutrition practices 9

FISH CONSUMPTION 10

6.1. Type of fish consumed 106.2. Quantities of fish consumed compared to catches 10

IDAF Technical Report N° 89 vii

NUTRITIONAL CONDITION OF THE DIFFERENTSTRATA OF THE POPULATION 11

7.1. Total number observed 11

7.2 Occurrence of proteino-energetic malnutritionamong 0 to 5 year olds 11

7.3. Occurrence of malnutrition 127.4. Occurrence of anaemia among 6 month to 5 year olds 13

7.5 Occurrence of anaemia among 6 to 12 year olds 13

7.6. Occurrence of anaemia among teenagers 147.7. Occurrence of anaemia among birth giving age women 157.8. Occurrence of anaemia among pregnant and breast feeding women 157.9. Occurrence of anaemia among adult men 15

HYGIENE AND SANITATION IN THE LIMBEFISHING COMMUNITIES 16

8.1. Habitat features 168.2. Draining off of household refuse and waste waters 168.3. Access to drinking water and type of toilets used 16

8.4. Household food preservation 16

HEALTH CONDITION IN THE LIMBE FISHING COMMUNITIES 17

9.1. Prevalence of diseases 179.2. Infant mortality and birth spacing 179.3. Health infrastructures and coverage 17

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 17

10.1. Conclusions 17

10.2. Suggestions 18

LIST OF TABLES 19

LIST OF FIGURES 21

BIBLIOGRAPHY 69

APPENDICES 70


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FAO: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization

MINEPIA: Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal Industries

CRHOL: Centre for Oceanographic and Fisheries Research of Limbe

IDAF: Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa

PANN: National Action Plan on Nutrition

PAS: Structural Adjustment Plan

OMS/WHO: World Health Organization

MPE: Proteino-Energetic Malnutrition (PEM)

Body Mass Index

IDAF Technical Report N° 89 ix

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Presentation of Cameroon

Covering an area of 470,000 square kms, Cameroon is a central African country. It islocated far away in the Guinea Gulf between the 8th and 16th degree longitude East and the 2ndand 13th degree latitude North. This length in latitude and longitude explains the diversity of itsclimatic and agro-ecological zones.

A sahelian zone in the upper north with a hot and dry climate which has desertification andsoil erosion problems. There is drought almost once every third year.

A forest and savarma zone in the center and part of the East with a sub-equatorial climate.Shifting cultivation agriculture in dry season and extensive grazing contribute to the degradationof the environrnent.

A shrubby savanna zone in the West and North-West characterized by a tropical andmoderate climate. There is a serious soil erosion

A forest zone on the coast, South and East. Agriculture is difficult because of too muchvegetation. Grazing is affected by diseases such as trypanosomiasis.

The population of Cameroon was estimated at 12 million inhabitants in 1994 with anannual growth of 3% and a mortality rate of 13.6%. Its distribution is as follows: 63% in ruralareas and 37% in urban areas; 49.2% are men and 50.8% women.

The population is very young: 46% are less than 15. The geographical distribution isunequal, whereas the average density is 23 inhabitants/sqkm, there are 5 inhabitants/sqkm in theEast and 97 inhabitants/sqkm in the West.

In addition to its maritime coastline of about 360 km, Cameroon is watered by a hugenetwork of rivers, lakes, lagoons, and ponds in which the population fishes. There are about24,000 fishermen, both natives and foreigners, in the proportion of 17% and 83% respectively,who practise marine artisanal fishing in Cameroon. They are distributed all along the coast in 5big communities in the province of Ndian, Ocean, Maritime Sanaga, Wouri and Fako, in whichLimbe fishing community is located.

1.2. Socio-economic potentialities of the area surveyed

The Fako province where the fishing community of Limbe is located is one of the areasin Cameroon with important potential in terms of food, because of its numerous natural resources,fertile soil, coastal fisheries and a dynamic population. It is in this part of the country where theNational Refinery Company (SONARA) and the most important agro-industrial complex,Cameroon Development Corporation, whose main produCtion is palm oil are located. Agriculturaland fish culture production are abundant and varied. Fruits, vegetables, tubers, and fish areavailable in large quantities in markets.

IDAF Technical Report N° 89 1

1.3. Relevance of the study

Fishing communities are malnutrition, food insecurity, and insanitary risk areas for variousreasons. First, families live near the river, a place which does not always favour agriculture.Second, their main occupation, fishing, is subject to fluctuations. Therefore, households are notstable because they always move to follow the fish along the coast. Finally, there is no adequateagricultural and nutritional or health education management by the public authorities because oflack of availability of the populations concerned and their lack of confidence in public authorities.

However, considering their contribution in the national economy and their vulnerability,the populations in fisherfolk communities deserve particular attention. To be competitive theyshould be in good health and live in a clean environment. It is then necessary to know the livingconditions of these populations in order to search for ways and means to improve their health andnutritional condition, as well as solve food security, hygiene and sanitary problems.

1.4. Objectives

Improving the nutritional and health condition of fisherfolk households, as well ascleansing their environment, are essential for the development of the marine artisanal fisheriessector. The main objective of the study on the "Nutrition, Hygiene and Sanitation in the FishingCommunities of Limbe" was mainly to provide basic information necessary to develop efficientintervention strategies. The information collected could be used as reference by national andinternational organizations, as well as NGOs in their own development projects in fishingcommunities.

The specific objectives of this study as defined in the terms of reference (see Appendix 1)are:

Evaluation of the nutritional condition of the populations living in the fishing communitiesof Limbe,Survey on the food security, consumption and habits of the populations concerned,The origin of fish and its importance in food,The contributions of men and women's contributions to household food supply,The evaluation of hygiene practices and environmental sanitation in fishing communities,The evaluation of the availability of health services in the cotnmunities concerned,The elaboration of suggestions aiming at the improvement of food security, nutritionalcondition, and health in fishing communities.

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 Districts and households selection

For reasons of equal representation, reliability of results, as well as for statistical purposes,four fishing districts were selected of which two (Wovia and Batoke) are in a rural area (RU) andanother two (Dockyard and Newtown) in an urban area (UR). Before approaching thehouseholds, the first step was to meet resource persons in order to explain to them the object ofthe study and ask for their assistance to facilitate the contact with the households in theircommunities. Thus, the fisherfolk representative in Dockyard, a fishing instructor in Newtown,and the Wovia village Chief served as facilitators. In Batoke, investigators themselves were

2 IDAF Technical Report N° 89

requested to go from door to door to explain to households the object of the study and work withthose who voluntarily accepted to participate in the survey. At the beginning the aim was 60households, that is 15 per district. But because of the reluctance of some of them, 51 were finallyselected.

2.2. Formation and training of the investigation team

A team of 11 investigators, of whom 10 were recruited locally and 1 from the Food andNutrition Research Centre in Yaounde (CRAN), was set up. Local investigators were trained for4 days . They learnt how to explain the object of the study, how to ask questions, how to collectinformation and fill out questionnaires, and how to lead a food consumption survey withhouseholds. The laboratory technician of CRAN was in charge of anthropometric measurements(weight, height) and determining the haemoglobin rate. He has been doing this activity at CRANfor a long time. Each investigator should observe an average of 5 households.

2.3. Data collection

2.3.1. Socio-economic data collection

A questionnaire designed in advance was used to collect data on the socio-economicfeatures: household size, main occupation, ethnic group, religion, as well as the civil status andthe level of education of the household head and/or his spouse.

2.3.2. Investigating health, hygiene, and sanitation infrastructures

Health centre managers provided information on health infrastructures, hygiene andsanitation. Another questionnaire was used to collect information on hygienic practices: habitatcondition, water supply sources, type of toilet, means of draining off household refuse and wastewaters, preservation conditions of foodstuffs. The remarks made during the multiple interactionswith the households were added to the questionnaire

2.3.3. Evaluation of infant nutrition habits and birth spacing

In order to find out the bad habits of mothers in infant feeding, which are considered asthe causes of infant malnutrition, a questionnaire was used to obtain information on breast feedingand the other types of child feeding, the age when additional food is introduced, the weaning ageand food used. Some information were also collected concerning birth spacings

2.3.4. Food cost and household food expenses estimates

Investigators visited the households for three successive days in order to have an idea ofthe foods which are consumed. Thus, all the foods were weighed and recorded during this period.

The cost and the-origin of every food (household garden or present) were de-fermined. Thedaily food expenses enabled them to determine the daily food expenses per household. Thendividing it by the total number of persons in the household gives the daily expenses per person.Some visits to local markets enabled them to know the prices of foods.


2.3.5 Evaluation of men and women's contribution in the household food

Men and women's respective contributions to household food supply were recorded informs prepared in advance (see Appendix 3) To assess men(M) and women's (W) contributionrate, "M" or "W" was written in front of the foods, and the number of times each letter appearedwas counted, then a deduction of the percentage was made.

2.3.6 Food contribution in nutrients and coverage rate of nutritional needs

To assess the nutritive value of foods weighed, the gross quantities (TA) of the foodsrecorded were converted into edible quantities (PC) according to the percentages defined in thetables of composition of the foods consumed in Africa (Agbessi and Damon, 1987). The calories,protein, vitamin A and C, iron and calcium content of the different foods selected were calculatedfrom the composition table of the food mentioned above. To obtain the average nutritional valueconsumed daily per household, the total values were divided by 3. Then, the result was dividedby the household size to find the average nutritional value consumed daily per person. The dailycontributions thus obtained were compared to "Daily contributions Advised for Africa" (Watier,1982, Latham, 1979; Passmore and al., 1974) and presented in Table 12. From these two seriesof data, it was possible to estimate the needs coverage in energy, protein, iron, vitamins A, C andcalcium of the different strata of the populations surveyed.

2.3.7 Evaluation of the nutritional condition of the different strata of the population

A sub-sample was set up to estimate the nutritional condition because all the personsrecorded in the households were not present during the nutritional survey. This sub-sample wasdivided into 5 strata among which 4 are generally considered as vulnerable (preschool agechildren, 0 to 5 years old, school age children, 6 to 12 years, teenagers, 13 to 19 years, and birthgiving age women, 15 to 49 years) and one strata generally considered as less vulnerable (adultmen, 20 years and more). The nutritional condition of the persons observed was assessed withanthroponetric measures, the weight and height and the haemoglobin rate.

Among 0 to 6 month children, a suspension baby-scale, model PM 25 was used for theweight and a horizontal wooden height gauge locally made was used for the height.

For the rest, a "Terralion" scale and a locally made height gauge graduated from 0 to200cm were used to measure the weight and height respectively.

From the weight and height the proteino-energetic malnutrition rate (PEM) of preschoolage children, as well as the body mass index of persons aged over 6 years, were determined. ThePEM is a malnutrition indicator of the body mass index among school age children, teenagers,birth giving age women, and adult men.

The weights, heights and body mass index recorded were compared to standards. Sincethere is no Cameroonian standard, international standards were used to estimate the MPE rateamong 0 to 5 year old children, (Agbessi and Damon, 1987), and IMC (OMS, 1995) to estimatethe malnutrition rate among school age children, teenagers, birth giving age children and adultmen.


According to these standards, a preschool age child is considered to be in good healthwhen his weight compared to his age is beyond 90% of the standard; he suffers from the lightMPE when his weight compared to his age is between 90 and 75% of the standard; he suffersfrom severe MPE when his weight compared to his height is below 75% of the standard; hesuffers from chronic MPE when his height compared to his age is below 90% of the standard; hesuffers from acute MPE when his weight compared to his height is below 80%. The other strataare considered to suffer from malnutrition when the IMC is below 15 (Must and Gerard, 1991).

The haemoglobin rate was measured with a portable "Hemocue" photometer, series N°9518-011-030. The directions for use are described in its directions, "The simple steps forHemocue testing".

The rates recorded were compared to critical rates. The critical reference line establishedby the World Health Organization (WHO, 1968) as follows:

Haemoglobin rate indicating anaemia (g/dl)

Population strata

Children, 6 months-5 yearsChildren, 6 to 14 yearsAdult menNon pregnant womenPregnant women

Anaemia degrees

Critical rates

below 11below 11below 13below 12below 11

Type of anaemia Critical rates

Light over 10Moderate between 7-10Severe below 7

2.4 Data counting and analysis

The data collected in the field were processed manually. Lists of unanalysed data wereprepared and handed over to a statistician for analysis. The unanalysed data were processed andcoded using DATA III Plus, the data base management software. The analysis was carried outby direct questioning on the data base with the EPI-INFO software.

3. THE INVESTIGATED HOUSEHOLDS AND THEIR SOCIO-ECONOMICFEATURES

3.1 Distribution of the households

The distribution of the household according to districts and residences appears in Table1. Out of the 51 observed, 39.2% live in an urban area and 60.8% in a rural area; 19.6% inDockyard and Newtown, 29% in Wovia and 31% in Batoke.


3.2 Household size

The average size of the 51 households surveyed is 8 persons distributed as shown in Table.31 households have less than 8 persons that is 60.8%, 39.2% have more than 8 persons. Thereare more families with many members in urban areas than in rural areas.

3.3 Nationality ethnic group,and religion

Among the households, 80.4% are Cameroonians and 19.6% are foreigners among whom90% are Beninese and 10% Ghanaians (Table 2). Out of the 41 Cameroonians observed, thepredominant ethnic group are the Bakweris, estimated to be 85.4% of which the majority livesin a rural area (Table3). In Wovia all the households are Bakweri.

The households observed are for the most part christian (Table 4) with 56.5% Protestantsand 41.3% Catholics that is 97.8%. The other religions represent only 2.2%. The foreignhouseholds are mostly Catholic, while Cameroonians are mostly protestants.

3.4 Occupation of the persons surveyed

The main occupation of the heads of families observed is fishing. Besides it was the maincriterion in choosing the households. Out of the persons surveyed, 13.8% are fishermen, 15.3%women smokers and the others represent 70.9% (Table 5). There are more fishermen and womensmokers in urban areas than in rural areas. Indeed, out of the 57 fishermen recorded, 29 (50.9%)live in an urban area. Similarly, there are more women smokers in urban areas (61.9%) than inrural areas (38.1%). 46.0% of the smokers recorded live in Dockyard.

4. HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY AND CONSUMPTION

4.1. Household food supply sources

The foods consumed are either bought in the market or cultivated. In the rural areas ofBatoke and Wovia, an important part of the foods is cultivated. These are mainly fruits,vegetables, cassava, macabos and plantain. The urban households in Dockyard and Newtown,however, buy most of their food in the market. As for fish, it is provided by fishing, the mainactivity of the households surveyed.

4.2. Food habits

4.2.1 Nature of Foods and their consumption frequency

The staple foods of the households surveyed are: cassava, macabo (Sagitarium esculenta)and plantain. Cassava is consumed in the form of a fermented pasty form called "water fou fou".Macabo is consumed in grated form. Grated macabo is rolled in leaves and steamed. The resultis "kwakoko". Another product,'ekwanl-,is a mixture of grated macabo, palm-oil, macabo leavesand fish or crayfish; like 'kwakoko', 'ekwan' is steamed. Foreign households living in Dockyardeat much more rice and cassava couscous, as well as wheat by-products, namely bread anddoughnuts or "pof pof'. People consume the basic foods with vegetable sauces (Okra, Vernonia,Amaranth), palmnut sauces or "mbanga soup", and tomato or groundnut sauces. Generally, thesesauces contain fresh or smoked fish, crayfish, beef or bush meat.


Palm-oil is used to cook all these sauces. Fruits, such as paw paws, mangoes and bananas,are also part of the food.

Table 6 shows all the foodstuffs the fishing communities surveyed consume as well as theirconsumption frequency during the period of observation. The last column on the right shows themost consumed foodstuffs in each category. The foodstuffs are classified in the order ofconsumption importance (fruits, vegetables, starchy foods, leguminous plants, animal foodstuff).In each of these groups the order of consumption importance is as follows:

fruits: mangoes, bananas, and paw paws;vegetables: Amaranth locally called "green", Vernonia ("eru"), and macabo leaves;starchy foods: wheat doughnuts and bread, plantain, rice, macabo and cassava;leguminous plants: melon seeds(egussi), groundnuts and beans;foodstuff of animal origin: dried fish, crayfish and fresh fish, bush meat, and beef

The rural populations in Batoke and Wovia eat more fruit and vegetables than the urbanpopulations ofNewtown and Dockyard Drinking both alcoholic beverages and sodas, is commonin all these areas.

4.2.2. Forbidden foods

Very few foods are forbidden. There are a few cases of personal restriction. For example,some women said that they dislike "KWAKOKO" and fresh couscous because of their smell. AnAdventist family has warned against consuming scale-less fish (catfishes) for religious reasons.Plantain is considered by the Bakweri ethnic group as food that worsens pectoral muscular pains.Thus, it is not given to persons suffering from breathing diseases.

4.2.3. Number and composition of meals

Generally, households have three meals: breakfast, lunch and dinner.

Breakfast is generally taken by school children, and is usually made up of doughnuts orbread, or leftovers of the previous evening meal.

Lunch is rarely a household food for it is the time when children are at school and parentsworking on farms or fishing. For Newtown and Dockyard households, lunch consists of foodbought from sellers, doughnuts, sandwiches and drinks. As for Batoke and Wovia households,they eat such fruits as bananas or mangoes. Dinner is the most important meal of the day; itgenerally consists of a staple food with sauce.

4.3. Food expenses

Table 7 shows the expenses recorded in the different areas. Each person spends onaverage 212 F CFA1. Out of the 51 households surveyed, 27 (52:9%) have food expenses below212F. The average amount devoted to food seems insufficient to meet the nutritional needs,especially in urban areas where food is linked with money, and the price of foodstuffs high. In

a 1 US $ = 506 FCFA (September 1996)


effect, a study carried out in Yaounde (Ngo Som and Gwangwa'a, 1985), has revealed that aperson living in an urban area needs a minimum of 500F CFA a day to meet his/her food needs.

4.3.1. Food expenses and residence

The average food expense is slightly higher in urban areas than in rural areas (Table 8).This could be explained by the fact that in a rural area, the feeding depends less on money, formany households derive their food from agro-pastoral activities. The highest food expenses wererecorded in Wovia(265F CFA), the nearest rural settlement, followed by Newtown (255).

4.3.2. Food expenses and nationality

The average food expense is higher among Cameroonians than among foreigners (Table9). Out of the 41 Cameroonian households surveyed, 53.7% spend more than 212F per personand per day, compared to 50% for foreigner families.

4.3.3. Food expenses and household size

Table 10 shows that 54.6% of families whose size is over 8 persons, spend less money onfood than the households whose size is below 8 persons.

However, statistically (Khi2, P 0.05) the residence, nationality or household size have noimpact on food expenses.

4.4. Men and women's contribution to food

On the whole, the results indicate that women contribute a little bit more to householdfood than men (Table 8). In the Limbe fishing community, women's contribution to the householdfood supply is 58.7% compared to 41.3% for men. But in urban areas, men contribute more tohousehold food (71.6%)

4.5. Food contribution in nutrients and coverage rates of nutritional needs

The diets are qualitatively varied. They include:

sources of energy: cassava, plantain, rice, macabo, palm oil.sources of proteins: meat,fish, gourd seeds, beans and groundnuts.sources of vitamins and minerals: mangoes, paw paws, bananas, green vegetables likeAmaranth, Vernonia and macabo leaves, palm oil.

But quantitatively the actual amount ingested is small. Tables 11A and 11B show the dailycontributions of food diets in calories, proteins, vitamins A and B, iron and calcium as recordedin the different areas. These values are estimates of the average quantities of nutrients consumeda day, whatever the age and sex. On the whole, the daily contributions are higher in rural areasthan in urban one for all nutrients except for calories (Table 11 B); the lowest rates of nutrientswere recorded in Dockyard

As shown in Table 13, the coverage rates of nutritional needs are low for energy, proteinsand iron.


In fact, the coverage rate of energy needs is below 80% for all strata of the populationaged over 6. Adult men and teenagers satisfy less than 50% of energy needs. Birth giving agewomen (15 to 49 years) satisfy less than 65% of their protein needs, and less than 50% of theiriron needs. The coverage of calcium needs is insufficient among teenagers (13 to 16 years), aswell as pregnant and child feeding women. The vitamin A needs are largely satisfied; the vitaminC needs are satisfied among all the strata of the population, except among the pregnant and breastfeeding women.

5.0 INFANT NUTRITION

5.1. Practices of Infant Feeding

5 1 1 Child feeding habits

Women in the Limbe fishing communities practise three types of child feeding: breastfeeding, bottle and mixed feeding. But breast feeding rate is too low, about 8%. The mostcommon practice is the mixed feeding with a predominance of the use of the feeding bottle. Onthe whole, 75% of women in the fishing community practise mixed feeding. Two main reasonsare given to justify the use of the feeding bottle: lack of time for breast feeding, for the womenconcerned are mostly fish smokers or fish-mongers who are very busy either drying or sellingfresh fish. Moreover, women think that breast feeding is dangerous for mother's health. Therefore,they use the feeding bottle to protect their health. Some mothers also think that maternal milkis not enough for the child, hence it is necessary to add the feeding bottle.

5.1.2. Introducing age of additional foods

Not long after their birth, babies drink corn porridge, water and other liquids. The notionof exclusive breast feeding till the age of 6 months is not respected in these areas. More than 40%of mothers give additional foods to their babies before the age of 6 months, and about 60%between 7 and 11 months The only additional foods L4-iven to infants are corn porridge and a fewimported foods such as "Bebelac" and "Cerelac".

For economic reasons, women cannot afforde to buy imported weaning flours anymore.After the FCFA devaluation, the price of Bebelac has increased from 900 to 2000F CFA, andBledilac from 1200 to 2500F CFA. The ordinary corn porridge, not enriched, is therefore the onlysupplement for the diet of babies.

5.1.3. Weaning age and foods

The majority of women wean their infants after 12 months. About 20% stop the breastfeeding between 7 and 11 months. After the weaning, the child's feeding is immediately integratedto that of the household. He starts eating household foods, such as fresh couscous, kwakoko andekwan, gombo sauce, rice, plantain and palm nut sauce. There is no real transition between breastfeeding and weaning. The baby must adapt to the foods consumed by the rest of the hous-ehold.Foods rich in proteins are in very small quantities in feeding of young children. Leguminous plantsare not part of the diet at all, although they are sources of proteins which could help mothers fightagainst PEM.


5.1.4. A few practices which endanger the child's health

When the child is sick, women suppose that his/her belly contains poisonous substanceswhich must be removed. Thus, they use a spicy herb solution as laxative. The child then excretesa lot of stools and water in which there are minerals. This treatment often occurs when the childhas malaria or diarrhoea. Such a practice just worsens the child's health.

Some weaning foods given to children.

FRUITS Mangoes, oranges, bananas.

VEGETABLES Gombo sauce.

STARCHY FOODS "Ekwan", "Kwakoko", rice, plantain, gari, couscous.

PROTEIN FOODS Fish, egg, beans, groundnut.

6. FISH CONSUMPTION

6.1. Types of fish consumed and their origin

The fresh fish consumed by fisherfolk households originates from fishing. These are caughtby the fisherfolk themselves. In March when this survey was carried out, the fisherfolk were ina dead season as the catches were less abundant. However, fisherfolk were getting ready for thehigh season. The type of fish caught varies according to places. In Dockyard, they catch mainlypelagic species such as sardinellas, "belolo" and the "strong kanda". In Wovia, on the other handfish locally called "jabru" or "jabulu" are abundant. In Batoke, waters are richer in demersalspecies such as seabass, "mullets", small baracuda, soles, carps, threadfins, seabreams and" otl,ers"

6.2. Quantities of fish consumed compared to the quantities caught

The fisherfolk in the Limbe community are real economic operators whose main concernis to catch fish for sale. This concern is revealed through the quantities of fish they keep forconsumption. Indeed, out of 1.115 ton of fish caught, only 26.25kg, that is 2.3% was kept forhousehold consumption. In Dockyard, an area where mainly foreign fisherfolk live, only 1.4% ofthe catch is kept for consumption. In Batoke, the farthest rural area from the town, 11% of thecatches are consumed.

Average quantity of fish consumed compared to the quantity caught

AREA QUANTITY CAUGHT QUANTITY CONSUMED.

Batoke 246 kg 27 kg 1.1%Wovia 1875 kg 29 kg 1.5%Newtown 1372 kg 33 kg 2.4%Dockyard 1120 kg 16 kg 1.4%TOTAL 1153.25 26 kg 2.3%


7. NUTRITIONAL CONDITION OF THE DIFFERENT STRATA OF THEPOPULATION

7.1. Size monitored for the evaluation of the nutritional condition

7.1.1. Total size (fig.1)

Table 14 presents the persons monitored in the households in the different locations.Tables 15-18 show their distribution by age and by sex in each of the locations, as well as in urbanand rural areas.

7.1.2. Distribution by sex and by age group

Out of the 412 persons recorded in the households surveyed, 276 that is 70% wereobserved for nutritional condition evaluation. These 276 persons selected for estimation ofnutritional parameters consisted of 133 males, that is 48.2% and 143 females, that is 51.8%. Thepercentages of age group are: 0 to 5 years (20.3%), 6 to 12 years (30.1%), 13 to 19 years(15.9%), 20 to 49 years (29%) and 4.7% from 50 years and over (Table 16). Birth giving agewomen ( 15 to 49 years) represent 46.9%, and pregnant and child feeding women 3.5% of thetotal number of women.

7.1.3. Distribution per residence

Out of the 276 persons monitored, 133, that is 48.1% live in urban areas and 51.8% inrural areas (Table 16). Out of the 276, 21.4% live in Newtown, 26.4% in Dockyard, 27.5% inBatoke and 24.6% in Wovia.

7.2. Occturence ofroteino-eneraetic-ma ThlutPEM amon reschool agechildren (0 to 5 years)

Tables 19, 24 and 29 present weights and sizes related to age, as well as weightscompared to sizes as recorded in all the locations and compared with the norms. Out of the 56preschool age children monitored, 23, that is 41.1%, suffer from PEM for lack of weight of whom10.7% have the severe form, and 30.4% the light form (Table 20). 12.5% suffer from chronicPEM or slow development (Table 25), 3.6% from acute PEM (Table 30).

7.2.1. Occurrence of PEM in relation to the residence (fig.2)

As Table 20 shows, weight insufficiency is more common in rural areas (48.3%) than inurban areas (33.3%). It is higher in Wovia and Batoke than in the other locations, Newtown andDockyard. Out of the 14 children monitored in Wovia, 7 that is 50.0%, suffer fi-om PEM becauseof weight insufficiency; in Batoke, 7 out of the 15 that is 46.5% are affected; in Dockyard and inNewtown, respectively 46.2% and 21.4% suffer from weight insufficiency.

Slow development or chronic PEM affects more children in rural areas than in urban areas(Table 25). Indeed, out of the 29 children monitored, 6, that is 20.7%, live in a rural area; only1 out of the 27, that is 3.7%, lives in an urban area. 21.4% cases of chronic PEM were noted inWovia, 20.0% in Batoke, 7.1% in Newtown but none in Dockyard.


PEM, in its acute form, affects only 3.6% of the 56 children monitored, that is 2 cases:Dockyard and Wovia (Table 30).

7.2.2 Occurrence of PEM according to nationality, food expenses and household size

It appeared that the rates of weight insufficiency are higher among foreigners than amongCameroonians. Out of the 13 children of foreign nationality, 6, that is 46.2%, suffer from weightinsufficiency (Table 21) against 39.5% among Cameroonians, that is 17 out of the 43 monitored.

Similarly, cases of PEM are more important in households whose daily food expenses arebelow 212F per person than in households whose food expenses are over 212F (Table 22). Infact, out of the 31 children of low food expenses households, 17 that is 54.8%suffer from weightinsufficiency, against 45.2% among families spending more on feeding.

ParadmdcaIly, weight insufficiency is higher in households with less than 8 children thanin larger households (Table23). It appeared that 38.9% of large families suffer from weight against42.1% for households with less than 8 persons.

Despite the differences observed here and there, statistics reveal that in the Limbe fishingcommunity, the rate of PEM occurrence observed among 0 to 5 year old children depends neitheron the residence, nor on the nationality or food expenses, even less on the size of the household(Khi2 and T test P0.05).

7.3. Occurrence of malnutrition (fig.3)

Tables 34, 39, 40, 41 and 42 present body mass indexes recorded among school agechildren, teenagers, birth giving age women, including child feeding and pregnant women, as wellas adult men.

Out of the 84 school ag:e children monitored, 22, that is 26 2% suffer from malnutrition(Table 35). However, no case of malnutrition was observed among teenagers, adult men andwomen, or breast feeding women.

7.3.1. Occurrence of malnutrition among school age children in relation to theirresidence

Malnutrition rates are higher in rural areas than in urban areas (Table 35). Indeed, out ofthe 46 children monitored in rural areas, 15, that is 32.6% suffer from malnutrition against 18.4%in urban areas. Malnutrition occurrence is higher in Wovia (33.3%) and Batoke (31.8%). Thereare a few cases of malnutrition in Dockyard and Newtown among children of 6 to 12 years.

7.3.2 Occurrence of malnutrition according to nationality, food expenses andhousehold size

There are a few more cases of malnutrition among Cameroonians than among foreigners(Table 36). Out of the 16 children of foreign nationality, 4, that is 25%, suffer from malnutrition,while among 68 Cameroonian children, 18 that is 26 5%, are affected.


Also, households whose daily food expenses are over 212F per person, have slightly lessmalnurition cases than households whose food expenses are below 212F (Table 37). Indeed, outof the 41 children from low food expenses households, 14 that is 34.1%, suffer from malnutrition,against 18.6% in families which spend more on feeding.

Furthermore, families of more than 8 persons have more under- nourished children thansmall families (Table 38). Indeed out of the 47 children monitored in large families, 15, that is31.9%, are affected by malnutrition, against 18.9% for small families.

However, statistics reveal (Khi2 P0.05) that despite the differences observed, theresidence, nationality, food expenses and household size have no impact on the occurrence ofmalnutrition observed among 6 to 12 years children in the Limbe fishing community.

7.4. Occurrence of anaemia among 6 month to 5 years old (fig.4)

Table 43 presents the haemoglobin rates recorded among preschool children in thedifferent areas. Out of the 52 children observed, 45 suffer from anaemia, that is 86.5%, of whom48.1% are of severe anaemia, 34.6% of moderate cases and 3.8% of light anaemia (Table44).

The anaemia rate is a little higher in rural areas (88.9%) than in urban areas (84.0%). Outof the 27 children monitored in rural areas, 24 suffer from anaemia, of whom 17 (63%) areseverely affected (Table 44). In urban areas, 21 cases out of 25 were observed of which 8 aresevere (32.0%). The prevalence rates are 100% anaemia occurrences in Batoke, 84.7% inNewtown, 83.3% in Dockyard and 78.6% in Wovia.

Among the 86.5% of preschool age children affected by anaemia, 87.5% are fromCameroon, that is 35 cases out of the 40 monitored. Among foreigners, the occurrence rate is83.3%, that is 10 cases out of the 12 monitored (Table 45).

Table 46 presents the occurrence of anaemia in relation to food expenses Families wii hdaily food expenses below 212F per capita, have slightly more cases of anaemia (88.5%) thanfamilies which spend more than 212F for feeding (84.6%).

Table 47 presents the occurrence of anaemia in relation to household size. Paradoxically,more cases of anaemia were observed among families with less than 8 persons (91.4%) than inlarger families (76.5%).

However, statistical analyses reveal that the differences observed are not significant (T-test, P.O. 05). In other words, the occurrence of anaemia among 6 month to 5 years children inthe Limbe fishing community depends neither on their residence area, nationality, expenses, noron the household size.

7.5. Occurrence of anaemia among children of 6 to 12 year old (fig.4)

Table 48 presents the haemoglobin rates recorded among school age children in thedifferent areas. Out of the 84 children monitored, 73 suffer from anaemia, that is an occurrencerate of 86.9%, of whom 38.1% are severe, 25.0% moderate anaemia and 23.8% light anaemia.


The anaemia rate is higher in rural areas (93.5%) than in urban areas (78.9%). Out of the46 children monitored in rural areas, 43 suffer from anaemia, that is 93.5% of whom 50% areseverely affected (Table 49). In urban areas, 30 cases out of 38 were recorded, of which 9 aresevere cases (23.7%). The occurrences rates are 100% in Batoke, 93.8% in Dockyard, 87.5% inWovia and 68.2% in Newtown.

The occurrence of anaemia rate is higher among foreigners than among CamerooniansIndeed, the occurrence rate is 93.8% among foreigners, that is 15 cases out of the 16 monitored(Table 50), against 85.3% among Cameroonians, that is 58 out of 68.

As table 51 indicates, anaemia rate is higher among families with daily food expensesbelow 212F per person (92.7%) than among those which spend more than 212F on food (81.4).

Table 52 presents occurrence of anaemia in relation to household size. It appears thatthere are slightly more cases of anaemia among families with more than 8 persons (74.5%) thanamong small families (73 0%).

But statistically, the differences observed are not significant (T-test, P0.05; Khi2, P0.05).In other words, the residence, nationality, expenses, or household size have no impact on theoccurrence of anaemia among 6 to 12 years old children in the Limbe fishing community.

7.6. Occurrence of anaemia among teenagers (fig.4 and 5)

Table 53 presents the haemoglobin rates of both male and female teenagers. Out of the43 teenagers monitored, 39, that is 90.7%, suffer from anaemia, of whom 37.2% of the severeanaemia, 27.9% of moderate and 25.6% of light anaemia (Table 54). There are more cases ofanaemia among male teenagers (Table 55) than among female teenagers (Table 56). Indeed, outof the 19 boys monitored, 18 that is 94.7% suffer fi-om anaemia, against 87.5% among girls.

The occurrence of anaemia is higher in urban areas than in rural areas both among maleand female teenagers; the rates are higher in Newtown and Batoke (100%) than in Dockyard(93.8%) and in Wovia (72.8%). Among male teenagers, the anaemia occurrence rate in urbanareas is 100%, against 90.0% in rural areas (Table 55). Among female teenagers, anaemia affects94.1% in urban areas, against 71.4% in rural areas (Table 56).

Tables 57-59 present the occurrence of anaemia in relation to nationality, food expensesand household size. In general, the occurrence of anaemia is slightly higher among foreignteenagers (male and female) (93.8%) than among young Cameroonians (88.9%). There are lesscases of anaemia when food expense per person is over 212F (93.8) than when it is lower(96.0%). Similarly, there are less cases of anaemia among small size families (63%) than amongfamilies with more than 8 persons (78.1%).

- But statistical tests (T-test, P0.05) reveal that in the Limbe fishing community, sex,residence, nationality, expenses, or household size have no influence on the occurrence of anaemiaamong male and female teenagers. In a similar study on the nutritional condition among 400teenagers of both sexes (Kurz and Ngo Som, 1994) in Cameroon, an average occurrence of 33%was noted without a significant difference between girls and boys.


7.7. Occurrence of anaemia among birth giving age women (fig.4)

Table 60 presents haemoglobin rates of birth giving age women. Out of the 65 monitored,52 that is 80.8% are affected by anaemia. Among them, 40.0% suffer from severe anaemia, 26.2%from moderate anaemia and 13.8% from light anaemia.

As Table 61 shows, the occurrence of anaemia is higher in urban areas (81.1%) than inrural areas (73.3%); the rates are higher in Batoke (89.5%), Dockyard (87.0%) and Newtown(83.3%) than in Wovia (45.5%).

Tables 62-64 present the occurrence of anaemia among child giving age women in relationto nationality, food expenses and household size. It appears that the occurrence of anaemia ishigher among women of foreign nationality (87.0%) than among CamerooMan women (76.2%).There is no difference in the anaemia rates between households whose food expense per personis over 212F (80.0%) and those whose expense is lower (80.0%).

Paradoxically, there are more cases of anaemic women (90.3%) in families which consistof less than 8 persons than in larger families (90.3%).

But although numerical differences were noted, statistical analyses (T-test, P0.05) revealthat in the Limbe fishing community, the occurrence rates of anaemia among child giving agewomen are related neither to the residence, the nationality, expenses, or household size.

7.8. Occurrence of anaemia among pregnant and breast feeding women

All the 11 pregnant and child feeding women monitored are anaemic, out of which 63.7%are severe cases and 33.3% are weak cases (Table 66). Statistically, (T-test, P0.05), theresidential area, food expenses, or household size have no impact on the occurrence of anaemiaamong birth giving age women in the Limbe fishing, community (Tables 67 and 68).

7.9. Occurrence of anaemia among adult men

Table 69 shows the haemoglobin rates among birth giving age women. Out of the 41 adultmen monitored, 31 that is 75.6% suffer from anaemia; 43.9% suffer from severe cases, 24.4%from moderate anaemia and 7.3% from light anaemia.

As Table 70 shows, the occurrence of anaemia is higher among adult men living in urbanareas (83.9%) than in rural areas (69.7%); the rates are higher in Dockyard (100%) and Newtown(80%) than in Batoke (76%) and Wovia (60%).

Tables 71-73 present the occurrence of anemia among child giving age women in relationto nationality, food expenses and household size. It appears that the occurrence of anaemia ishigher among men of foreign nationality (92.3%) than among Cameroonian women (67.9%).Paradoxically, there are more anaemic men (78.9%) in households whose food expense is over212F than in households where it is below 212F (72.7%). Similarly, there are more cases ofanaemia in small size families (85.0%) than in larger ones.

IDAF Technical Report N°89 15

Despite the differences observed, statistical analyses (T-tset, PO 05) reveal that in theLimbe fishing community the occurrence rates of anaemia among adult men are not related to theresidence, nationality, expenses or household size.

8. HYGIENE AND SANITATION IN FISHING COMMUNITIES

8.1. Characteristics of the Settlements

The settlements are large, especially in Dockyard fishing camp, with about 400 houses persqkm. In Newtown, there are about 250 houses per sqkm. In Dockyard in particular, the air ismore polluted and does not circulate easily. There is neither greenery, nor fruit trees. In fishingsettlements in the rural areas, houses are a bit more spaced out and air circulates easily. There areplantations, a forest and fruit trees. The atmosphere is more healthy.

The roofs of the houses are corrugated iron sheets. About 90% of the houses are madeof planks, 8% of permanent structure buildings and 2% of mud. This predominance of plank wallrenders the houses accessible to mosquitoes, vectors of malaria.

8.2. Draining off of waste waters

In the urban areas, household refuse are thrown into dustbins provided by the municipality.But these dustbins are insufficient and they are not collected regularly. In the rural areas,household refuse is discharged behind houses (Batoke) or in the sea (Wovia).

As for waste waters, they are discharged around houses. They form stagnant puddleswhich smell very awful at times, especially during fish processing. Household refiise and wastewaters that are not well drained also attract mosquitoes, flies and rodents, vectors of diseases suchas malaria and diarrhoea.

8.3. Access to drinking water and types of toilets used

56% of the water used in households comes from drinking fountains and 44% from springsand streams.

The water from the drinking fountains is drinkable. However, the water from springs andstreams is not good for consumption and yet many households drink it, especially in Wovia.

As for toilets, about 84% of households use latrines. The other 16% use the open air andthe sea as restrooms. In Wovia for example, everybody excretes on the seaside and the faeces isthen drained into the sea by waves.

8.4. Food preservation

Raw foods are kept in containers in the open air. Cooked foods are re-heated andpreserved in saucepans. Fresh fish and meat are dried for better preservation. Anyway, foodpreservation techniques are precarious.

16 1DAF Technical Report N° 89

HEALTH CONDITION IN THE LIMBE FISHING COMMUNITY

9.1. Occurrence of diseases

According to the Cameroonian Ministry of Health, the main causes of mortality in the areasurveyed (South-West Province) are malaria (32%), diarrhoeic diseases (10.6%) and respiratoryinfections (6 7%).

9.2. Infant mortality and birth spacing

Infant mortality is relatively high. It reflects the health and nutritional conditions ofpopulations. The main causes of death among 0 to 60 month children are: diarrhoea, malaria,measles and respiratory infections.

The fertility rate is high. Women in the Limbe fishing communities know about familyplanning. Some of them have attended sessions on family planning, but many have not had theopportunity yet. Aware of the problems related to large families, women in the Limbe fishingcommunities are prepared for birth spacing if given the opportunity. For the time being, theaverage interval between two births is 22.5 months.

9.3. Health infrastructure and coverage

The South-west province has 84 health centres for a population of about 840,883inhabitants, that is 1 health centre for 10,010 inhabitants. Fishing communities use the facilitiesof 4 health centres located at relatively short distances: Down Beach Clinic, Provincial HospitalLimbe, Botha Annex Clinic and Batoke Health Centre.

The Structural Adjustment Programme has brought about a reduction in the budget thegovernment allocates to the health sector. Medecines are no longer available in health centres andtheir price at the pharmacy is very high compared to the puchasing power of households.Consequently, health expenses are of secondary importance as household survival is given thepriority. It is only when the state of the patient worsens that he/she is taken to the hospital. Thus,poverty makes access to health services difficult.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

10.1. Conclusions

The nutritional contributions of the foods consumed by the different strata of thepopulation in the Limbe fishing community show that they have difficult access to food. Thecoverage rates of energy needs is below 80.0% among persons over 6 years. According toestimates, child bearing age women hardly satisfy 65.0% of their energy needs, and less than50.0% of their iron needs. There is a danger of food insecurity threatening households in theLimbe fishing communities because foods are expensive and the purchasing power of populationsis low because of the economic crisis the country is facing. Money for food is insufficient, andfamilies are large; on the other hand, fishing activities give little time to households to devote toagro-pastoral activities.


The environment in the Limbe fishing community is unhealthy and the populations areexposed to diseases, especially malaria and diarrhoea. Insanitary condition is more marked inurban areas (Dockyard and Newtown) than in rural areas (Wovia and Batoke). The populationsare used to non-hygienic practices such as discharging household refuse near houses and onbeaches; using the open air, rivers or seasides as restrooms; drinking dirty water fetched fromrivers and wells and building plank houses with holes through which mosquitoes, rodents andother vectors of diseases can enter.

Health infrastructures are very few, and access to health services is difficult because oftheir high cost. Households cannot afford to buy medicines in pharmacies; moreover, the workschedule of fisherfolk and women smokers does not allow them to visit health centres frequently.

Malaria, diarrhoea and intestinal worms are the main pathological conditions whichconstantly threaten the health of the populations of the Limbe fishing community. Furthermore,the intervention measures to fight against these diseases are, presently, limited. Infant mortalityrate due to these diseases is a great concern.

Proteino-energetic-malnutrition (PEM) is widely spread among 0 to 5 year olds, andschool age children suffer from malnutrition. Almost all the population strata in the Limbe fishingcommunity suffer from anaemia.

The occurrence of PEM among 0 to 5 year old children is higher in rural areas. However,severe anaemia (haemoglobin rate below 7g/di) is significant in urban areas.

10.2. Suggestions

To promote food security and good hygienic practices among households, and to improvethe health and nutritional condition of the different strata of the population of the communitysurveyed, emphasis should be put on the involvement of the populations concerned in communityactivities, with the external support of national and international organisations and/or NG0s.Thus, it is necessary to:

intensify agro-pastoral activities in order to increase food availabilities,promote food preservation and local food consumption to the detriment of importedfoods,reduce household size through education sessions on responsible parenthood,declare a hygienic and cleansing day,make inhabitants dig holes for their refuse and gutters for the draining off of waste waters,create encouragement measures for the cleanest households,make wells and latrines available,organize periodical campaigns of sensitization and health education,create within each fishing community small local infrastructures such as propharmaciesand community clinics to ensure health coverage for fisherfolk households.combat abusive consumption of alcohol,promote community based nutritional food surveillance to fight against bad infant nutritionpractices and promote breast-feeding, good weaning practices as well as the rational useof available foods,periodically organize the distribution of iron, intestinal worms eradication campaigns inorder to fight and prevent anaemia,periodically organize sensitization and eradication campaigns to fight against diarrhoeicdiseases and malaria.


LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES.

Table 1Table 2Table 3Table 4Table 5Table 6Table 7Table 8Table 9Table 10Table HaTable 1 1 bTable 12Table 13Table 14Table 15Table 16Table 17Table 18Table 19Table 20Table 21Table 22Table 23Table 24Table 25Table 26Table 27Table 28Table 29Table 30Table 31Table 32Table 33Table 34Table 35

Table 36

Table 37

Table 38Table 39Table 40Table 41Table 42Table 43

Surveyed HouseholdsNationality of Heads of Households SurveyedEthnic group of the Heads of Cameroonian Households SurveyedReligion of the Heads of Households SurveyedOccupation of Persons SurveyedFrequency of Food ConsumptionAverage Daily Food Expenses per Day-Raw DataAverage Expenses according to ResidenceAverage Food Expenses according to NationalityAverage Food Expenses according to Household SizeDaily Contributions of Foods-Raw DataDaily Contributions of Foods according to ResidenceDaily Contributions recommended for African PopulationsCoverage Rates of Nutritional NeedsPersons Monitored for the Condition EvaluationPersons Monitored per SexAges of Persons Monitored -Both SexesAges of Persons Monitored -MaleAges of Persons Monitored -FemaleWeights of 0 to 5 years-old children according to their Ages-Raw DataWeight Insufficiency among 0 to 5 years old children according to the ResidenceWeight Insufficiency among 0 to 5 years old children according to NationalityWeight Insufficiency among 0 to 5 years old children according to Food ExpensesWeight Insufficiency among 0 to 5 years old children according to Household SizeSize of 0 to 5 years old children with regard to their Ages-Raw DataSlow Development among 0 to 5 years old children according to the ResidenceSlow Development among 0 to 5 years old children according to NationalitySloN Development among 0 to 5 years old Lhildren according to Food ExpcnsesSlow Development among 0 to 5 years old children according to Household SizeWeight of 0 to 5 years old children with regard to their Size-Raw DataAcute Malnutrition among 0 to 5 years old children with regard to the ResidenceAcute Malnutrition according to NationalityAcute Malnutrition according to Food ExpensesAcute Malnutrition according to Household SizeBody Mass Index of 6 to 12 years old children-Raw DataOccurrence of Malnutrition(IMC<15) among 6 to 12 years old children withregard to localityOccurrence of Malnutrition among 6 to 12 years old children according to theirNationalityOccurrence of Malnutrition among 6 to 12 years old children according to FoodExpensesOccurrence of Malnutrition among 6 to 12 years old according to Household SizeBody Mass Index of 13 to 19 years old Teenagers-Raw DataBody Mass Index of Birth Giving Age Women (15 to 49 years old)-Raw DataBody Mass Index of Pregnant and Child Feeding Women -Raw DataBody Mass Index among Adult Men-Raw DataHaemoglobin Rates of 6 month to 5 years old children-Raw Data


Table 44 Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 month to 5 years olds according to theResidence

Table 45 Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 month to 5 years olds according to NationalityTable 46 Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 month to 5 years olds according to average food

expensesTable 47 Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 month to 5 years olds according to Household

SizeTable 48 Haemoglobin rates among 6 to 12 years olds -Raw DataTable 49 Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 to 12 years olds according to the ResidenceTable 50 Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 to 12 years olds according to NationalityTable 51 Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 to 12 years olds according to average food

expensesTable 52 Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 to 12 years olds according to Household SizeTable 53 Haemoglobin rates among 13 to 19 years old teenagers-Raw DataTable 54 Occurrence of Anaemia among 13 to 19 years old teenagers according to the

Residence (both sexes)Table 55 Occurrence of Anaemia among 13 to 19 years old teenagers according to the

Residence (Male teenagers)Table 56 Occurrence of Anaemia among 13 to 19 years old teenagers according to the

Residence (Female teenagers)Table 57 Occurrence of Anaemia among 13 to 19 years old teenagers according to their

NationalityTable 58 Occurrence of Anaemia among 13 to 19 years old teenagers according to their

average food expensesTable 59 Occurrence of Anaemia among 13 to 19 years old teenagers according to their

Household SizeTable 60 Haemoglobin rates among birth giving age Women -Raw DataTable 61 Occurrence of Anaemia among birth giving age Women according to the

ResidenceTable 62 Occurrence of Anaemia birth giving age Women acco, ding to NationalityTable 63 Occurrence of Anaemia among birth giving age Women according to their

average food expensesTable 64 Occurrence of Anaemia among birth giving age Women according to Household

SizeTable 65 Haemoglobin rates among pregnant and child feeding Women-Raw DataTable 66 Occurrence of Anaemia among pregnant and child feeding Women according to

the ResidenceTable 67 Occurrence of Anaemia among pregnant and child feeding Women according to

NationalityTable 68 Occurrence of Anaemia among pregnant and child feeding Women according to

their average food expensesTable 69 Haemoglobin rates among Adult Men-Raw DataTable 70 Occurrence of Anaemia among Adult Men according to the ResidenceTable 71 Occurrence of Anaemia among Adult Men according to NationalityTable 72 Occurrence of Anaemia among Adult Men according to their average food

expensesTable 73 Occurrence of Anaemia among Adult Men according to Household Size


LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Persons monitored per age classes

Figure 2: Proteino-Energetic-Malnutrition among o to 5 years old children

Figure 3: Malnutrition

Figure 4: Anaemia per age group

Figure 5: Anaemia among teenagers.

IDAF Technical Report N°89 21

Table 1: Surveyed Households

Table 2: Nationality of Heads of Households Surveyed

Table 3: Ethnic group of the Heads of Cameroonian Households Surveyed

Locality Household Persons AveragebHousehold Zize

N°. % N°. %

Newtown 10 19.6 80 19.4 8 [5-11]

Dockyard 10 19.6 85 20.6 9 [3-22]

Batoke 16 31.4 100 24.3 6[3-21]

Wovia 15 19.4 147 35.7 10[614]

Total 51 100.0 412 100.0 8 [3-22]

Urban Zone 20 39.2 165 41.1 8 [3-22]

Rural Zone 31 60.8 247 58.9 8 [3-21]

Locality Cameroonian Bemnese Others Total

N°. % N°. % N°. % N°.

Newtown 10 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 10 100.0

Dockyard 0 0.0 9 90.0 1 10.0 10 100.0

Batoke 16 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 16 100.0

Wovia 15 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 15 100.0

Total 41 80.4 9 17.6 1 2.0 51 100.0

U] han Zone 10 50 o 9 43.() -3.0 20 100.0

Rural Zone 31 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 31 100.0

Locality Baloveri Others Total

N°. % N°. % N°. %

Newtown 7 70.0 3 30.3 10 100.0

Dockyard 0 - 0 - 0 100.0

Batoke 13 81.2 3 18.8 16 100.0

Wovi a 15 100.0 - 0 0.0 15 100.0

Total 35 85.4 6 14.6 41 100.0

Urban Zone 7 70.0 3 30.0 10 100.0

Rural Zone 28 90.3 3 9.7 31 100.0


Table 4: Religion of the Heads of Households Surveyed

Table 5: Occupation of Persons Surveyed

Locality Catholic Protestant Others Total

N°. °A) N°. % N°. °A N°. %

Newtown 4 40.0 5 50.0 1 10.0 10 100.0

Dockyard 7 87.5 1 12.5 0 0.0 8 100.0

Batoke 3 23.1 10 76.9 0 0.0 13 100.0

Wovia 5 33.3 10 66.7 0 0.0 15 100.0

Total 19 41.3 26 56.5 1 2.2 46 100.0

Urban Zone 11 51.1 6 33.3 1 5.6 18 100.0

Rural Zone 8 28.6 20 71.4 0 0.0 28 100.0

Locality Fishermen Smokers Others Total

N°. % N°. % N°. % N°. %

Newtown 11 13.8 10 12.5 59 73.7 80 100

Dockyard 18 21.2 29 34.1 38 44.7 85 100

Batoke 10 10.0 14 14.0 76 76.0 100 100

Wovia 18 12.2 10 6.8 119 81.0 147 100

Total 57 13.8 63 15.3 292 70.9 412 100

Urban Zone 29 17.6 39 23.6 97 58.8 165 100

Rural Zone 28 11.3 24 9.7 195 79.0 247 100


Table 6: Frequency of Food Consumption

FOOD BATOKE WOVIA NEW TOWN DOCKYARD

TOTAL

VEGETABLES-Carbage - - 1

-Cassava Leaves 2 - - 2-Amaranth 8 3 3 _ 14-Garden Plant 1 2 - 3 6-Vemonia 5 2 8 - 15-Nightshade Meadow 2 1 - 4 7-Gretum - 2 - - 2

-Macabo leaves - 4 6 - 10-Gourd leaves 1 _ - - 1

-Aroma - - 1 1 2

-Onions 15 12 10 9 46-Pepper 13 13 9 - 35-Tomatoes 7 4 9 9 29-Okra 4 8 2 5 19-Carrot - 3 - - 3

FRUITS-Pear 1 6 1 - 8

-Banana 1 11 1 7 20-Paw Paw 5 6 - - 11

-Mango 7 13 9 3 32-Pineapple 1 6 2 - 9-Orange - 5 - 5

PROTEIN FOOD-Beef 4 8 9 21-Eggs 2 4 - - 6-Powder Milk - 1 6 - 7-Fresh Fish 5 12 - 5 22-Dried Fish 15 11 4 8 38-Cray fish 6 7 9 - 22-Pistachio - 5 5 3 13

-Groundnuts 6 4 2 - 12

-Beans 3 6 1 10

STARC111 FOOD-Gari 3 11 1 14

-Cassava -i- othersDerivatives (Cassava flour, Cassava Sticks,Fresh Couscous)-Macaho 8 8 4 26-Svveet Potatoes 4 10 18 - 32-Plantain - 3 - 4 3

-Rice 11 10 9 - 34-Maize 6 9 8 4 33

-Bread .. - _ 4 4-Pan cakes 6 11 3 9 24

13 15 9 46

GRASS FATS

-Pa1m Oil14 11 10 6 41

DRINKS

-Alcohol 1 5 2 8 16

-Drinks Soil - 7 1 - 8

24 1DAF Techmeal Report N° 89

Table 7: Average Daily Food Expenses (Raw Data)

Value of Expenses in Francs CFPL

HouseholdNumber

Locality Household Size Total Expenses Expenses perMember

Contribution

Men Women

01 S 350 85702 94 178903 0 892

09 5J 54 363

12 44 503

15 5 0 113516 5P 335 782

05 ps p 811 1723

08 55 5 633 158

10 5 1855 161

06 1181 103

08 1455 110

01 WOV1A 14 2547 182 382 216502 WOVIA 11 2842 258 625 221703 WOVIA 12 1055 88 317 73904 WOVIA 10 1467 147 792 67505 WOVIA 9 3383 376 1049 233506 WOVIA 10 625 63 313 31307 WOVIA 10 3035 304 728 230708 WOVIA 6 3067 511 1257 180909 WOVIA 7 616 88 49 56710 WOVIA 11 4073 370 1955 211811 WOVIA 14 5448 389 218 523012 WOVIA 8 2795 349 168 262713 WOVI A 9 2558 284 128 243014 WOVIA 9 717 80 301 41615 WOVIA 7 4762 680 0 4762

Total 8 1716 212 709 1007


Table 8: Average Expenses according to Residence

Table 9: Average Food Expenses according to Nationality

Value of Expenses in Francs CFA

Table 10: Average Food Expenses according to Household Size

Value ol'Expenses in Francs C1:A.

LocalityAVERAGE EXPENSES RATE OF CONTRIBUTION

/Household /Member Men Women

NEWTON 2040 255 93.7 6.3

DOCKYARD 1525 179 42.1 57.9

BAT OKE 805 129 18.2 81.8

WO VIA 2599 265 21.2 78.8

Total 1716 212 41.3 58.7

Urban Zone 1783 216 71.6 28.4

Rural Zone 1673 210 20.5 79.5

NATIONALITY OFHOUSEHOLD HEADS

TOTAL NUMBEROF

HOUSEHOLDS

AVERAGE EXPENSES OF MEMBERS

<212 FCFA >212 F CFA MOYENNES

CAMEROONIAN 41 22 19 221

FOREIGNERS 10 5 5 179

TOTAL 51 24 24 212

HOUSEHOLD SIZE TOTAL NUMBER LESS THAN 212 F 212 F AND MORE

NUMBER °A) NUMBER °./0

0,5 42 13 31.0 29 69.0

6,8 93 56 60.2 37 39.8

9,11 87 29 33.3 58 66.7

11,+ 54 48 265 6 11.1

Total 276 146 88.9 130 47.1

0.8 135 69 51.1 66 48.9

8, 141 77 54.6 64 45.4


Table Ila: Daily Contributions of Foods-Raw Data

Calories in Kcal. Proteins in grams, Vitamins in Mg, Iron Ind Calcium in Mg.

LOCALITY HOUSEDOLD

CALORIES PROTEINES VIT. A VIT.0 IRON CALCIUM

BATOKE 01 1465 12.0 1050.0 5.0 3.0 103BATOKE 02 1196 36.0 623.0 49.0 5.0 182BATOKE 03 1463 56.0 211.0 29.0 14.0 344BATOKE 04 991 41.0 1393.0 23.0 7.0 626BATOKE 05 1151 24.0 6891.0 27.0 7.0 413BATOKE 06 1068 58.0 2352.0 50.0 20.0 1259BATOKE 07 1204 69.0 1228.0 71.0 23.0 2411BATOKE 08 1011 2.0 2978.0 194.0 4.0 194BATOKE 09 1424 14.0 425.0 6.0 4.0 1191BATOKE 10 1725 55.0 226.0 149.0 14.0 1198BATOKE 11 1843 24.0 3755.0 12.0 4.0 441BATOKE 12 1461 56.0 1499.0 11.0 7.0 107BATOKE 13 1629 49.0 2060.0 37.0 7.0 1041BATOKE 14 1695 68.0 665.0 21.0 10.0 1475BATOKE 15 1848 55.0 7897.0 45.0 10.0 1470BATOKE 16 1779 72.0 694.0 79.0 17.0 423

DOCKYA RD 01 1408 46.0 5522.0 1.5 7.0 1053DOCKYA RD 02 1078 14.0 3614.0 5.0 6.0 52DOCKYA RD 03 1367 4.0 1491.0 4.0 20 355DOCKYA RD 04 921 98.0 184.0 0.4 6.0 966DOCKYA RD 05 1684 13.0 2813.0 15.0 5.0 826DOCKYA RD 06 1001 65.0 392.0 29.0 6.0 763DOCKYA RD 07 1620 4.0 135.0 127.0 8.0 149DOCKYA RD 08 1480 21.0 1209.0 1.0 3.5 492DOCKYA RD 09 1328 19.0 64.0 4.0 2.0 282DOCKYA RD 10 1631 33.0 735.0 126.0 6.5 387

NEWTON 01 1511 10.0 579.0 26.0 9.0 74NEWTON 02 1700 26.0 1106.0 45.0 6.0 131NEWTON 03 2470 27.0 841.0 3.0 70.0 150NEWTON 04 4412 34.0 4769.0 41.0 13.0 324NEWTON 05 I 42:' ,37.0 I 505.0 80.0 13.0 42oNEWTON 06 1571 8.0 2539.0 20.0 4.0 109NEWTON 07 1196 30.0 1989.0 2.0 8.0 541NEWTON 08 1910 28.0 4782.0 8.0 58.0 313NEWTON 09 1842 44.0 2473.0 62.0 10.0 385


Table 12: Daily Contributions recommended for African Populations

Table 13: Coverage Rates of Nutritional Needs

RAS= Values superior or equal to 100%.

Category Energy Protein Vit A (ug) Vit C(mg)

Iron(mg)

Calcium(mg)

Infants-1 year 820 14 300 20 10 6001-3 years 1360 27 250 20 10 5004-6 years 1830 34 300 20 10 5007-9 years 2190 41 400 20 10 50010-12 years 2600 50 575 20 10 700

Male Adolescent13-15 years 2900 62 725 30 18 70016-19 years 3070 63 750 30 9 600

Male Adolescent13-15 years 2490 52 725 30 24 700

-years16-19 2310 50 750 30 28 600

Adult Male 3000 62 750 30 9 500

Adult Female 2200 48 750 30 28 500

Pregnant Woman 2550 63 750 50 28 1200

Breast Feeding 2750 76 1200 50 28 1200Woman

Strata and Age(vears)

Energy(%)

Protein(°/0)

Iron(%)

Calcium(%)

Vit A(A)

Vit C(%)

infants less than 14-67-9

205.0123.776.8

216.4112.289.1

117117117

99RASRAS

RASRASRAS

RASRASRAS

10-12 64.7 60.1. 117 84.9 RAS RAS

Male Adolescents13-15 58.0 48.9 65.0 84.9 RAS RAS16-19 54.8 48.1 130. 99 RAS RAS

Female Adolescents13-15 67.6 58.3 48.8 84.9 RAS RAS16-19 72.9 60.1 41.8 99 RAS RAS

Adult Female 56.1 48.9 130 RAS RAS RAS

Adult Male 76.5 63.1 41,8 RAS RAS RAS

Pregnant Woman 66 48.1 41.8 49.5 RAS 81.4

Breast Feeding Woman 61.2 63.1 41.8 49.5 RAS 81.4


Table 14: Persons Monitored for the Condition Evaluation (Raw Data)

Household Number Locality Household size Member Monitored

01 BATOKE 21 13 61.902 BATOKE 6 6 100.003 BATOKE 6 6 100.004 BATOKE 6 6 100.005 BATOKE 5 5 100.006 BATOKE 3 3 100.007 BATOKE 4 3 75.008 BATOKE 6 3 50.009 BAT OKE 5 4 80.010 BATOKE 4 2 50.011 BATOKE 6 5 83.312 BATOKE 8 8 100.013 BATOKE 6 5 83.314 BATOKE 5 2 40.015 BATOKE 4 3 75.016 BATOKE 5 2 40.0

01 DOCKYARD 4 3 75.002 DOCKYARD 6 6 100.003 DOCKYARD 9 9 100.004 DOCKYARD 9 7 77.805 DOCKYARD 12 10 83.306 DOCKYARD 3 3 100.007 DOCKYARD 6 4 66.708 DOCKYARD 3 3 100.009 DOCKYARD 11 11 100.010 DOCKYARD 22 17 77.3

01 NEWTOWN 11 6 54.502 NE wT o WN 11 3 27.303 NE WT 0 WN 7 6 85.704 NE WTOWI.1 9 9 100.005 NEWTOWN 8 6 75.006 NEWTOWN 5 5 100.007 NEWTOWN 8 7 87.508 NEWTOWN 5 4 80.009 NEWTOWN 8 6 75.010 NEWTOWN 8 7 87.5

01 WOVIA 14 6 42.902 WOVIA 11 10 90.903 WOVIA 12 2 16.704 WOVIA 10 0 0.005 WO VIA 9 0 0.006 WOVIA 10 8 80.007 WOVIA 10 6 60.008 WOVIA 6 4 66.709 WOVIA 7 4 57.110 WO VIA 11 7 63.611 WOVIA 14 6 42.912 WOVIA 8 4 50.013 WO VIA 9 6 66.714 WOVIA 9 5 55.615 WOV1A 7 0 0.0

Total 412 276


Table 15: Persons Monitored per Sex.

Locality Actual TotalSurveyed

ACTUAL NUMBER MONITORED

Masculine Feminine Total

Newtown 80 29 30 59 73.8

Dockyard 85 28 45 73 85.9

Batoke 100 38 38 76 76.0

Wovia 147 38 30 68 46.3

Total 412 133 43 276 67.0

Urban Zone 165 57 75 132 80.0

Rural Zone 247 76 78 144 58.3


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(1) % = 100 x (Weight Observed/Standard)

Locality Age (month) Weight (kg)

Observed Standard % (1)

BATOKE 5 6.5 6.9 94.7BATOICE 9 7.0 8.9 78.7BATOK_E 9 8.0 8.9 89.9BATOICE 15 8.7 10.6 77.4BATOKE 24 21.0 12.4 169.4BATOKE 29 14.0 13.3 105.3BATOKE 36 13.0 14.5 89.7BATOKE 36 13.0 14.5 89.7BATOKE 36 10.2 14.5 70.3BATOKE 41 14.0 15.4 90.9BATOKE 48 16.0 16.5 97.0BATOKE 48 15.0 16.5 90.9BATOKE 60 20.0 18.4 108.7BATOKE 60 19.0 18.4 103.3BATOKE 60 16.0 18.4 87.0

DOCKYARD 5 7.5 6.9 108.7DOCKYARD 9 8.0 8.9 89.9DOCKYARD 14 10.0 10.4 96.2DOCKYARD 18 11.0 11.3 97.3DOCKYARD 18 12.0 11.3 106.2DOCKYARD 24 9.0 12.4 72.6DOCK YARD '-). 11.0 1/..z.1 88.7DOCKYARD 24 12.0 12.4 96.8DOCKYARD 36 15.0 14.5 103.4DOCKYARD 48 12.0 16.5 72.7DOCKYARD 48 19.0 16.5 115.2DOCKYARD 60 16.0 18.4 87.0DOCKYARD 60 16.0 18.4 87.0

NEWTOWN 3 5.0 5.7 87.7NEWTOWN 10 8.5 9.3 91.4NEWTOWN 10 9.0 9.3 96.8NEWTOWN 12 9.0 9.9 90.9NEWTOWN 18 12.0 11.3 106.2NEWTOWN 24 12.0 12.4 96.8NEWTOWN 24 10.5 12.4 84.7NEWTOWN 24 12.5 12.4 100.8NEWTOWN 30 12.5 13.5 92.6NEWTOWN 36 16.5 14.5 113.8NEWTOWN 36 13.5 14.5 93.1NEWTOWN 48 13.0 16.5 78.8NEWTOWN 53 16.0 17.3 92.5NEWTOWN 60 19.0 18.4 103.3

WOVIA 6 4.5 7.4 60.8WOVIA 17 10.0 11.0 90.9WOVIA 18 9.0 11.3 79.6WOVIA 36 14.0 14.5 96.6WOVIA 36 11.0 14.5 75.9WOVIA 36 13.0 14.5 89.7WOVIA 48 16.0 16.5 97.0WOVIA 48 12.0 16.5 72.7WOVIA 48 16.0 16.5 97.0WOVIA 48 15.0 16.5 90.9WOVIA 48 12.0 16.5 72.7WOVIA 48 15.0 16.5 90.9WO VIA 60 20.0 18.4 108.7WOVIA 60 16.0 18.4 87.0

Total Average 92.9


Table 19: Wei hts of 0 to 5 years-old children according to their A es Raw Data

Table 20: Weight Insufficiency among 0 to 5 years old children according to the Residence

Table 22: Weight Insufficiency among 0 to 5 years old children according to Food Expenses

Value of Expenses in Francs CFA.

Table 23: Weight Insufficiency among 0 to 5 years old children according to Household Size

Locality Number of TotalMonitored

Case of MPE

Severe Moderate Light

N°. % N°. % N°. %

Newtovvn 14 0 0.0 3 21.4 3 21.4

Dockyard 13 2 15.4 4 30.8 6 46.2

Batoke 15 1 6.7 6 40.0 7 46.7

Wovia 14 3 21.4 4 21.6 7 50.0

Total 56 6 10.7 17 30.4 23 41.1

Urban Zone 27 2 7.4 7 25.9 9 33.3

Rural Zone 29 4 13.8 10 34.5 14 48.3

Nationality Total Number Monitored Case of PME

N°.

Cameroonians 43 17 39.5

Foreigners 13 6 46.2

Total 56 23 41.1

Nationality Total Number Monitored Case of MPE

N°. %

[ 0. 212 ] 31 17 54.8

[ 212, -, ] 25 6 24.0

Total 56 23 41.1

Household Size Total Ntunber Monitored Case of insufficient Weight

N°. %

[ 0,5 ] 14 3 21.4

[ 6,8 ] 24 13 54.2

19,11 1 12 5 41.7

[ 11,+ ] 6 2 33.3

Total 56 23 41.1

[ 0,8 ] 38 16 42.1

f 8, + I 18 7 38.9


Table 21: Wei ht Insufficiency among 0 to 5 years old children according to Nationalit

Table 24: Size of 0 to 5 year olds in regard to their Ages (Raw Data)

(1) % = 100 x (Size Observed/Norm).

Locality Age (month) Size (cm)

Observed Norm % (1)

BATOKE 5 66.0 64.4 102.5BATOKE 9 65.0 70.7 91.9BATOKE 9 68.0 70.7 96.2BATOKE 15 69.0 78.1 88.3BATOKE 24 118.0 87.1 135.5BATOKE 29 85.0 91.3 93.1BATOKE 36 112.0 96.0 116.7BATOKE 36 97.0 96.0 101.0BATOKE 36 75.0 96.0 78.1BATOKE 41 95.0 99.1 95.9BATOKE 48 93.0 103.3 90.0BATOKE 48 87.0 103.3 84.2BATOKE 60 108.0 109.0 99.1BATOKE 60 112.5 109.0 103.2BATOKE 60 104.0 109.0 95.4

DOCKYARD 5 63.0 64.4 97.8DOCKYARD 9 70.0 70.7 99.0DOCKYARD 14 73.0 77.1 94.7DOCKYARD 18 74.5 81.4 91.5DOCKYARD 18 79.0 81.4 97.1DOCKYARD 24 85.0 87.1 97,6DOCKYARD 24 88.0 87.1 101.0DOCKYARD 24 84.0 87.1 9o.4DOCKYARD 36 94.0 96.0 97.9DOCKYARD 48 96.0 103.3 92.9DOCKYARD 48 113.0 103.3 109.4DOCKYARD 60 101.0 109.0 92.7DOCKYARD 60 104.0 109.0 95.4

NEWTOWN 3 57.0 60.0 95.0NEWTOWN 10 76.0 72.2 105.3NEWTOWN 10 72.0 72.2 99.7NEWTOWN 12 78.5 74.7 105.1NEWTOWN 18 84.0 81.4 103.2NEWTOWN 24 84.5 87.1 97.0NEWTOWN 24 84.5 87.1 97.0NEWTOWN 24 86.5 87.1 99.3NEWTOWN 30 88.0 91.8 95.9NEWTOWN 36 97.0 96.0 101.0NEWTOWN 36 89.0 96.0 92.7NEWTOWN 48 89.3 103.3 86.4NEWTOWN 53 101.0 106.2 95.1NEWTOWN 60 110.0 109.0 100.9

WOVIA 6 56.0 65.8 85.1WOVIA 17 77.5 80.5 96.3WOVIA 18 91.0 81.4 111.8WOVIA 36 93.0 96.0 96.9WOVIA 36 89.0 96.0 92.7WOVIA 36 80.0 96.0 83.3WOVIA 48 102.5 103.3 99.2WOVIA 48 95.0 103.3 92.0WOVIA 48 100.5 103.3 97.3WOVIA 48 91.0 103.3 88.1WOVIA 48 95.0 103.3 92.0WOVIA 48 93.0 103.3 90.0WOVIA 60 116.0 109.0 106.4WOVIA 60 108.0 109.0 99.1

Total Average 97.1


Table 25: Slow Development among 0 to 5 year olds according to the Residence

Table 26: Slow Development among 0 to 5 year olds according to Nationality.

Tableau 27: Slow Development among 0-5 year Olds According to Food Expenses.


Locality Total Number Monitored Case of Chronic MPE

Number

Newton 14 1 7.1

Dockyard 13 0 0.0

Batoke 15 3 20.0

Wovia 14 3 21.4

Total 56 7 12.5

Urban Zone 27 1 3.7

Rural Zone 29 6 20.7

NationalityTotal Number

MonitoredCase of Chronic MPE

Number %

Cameroonian 43 7 16.3

Foreigners 13 0 0.0

Total 56 7 12.5

Food Total Number Case of Chronic MPEExpenses Monitored Number %

] 0,212[ 31 6 19.4

[ 212, + [ 25 1 4.0

Total 56 7 12.5


Table 28: Slow Development among 0 to 5 year olds according to Household Size

Table 29: Weight of 0 to 5 year olds in related to their Size (Raw Data)

(1) % = 100 x (Weight Observed/Norm)

HouseholdSize

Total NumberMonitored

Case of Chronic MPENumber %

] 0 , 5 [ 14 1 7.1

[ 6 , 8 ] 24 6 25.0

[ 9 , 11 [

] 11 , +[

12 0 0.0

6 0 0.0

Total 56 7 12.5

] 0 8 [ 38 7 18.4

18 8 0.0

Locality

1

Size

(cm)Weight (kg)

Observed Norm % (1),

Batoke 65.0 7.0 7.2 97.2Batoke 66.0 6.5 7.5 86.7Batoke 68.0 8.0 8.1 98.8Batoke 69.0 8.2 8.4 97.6Batoke 75.0 10.2 9.9 103.0Batoke 85.0 14.0 12.0 116.7Batoke 87.0 15.0 12.4 121.0Batoke 93.0 16.0 13.8 115.9Batoke 95.0 14.0 14.3 97.9Batoke 97.0 13.0 14.7 88.4Batoke 104.0 16.0 16.7 95,8Batoke 108.0 20.0 18.0 111.1

Dockyard 63.0 7.5 6.6 113.6Dockyard 70.0 8.0 8.7 92.0Dockyard 73.0 10.0 9.5 105.3Dockyard 74.5 11.0 9.8 112.2Dockyard 79.0 12.0 10.8 111.1Dockyard 84.0 12.0 11.8 101.7Dockyard 85.0 9.0 12.0 75.0Dockyard 88.0 11.0 12.6 87.3Dockyard 94.0 15.0 14.0 107.1Dockyard 96.0 12.0 14.5 82.8Dockyard 101.0 16.0 15.8 101.3Dockyard 104.0 16.0 16.7 95.8


= loo x (We ght Observed Norm)

Table 30: Acute Malnutrition among 0 to 5 year olds in relation to Residence

Table 29: (contd)

Locality Size

(cm)Weight (kg)

Observed Norm % (1)Newtown 57.0 5.0 5.0 100.0Newtown 72.0 9.0 9.2 97.8Newtown 76.0 8.5 10.2 83.3Newtown 78.5 9.0 10.7 84.1Newtown 84.0 12.0 11.8 101.7Newtown 84.5 12.0 11.9 100.8Newtown 84.5 10.5 11.9 88.2Newtown 86.5 12.5 12.3 101.6Newtown 88.0 12.5 12.6 99.2Newtown 89.0 13.5 12.8 105.5Newtown 89.3 13.0 12.9 100.8Newtown 97.0 16.5 14.7 112.2Newtown 101.0 16.0 15.8 101.3Wovia 56.0 4.5 4.8 93.8Wovia 77.5 10.0 10.4 96.2Wovia 80.0 13.0 11.0 118.2Wovia 89.0 11.0 12.8 85.9Wovia 91.0 9.0 13.4 67.2Wovia 91.0 15.0 13.4 111.9Wovia 93.0 14.0 13.8 101.4Wovia 93.0 15.0 13.8 108.7Wovia 95.0 12.0 14.3 83.9Wovia 95.0 12.0 14.3 83.9Wovia 100.5 16.0 15.7 101.9Wovia 102.5 16.0 16.2 98.8Wovia 108.0 16.0 18.0 88.9

Total Average 98.7

Locality Total NumberMonitored

Case of acute MPENumber %

Newtown 14 0 0.0Dockyard 13 1 7.7Batoke 15 0 0.0Wovia 14 1 7.1

Total 56 2 3.6

Urban Zone 27 1 3.7Rural Zone 29 1 3.4


Table 31: Acute Malnutrition according to Nationality.

Table 32: Acute Malnutrition according to Food Expenses.


Table 33: Acute Malnutrition according to Household Size

Nationality Total NumberMonitored

Case of acute MPENombre %


Foreigners 13 1 7.7

Total 56 2 3.6

Food

Expenses


Case of acute MPENombre %

] 0 , 212 [ 31 1 3.2

[ 212 , + [ 25 1 4.0

Total 56 2 3.6

Household Size Total NumberMonitored

Case of acute MPENumber %

] 0 , 5 ] 14 0 0.0

[ 6 , 8 ] 24 1 4.2

[ 9 , 11 ] 12 1 8.3

] 11 , + [ 6 0 0.0

Total 56 2 3.6

] 0 , 8 ] 38 1 2.6

] 8 , + [ 18 1 5.6


Table 34: Body Mass Index of 6 to 12 year olds (Raw Data)

Locality Age (years) Body Mass Index (BMI)

Batoke 6.0 13.6Batoke 6.0 14.3Batoke 6.0 16.9Batoke 6.0 18.3Batoke 7.0 11.4Batoke 7.0 14.1Batoke 7.0 14.6Batoke 7.0 14.6Batoke 7.0 17.5Batoke 7.5 17.4Batoke 8.0 13.9Batoke 8.0 15.7Batoke 8.0 16.4Batoke 8.0 17.0Batoke 9.0 15.1Batoke 9.0 15.7Batoke 9.5 16.6Batoke 11.0 18.0Batoke 11.0 18.3Batoke 11.0 23.4Batoke 12.0 17.0Batoke 12.0 19.3

Dockyard 6.0 14.1Dockyard 7.0 11.7Dockyard 7.0 15.7Dockyard 7.0 18.0Dockyard 8.0 14.3Dockyard 8.0 14.4Dockyard 8.0 15.5Dockyard 8.0 15.5Dockyard 9.0 17.1Dockyard 10.0 16.2Dockyard 10.0 16.6Dockyard 10.0 17.1Dockyard 11.0 20.7Dockyard 12.0 15.1Dockyard 12.0 17.4Dockyard 12.0 19.5


Table 34 contd)

Locality Age (years) BMI

Newtown 5.5 16.3Newtown 6.0 16.0Newtown 6.0 16.2Newtown 6.0 17.9

Newtown 7.0 13.9Newtown 7.0 17.2Nevvtown 8.0 13.2Newtovvn 8.0 15.0Nevvtovvn 8.0 16.0Newtown 9.0 14.4Newtown 9.0 15.1

Newtown 9.0 15.7Newtown 10.0 15.9Newtown 10.0 16.7Newtown 10.0 16.9Newtown 10.0 17.2Newtown 10.8 17.3Newtown 11.0 17.0Newton 11.0 21.7Newtown 12.0 17.2Newtown 12.0 17.6Newtown 12.0 19.5

Wovia 6.0 10.0Wovia 6.0 13.9Wovia 6.0 14.6Wovia 6.0 14.6Wovia 6.0 14.6Wovia 6.0 15.5

Wovia 6.0 16.1

Wovia 7.0 15.3

Wovia 7.0 15.7Wovia 8.0 14.6Wovia 8.0 15.0Wovia 8.0 15.3

Wovia 8.0 15.3Wovia 8.0 15.6Wovia 9.0 14.6Wovia 9.0 18.7Wovia 9.0 18.7

Wovia 10.0 13.3

Wovia 10.0 15.5

Wovia 10.0 18.2Wovia 11.0 16.4Wovia 12.0 16.4Wovia 12.0 21.3Wovia 12.0 24..0

Total Average 16.3


Table 35: Occurrence of Malnutrition(BMI<15) among 6 to 12 year olds according to locality.

Table 36: Occurrence of Malnutrition among 6 to 12 year olds according to Nationality

Table 37: Occurrence of Malnutrition among 6 to 12 year olds according to Food Expenses


Locality Total NumberMonitored

Case of MalnutritionNombre %

Newtown 22 3 13.6

Dockyard 16 4 16.0

Batoke 22 7 31.8

Wovia 24 8 33.3

Total 84 22 26.2

Urban Zone 38 7 18.4

Rural Zone 46 15 32.6

Nationality Total Numbcr Case of M i!nutritionrvIonitored Number %



Total 84 22 26.2

Food Total Number Case of MalnutritionExpenses Monitored Number %

] 0 , 212 [ 41 14 34.1

[ 212 , + [ 43 8 18.6

Total 84 22 26.2


Table 38: Occurrence of Malnutrition among 6 to 12 year olds according to Household Size

Table 39: Body Mass Index of 13 to 19 years old Adolescents (Raw Data)

HouseholdSize


Case of MalnutritionNumber %

] 0 , 5 ] 5 2 40.0

[ 6 , 8 ] 32 5 15.6

[ 9 , 11 ] 31 7 22.6

] 11 , + [ 16 8 50.2

Total 84 22 26.2

] 0 , 8 ] 37 7 18.9

] 8 , + [ 47 15 31.9

Locality Sex Age (years) BMI

Batoke F 13.0 20.0Batoke M 15.0 16.1Batoke M 15.0 18.1Batoke F 15.0 22.2Batoke M 17.0 20.6Batoke F 18.0 17.9

Dockyard M 14.0 19.2Dockyard F 14.0 23.0Dockyard M 15.0 21.6Dockyard M 15.0 22.1Dockyard F 15.0 22.2Dockyard F 16.0 18.0Dockyard F 16.0 20.9Dockyard F 16.0 21.4Dockyard F 16.0 22.3Dockyard F 16.0 22.8Dockyard F 16.0 23.1Dockyard F 17.0 22.5Dockyard F 18.0 20.9Dockyard F 18.0 24.9Dockyard M 19.0 21.7Dockyard M 19.0 22.7Dockyard F 19.0 26.2


Table 39 (contd)


,Locality Sex Age (years) BMI

Newtown F 13.0 17.3Newtown M 13.0 17.8Newtown M 14.0 21.8Newtown F 14.0 24.8Newtown F 15.0 25.7Newtown M 15.0 26.6Newtown F 16.0 19.5Newtown M 17.0 21.9Newtown F 18.0 27.0Newtown F 19.0 28.8

Wovia M 14.0 17.1Wovia M 14.0 18.8Wovia M 14.0 22.3Wovia F 14.0 22.3Wovia M 15.0 17.9Wovia M 15.0 20.8Wovia M 16.0 24.6Wovia M 16.0 29.6Wovia F 17.0 21.8Wovia F 18.0 18.4Wovia F 19.0 25.2

Total Average 21.8

Table 40: Body Mass Index of Birth Giving Age Women (15 to 49 years old)-Raw Data


Batoke 15.0 22.2Batoke 18.0 17.9Batoke 20.0 23.1Batoke 21.0 20.9Batoke 22.0 17.0Batoke 22.0 20.2Batoke 24.0 23.6Batoke 24.0 23.6Batoke 27.0 21.2Batoke 27.0 25.9Batoke 29.0 22.5Batoke 32.0 24.1Batoke 33.0 25.4Batoke 35.0 19.5Batoke 40.0 21.6Batoke 42.0 22.6Batoke 43.0 23.9Batoke 45.0 20 8Batoke 45.0 30.4

Dockyard 15.0 22.2Dockyard 16.0 18.0Dockyard 16.0 20.9Dockyard 16.0 21.4Dockyard 16.0 22.3Dockyard 16.0 22.8Dockyard 16.0 23.1Dockyard 17.0 22.5Dockyard 18.0 20.9Dockyard 18.0 24.9Dockyard 19.0 26.2Dockyard 20.0 23.9Dockyard 21.0 24.8Dockyard 24.0 21.0Dockyard 24.0 21.0Dockyard 25.0 29.7Dockyard 26.0 24.6Dockyard 28.0 24.0Dockyard 30.0 23.0Dockyard 30.0 23.0Dockyard 35.0 38.3Dockyard 35.0 41.0Dockyard 40.0 22.9Dockyard 42.0 38.2Dockyard 45.0 43.0


Table 40: (contd)

Table 41: Body Mass Index of Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women -Raw Data.


Newtovvn 15.0 25.7Newtown 16.0 19.5Newtown 18.0 27.0Nevvtown 1_9.0 28.8Newtown 21.0 17.8Newtown 25.0 23.8Newtown 26.0 26.4Newtown 32.0 20.5Newtown 33.0 20.8Newtown 35.0 34.0Newtown 38.0 28.3Newtown 43.0 21.0

Wovia 17.0 21.8Wovia 18.0 18.4Wovia 19.0 25.2Wovia 24.0 22.2Wovia 24.0 24.1Wovia 25.0 22.8Wo via 26.0 2;. '4-

Wovia 28.0 20.5Wovia 29.0 26.4Wovia 35.0 25.4Wovia 38.0 22.1

Total Average 24.2

Locality Age (years) State (1) BMI

Batoke 20.0 A 23.1Batoke 40.0 A 21.6

Dockyard 14.0 E 23.0Dockyard 26.0 A 24.6Docicyard 30.0 A 23.0

Newtown 16.0 A 19.5Newtown 18.0 E 27.0Newtown 19.0 A 28.8Newtown 25.0 E 23.8Newtown 26.0 E 26.4

Wov a 26.0 E 28.4

Total Average 24.5

46 IDAF Techn cal Report N° 89

Table 42: Body Mass Index among Adult Men (Raw Data)

Locality Age (years) BM!

Batoke 21.0 24.2Batoke 23.0 25.3Batoke 27.0 24.0Batoke 29.0 22.6Batoke 30.0 23,1

Batoke 32.0 24.4Batoke 33.0 23.1Batoke 48.0 24.0Batoke 50.0 22.8Batoke 50.0 25.3Batoke 60.0 27.3Batoke 64.0 20.8Batoke 65.0 24.6

Docicyard 20.0 23.9Dockyard 24.0 23.4Dockyard 27.0 22.0Dockyard 28.0 23.1Dock-yard 33.0 24.5Dockyard 35.0 28.1Dock-yard 38.0 24.5Dockyard 38.0 15.3

Dockyard 40.0 22.0Dockyard 44.0 21.6DocIcyard 44.0 31.3Dockyard 46.0 27.8Dockyard 48.0 30.7

Newtown 26.0 21.5Newtown 35.0 25.0Newtown 37.0 26.5Newtown 44.0 22.7Newtown 45.0 24.2

Wovia 20.0 26.2Wovia 20.0 30.1

Wovia 43.0 24.1Wovia 45.0 25.6Wovia 47.0 24.1Wovia 48.0 20.8Wovia 50.0 24.1Wovia 51.0 23.8Wovia 60.0 22.1Wovia 65.0 22.5

,Total Average 24.5


Table 43: Haemoglobin Rates of 6 month to 5 year olds (Raw Data)

Locality Age (month) Haemoglobin Rate

Batoke 9 3.5Batoke 9 4.1Batoke 15 3.4Batoke 24 4.5Batoke 29 4.6Batoke 36 3.4Batoke 36 6.0Batoke 36 6.9Batoke 41 9.2Batoke 48 1.4Batoke 48 5.6Batoke 60 2.4Batoke 60 6.8

Dockyard 9 7.2Dockyard 14 7.0Dockyard 18 10.4Dockyard 18 12.2Dockyard 24 2.0Dockyard 24 5.8Dockyard 24 8.9Dockyard 36 9.2Dockyard 48 4.0Dockyard 48 11.0Dockyard 60 9.7Dockyard 60 10.0

Newtown 10 8.2Newtown 10 9.0Newtown 12 6.3Newtown 18 3.1Newtown 24 4.0Newtown 24 8.0Newtown 24 13.9Newtown 30 5.5Newtown 36 7.0Newtown 36 9.7Newtown 48 7.6Newtown 53 5.6Newtown 60 13.0


Table 43 contd)

Table 44: Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 month to 5 year olds according to Residence

Locality Age (years) Haemoglobin Rate

Wovia 6 11.0Wovia 17 12.0Wovia 18 8.5Wovia 36 8.3Wovia 36 8.3Wovia 36 11.2Wovia 48 1.3Wovia 48 2.8Wovia 48 5.0Wovia 48 6.2Wovia 48 7.7Wovia 48 9.0Wovia 60 2.9Wovia 60 8.6

Total Average 7.0

Locality

Total

NumberMonitored

Form AnaemiaSevere Moderate Light

Number I %Number % Number ')/0

Newtown 13 5 38.5 6 46.2 0 0.0

Dockyard 12 3 25.0 5 41.7 2 16.7

Batoke 13 12 92.3 1 7.7 0 0.0

Wovia 14 5 35.7 6 42.9 0 0.0

Total 52 25 48.1 18 34.6 2 3.8

Urban Zone 25 8 32.0 11 44.0 2 8.0

Rural Zone 27 17 63.0 7 25.9 0 0.0


Table 45: Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 month to 5 year olds according to Nationality.

Table 46: Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 month to 5 year olds according to average foodexpenses

Value of expenses in Francs CFA

Table 47: Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 month to 5 year olds according to a Household Size


Case AnaemiaNumber %



Total 52 45 86.5


Case of AnaemiaNumber %

] 0 , 212 [ 26 23 88.5

[ 212 , + [ 26 22 88.6

Total 52 45 86.5


Case of AnaemiaNumber %

1 0 , 5 ] 12 11 91.7

[ 6 , 8 ] 23 21 91.3[ 9 , 11 ] 12 9 75.0

] 11 , + [ 5 4 80.0

Total 52 45 86.5

1 0 , 8 ] 35 32 91.4

i 8 , + r 17 13 76.5

50 1DAF Technical Report N° 89

Table 48: Haemoglobin rates among 6 to 12 year olds (Raw Data)

Locality , Age (years) Haemoglobin Rate

Batoke 6 3.7Batoke 6 4.4Batoke 6 7.9Batoke 6 9.9Batoke 7 1.8

Batoke 7 2.8Batoke 7 9.6Batoke 7 11.1



Batoke 11 5.6Batoke 11 8.7Batoke 12 5.8Batoke 12 6.2

Dockyard 6 2.5Dockyard 7 1.7

Dockyard 7 8.6Dockyard 7 10.4Dockyard 8 3.3Dockyard 8 3.3

Dockyard 8 10.3

Dockyard 8 11.3

Dockyard 9 13.5

Dockyard 10 3.5Dockyard 10 7.6Dockyard 10 8.9Dockyard 11 10.4

Dockyard 12 3.7Dockyard 12 7.6Dockyard 12 8.5


Table 48 contd)

Locality Age (years) Haemoglobin Rate

Newtown 6 10.6Newtown 6 9.3Newtown 6 9.8Newtown 6 10.1Newtown 7 13.3Newtown 7 13.8Newtown 8 3.0Newtown 8 9.3Newtown 8 13.4Newtown 9 9.7Newtown 9 11.3Newtown 9 13.0Newtown 10 3.4Newtown 10 9.1Newtown 10 11.8Newtown 10 13.0Newtown 11 11.8Newtown 11 3.7Newtown 11 13.9Newtown 12 11.2Newtown 12 11.4Newtown 12 12.2

Wovia 6 3.4Wovia 6 4.3Wovia 6 5.7Wovia 6 6.7Wovia 6 8.9Wovia 6 10.0Wovia 6 11.4Wovia 7 3.9Wovia 7 4.5Wovia 8 2.1Wovia 8 3.5Wovia 8 7.2Wovia 8 11.8Wovia 8 12.4Wovia 9 1.2Wovia 9 9.6Wovia 9 11.1Wovia 10 5.2Wovia 10 9.0Wovia 10 15.5Wovia 11 10.3Wovia 12 7.6Wovia 12 10.3Wovia 12 14.1

Total Average 8.0


Table 49: Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 to 12 year olds according to Residence

Table 50: Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 to 12 year olds according to Nationality

Table 51: Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 to 12 year olds according to average foodexpenses

LocalityTotal

NumberMonitored

Number of Insufficient CasesSevere Moderate Light

Number % Number % Number %

Newtown 22 3 13.6 5 22.7 7 31.8

Dockyard 16 6 37.5 5 31.3 4 25.0

Batoke 22 13 59.1 6 27.3 3 13.6

Wovia 24 10 46.6 5 20.1 6 25.0

Total 84 32 38.1 21 25.0 20 23.8

Urban Zone 38 9 23.6 10 26.3 11 28.9

Rural Zone 46 23 50.0 11 23.9 9 19.5


Case of AneamiaNumber



Total 84 73 86.9

Food Total Haemoglobin RateExpenses Number Monitored Number %

I 0 , 212 [ 41 38 92.7

[ 212 , + [ 43 35 81.4

Total 84 73 86.9


Table 52: Occurrence of Anaemia among 6 to 12 year olds according to Household Size

Table 53: Haemoglobin rates among 13 to 19 years old Adolescents (Raw Data)

Household

Size

Total Number

Monitored

Haemoglobin Rate

Number 41/0

1 0 , 5 1 5 3 60.0

[ 6 , 8] 32 24 75.0

[ 9 , 11 ] 31 21 67.7

111 , 4- [ 16 14 87.51

TotalI

84 62 73.8 I

10 , 8 ] 37 27 73.0

47 35 74.5

Locality Sex Age

(years)

Haemoglobin

Rate

Batoke F H 4.5

13atoke .1 15 5.9

Batoke F 15 10,2

Batoke M 15 12.3

Batoke M 17 9.4

Batoke F 18 6.8

Dockyard F 14 2.0

Dockyard M 14 11.7

Dockyard F 15 6.0

Dockyard M 15 6.8

Dockyard M 15 6.8

Dockyard F 16 3.8

Dockyard F 16 5.6

Dockyard F 16 6.0

Dock.yard F 16 9.0

Dockyard F 16 9.0

Dockyard F 16 11.3

Dockyard F 18 3.1

Dockyard F 18 15.6

Dockyard M 19 7.2

Dockyard M 19 7.7

Dockyard F 19 10.6


Table 53: (contd)


Locality Sex Age

(years)

Haemoglobin

Rate

Newtown M 13 7.0

Newtown F 13 11.0

Newtown M 14 9.7

Nevvtown F 14 12.2

Newtown M 15 9.2

Newtown F 15 11.8

Newtown F 16 10.0

Newtown M 17 12.0

Newtown F 18 6.8

Newtown F 19 5.5

Wovia M 14 2.9

Wovia M 14 3.5

Wovia M 14 6.9

Wovia F 14 10.8

Wovia M 15 8.2

Wovia M 15 8.5

Wovia M 16 8.3

Wovia M 16 14.0

Wovia F 17 9.9

Wovia F 18 15.7

Wovia F 19 13.2

Total Average 8.2

Table 54: Occurrence of Anaemia among 13 to 19 years old Adolescents according to theResidence (Both Sexes)

Table 55: Occurrence of Anaemia among 13 to 19 years old Adolescents according to theResidence (Male teenagers)

LocalityTotal

Number

Monitored

TYPE OF ANAEMIA


N°. % N°. % N°. %

Newtown 10 2 20.0 3 30.0 5 50.0

Dockyard 16 8 50.0 4 25.0 3 18.8

Batoke 6 3 50.0 1 16.7 2 33.3

Wovia 11 3 27.3 4 36.4 1 9.1

Total 43 16 37.2 12 27.9 11 25.6

Urban Zone 26 10 38.5 7 26.9 8 30.8

Rural Zone 17 6 35.4 5 29.4 3 17.6

LocalityTotal

NumberMonitored

TYPE OF ANAEMIA


N°. % N°. % N°. %

Newtown 4 0 0.0 3 75.0 1 25.0

Dockyard 5 2 40.0 2 40.0 1 20.0

Batoke 3 1 33.3 1 33.0 1 33.3

Wovia 7 3 42.9 3 42.9 0 0.0

Total 19 6 31.6 9 47.4 3 15.8

Urban Zone 9 2 22.2 5 55.6 2 22.2

Rural Zone 10 4 40.0 4 40.0 1 10.0


Table 56: Occurrence of Anaemia among 13 to 19 years old Adolescents according to theResidence (Female teenagers)


Table 58: Occurrence of Anaemia among 13 to 19 years old teenagers according to theiraverage food expenses

Table 59: Occurrence of Anaemia among 13 to 19 year olds according to their HouseholdSize.


LocalityTotal

NumberMonitored

TYPE OF ANAEMIA


N°. % N°. % N°. %

Newtown 6 2 33.3 0 0.0 4 66.7Dockyard 11 6 54.5 2 18.2 2 18.2

Batoke 3 2 66.7 0 0.0 1 33.3Wovia 4 0 0.0 1 25.0 1 25.0

I Total 24 10 41.7 3 12.0 8 33.31

Urban Zone 17 8 47.1 2 11.8 6 35.3

Rural Zone 7 2 28.6 1 14.3 2 28.6

JO , 2121 27 24 88.8 13 12 92.3 14 12 85.71212 , +1 16 15 93.8 6 6 100.0 10 9 90.0

Food

Expenses

Total Boys GirlsNo. Anaemia Case N°. A,naelnia Case N°. Anaemia Case

totalmonitored

N°. % totalmonitored

N°. % totalmonitored

N°. %

JO , 5[ 3 3 100.0 1 1 100.0 2 2 100.0J6, 81 8 8 100.0 4 4 100.0 4 4 50.0

19, 111 16 14 87.8 7 7 100.0 9 7 53.8

111, +[ 16 14 87.5 7 6 85.7 9 8 88.9

Total 43 39 90.7 19 18 94.7 24 21 87.5

8 11 11 100.0 5 3 60.0 6 6 100.032 kl P1 87.5 18 85.7

Cameroonian 27 24 89.9 14 13 92.9 13 11 84.6Foreigners 16 15 93.8 5 100.0 11 10 90.9

Total 43 39 90.7 19 18 94.7 24 21 87.5

Table 57: Occurrence of Anaemia among 13 to 19 year olds according to Nationality.Food

Expenses

Total Boys Fines

N°. Anaemia Cases N°. Anaemia Case N°. Anaemia Case

Total'Monitored

N°. totalmonitored

N°. totalmonitored

N°.

Table 60: Haemoglobin Rates among reproducing Women (Raw Data)

Locality Age(years)

HaemoglobinRates


Batoke 22 8.4Batoke 24 3.3


Batoke 29 3.3

Batoke 32 12.7



Batoke 45 8.3

Dockyard 15 6.0Docicyard 16 3.8

Dockyard 16 5.6


Docicyard 16 9.0Dock-yard 16 11.3

DocIcyard 18 3.1

Dockyard 18 15.6

Dockyard 19 10.6Dock-yard 20 10.0

Dock-yard 24 9.5

Docicyard 25 7.6

Docicyard 26 11.1

Dockyard 28 9.1

Dockyard 30 5,2

Dockyard 30 10.9

DocIcyard 35 5.8Dockyard 35 10.3Dockyard 40 6,2Dockyard 42 7.7


58 IDAF Technical Report. N° 89

Table 60: (contd)

Table 61: Occurrence of Anaemia among reproducing Women according to yourResidence

Locality Age(years)

HaemoglobinRates

Newtown 15 11.8Newtown 16 10.0Newtown 18 6.8Newtown 19 5.5Newtown 21 9.8Newtown 25 3.7Newtown 26 4.7Newtown 32 9.1Newtown 33 7.9Newtown 35 6.0Nevvtown 38 7.8Newtown 43 13.4

Wovia 17 9.9Wovia 18 15.7Wovia 19 13.2Wovia 24 11.0Wovia 24 [70Wovia 25 13.7Wovia 26 11.8Wovia 28 9.4Wovia 29 6.4Wovia 35 8.5Wovia 38 4.8

Total Average 8.5

LocalityTotal

NumberMonitored

TYPES OF ANAEMIA


N°. % N°. % N°. %

Newtown 12 5 41.7 4 33.3 1 8.3

Dockyard 23 8 34.8 6 28.1 6 28.1

Batoke 19 11 57.9 4 21.1 2 10.5

Wovia 11 2 18.2 3 27.3 0 0.0

Total 65 26 40.0 17 26.2 9 13.8

Urban Zone 35 13 37.1 10 28.6 7 20.0

Rural Zone 30 13 43.3 7 23.3 2 67.0


Table 62: Occurrence of Anaemia among reproducing Women according to Nationality

Table 63: Occurrence of Anaemia among reproducing Women according to average foodexpenses

Table 64: Occurrence of Anaemia among reproducing Women according to HouseholdSize

Nationality TotalNumber

Monitored

Case of Anaemia

N°. %



Total 65 52 80.0


Monitored

Case of Anaemia

N°.

10 , 212[ 35 28 80.0

1212 , +[ 30 24 80.0

Total 65 52 80.0


Monitored

Case of Anaemia

N°. %

10, 5[ 12 12 100.0

]6, 8[ 19 16 84.2

19, 11[ 19 14 73.7

111 , +[ 15 10 66.7

Total 65 52 80.0

10 , 8[ 31 28 90.3

18 +[ 34 24 70.6


Table 65: Haemoglobin Rates among Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women (Raw Data)

Table 66: Occurrence of Anaemia among Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women accordingto Residence.

Locality Age(years)

HaemoglobinRates

Batoke 20 2.6Batoke 40 5.5

Dockyard 14 2.0Dockyard 26 11.1Dockyard 30 10.9

Newtown 16 10.0Newtown 18 6.8Newtown 19 5.5Newtown 25 3.7Newtown 26 4.7Newtown I 8 6.8

Wovia 26 11.8

Total Average 6.8

LocalityTotal

NumberMonitored

TYPES OF ANAEMIA


N°. % N°. % N°. %

Newtown 5 4 80.0 0 0.0 1 20.0

Dockyard 3 1 33.3 0 0.0 2 66.7Batoke 2 2 100.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

Wovia 1 0 0.0 0 0.0 1 100.0

Total 11 7 63.7 0 0.0 4 33.3

Urban Zone 8 5 62.2 0.0 3 3 37.8

Rural Zone 3 2 66.7 0.0 0.0 1 33.7


Table 67: Occurrence of Anaemia among Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women accordingto Nationality.

Table 68: Occurrence of Anaemia among Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women accordingto Average Food Ex enses.

Nationality Total Number Monitored Case of Anaemia

N°. °A



Total 11 i 11 100,0

Nationality Total Number Monitored Case of Anaemia

N°. %

1-2121 4 4 100.0

[212+[ 7 7 100.0

Total 111 11 100.0

LocallityrHaemoglobin RatesBat oke 21 ,9

Batoke 23 f . 1

Batoke 27 4.1Batoke 29 4.0Batoke 30 5.4Batoke 32 4.8Batoke 33 5.8Batok.e 48 5.4Batoke 50 3.9Batoke 50 13.1Batoke 60 15.9Batoke 64 11.1Batoke 65 3.3

Dockyard 20 18.6Dockyard 24 8.4Dockyard 27 3.6Dockyard 28 7.0Dockyard 33 10.8Dockyard 35 9.0Dockyard 38 3.8Dockyard 38 8.4Dockyard 40 8.2Dockyard 44 8.7Dockyard 44 9.9Dockyard 46 7.3Dockyard 48 6.5

Newtown 26 11.9Newtown 35 5.9Newtown 37 6.5Newtown 44 11.0Newtown 45 9.0

Wovia 20 5.2Wovia 20 6.9Wovia 43 9.5Wovia 45 5.7Wovia 47 10.2Wovia 48 13.3Wovia 50 14.6Wovia 51 10.8Wovia 60 13.2Wovia 65 13.9

Total 8.5


Table 69: Haemo lobin rates amone Adult Men-Raw Data.

Table 70: Occurrence of Anaemia among Adult Men according to Residence

Table 71: Occurrence of Anaemia among Adult Men according to Nationality.

Table 72: Occurrence of Anaemia among Adult Men according to Average FoodExpenses

Table 73: Occurrence of Anaemia among Adult Men according to Household Size


LocalityTotal Number

Monitored

TYPES OF ANAEIVIIA


N°. % N°. cyo N°. %

Nevvtown 5 2 40.0 1 20.0 0 0.0

Dockyard 13 3 23.1 8 61.5 1 7.7

Batoke 13 10 76.9 0 0.0 0 0.0

Wovia 10 3 30.0 1 10.0 2 20.0

Total 41 18 43.9 10 24.4 3 7.3]

Urban Zone 18 5 27.8 9 50.0 1 5.5

Rural Zone 23 13 56.5 1 4.3 2 8.7


Sase of Anaemia

N°. %

Camerounais 28 19 67.9

Etrangers 13 12 92.3

Total 41 31 I 78.1


Case of Anaemia

N°. I%

10 , 212[ 22 16 72.7

1212 , +[ 19 15 79.4

Total 41I

31 61.6

NationalityTotal Number

Monitored Case of Anaemia

N°. %

10 , 5[ 8 8 100.0

16, 8[ 12 9 75.0

19 , 11[ 13 10 76.9

111 , +[ 8 4 50.0

Total 41 31 75.6

_11,8F 20 17 85.0

18 , +f 21 14 66.7

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

A.C.0 / S.C.N 1991 Contoling Iron Deficiency A.C.0 / S.C.N State of the art series NutritionPolicy Discussion paper N° 9

Agbessi Dos Santos H et Damon M 1987 Manuel de Nutrition Africaine.Tome I. Elements debase appliques. ACCT, Paris, France.

Comité interministériel préparatoire du sommet mondial de l'alimentation 1996. Position nationaleen matiere de securité alimentaire. Yaounde Cameroun

Kathleen Kurz and Julienne Ngo Som 1994 study of the factors that influence the the nutritionalstatus. Adolescent girls in Cameroon.International center of research on women.Washington , DCUSA.

Latham M.C. 1979. Nutrtion Humaine en Afrique Tropicale. Alimentation et Nutritionno.11,FAO, Rome.

Must A, Gerard E, and Bonnie, S.1991. Reference data for obesity: 85th and 95th percentiles ofbody mass index(wt/ht2) and tricept skin fold thickness. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition53:839-846.

Njifonjou 0, Folack J, Bondja M, Njock J.C, et Njamen D 1995. Enquête-Cadre et Etude Socio-Economique de la Pêche Artisanale Maritime au Cameroun.

Passmore R, Nicol B.M, Narayana Rao M. Beaton G.H et Demaeyer E.M 1974. Manuel sur lesbesoins nutritionnels de l'homme. FAO, Rome

Republiquc du Cameroun 1995. Plan d'action naiional sur la nutri ion (P A N N). Documentprovisoire. Yaounde Cameroun.

Watie, B 1982.Un Equilibre Alimentaire en Afrique. Comment? Hoffman- La Roche et Cie,Neuilly sur Seine, France.

World Health Organization 1995. Physical status: The use and interpretation of anthropometry.Report of a WHO Expert commitee. Technical report WHO, Geneva.

WHO 1968.Nutritional Anaemias: Report of a WHO Scientic Group. WHO Technical ReportSeries No. 405.


ANNEXES

I. TERME DE REFERENCE

Sous la supervision du coordonnateur du DIPA, le Consultant aura a effectuer les tachesci-dessous:

I) L'évaluation de l'état nutritionnel des popupations vivant dans les communautés de péchede Limbe;

Enquéte sur la sécurité, la consommation et les habitudes alimentaires dans cespopulations;

Description de la place et la provenance du poisson dans l'alimentation;

La contribution des hommes par rapport a. celle des femmes dans l'approvisionnementalimentaire des ménages

L'évaluation des pratiques d'hygiéne et la description de l'environnement sanitaire desfamilles;

L'évaluation de la disponibilté des services de santé dans les communautés de péche,

Elaboration des propositions en vue d'améliorer la sécurité alimentaire des ménages ainsique l'état nutritionnel, des enfants et des femmes en âge de procréer,promouvoir lespratiques d'hygiene, améliorer la santé et les infrastructures sanitaires dans la communautéenquêtée.

II. PERSONNES RENCONTREES

Dr. J. Folack, Chef du CRHO, Limbe

Mr. Oumarou Njifoundji, chercheur au CRHO

Mr. Ngoe Oscar, sous-Secteur, MINEPIA, Limbe

Dr. Nyonga M. John, Directeur de l'Hôpital Provincial de Limbe

Dr. E.M. Tchwenko, Conseiller médical, Clinique Botha Annexe


FORMULAIRES D'ENQUETE

- I -FANLILY CHARACTERISTICS

HouseholdMember

EthnicGroup

Religion Civil Status Education Occupation

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

12)

13)

14)


Date of the interview: E E E E E E E OCode: DOOM

Name of the researcher: Areap D El

Location: Household ID

FOOD CONSUMPTION

1.MEALS Number of meals a day

2.FOOD TABOOS: what foods are forbidden, to whom and why?

foodtargetreasons

3 Household food security evaluation

Food Item

HOUSEHOLD FOOD SUPPLY(origin, weight, cost,who bought)

DAY I DAY II DAYIII

VEGETABLES

Cassava leaves

Amaranth

Krenkren

Ndole

Solanum

arrow

cocoyam leaves

Other leaves

Onions

Pepper

Tomato

Okra

Carrots

FRUITS

Avocado

Banana

Papaya


Mango

Pineapple

oranges

_grappefruit

lemon

water melon

mandarine

Wild fruit

PROTEIN FDS

Beef

goat

sheep

porc

chicken

bush meat

eggs

milk

fresh fish

dry fish

cray fish

shrimps

Other sea foods

egussi

groundnuts

beans

other

STARCHY FOODS

Cassava,fr. gari



cassava flour

baton de M

water fouf

Cocoyam

sweet pot

taro

_plantains

rice

corn

bread

pasta

other

FATS AD OILS

palm oil

cotton oil

other veg oils

margarine

butter

MIS LLA-NLOUS

CONVENIENCEITEMS

yogurt

soft drinks

alcohol

fritters

cakes

chocolates

candies

4.Fi

sh s

uppl

y an

d co

nsum

ptio

n

FISH

Dl

PRO

DU

CE

D

D2

QU

AN

TIT

IES

D3

PUR

CH

ASE

D

Dl

D2

D3

SOL

D/P

RO

CE

SSE

D

Dl

D2

D3

DI

1D2

CO

NSU

ME

D

D3

HI. NUTRITIONAL STATUS, PUBLIC HEALTH,DISEASES AND HYGIENECONDITIONS

1 Nutritional Status

2.Housing, hygiene and sanitation within the household environment

Building materials:( ) tiles( ) concreto ) earth ( ) wood ()other

Is the house owned or rented?

Where do you get most of the water for your household?( ) household tap_ ( ) well ( ) spring ( ) river ( ) fountain( ) other

What type of toilet facility do you use when at home?( ) modern ( ) latrine ( ) open air ( ) river ( ) other

household member age sex weight height HB PhysState

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

9)

10)

11)

12)

13)

14)

15)

16)

17)


Observation on :the Disposal conditions of household garbage andwaste water

3. Food safety conditions including food storage facilties at homestorage conditions of cooked and fresh foodexisting odors

IV.CHILD FEEDING PRACTICES AND REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIORS

1.Milk feeding during the first months:

0 breastmilk onlyO formula only0 breastmilk and formula0 breastmilk and solid foodsO formula and solid foods0 breastmilk, formula, and solid foods

2.Milk feeding duration:less than 3 months4-6 months7-11 months1-2 yearsmore than 2 years

3.Source of infomation on chid feeding:breast feedingbottle feedingweaning foods

4.If bottle feeding,why? lack of time to brest feed Low breast milk production....I don't like breast feeding....name of formulacost before and after the devaluation

5.Supplementary feeding:age of introduction :before 6 months 7-11 months after 1 yearcommercial foods used costlocal foods

6.Weaning age:

foods given to children after weaning. HOW they are prepare


7. Taboos affecting child feeding especially during sickness

8.Do you currently use any CHILD SPACING method? Q yes Q no

9.Have you ever attended child spacing or family planning education?

10.Would you practice it? If no why? Birth interval


Gulbrandsen,1985

LISTE DES RAPPORTS DIPA - LIST OF I DAF REPORT

I. Documents techniques / Technical documents

De Graauw, M.A., Etude de préfactibilité technique de l'aménagement d'abris pour la péche maritime1985 artisanale au Bénin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA. 55p., DIPA/WP/1.

Black Michaud, Mi., Mission d'identification des communautés littorales de pécheurs artisans au1985 Benin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 24p., DIPA/WP/2.

0.A., Preliminary account of attempts to introduce alternative types of small craft intoWest Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 51p., IDAF/WP/3.

0.A., Un compte-rendu préliminaire sur les tentatives d'introduire des types alternatifsde petites embarcations en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 53p., DIPA/WP/3.

The influence of socio-economic and cultural structures on small-scale coastal fisheriesdevelopment in Benin Cotonou, IDAF Project, 59p., IDAFfWP/4.

Jorion, P.J.M., L'influence des structures socio-économiques sur le développement des pêches artisanales sur1985 les côtes du Benin. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 59p., DIPA/WP/4.

Tandberg, A., Preliminary assessment of the nutritional situation of subsistence fishermen's families.1986 Cotonou, IDAF Project, 31p., IDAF/WP/5.

Wijkstrom, O., Recyclage des personnels péche en gestion et comptabilité. Cotonou, Projet DIPA,1986 25p., DIPA/WP/6.

Collart, A., Development planning for small-scale fisheries in West Africa, practical and socio-economic1986 aspects of fish production and processing. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 34p., IDAF/WP/7.

Collart, A., Planification du développement des péches artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest; production1986 et traitement du poisson, ses aspects matériels,techniques et socio-économiques. Cotonou,

Projet DIPA, 67p., DIPA/WP/7.

Van der Meeren, A.J.L., Socio-economic aspects of integrated fisheries development in rural fishing1986 villages. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 29p., IDAF/WP/8

Haling, L.J., et O. Wijkstrom, Les disponibilités en materiel pour la peche artisanale. Cotonou, Projet DIPA,1986 47p., DIPA/WP/9.

Akester, S.J., Design and trial of sailing rigs for artisanal fisheries of Sierra Leone. Cotonou, IDAF1986 Project, 31p., IDAF/WP/10.

Vétillart, R., Rapport détude préliminarie sur l'aménagement d'un abri pour la Oche maritime artisanale1986 Cotonou. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 31p., DIPA/WP/11.

Van Hoof, L., Small-scale fish production and marketing in Shenge, Sierra Leone. Cotonou, IDAF1986 Project, 36p., IDAF/WP/12.

Everett, G.V., An outline of West African small-scale fisheries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 32p., IDAF/ WP/13.1986

Anon., Report of the second IDAF liaison officers meeting; Freetown, Sierra Leone (11 - 14 November1987 1986). Cotonou, IDAF Project, 66p., IDAFIWP/15.

Anon., Compte-rendu de la deuxième reunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet1987 DIPA, 27p., DIPA/WP/16.

Campbell, R.J., Report of the preparatory technical meeting on propulsion in fishing canoes in West1987 Africa (Freetovvn, 15-18 November 1986). Cotonou, IDAF Project, 88 p., IDAF/WP/17.

Davy, D.B., Seamanship, Sailing and Motorisation. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 85p., IDAF/WP/18.1987

Gulbrandsen,1985

Jorion, P.J.M.,1985

Anum-Doyi, B., and J. Wocd, Observations on fishing methods in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 53p.,1988 IDAF/VVP/19.

Anon., Report of the third IDAF liaison officers meeting (Cotonou, 2 - 4 December 1987). Cotonou,1988 IDAF Project, 88p., IDAF/WP/20.

Anon., Compte-rendu de la troisième reunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA (2-4 Décembre 1987).1988 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 85p., DIPA/WP/20.

Haakonsen, J.M. (Ed.) Recent developments of the artisanal fisheries in Ghana. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 69p.,1988 IDAF/WP/21.

Everett, G.V., West African marine artisanal fisheries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 41p., IDAF/WP/22.1988

Everett, G.V., Les péches maritimes artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 44p.,1988 DIPA/WP/22.

Coackley, A.D.R., Observations on small fishing craft development in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF1989 Project, 22p., IDAF/WP/23.

Zinsou, J. et W. Wentholt, Guide pratique pour la construction et l'introduction du finnoir "chorkor".1989 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 33p., DIPA/WP/24.

Zinsou, J. and W. Wentholt, A practical guide to the construction and introduction of the chorkor1989 smoker. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 29p., IDAF/WP/24.

Chauveau, J.P., F. Verdeaux, E. Charles-Dominique et J.M. Haakonsen, Bibliographie sur les communautés1989 de pecheurs d'Afrique de l'Ouest - Bibliography on the fishing communities in West-Africa.

Cotonou, Projet DIPA - IDAF Project, 220p., DIPA-IDAF/WP/25.

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Problèmes de développement de laProjet DIPA, 49p., DIPA/WP/26.

, et W. Wentholt, La Oche lacustre au Gabon. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 36p., DIPA/WP/27.

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IDAF/WP/28.

Anon., Report of the fourth IDAF liaison officers meeting (Dakar, 21 - 23 November 1989). Cotonou,1990 IDAF Project, 135p., IDAF/WP/29.

Anon., Compte-rendu de la quatrième reunion des officiers de liaison du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet1990 DIPA, 121p., DIPA/WP/29.

Houndékon, B.R., D.E. Tempelman and A.M. IJff, Report of round table meeting on women's activities1990 and community development in artisanal fisheries (projects) in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF

Project, 12p.+ annexes, IDAF/WP/30.

Houndékon, B.R., D.E. Tempelman et A.M. IJff, Rapport du séminaire sur les activités féminines1990 et le développement communautaire dans les projets de Oches artisanales en Afrique de

l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 14p. + annexes, DIPA/WP/30.

liff, A.M., Socio-economic conditions in Nigerian fishing communities. Based on studies along the1990 Benin and Imo river estuaries. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 113p., IDAF/WP/31.

Okpanefe, M.O., A. Abiodun and J.M. Haakonsen, The fishing communities of the Benin River estuary area:1991 Results from a village survey in Bendel State, Nigeria. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 75p.,

IDAF/WP/32.

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Anon., Compte-rendu du cours "Analyse Quantitative des Aspects Selectionnés de Developpement".1991 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 6 + xlvi p., DIPA/WP/33.

Anon., Report of the course on "Quantitative Analysis of Selected Aspects of Fisheries Development".1991 Cotonou, IDAF Project, 6 + xlv p., IDAF/WP/33.

Callerholm Cassel, E., Cost and Earnings and Credit Studies on Ghanaian Canoe Fisheries. Cotonou,1991 IDAF Project, 38p., IDAF/WP134.

Sheves, G.T., The Ghanaian dug-out canoe and the canoe carving industry in Ghana. Cotonou, IDAF1991 Project, 109p., IDAF/WP/35.

Haakonsen, J.M. and Chimère Diaw, Fishermen's Migrations in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project,1991 293p., IDAF/WP/36.

Haakonsen, J.M. et Chimère Diaw, Migration des Pécheurs en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet1991 DIPA, 332p., DIPA/WP/36.

Gulbrandsen, 0.A., Canoes in Ghana. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 82p., IDAF/WP/37.1991

Anon., Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Report of the Fifth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting. Cotonou,1991 IDAF Project, 140p., IDAF/VVP138.

Anon., Les péches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, Compte-rendu de la Cinquieme reunion des1991 Officiers de Liaison du DIPA. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 122p., DIPA/WP/38.

Beare, R.J. and P. Tanimomo, Purse seine and encircling net fishing operations in Senegal, Guinea,1991 Sierra Leone, Ghana and Benin. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 92p., IDAF/WP/39.

Everett, G.V. and G.T. Sheves, Recent trends in artisanal fisheries and report on alternatives to canoes.1991 Cotonou, IDAF project, 33p., IDAF/WP/40.

Callerholm Cassel, E. and A.M. Jallow. Report of a socio-economic survey of the artisanal fisheries1991 along the atlantic coast in The Gambia. Cotonou, IDAF project, 97p., IDAF/WP/41.

Chimère Diaw, M. et Jan M. Haakonsen, Rapport du séminaire sur les migrations de pécheurs artisans1992 en Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, projet DIPA, 36p.. DIPA/WP/42.

Chimère Diaw, M. and Jan M. Haakonsen, Report on the regional seminar on artisanal fishermen's1992 migrations in West Africa. Cotonou, IDAF project, 35p., IDAF/WP/42.

Houndékon, B. et L. Affoyon, Rapport du séminaire-atelier de sensibilisation sur la méthode accélérée1993 de recherche participative tenu à Libreville Gabon en Novembre 1992. Cotonou, Projet

DIPA, 56p., DIPA/WP/43.

Anon., Rapport de la sixième reunion des fonctionnaires de liaison Banjul, Gambie 1 - 5 février 1993.1993 Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 57p., DIPA/WP/44.

Anon., Report of the sixth IDAF liaison officers meeting Banjul, Gambia 1 - 5 February 1993. Cotonou,1993 IDAF Project, 60p., IDAF/WP/44.

Horemans, B. and Satia B.P., (eds), Report of the Workshop on Fisherfolk Organisations in West Africa.1993 Cotonou, IDAF Project, 93p., IDAF/WP/45.

Horemans, B. et Satia B.P., (éds), Rapport de l'atelier sur les organisations de pêcheurs en Afrique de1993 l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 102p., DIPA/WP/45.

Kébé, M Gallène J. et Thiam D.- Revue sectorielle de la Oche artisanale en Guinée Bissau. Pro1993 gramme de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA),

32p. + annexes, DIPA/WP/46.

Kébé, M., Gallène J. et Thiam D.- Revista sectorial da pesca artesanal na Guiné-Bissau Programa de1993 Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental. Cotonou DIPA, 32p.

+ anexos DIPA/WP/46

Horemans B., - La situation de la pêche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1992. Cotonou. Programme de1993 Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, 36p., DIPA/WP/47.

Kébé, M., Njock J.C. et Gallène J.- Revue sectorielle de la Oche maritime au Cameroun. Programme1993 de Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 30p. +

annexes, DIPA/WP/48.

Kébé, M., Njock, J.C. and Gallène, J. R., Sectoral review of marine artisanal fishery in Cameroon.1993 Cotonou, IDAF Project 33p., IDAF/WP/48

Anon., Report of the Working Group on Artisanal Fisheries Statistics for the Western Gulf of Guinea,1993 Nigeria and Cameroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 126p., IDAF/WP/49

Satia, B.P., Ten years of Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (Origin,1993 Evolution and Lessons Learned). Cotonou, IDAF Project, 37p., IDAF/WP/50

Satia, B.P., Dix ans de développement intégré des péches artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (Origine,1993 evolution et 'mans apprises). Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 41p., DIPA/WP/50.

Stokholm, H. and IseborC.'

The fishery of Ilisha africana in the coastal waters of Republic of Benin1993 and Lagos State, Nigeria. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 81p., IDAF/WP/51.

Anon., - Report of the Seventh IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting Cotonou, Benin, 22-24 November1993 1993. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 72p., IDAF/WP152.

Anon., - Rapport de la Septième Reunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, Cotonou, Bénin, 22-241993 novembre 1993. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 77p., DIPA/WP/52.

Satia B.P., and B. Horemans editors, Workshop on Conflicts in Coastal Fisheries in west Africa,1993 Cotonou, Benin, 24-26 November 1993. Cotonou, IDAF Project 64p., IDAF/WP/53.

Satia B.P., et B. Horemans (éds), Atelier sur les Conflits dans les Pecheries Côtières en Afrique de1993 l'Ouest, Cotonou, Benin, 24-26 novembre 1993. Cotonou, Projet DIPA 68p., DIPA/WP/53.

Horemans, R. The situation of artisanal fishei ies in West Africa in 1993. Programme foi the Integrated1993 Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin 39p., IDAF/WP/54.

Horemans B., La situation de la peche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1993. Cotonou Programme1994 de Développement Inté_gré des Peches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 40p. +

annexes, DIPA/WP/54.

Horemans, B., J; Gallène et J.C. Njock,- Revue sectorielle de la péche artisanale a. Sao Tomé et Principe.1994 Programme de Développement Intégré des Péches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest

(DIPA), 31p. + annexes, DIPA/WP/55.

Horemans, B., J. Gallène e J.-C. Njock, - Revista sectorial da pesca artesanal,a Sao Tome e Principe1994 Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental (DIPA).

32p. + anexos, DIPA/WP/55.

Jul-Larsen, E., Migrant Fishermen in Pointe-Noire (Congo): Continuity and Continuous Change.1994 Cotonou, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa,

51p., IDAF/WP/56.-

Jul-Larsen, E., Pecheurs migrants à Pointe-Noire (Congo): Continuité et Changement1994 Perpétuel. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 59p., DIPA/WP/56.

Satia, B.P., and Hansen, L.S., Sustainability of Development and Management Actions in Two1994 Community Fisheries Centres in The Gambia. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 48p., IDAF/WP/57.

Satia, B.P., et Hansen L.S., La durabilité des actions de développement et de gestion dans deux centres1994 communautaires en Gambie. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 50p., DIPA/WP/57

Heinbuch, U., Animal Protein Sources for Rural and Urban Populations in Ghana. Cotonou, IDAF1994 Project, 25p. + annex, IDAF/WP/58

Johnson J.P. and Joachim Alpha Touré, Accidental Death and Destruction in Artisanal Canoes: A1994 retrospective study of the years 1989-1991 along the coast of Guinea (Conakry) West

Africa. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 21p., IDAF/WP/59

Johnson J.P. et Joachim Alpha Touré, Mort Accidentelle et Destruction des Pirogues Artisanales: Une1994 ètude rétrospective des années 1989-1991 sur le littoral guinéen (Conakry) - Afrique de

l'Ouest. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 21p., DIPA/WP/59

Demuynck, K., and DETMAC Associates, The Participatory Rapid Appraisal on perceptions and pratices1994 of fisherfolk on fishery resource management in an artisanal fishing commtmity in

Cameroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 32p., IDAF/WP/60

Demuynck, K., et les associés de DETMAC, Méthode Accélérée de Recherche Participative sur les1995 perceptions et pratiques des pêcheurs en matière de gestion des ressources halieutiques dans

une communauté de Oche au Cameroun. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 33p., DIPA/WP/60

. Galkite, and F. Houéhou, Sub-regional Workshop on Artisanal Safety at Sea. Banjul, TheGambia 26-28 September 1994. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 57p., IDAF/WP/61

Galkite, et F. Houéhou, Rapport de l'atelier sous-régional sur la Sécurité en Mer de la Ocheartisanale Banjul, Gambie 26-28 septembre 1994. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 61p.,DIPA/WP/61

, A socio-economic study on the distribution and marketing pattern of marine fish productsin the Ndian division, South West Province, Republic of Cameroon. Cotonou, IDAF Project,41p., IDAF/WP/62

Kamphorst, B., Etude socio-économique du mode de distribution et de commercialisation des produits1994 halieutiques du département de Ndian, Province du Sud-Ouest, Républlllique du Cameroun.

Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique del'Ouest (DIPA), 42p., DIPA/WP/62

Heinbuch, U., Population and Development in Fishing Communities: The challenge ahead. Cotonou, IDAF1994 Project, 51p., IDAF/WP/63

Anon., Report of the Eighth ID.AF Liaison Officers Meeting. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 03-04 November 1994.1994 Cotonou, Progyamme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa,

97p., IDAF/WP/64

Anon., Rapport de la Huitième Minion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, du DIPA. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 03-041994 novembre 1994. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Péches

Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, 102p., DIPA/WP/64

Horemans, B., Kébé, M., and W. Odoi-Akersie, Working Group on capital needs and availability in artisanal1994 fisheries methodology and lessons learned from case studies. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 62p.,

IDAF/WP/65

Horemans, B., Ka* M., et W. Odoi-Akersie, Groupe de travail sur les besoins et la disponibilité en capital1994 en Oche artisanale: méthodologie et leçons apprises des ètudes de cas. Cotonou, Bénin,

Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest(DIPA), 62p., DIPAJWP/65

Teutscher F., Tall A., and Jallow A.M., Workshop on-Seeking Improvements in Fish Technology in West1995 Africa. Pointe-Noire, Congo, 7-9 November 1994. Cotonou, Benin, Programme for the

Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa,(IDAF) 75p., IDAF/WP/66.

Teutscher F., Tall A., et Jallow A.M., Rapport de l'Atelier sur le thème "A la Recherche des Améliorations1995 en Technologie du Poisson en Afrique de l'Ouest". Pointe-Noire, Congo, 7-9 novembre

1994. Cotonou, Bénin, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pèches Artisanalesen Afrique de l'Ouest, (DIPA) 82p., DIPA/WP166.

Satia, B.P., J.P1994

Satia, B.P., J.P.1994

Kamphorst. B.1994

Kamphorst, B., A cost and earnings study at Cotonou harbour, Benin, for 1994. Cotonou, Benin Programme1995 for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF) 42p.,

IDAF/WP/67

Kamphorst, B., Etude de Colas et Revenus au port de pêche de Cotonou, Benin, Programme pour le1995 Développement Intégré des Péches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, (DIPA) 45p.,

DIPA/WP/67..

Kamphorst, B., et Teixei_ra, M. Caractéristiques socio-économiques de la Oche à Sao Tome et Principe.1995 Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Peches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest,

(DIPA) Cotonou, Benin 31p. DIPA/WP/68.

Kamphorst, B., e Teixeira, M., Caracteristicas socio-económicas da pesca artesanal maritima em Sdo Tome1995 e Principe Programa de Desenvolvimento Integrado das Pescas Artes anais na Africa

Ocidental. (DIPA) Cotonou Benin, 28p., IDAF/WP/68

Horemans, B., The situation of artisanal fisheries in West Africa in 1994. Programme for the Integrated1995 Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin 40p., IDAF/WP/69.

Horemans, B., La situation de la péche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1994. Cotonou, Benin Programme1995 Dour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 38p.

DIPA/WP/69.

Kébé, M., J-C. Njock, et J. Gallène, Revue sectorielle de la Oche artisanale maritime du Congo. Cotonou,1995 Benin, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Peches Artisanales en Afrique de

l'Ouest (DIPA) 37p., DIPA/WP/70.

Gallène, J.P., Data Compendium on Safety at Sea for Seven West African Countries. Mauritania, Senegal,1995 The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra-Leone and Cape Verde 1991 - 1994. Cotonou,

Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, 13p.,IDAF/WP/71

Gallène, J.P., Compendium des Données sur la Sécurité en Mer dans Sept Pays d'Afrique de l'Ouest:1995 Mauritanie, Senegal, Gambie, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée, Sierra-Leone et Cap Vert 1991 -

1994. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Peches Artisanales enAfrique de l'Ouest, 15p., DIPA/WP/71.

Jallow AM.. Report of the First Meeting of the IDAF Working Group on Costs ancl Earnings in Artisanal1995 Fisneries in West Africa, Dakar, Senegal, 12- 13 June 1995). Cotonou, Benin, Programme

for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, 81p. IDAHWP/72.

Jallow A.M., Rapport de la Première Reunion du Groupe de Travail du DIPA sur Coitts et Revenus en Péche1995 Artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest, (Dakar, Senegal, 12 - 13 juin 1995). Cotonou, Benin,

Progamme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest,82p., DIPA/WP/72.

Anon., Report of the Ninth IDAF Liaison Officers Meeting, Conakry, Guinea, 9-10 November 1995.1995 Cotonou, Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa

102p., IDAF1WP/73

Anon., Rapport de la Neuvième Reunion des Fonctionnaires de Liaison, Conakry, Guinée, 9-10 novembre1995 1995. Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Péches Artisanales en

Afrique de l'Ouest, 112p. DIPA/WP/73.

Satia, B.P. and B.W. Horemans, Report of the Workshop on Participatory Approaches and Traditional1995 Fishery Management Pratices in West Africa. Conakry, Guinea, 13-15 November 1995. - -

Cotonou, Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa.95p., IDAF/WP/74.

Satia, B.P. et B.W. Horemans, Rapport de l'Atelier sur les Approches Participatives et l'Aménagement1995 Traditionnel des Pêches en Afrique de l'Ouest. Conakry, Guinée, 13-15 novembre 1995.

Cotonou, Programme pour le Développement Integre des Peches Artisanales en Afrique del'Ouest, 98p., DIPA/WP/74.

Njifonjou O., J.1996

Houndékon M.1996

Folack, M. Bondja, J-C Njock et D. Njamen, Enquete-cadre et Etude Socio-économique dela Peche Artisanale Maritime au Cameroun. Cotonou, Programme pour le DéveloppementIntégré des Peches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest, 80p., DIPA/WP/75

B., Rapport des ateliers de formation sur la méthode accélérée de recherche participativeKaback et Kamsar (Guinée) du 24 juillet au 03 septembre 1995 Cotonou, Programme pourle Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest. 20p., + annexesDIPA/WP/76.

Houédanou M.-C., et D. Nyamusenge, Guide de redaction des rapports. Cotonou, Programme pour1996 le Développement Integré des Peches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest 44p, DIPA/WP/77

Kuyateh M., Rapport de Synthèse sur l'Atelier de Formation Pratique (théorie et application sur1996 le terrain) sur la MARP à l'intention des Cadres et des Techniciens de la Péche Artisanale

du Senegal Septembre 1995 - Dakar, Senegal. Cotonou, Programme pour le DéveloppementIntégré des Péches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest '75p., DIPA/WP/78

Satia B.P. et C.Z. Wétohossou, (eds) Report of the working group on women's key role and issues related to1996 gender in fishing communities. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal

Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF) Cotonou, Benin, 32p., IDAF/WP/79

Satia B.P., et C.Z. Wétohossou, (eds) Rapport du groupe de travail sur la position centrale des femmes et les1996 questions liées au genre dans les communautés de péche.. Cotonou, Programme pour le

Développement Intégré des Péches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA) 34p.,DIPA/WP/79.

Horemans B T. Ajayi and J. Gallène - Sector Review of the Artisanal Marine Fisheries in The Gambia.1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF),

Cotonou, Benin. 40p., IDAF/WP/80

Kébé M., J.0 Njock et J. Gallène, - Revue sectorielle de la pêche artisanale maritime au Gabon. Programme1996 pour le Développement Intégré des Peches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA),

Cotonou, Benin. 39p. + annexes, DIPA/WP/81

Stamatopoulos C., Rapport de l'Atelier sur l'Utilisation du Logiciel de Statistiques des Peches (ARTFISH).1996 Cotonou, Benin, 6-9 mai 1996. Programme de Développement Intégré des Péches

Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Benin 59p., DIPA/WP/82

Stamatopoulos C., Report of the Workshop on the use of a fisheries statistical software (ARIFISH),1996 Cotonou, Benin 6-9 May 1996. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal

Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF). Cotonou, Benin 61p., IDAF/WP/83

Horemans, B., The state of artisanal fisheries in West Africa in 1995. Programme for the Integrated1996 Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa, Cotonou, Benin 43p., IDAFfWP/84.

Horemans, B., L'état de. la Oche artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest en 1995. Cotonou, Benin Programme1996 pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA), 45p.

DIPA/WP/84.

Beauvallet-Le Coq, C., A Study of Community Participation in the Aguégués Project BEN/88/CO3 -1996 BEN/88/014 (Improving the living conditions of the Populations in the District of

Aguégués) Programme for Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West AfricaCotonou, Benin. 28p., IDAF/VVP/85

Beauvallet-Le Coq, C., Etude de la Participation des Populations des Aguégués au Projet BEN/88/CO3 -1996 BEN/88/014. (Amelioration-des Conditions de Vie des Populations de la Sous-Prefecture

Lacustre des Aguégués). Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Peches Artisanalesen Afrique de l'Ouest. Cotonou, Benin. 32p., DIPA/WP/85.

Sow, A., Curso de forma9do sobre a organizaçao de urna biblioteca. Programa para o Desenvolvimento1996 Integrado das Pescas Artesanais na Africa Ocidental (DIPA). Cotonou, Benin. 35p. +

anexos, DIPA/VVP/86

Sow, A., Cours de formation sur l'organisation d'une bibliothèque. Programme pour le Développement1996 Intégré des Péches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Benin. 32p., +

annexes, DIPA/WP/86

Sy, M., Situation nutritionnelle, sécurité alimentaire, hygiene et salubrité dans la communaute de peche de1996 Joal, Senegal. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Peches Artisanales

Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Benin, 19p., + annexes. DIPA/WP/87

Touray, I., Study on Women's Organizations in Brufut and Gunjur Communities and the Factors that Favour1996 or Impede their Sustainability in the Gambia. Programme for the Integrated Development

of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin, 41p., IDAF/WP/88

Ngo Som, J., Situation nutritionnelle, sécurité alimentaire, hygiene et salubrité dans la communauté de peche1996 de Limbe, Cameroun. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Pêches Artisanales

en Afrique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Benin 92p. DIPA/WP/89

Afful, K., et Kébé, M., Fiscal Policy and the Artisanal Fisheries Sector in Ghana and Senegal. Programme1996 for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa (IDAF). Cotonou,

Benin, 37p., IDAF/WP/90.

Afful, K., et Kébé, M., La politique fiscale et le secteur de la Oche artisanale au Ghana et au Senegal.1996 Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Peches Artisanales en Afrique de l'Ouest

(DIPA). Cotonou, Benin. 42p., DIPA/WP/90

Horemans, B., Theoretical Considerations and Practical Implications of Subsidies to the Artisanal Fisheries1996 Sector in West Africa. Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries

in West Africa. Cotonou, Benin 20p., IDAF/WP/91

Horemans, B., Considerations théoriques et implications pratiques des subventions au secteur de la peche1996 artisanale en Afrique de l'Ouest. Programme pour le Développement Intégré des Peches

Artisanales en Af-rique de l'Ouest (DIPA). Cotonou, Benin, 21p., DIPA/WP/91

Ndiaye, Y.D., Use of Capital Income in Artisanal Fisheries: the Case of Boat-Owners in Hann, Senegal.1996 Programme for the Integrated Development of Artisanal Fisheries in West Africa. Cotonou,

Benin. 16p., IDAF/WP192.

Ndiave, Y.D., Utilisation des revenus du capital en Oche artisanale: le cas des armateurs de Haim au1996 Senegal Programme pour le Développement Intearé des Pêches Artisanales en Afrioue, de

l'Ouest (D1PA). Cotonou, Benin 21p., DIFAMP/92

Manuels de terrain / Field Manuals

Johnson. J.P. et M.P. Wilkie, Pour un développement intégré des peches artisanales; du bon usage1988 de participation et de la planification. Cotonou, Projet DIPA, 157p. + annexes, Manuel de

Terrain N° 1.

Meynall, P.J., J.P. Johnson, and M.P. Willcie, Guide for planning monitoring and evaluation in fisheries1988 development units. Cotonou, IDAF Project, 116 p., IDAF Field Manual N° 2.

III. IDAF Newsletter / La Lettre du DIPA

IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA-, 1, October/Octobre 1985, 4 p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 2, January/Janvier 1986, 14 p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 3, June/Juin 1986, 40 p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 4/5, Sept./Dec. 1986, 76 p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 6, September 1987, 58 p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 7, June/Juin 1988, 84 p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 8, June/Juin 1989, 74 p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 9, October/Octobre 1989, 84 p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 10, August/Aofit 1990, 84 p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 11, January/Janvier 1991, 6 p.

Landry, J., and D. Tempelman, Functional literacy, Training Guide for a numeracy course. Cotonou,1989 Model Project, 55 p. + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/11.

IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 12, April/Avril 1991, 8 p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 13, July/Juillet 1991, 6 p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 14, October/January 1992, 12 p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 15, September/Septembre 1992, 85pIDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 16, December/Décembre 1992, 31p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 17, March/Mars 1993, 39p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 18, June/Juin 1993, 38p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 19, September/Septembre 1993, 32p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 20, December/Décembre 1993, 28p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 21, March/Mars 1994, 32p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 22, June/Juin 1994, 32p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 23, September/Septembre 1994, 52pIDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 24, December/Décembre 1994, 36p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 25, March/Mars 1995, 32p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 26, June/Juin 1995, 32p.IDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 27, September/Septembre 1995, 40pIDAF Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 28, December/Décembre 1995, 32p.IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 29, March/Mars 1996,IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 30, June/Juin 1996,IDAF/Newsletter/Lettre du DIPA, 31, September/Septembre 1996,

IV. Documents de travail du Prolet Modèle, Bénin / Working papers of the Model Prolect, Benin

Coacklev, A.D.R., Report on installation of a diesel inboard motor in a Ghana canoe. Cotonou, Model1988 Project, 7 p. + annexes, PMB/WP/1 (En).

Coackley, A.D.R., Installation d'un moteur diesel "inboard" dans une pirogue ghanéenne. Cotonou,1988 Projet Modòle, 9 p. + annexe, PMB/WP/1 (Fr).

Zannou, L.H., Etudes technico-économiques des fours améliorées pour le fumage de poisson en1988 République Populaire du Benin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 8 p. + 6 tableaux, PMB/WP/2.

Atti-Mama, C., et M. Rais, Etude démographique des communautés cibles du projet Mod&le Bénin.1988 Cotonou, Projet Mod&le, 20 p. + 10 annexes, PMB/WP/3.

Jorion, P., Non-monetary distribution of fish as food in Beninois small-scale fishing villages and its1988 importance for auto-consumption. Cotonou; Model I), oject, 26p., PMB/WP/4.

Tanimomo, P.F., Catalogue des engins de pêche maritime artisanale du Benin. Cotonou, Projet Modèle,1989 46 p. + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/4, PMB/WP/5.

Tanimomo, PF., Rapport de consultation sur la formation des jeunes pecheurs de l'UNICOOPEMA1989 a. Lome. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 17 p. + 6 annexes, PMB/WP/6.

Atti Mama, C., Impact socio-économique de la piste Pahou-Kpota. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 10 p.1989 + 3 annexes, PMB/WP/7.

Ahouanmènou, C., C. Atti-Mama, B. Houndékon, D. Tempelman et D. Turcotte, Animation, gestion1989 et planification, séance de travail avec les agents de terrain. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 142

p. + armexes, PMB/WP/8.

Atti-Mama, C., D. Turcotte, et W. Wentholt, Evaluation interne des activités du projet modèle Bénin1989 dans le secteur de Ouidah. Cotonou, Projet Modéle, 36 p. + 7 annexes, PMB/WP/9.

Tempelman, D., The participatory approach in an integrated artisanal fisheries project; structuring1989 community development - womens activities. Cotonou, Model Project, 43 p., PMB/WP/10.

Landry, J., Cours d'alphabétisation fonctionnelle en calcul. Cotonou, Projet Modèle, 59 p. + 3 annexes1989 PMB/WP/11.

Atti-Mama, C., Systèmes traditionnels et modemes d'épargne et de credit en milieu pécheur au Benin.1990 Cotonou, Projet Modele, 41 p. + annexes, PMB/WP/12.

Sanouvo, P., Statistiques de péches des villages du Projet Modele Ann& 1987. Cotonou, Projet Modele,1990 33p., PMB/WP/13.

Shoves, G.T., P.T. Holler and P.F. Tanimorno, Report on demonstration with echo-soimders, compas1990 ses and multirnono gillnets in Ghana. Cotonou, Model Project, 22 p., PMB/WP /14.

Coackley, A.D.R., and G.T. Sheves, A review of the experimental introduction of diesel inboard1990 motors to Ghana canoes. Cotonou, Model Project, 41p., PMBfWP/15.

IX, A.M. et D.E. Tempelrnan, Etude sur les relations entre les captures de poisson et l'état nutri1990 tionnel des cominunautés de pécheurs dans la province du Mono, au Benin. Cotonou, Projet

Modele, 27p., PMB/WP/16.

Sènouvo, A.P. et A.A. Gbaguidi, Recueil des données statistiques des péches maritimes au Benin.1990 Période de 1984 à 1989. Cotonou, Projet Modele, 134p., PMB/WP/17.

Houndékon, B.R., Initiative locale et développement: Experience des communautés de pécheurs1990 marins du Benin Cotonou, Projet Modele, 17 p., PMB/WP/18.

Le Gurwi, J.F., La section de technique des peches. Cotonou, Projet Modele, 43 p., PMB/WP/19.1991

FAO/Government Cooperative Programme, Integrated Development of Small-Scale Fisheries in West1991 Africa, Model Project Benin, Project fmdings and recommendations. FAO, Rome,

FI:GCP/RAF/198/DEN Terminal Report, 34p.

Programme de Cooperation FAO/Gouvernements, Développement Intégré de la pêche artisanale en1991 Afrique de l'Ouest, Projet Modele Benin, Conclusions et recommandations du Projet. FAO,

Rome, FI:GCP/RAF/198/DEN Rapport terminal, 40 p.

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