ID 1. L’Anse aux Meadows (pg. 15)

• When: the late 900’s, post 984• Historical Significance: It was the first European settlement in North

America. It was created by the Vikings (Norsemen) under Leif Ericson in present day Newfoundland and called Vinland. It was soon abandoned due to climate changes, difficulty in communicating with Scandinavia, hostility from Native Americans, and unrest in Scandinavia (the Vikings’ homeland). The termination of this settlement indicated that Europe was not prepared for Transatlantic settlement.

L’Anse aux Meadows - http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/4

ID 2. Norsemen (pg. 15)

• When: the late 900’s, post 984• Historical Significance: The Norsemen, the Vikings of Scandinavia, were the

first Europeans known to settle in the New World. In 984, Eric the Red led a group of his men to Greenland from Iceland. After a few years past, Eric’s son, Leif Ericson, led another expedition further west. He found and settled a small part of Newfoundland, L’Anse aux Meadows, 500 odd years before Columbus found the New World. The colony, however, was soon abandoned due to climate changes, difficulty in communicating with Scandinavia, hostility from Native Americans, and unrest in Scandinavia (the Viking’s homeland). The termination of this settlement indicated that Europe was not prepared for Transatlantic settlement.

Norsemen - http://www.gutenberg.org/files/28497/28497-h/28497-h.htm

ID 3. John Rolfe (pg. 33 and 34)

• When: early 1600’s, mid 1610’s (popularization of tobacco)• Historical Significance: John Rolfe is important for his popularization of tobacco, “the stinking

weed.” He created a milder brand of tobacco than was previously acquired from the Natives or grown in the West Indies. It became the first real money maker of Jamestown. This cash crop was the first real success to come from the Jamestown colony. This validated the idea that colonies were profitable ventures. This lead to a great influx of people to Jamestown. These new colonists also brought slaves and indentured servants with them, leading to an increase in slavery, and, as they farmed the tobacco and the tobacco supported Jamestown, the beginning of economic dependence on servitude. While in the colonies’ early years, indentured servants were more common than slaves, slavery would eventually eclipse indentured servitude. As an incentive to settle at Jamestown, martial law was dropped and the House of Burgesses was created. This was the first democratic governing body in the colonies. Another incentive for moving to Jamestown was the headright system. In this system, those who paid for their own passage to Virginia were granted a 50 acre plot of land on which they only owed a small debt. An additional amount of land was granted for each servant for whom one paid. All of this was a result of Rolfe’s work with tobacco. John Rolfe was also known for marrying the Native women Pocahontas.

John Rolf and Pocahontas - http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/John_Rolfe.aspx

ID 4. John Smith (pg. 32)

• When: 1606 (granting of the Virginia charter) – 1610 (arrival of Baron De La Warr)• Historical Significance: John Smith was one of the original settlers of Jamestown, the

first Virginia Colony. He mapped out the Chesapeake region and bartered for food with the natives. More importantly, he solved the labor issues of Jamestown. The colonists had attempted to replicate their English work experience where each worked for a few hours while the others sat around. Also, many colonists were more interested in searching for fabled and immediate wealth than working. In 17th century England, which suffered from an over-abundance of labor, this was successful. In a newly created colony, it was not; everyone needed to pull their weight. Smith solved this issue by taking over the Jamestown council in 1608 and setting up a strict, military work system which probably saved the colony. Anecdotally, it is said that Smith was rescued from execution by the Indian woman, Pocahontas.

John Smith - http://www.biography.com/people/john-smith-9486928

ID 5. Mayflower Compact (pg. 37)

• When: 1620• Historical Significance: It was an agreement created

by the Pilgrim leaders of the Mayflower voyage (including William Bradford, the first elected governor). In it, the signatories agreed to create a democratic government for themselves. It was created mainly to hold the expedition together after they ended up in territory (Plymouth Rock, New England) which was not theirs under their charter. This was the first document in American history to outline democratic and republican ideals.

The Mayflower Compact - http://www.ushistory.org/documents/mayflower.htm

ID 6. Puritans (pg. 37-39)

• When: the 1600’s• Historical Significance: Puritans could be separated into two protestant groups: Pilgrims

(Plymouth Colony) and Puritans (Massachusetts Bay and Rhode Island Colonies). Both groups believed that the Church of England was corrupt and had too many Catholic ceremonies. The Pilgrims moved to America as separatists from the Church of England. The Puritans (Calvinists) moved to form a perfect community, to show the Church of England what was right by forming an ideal “City on a Hill.” They wished to reform the Church, not leave it. The Puritans moved to the New World with their families. This kept the proportion of men to women much more equal than that of the other colonies. Also, the Puritan’s life expectancy was much greater than that of the people of other colonies. This was because of better water and a better climate. Many were originally farmers. As colonists, they were bound together by a shared religious cause and purpose. They governed their colony through a system known as Congregationalism, in which each village was independent of others and had its own government. Important members of these groups included William Bradford (Pilgrim) and John Winthrop, Roger Williams, and Ann Hutchinson (Puritans).

Puritans - http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/people/puritans.html

ID 7. Bacon’s Rebellion (pg. 69, 70)

• When: 1676• Historical Significance: Many Virginia colonists were discontented with the control of

the fur trade by Governor Berkley of the Virginia Colony and his Green Spring Faction cronies. Nathaniel Bacon, a farmer, wanted to start up in the fur trade. However, Berkley denied him his license. Later, Susquehanna raids occurred. Berkley refused to retaliate for fear of damaging his lucrative fur trade. Bacon then volunteered to lead a militia himself, in hopes of gaining power. Berkley turned down his request and labelled him a traitor. Bacon subsequently led frontiersmen in revolt against Berkeley, causing anarchy. He even burnt Jamestown to the ground. Eventually the revolt collapsed, and Berkeley regained control after Bacon died of dysentery. In this event, one sees the discontent the colonists had with English rule. This banded Virginia planters together and foreshadowed the events of the Glorious Revolution. Also, Bacon’s willingness to attack any Native tribe shows that colonists were liable to group all the Natives together into one hostile party.

Nathaniel Bacon - https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/the-expansion-and-crises-of-the-colonies-1650-1750-4/colonies-in-crisis-52/bacon-s-rebellion-317-2398/

ID 8. Roger Williams (pg. 41 and 44)

• When: 1836 (Date of significance, not birth to death)• Historical Significance: Williams, who arrived in 1631, was exiled from the

Massachusetts Bay colony in 1636 for his beliefs. He favored total separation from the Church of England and questioned the right of the colonists to live on Native land granted by a royal charter. He believed that one was entitled to believe whatever they wanted, no matter what any church said. He also believed some of the clergy were corrupt. He founded Rhode Island based on the idea of religious tolerance. All faiths were tolerated in this colony. Here one sees early divisions within the various colonies of New England, concerning who should rule and how. Also, the fight for religious and personal freedoms seems to be beginning.

Roger Williams - http://www.rogerwilliams.org/biography.htm

ID 9. Anne Hutchinson (pg. 41 and 44)

• When: 1634 - 1638 (Dates of significance, not birth to death)• Historical Significance: Anne Hutchinson came to the Massachusetts Bay colony in

1634, and believed that many English clergy were not actually faithful. Also she thought that one did not need priests or scripture to experience God. She additionally preached that one could study the Bible oneself. These beliefs went against the Church of England. The clergy were threatened by these ideas because they reduced the clergy’s importance. She was exiled from Massachusetts Bay in 1638. She and her followers relocated to Portsmouth, Rhode Island. She championed the idea of freedom of conscience. This is the idea that one does not need the church to determine right from wrong or what to believe at all. One could make that decision alone. Her beliefs are also known as antinomianism. Anne Hutchinson was one of the most important and influential women of the early Colonial Period.

Anne Hutchinson - http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h577.html

ID 10. King Philip’s (Metacomet’s) War (pg. 70 and the ch. 3 Voice Thread)

• When: 1675• Historical Significance: Increased trade brought many new settlers to New England. These new

colonists were different from the original Puritan settlers in that their goals were economic, not religious. Also, increased trade and the Navigation Acts led to an increased presence of British officials and authority in the New England colonies. This led to a westward colonial expansion, which angered the Wampanoag and Narragansett Natives who lived in the region. In 1675, King Philip (the English nickname for the Native King Metacomet) led a Native alliance against the English. At first, the colonists had a hard time putting up a united front, but eventually they triumphed. The total dead exceeded 1,000. King Philip was dismembered, and his severed head was used as an example to daunt other natives. This harsh treatment was exacerbated by the fact that Metacomet had traded with the colonists for years, and so his war was seen as a betrayal. This is cited as the first united attempt by the Natives to stop and/or expel the English colonists. This foreshadows many long and bloody struggles between the colonists, and eventually Americans, and the Native people.

Metacomet - http://www.history.com/topics/native-american-history/king-philips-war

ID 11. William Penn/Quakers (pg. 46-48)

• When: late 1600’s and early 1700’s, 1681 (Penn granted Pennsylvania charter)• Historical Significance: The Quakers, or Society of Friends, believed strongly in

antinomianism, the idea that all people could interpret scripture as they wished, that all people could find salvation, and pacifism. They were extremely tolerant of other faiths. Other Englishmen persecuted Quakers, however. In 1681, William Penn, a Quaker, acquired a charter from the King to found the colony of Pennsylvania, making it a haven for Quakers and all other religions and nationalities, a “Holy Experiment.” The accepting nature of the Quakers led to Pennsylvania becoming extremely ethnically and religiously diverse. This diversity shaped Pennsylvanian society, but the diversity led to differences of opinions about government that led to many political struggles and divisions. Pennsylvania became extremely economically successful in both trade and agriculture. This was because of good farm land, access to the Atlantic, and trade with the Natives. Trade with the Natives was mostly successful because the Quakers treated them as equals and were thusly labelled friends. Pennsylvania originally had a unicameral government. The lower counties of Pennsylvania separated and formed Delaware.

William Penn - http://www.ushistory.org/penn/images/portrait_t.jpg

ID. 12 Salutary (Benign) Neglect (pg. 70 – 73, also see the ch.3 Voice Thread)• When: 1688 (The Glorious Revolution: the beginning of Salutary Neglect) –

1760 (ascension of George III)• Historical Significance: This was a result of the Glorious Revolution, the

bloodless overthrow of James II and the instalment of William and Mary as dual monarchs of England. William and Mary decided to not interfere in the colonies. They allowed the colonies to govern themselves (self government). They recreated local assemblies and decided on taxation themselves. This made the colonies feel independent from England. They created their own American identity. This became a problem for later monarchs (George III) who wished a greater involvement in colonial government. This was a long term cause of colonial unrest against George III and, ultimately, the Revolutionary War.

William and Mary - http://faculty.history.wisc.edu/sommerville/123/123%20600%20James%20II.htm

ID 13. The Navigation Acts (pg. 68 and 69)

• When: 1660, 1663, 1667 and 1696 respectively• Historical Significance: The Navigation Acts were a series of four laws passed by Parliament to protect English trade from

foreign powers and achieve the goals of mercantilism. These were a direct result of a belief in mercantilism. The Navigation Act of 1660 was twofold. First, only ships built in England or her colonies and manned by a crew 75 percent English or colonial could trade in the colonies. Second, when these ships were carrying certain enumerated goods, tobacco and cotton for example, which could not be produced in England they had to trade with other English ports. At these ports, colonist were subject to import duties. The second Navigation Act, the Staple Act of 1663, stated that certain enumerated goods could only be sold to the colonies if they had gone through an English port, increasing the price the colonists ultimately had to pay for the goods. The Navigation Act of 1673, stated that a tariff had to be paid on all enumerated goods passing through colonial ports. This was passed to patch a loophole in the Navigation Act of 1660. Colonists with enumerated goods would avoid the import duty by passing through a colonial port before going to Holland or France. This way they met the letter of the law. The final Navigation Act in 1696 was an effort to force the colonies to accept the Acts. This Act made enforcement stricter and set up vice-admiralty courts to settle disputes at sea. These courts greatly discouraged smugglers. The Acts caused more ships to be built by the colonists and English. The crown’s income increased. Also, England’s rivals found it harder to get certain goods. The Navigation Acts caused friction between the colonists and the British government. This is because the English sold the enumerated goods to the colonists at high prices because the colonists could not get them anywhere else. Furthermore, because of the import customs, planters made less money selling their crop then they used to. This especially hurt the less wealthy planters who had a very small profit margin. Colonists resisted the first three Navigation Acts, and still traded with other powers. However, the fourth Act compelled the colonists to obey the Navigation Acts by making it more profitable to obey than resist.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406991/Navigation-Acts

#14. Glorious Revolution• In England: In 1688, the replacement of James II with William and Mary, marking the beginning of a constitutional monarchy in England.

• In New England: In 1689, Edmund Andros (New England royal governor appointed by James II who abolished elective assemblies) was deposed and the Dominion of New England was formed. The Dominion gave the colonists self-government that was separate from religion. Eligibility to participate in politics was determined by personal property rather than church membership.

• In New York: Jacob Leisler (a German immigrant) led a rebellion in 1689 and took control of the New York government for two years before he was hanged by a new royal governor who arrived in 1691.

• In Maryland: Anti-Catholic sentiment explodes after William and Mary come to power. In 1691, King William approved a rebellion which overthrew the Catholic government, making Maryland protestant.

• Dates: • Glorious Revolution in England – 1688• Rebellion in New England – April 18, 1689• Rebellion in New York – May 1689 to March 1691• Rebellion in Maryland – 1689 to 1691

http://www.landofthebrave.info/images/william-mary-1689.jpg

#15. Triangular Trade (Columbian Exchange)

• The exchange of plants, animals, cultures, and diseases between the New and Old Worlds• Plants and animals that were exchanged are now common on both continents.

• Animals – horses had been driven extinct by the early Native Americans. When horses were brought to the New World through the Columbian Exchange, the lifestyle of many plains and mountain Indians changed.

• Plants – before 1500, potatoes were only grown in South America. During the 1800s, Ireland was so dependent on potatoes that a potato disease caused the Great Famine.

• Diseases, such as smallpox, killed many Native Americans• Europeans had used Native Americans as a labor force for growing sugar and tobacco.• The death of Native Americans caused an increase in the need for African slaves.

• The Middle Passage• The transport of African slaves from Africa to America; it was part of the Columbian Exchange.• Hundreds of slaves would be packed into the hulls of ships. They were given little to eat, and they had to live in their waste and sweat for several weeks. Many slaves died on the journey, so slave traders increased their profit by packing more slaves onto the ship.

• Date: 1492 to 1600s• The Middle Passage continued until the 1800s

http://www.trinityhistory.org/AmH/u2maps.htm

#16. Consumerism• Consumerism – the promotion of the interests of consumers

• The colonial economy was a mercantilist economy (the idea that one country’s economic gain directly causes another country’s loss). In order to insure its gain, England prevented the colonies from trading with Holland or France. The colonies could not produce their own goods, so they had to buy them from England.

• This mercantilist economy, however, had a negative effect on the economies of the colonies. Taxes from the Navigation Acts (1660 and 1673) caused American farmers to make less money from their crops. This, along with several years of bad crops, caused economic depression in several colonies, especially Virginia.• Navigation Acts – an attempt to eliminate the Dutch as trading partners

with the colonies. However, colonists quickly found loopholes, and when these loophole were fixed, the Dutch simply stole the goods, attacking the merchant ships.

• Enumerated goods – goods listed in the Navigation Acts, such as tobacco and sugar, which could only be traded with England. England was not able to produce these goods, so it was very important that the colonies could supply them.

• Dates: Navigation Acts – 1660 and 1673

A Merchant Ship

http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~vaucher/History/Ships_Discovery/Ships/Victory2.jpg

#17. Salem Witchcraft Trials• Caused by the instability of the Massachusetts government after the arrest of

Edmund Andros (corrupt royal governor arrested during the Glorious Revolution in the Dominion of New England), this local incident in Salem, Massachusetts expanded into a colonial crisis.

• It began in Salem Village when several girls began to act strangely, and people accused them of being witches and making compacts with the devil. (Most of the people in Massachusetts were Puritan)

• People who were accused were brought to the court, and the court searched for spectral evidence. The accused had no way to defend themselves from this evidence, and they were declared witches and executed.• Spectral Evidence – reports of dreams and visions in which the accused

appeared as the devil’s agent

• Date: late 1691 to 1692

http://historyofmassachusetts.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/Salem-witch-trials.jpg

A painting of a Puritan courthouse

#18. Great Awakening

• Widespread evangelical religious revival movement. The movement divided congregations and weakened the authority of established churches in the colonies.

• It was sparked in Massachusetts by Jonathan Edwards (see #19 for more on Edwards).

• George Whitefield was an English preacher who toured the colonies to spread religious fervor. He was an itinerant preacher (Travelling ministers who spread revivalism). Through his preaching, he became one of the most well-known men in America at the time.

• The Great Awakening gave a sense of American unity, and people believed that America had a religious role in the world. It also caused people to speak up about what they thought.

• Date: 1730s to 1760s

http://www-tc.pbs.org/godinamerica/art/pgeorge-whitefield.jpg

George Whitefield

#19. Jonathan Edwards

• The local Congregational minister in Northampton, Massachusetts.

• He accepted Calvinism, and his fiery sermons increased religious fervor, setting off a religious revival throughout the colonies: The Great Awakening.

• His most famous sermon is “Sinners in the Hands of and Angry God.” The sermon vividly describes Hell, emphasizing that it is a real place. However, he says that God will allow humans to repent. The sermon was so successful in increasing religious fervor that it was frequently interrupted by people crying out for salvation.

• Edwards was also familiar with the writings of John Locke, and he incorporated philosophy into his teachings.

• Date: October 3rd, 1703 to March 22nd, 1758

http://westernthm.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/jonathan-edwards.jpg

Jonathan Edwards

#20. Enlightenment• A philosophical and intellectual movement that began in Europe during the

eighteenth century. It stressed the application of reason to solve social and scientific problems. It was also known as the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment changed the way that educated people thought about God, nature, and society. It was a search for useful knowledge, ideas, and inventions that would improve the quality of human life. Many ideas of the Enlightenment, such as natural rights, were important in causing the American Revolution, and they were also kept in mind when writing the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.

• Benjamin Franklin, and American philosophe, devoted himself to the Enlightenment. He left behind his Puritan faith, and he devoted himself to the pursuit of useful knowledge. He pushed God aside in order to exercise human reason (Puritans believed that all decisions were already pre-determined by God). He took part in forming the Library Company, which connected the colonies through a pursuit of knowledge.

• Date: 18th century

http://www.earlytorise.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/iStock_000015987445XSmall.jpg

#21. French and Indian War

• Part of the Seven Years War between England and France, the war was fought between English and French colonies. The French had a much smaller military than the British, so they heavily relied on Indians to help them fight. William Pitt, the prime minister of England, realized that France won most of the wars in Europe, so he decided to focus on America instead. Pitt took personal command of the entire British military. The Peace of Paris ended the war on February 10, 1763. France entirely gave up their American empire, and England had an empire that now stretched around the globe. The French only owned a few Caribbean islands. The war brought America into closer contact with England. However, the Proclamation of 1763 (#26), preventing colonists from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains, would frustrate the colonists and lead to tension with England.

• Date: 1754 to 1763

http://media.maps.com/magellan/Images/USAH006-H.gif

#22. Fort Necessity (Battle of the Great Meadows)

• Battle during the French and Indian War.

• Fort Necessity was a British fort located in the Allegheny Mountains. It was originally built to protect British traders who traded with Native Americans in the Ohio River region.

• It was ambushed by the French and was destroyed.

• George Washington’s only defeat (He was the lieutenant in charge of the British forces at the fort).

• Date: July 3, 1754

http://www.kitgentry.com/Images/roadtrip_necessity1.jpg

#23. William Pitt

• Prime Minister of England during the Seven Years War.

• He took personal control of the British army and navy during the French and Indian War. Pitts goal was to expel France from the continent, no matter what the cost. He believed that North America was for Europeans to fight on, rather than fighting in Europe. The Treaty of Paris almost fulfilled his goal; France was given a few Caribbean sugar islands but was otherwise expelled from the continent.

• Date: November 15th, 1708 to May 11th 1778

http://www.historytoday.com/sites/default/files/Elderpitt.jpg

William Pitt

#24. George Grenville

• A Whig statesman who became prime minister of England in 1763.

• He was responsible for the Stamp Act.

• The Stamp Act was a direct tax that caused most documents to be on stamped paper. The tax outraged colonists, adding to the tension between Britain and the colonies that had been caused by the Proclamation of 1763. The Act led to appeal for repeal, but then it led to violence, as the Sons of Liberty started riots and boycotts, and attacked tax collectors. The tax was eventually repealed, but it was replaced with the Townshend Acts, leading to more boycotts and protests.

• Dates: George Grenville – October 14th, 1712 to November 13th, 1770

Stamp Act – 1765

Townshend Acts - 1767https://

www.awesomestories.com/images/user/

ebcf5677166ace5aa0d02f43954f8da8.jpg

A Stamp Act Stamp

#25. Battle of Quebec (Battle of the Plains of Abraham)

• James Wolfe, a British general, led his army to the Plains of Abraham just outside of Quebec and defeated the French forces there. Before the battle, the British had sieged Quebec for three months. Although the battle was very small, the loss of Quebec put pressure on the remaining French forces, who were under attack by British general Jeffrey Amherst. The French were eventually completely expelled from New France, but the Peace of Paris allowed them to keep their Caribbean sugar islands.

• Date: September 13th, 1759.

http://www.britishbattles.com/battle-of-quebec.htm

#26. Proclamation of 1763

• Created a line that prohibited the Americans from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains. The line was made because, after the Seven Years War, the British government did not have enough money to fight a war against the Indians. However, it aggravated the Americans, who had just spent nine years fighting over the land, yet they could not go into it. The Americans also felt that the British army had stayed in America after the was to enforce the Proclamation Line. This led to the beginning of raised tensions between England and America.

• Date: 1763

http://thevividsouth.wordpress.com/

ID #27: Pontiac’s War• Pontiac was an Ottawa warrior who, along with many other natives, was

convinced by the spiritual leader Neolin to resist further white settlement after the French had been expelled during the Seven Years War. He coordinated a rebellion along America’s frontier, killing thousands. This ultimately worsened the situation for the natives by inviting strong racism throughout the frontier when it was over. Also, its success in killing so many people convinced Americans of the uselessness of the British troops that cost so much money. It led to the drawing of the Proclamation Line of 1763, stifling expansion and motivating the colonists to rebel against British rule.

• Date: 1763

• Page: 112 http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/04/19/250th-anniversary-chief-pontiacs-council-commemoration-ceremonies-

148914

ID #28: Treaty of Paris

• The Treaty of Paris ended the hard-fought French and Indian War, granting victory to the British. More than that, it ended almost a century of conflict between the French and British in America, kicking the French out for good and leaving the British and their colonists almost no competition in the New World concerning commerce and resources. It also gave Americans a sense of national pride after a bloody war that proved that the British were, in fact, mortal. This mentality would be crucial during the Revolutionary War.

• Date: February 10, 1763

• Pages: 103-104

http://www.landofthebrave.info/treaty-of-paris-1783.htm

ID #29: Sugar Act

• During the French and Indian War, an enormous debt had accumulated in Britain. Looking for a way to have Americans help generate revenue and pay it off, George Greenville proposed the Revenue Act of 1764, also known as the Sugar Act. Although it did not actually hurt the them financially, it still caused protest from colonists claiming it was a violation of their rights. Since it did not affect the common people, no violence broke out. However, it was the start of unjust British taxation that would soon result in the Revolution.

• Date: 1764

• Page: 112

http://whenintime.com/EventDetails.aspx?e=43c32fe3-ad4c-4812-b257-33fb1bc150ab&t=/tl/sellersp/The_Fires_of_Revolution__the_events_that_lead_to_the_Revolutionary_War

/

ID #30: Stamp Act• The Stamp Act, which put a tax on deeds, playing cards, and stamps, among

other things, was the first tax forced onto Americans by the British that affected almost everybody. It inspired cries of “no taxation without representation” from Americans everywhere. The Virginia Resolves that resulted from this tax gave the ordeal a more radical atmosphere, and the ensuing Stamp Act Congress of 1765 signified the first united colonial resistance to British authority. Another attempt to generate revenue for the British, the Stamp Act did nothing but push America closer to declaring independence.

• Date: 1765

• Pages: 112-115

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765

ID #31: Townshend Acts• Somewhat filling in for the ill William Pitt, Charles Townshend suggested a

series of taxes on paper, glass, paint, lead, and tea to collect money from America. Known as the Townshend Acts, they were supposed to be strictly enforced in the colonies, but they were met with hostility by the obdurate Americans who had already had some experience with protesting taxes. When the Massachusetts legislature resisted England’s secretary for American affairs over their defiance of the acts, the situation grew into yet another example of unified colonial rebellion that would eventually help to bring about the Revolution.

• Date: 1767

• Pages: 115-116

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshend_Acts

ID #32: Boston Massacre

• Mostly a confused accident, the Boston Massacre was a riot in the streets of Boston, Massachusetts started by a group of angry colonists. In the panic and confusion, the heavily-outnumbered British soldiers shot and killed five “innocent” American civilians. Although the colonists were likely to blame for the incident, propaganda from men such as Paul Revere depicted the riot as a massacre and yet another example of unnecessary British cruelty. It ignited patriotic fervor among the colonists and contributed to the start of the Revolution.

• Date: March 5, 1770

• Pages: 116-117

http://firstclass.rfsd.k12.co.us/~mschneiter/fad/creation_2_causes_5.

htm

ID #33: Boston Tea Party• In 1773, the Tea Act was passed, which, while actually lowering the price of tea, threatened to destroy

the business of American merchants and was another prime example of taxation without representation. As a response, a group of patriots (likely organized by Samuel Adams and the Sons of Liberty) boarded a ship docked in Boston harbor and spilled £10,000 worth of British tea into the water. It was a shocking reaction that was seen by some as almost treasonous. With the ensuing passage of the Intolerable Acts, this event widened the rift between Britain and their American subjects, pushing them closer to the Revolution.

• Date: December 16, 1773

• Pages: 120-121

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party

ID #34: Intolerable Acts

• In response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed the Intolerable (or Coercive) Acts, which closed Boston’s port, exerted more control over the Massachusetts government, sent arrested British officers back to Britain to be tried, and allowed troops to stay almost anywhere they wanted. Seeming almost like enslavement to many Americans, these acts caused formerly neutral colonists to side with Revolutionaries. After trying to isolate Boston, all Britain did was prompt the rest of America to intervene and strengthen unity and inter-colonial bonds. It also led to the First Continental Congress.

• Date: 1774

• Page: 121

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/291884/Intolerable-

Acts

ID #35: First Continental Congress• As Britain continued to tighten its grip on the colonies, the First Continental

Congress convened to discuss how to respond. Many founding fathers and influential politicians at the time were present, including John Adams, Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and George Washington. As it became clear that radical measures would need to be taken, delegates agreed to form the “Association,” an agreement to cease trade with Britain until the Intolerable Acts were repealed. This was a radical and revolutionary action, convincing many, including King George III that violent measures would have to be taken to settle whether or not America was to remain dependent on Britain.

• Date: 1774

• Page: 122

http://www.historywiz.com/galleries/contcongresspainting.html

ID #36: Committees of Correspondence• An idea conceived by Samuel Adams in Massachusetts, a Committee of Correspondence was a system

of communication that spread political ideas and aired grievances against Britain throughout America but remained hidden from royal officials. These committees were widely supported and soon spread throughout the colonies. An effective method of discussing new ideas and developments without alerting the British, it proved to be a unifying force for the colonies and helped broadcast Revolutionary ideals leading up to American independence and the war.

• Date: November 1772

• Page: 120

http://www.paul-revere-heritage.com/committees-of-

correspondence.html

ID #37: Lexington and Concord

• On the way to seize supplies in Concord and arrest John Hancock and Samuel Adams in Lexington, General Thomas Gage and his troops encountered a local militia thanks to warnings by Paul Revere and William Dawes. In the confusion of the confrontation, someone ended up firing, and the “shots heard round the world” ended up with casualties on either side. This was the first violence of the Revolutionary War and made it clear to both the Americans and the British that only military conflict would settle their dispute.

• Date: April 18, 1775

• Page: 123

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/revolutionary-war/battles/battle-lexington-

concord.htm

ID #38: Second Continental Congress

• After Lexington and Concord suggested a violent war in the near future, the Second Continental Congress met to decide upon a course of action. The delegates organized a Continental Army led by General George Washington. They also printed currency and sent Benjamin Franklin to France as a diplomat. More importantly, after long hesitation and deliberation, the Prohibitory Act and the publication of “Common Sense” finally helped push them over the edge to issuing the Declaration of Independence. In short, the Second Continental Congress created the United States of America while preparing them for the Revolutionary War.

• Date: 1775-1776

• Pages: 123-125

http://americanrevunit.blogspot.com/2010/06/second-continental-

congress.html

ID #39: Olive Branch Petition• In a last ditch effort to reconcile with the king, America sent the Olive Branch Petition to Britain,

reaffirming the colonies’ loyalty to the crown in the hopes of avoiding a war with a military superpower. It explained to the king the colonists’ anger with Parliament but their willingness to cooperate with him. Despite their efforts, it was rejected. With its rejection, America realized it was in too deep to back out of the conflict. There was no further doubt that only a war would decide if America would become a free country or remain subjects of the oppressive king.

• Date: July 8, 1775

• Page: N/A

http://exhibitions.nypl.org/treasures/items/show/119

Id # 40: Thomas Paine• 1737-1809

• Paine was a pamphleteer and during the time of Revolution, where he created many works such as Common Sense, Rights of Man, and Age of Reason. He plays an influential role at this time because his ideas in Common Sense and his contribution to the revolutionary cause persuaded ordinary colonists in believing that independence from Great Britain was a necessity. He argued that England was not the mother country, but Europe was. In addition, Paine’s work in Common Sense assured Americans not only would they live without a king, but also that they would be victorious in the war.

• Pages 124-125

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Id # 41: Declaration of Independence• July 4th, 1776

• A document, declaring the colonies independent of the British crown, and it was signed by the representatives of the thirteen colonies, which included Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, and John Adams. This document declared the colonies were now no longer apart of Great Britain, and it presented evidence and reasons why the colonies declared independence. Also, the Declaration of Independence states the idea of natural rights, “that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” Of all of the composed texts during this period, including the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence remains the most powerful and radical invitation to Americans of all backgrounds to plea for their equality and full rights as human beings.

• Page 125

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Id # 42: Thomas Jefferson• 1743-1826

• Thomas Jefferson was a Founding Father, an author of the Declaration of Independence, and the third president of the United States. At the time of the Revolutionary War, he was the governor of Virginia and made one of the most articulate arguments against Parliament's influence over the colonies, asserting that the colonists were only united with England through their intended allegiance to the king. In addition, he played a large role in drafting the Declaration of Independence. As a president, Jefferson played a significant role in forming the United States. Jefferson had goals to reduce the size and cost of government, to repeal Federalist legislation like the Sedition Act, and to keep the United States out of war. Also, he made reforms by cutting federal debt as a priority, restructuring the tax system, eliminating direct taxes, and the military was cut substantially. In addition, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory, giving the United States a large amount of land and promoting nationalism. In addition, he had many conflicting visions with Alexander Hamilton, for Jefferson believed that the common people should govern, favored a weak central government and strong state governments, and opposed the national bank.

• Pages 108, 150, 164-165

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Id # 43: George Washington • 1732-1799

• 1789-1797 (presidential term)

• George Washington was the commander of the Continental Army and the first president of the United States. Washington was significant during the Revolutionary War because he led the Continental Army to several key victories in Trenton, Princeton, and the final battle at Yorktown. He also settled with the troops at Valley Forge during the harsh and grueling winter, where Washington said his men became more physically and mentally stronger. Also, he was apart of the first and second continental congresses. Overall, Washington inspired and encouraged his men during the war, ensuring to them that they would gain their independence. After the Revolutionary War, Washington was the leader of the Constitutional Debate between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. Even before the states ratified the Constitution, people assumed that he would be president because of his selfless leadership of the Continental Army. During his presidency, he is significant because he marked as being the first president of the United States, and he built the newly formed government at the time, the republic, in which he quickly established executive departments.

• Pages 122,129, 160-162

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Id # 44: Bunker Hill• June 17th, 1775

• A battle fought during the Siege of Boston between the British and the colonists, in which the British attempted to take the hill. They eventually did, but this plays a huge significance since it was a moral victory for the colonists because they were able to convince themselves that they were capable of fighting the British, where they suffered forty percent casualties and often called a “costly” victory. Even British officers had this feeling, where general Gage complained that the Americans had displayed “a conduct and spirit against us, they never showed against the French.”

• Page 123

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Id # 45: Trenton and Princeton• Trenton: December 26th, 1776

• Princeton: January 3rd, 1777

• The battle of Trenton was where Continental soldiers slipped over the ice-filled Delaware River and captured nine hundred Hessian mercenaries by complete surprise at Trenton. At Princeton, Washington secretly, by night, marched his little army around Cornwallis’s left flank, where they surprised a British garrison. These two battles brought a revived motivation in soldiers in Washington’s army. Previously, American prospects appeared bleaker than any other time during the war, and Washington was desperate for a victory to keep his men, who had signed up for short term enlistments and prepared to go home.

• Page 128

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Id # 46: British Rev. War Strategy

http://www.cc.gatech.edu/~tpilsch/Images/BritishStrategy-AmRev.png

• Date: 1775-1778

• The British war strategy during the Revolutionary War was to split the colonies apart by using the Loyalists to their advantage. Loyalists were people in the colonies and in Britain who sided with the King and Parliament during the Revolutionary War, and the majority of the Loyalists lived in the southern colonies. The British planned that they would bring the war down south, which is significant because they thought that they would receive support from southern Loyalists. Another part of their strategy was to blockade the colonies from trade and attempt to shut down all business in upper colonies so that it causes outrage within the colonists.

• Pages 131-132

Id # 47: Valley Forge• Date: December 1777- June 1778

• The military camp of the Continental Army which was twenty miles outside of Philadelphia where Washington’s men dug in for the winter. It was a terrible winter with few supplies, including inadequate food, firewood, and shelter. Also, there were many diseases there in which diseases took twenty-five hundred American lives. This is significant because it was considered the low point for the Continental Army. Although, the men who survived the cold and harsh winter became much stronger, confident, and committed from previously arriving there. In addition, the training from Baron von Steuben made the American soldiers much stronger while they were at Valley Forge.

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Id # 48: Saratoga• Date: October 1777

• The battle fought in upstate New York where the Continental Army came out with a huge victory over the British. This is extremely significant because this victory for the colonists was the turning point of the war. Also, the Patriots delayed British link-up and brought France on their side after this battle, in which the colonists showed their worthiness to be allies with France. This European ally changed the tide during the war. In addition, the Continental Army denied the British of dividing the colonies, and the Continental Army controls the Hudson River from and attack on New York City.

• Page 129 http://www.sjsapush.com/resources/ch_6_pics/battle%20of%20Saratoga.jpg

Id # 49: French/American Alliance• Date: February 6th, 1778

• The alliance was when the French presented American representatives with two separate treaties. They were called the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance. The Treaty of Amity and Commerce established commercial relations between the United States and France. The Treaty of Alliance made France agree to reject “either Truce or Peace with Great Britain… until the independence of the United States shall have been formally or tactically assured by the Treaty or Treaties that shall terminate the war.” The alliance between the French and the Americans played a significant role towards the concluding stages of the war because it gave the Continental Army a huge advantage, especially at the Battle of Yorktown. Also, the French assured that they would not stop contributing until the United States became independent of Great Britain.

• Pages 129-130http://www.poorwilliam.net/pix/paris-treaty.jpg

Id # 50: Lord Cornwallis• Date: 1738-1805

• General Henry Clinton’s second in command during the British campaign in the South. He is significant because he had several key victories in the South for the British. During Cornwallis’s victory at Camden, he outmaneuvered the raw American recruits. The battle strengthened Britain’s hold on the Carolinas, and it was a major defeat for Horatio Gates and the colonies, in which it lowered American morale. Although, Cornwallis was significant for suffering several tough defeats including at Cowpens, South Carolina, Guilford Courthouse, North Carolina, and Yorktown, Virginia. The most important of these defeats was Yorktown because it is the place where Lord Cornwallis surrendered his entire army of six thousand men.

• Pages 130-131

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Id # 51: Battle of Yorktown• Date: 1871

• The Battle of Yorktown was a battle between the British and the American/French Alliance in Yorktown, a sleepy tobacco market located on a peninsula bounded by the York and James rivers. This battle is significant because it is where Cornwallis surrendered his army, since the French cut Cornwallis off from the sea while Washington and his lieutenants encircled the British on land. In addition, this victory ended the fighting and secured independence for the United States, and now the war was in the hands of the diplomats.

• Page 131

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Id # 52: Benjamin Franklin• Date: 1704-1790

• Benjamin Franklin was one of the most influential people in American history, for he was a writer, printer, inventor, scientist, and politician. He is significant because he organized the United States’ first lending library and volunteer fire department. He also found many scientific discoveries including electricity and mathematics, and he advocated the spread of reason. In addition, he helped out when writing the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. During the Revolutionary War, he negotiated the Treaty of Paris in 1783 which ended the war between the United States and Great Britain.

• Pages 82-84, 92-93, 121, 129, 144, 170

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ID Number 53: The Articles of Confederation• The articles of confederation were a loose form of government created in Annapolis by a small committee of men headed

by John Dickinson. The Articles jealously guarded the sovereignty of the states. The delegates who drafted the framework shared a general republican conviction that power-especially power so far removed from the people- was inherently dangerous and that the only way to preserve liberty was to place as many constraints as possible on federal authority. The result was a government that many people regarded as powerless. The Articles provided for a single legislative body consisting of representatives selected annually by the state legislatures. Each state possessed a single vote in Congress. It could send as many as seven delegates, as few as two, but if they divided evenly on a certain issue, the state lost its vote. There was no independent executive and no veto over legislative decisions. The Articles also denied Congress the power of taxation, a serious oversight in time of war. The national government could obtain funds only by asking the states for contribution, called requisitions, but if a state failed to cooperate, and many did, then Congress lost financial support. Amendments to the Articles required ratification by all thirteen states. This new constitution sent to the states faced apathy and hostility. Many people were to overjoyed about defeating Britain that they just didn’t care. For this reason the Articles were passed despite there overarching flaws. These flaws became evident in events such as Shay’s Rebellion. The flaws led to the need for reform sparking the creation of the Constitution.

• November 1777

• Page 143

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ID Number 54: The Land Ordinance of 1785• The Land Ordinance of 1785 was passed by congress on May 20, 1785. Based on the Articles of Confederation, Congress

did not possess the ability to directly tax states or any of the citizens living within the states. Therefore, the ordinance was supposed to be a way for Congress to raise money by selling land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original thirteen colonies. More than three fourths of the area owned by the continental United States eventually became part of the rectangular survey in order to plot land and sell it to raise money. The 1785 ordinance laid the foundations of land policy until passage of the Homestead Act in 1862. The Public Land Survey System was a direct result of the Ordinance and shortly followed the passage of it. The sections mapped off by the rectangular survey could be re-sold to buyers which at the time were either settlers or land speculators. The Ordinance was also important for establishing public education, for some of the plots of land were bought strictly due to the intentions for bettering education. The point which marked the beginning of the survey was in the three states of Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Virginia.

• May 20, 1785

• Pages 146-147

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ID Number 55: The Northwest Ordinance of 1787• The bill called the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 was passed in order to organize the new territory that the colonies had

gained following the War for Independence. This bill was one of the only positive things that resulted from the Articles of Confederation. The Ordinance provided a new structure for the government of the Northwest Territory. The Ordinance authorized the creation of between three and five territories, each to be ruled by a governor, a secretary, and three judges appointed by Congress. When the population reached five thousand, voters who owned property could elect an assembly, but the assemblies decisions were subject to the governor’s absolute veto. Once sixty thousand people resided in a territory, they could write a constitution and petition for statehood. While these procedures represented a retreat from Jefferson’s original proposal, the Ordinance of 1787 contained one significant feature: a bill of rights guaranteed the setters the right to trial by jury, freedom of religion, and due process of law. In addition, the act outlawed slavery, a prohibition that freed the future states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin from the curse of human bondage.

• 1787

• Pages 146-147

http://www.americanhistoryusa.com/northwest-ordinance-1787-effects/

ID Number 56: Shay’s Rebellion

• Soon after the Annapolis meeting in which the Articles of Confederation were drafted, an uprising known as Shay’s Rebellion, involving several thousand impoverished farmers, shattered the peace of western Massachusetts. No matter how hard these men worked the soil, they always found themselves in debt to eastern creditors. They complained of high taxes, of high interest rates, and, most of all, of a state government insensitive to their problems. In 1786, Daniel Shays, a veteran of the Battle of Bunker Hill, and his armed neighbors, closed a county courthouse where creditors were suing to foreclose farm mortgages. Congress did not have the funds sufficient enough to support and army, and the nearby arsenal might have fallen to the rebellion had a group of wealthy Bostonians not raised a local army of four thousand troops to put down the insurrection. From the perspective of most nationalists throughout the country, Shay’s rebellion symbolized the breakdown of law and order that had long been predicted. The time had come for sensible people to speak up for a strong national government. The unrest in Massachusetts persuaded persons who might otherwise have ignored the Philadelphia Convention to participate in drafting a new constitution.

• 1786

• Page 150

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ID Number 57: Alexander Hamilton

• Alexander Hamilton was a member of the Federalists party. He was considered a radical Federalist. His views often became conflicted with the views of Thomas Jefferson, and they often had many debates. Hamilton was a brilliant, dynamic young lawyer who had distinguished himself as Washington’s aide-de-camp during the Revolutionary War. Born in the West Indies, a child of and adulterous relationship, Hamilton employed charm, courage, and intellect to fulfill his inexhaustible ambition. He strove not for wealth but for entertainment. He advocated a strong central government and refused to be bound by the strict wording of the constitution, a document Hamilton called, “A shilly shally thing.” Although he had fought for American independence, he admired British culture and therefore advocated closer ties with Britain versus other European countries. Hamilton was accused of being a secret monarchist, but he was never found to reject the American ideals. Hamilton voiced concerns about the role of people in shaping public policy. His views of human nature caused him to fear the democratic process. He assumed that in a republican society the greatest threat to political stability was anarchy rather than monarchy. The best hope for the countries success, Hamilton believed is through the moneyed class. If the wealthiest people could be persuaded that their economic self-interest could be advanced, then they would do so and the prosperity of the common people would be advanced. Hamilton was also appointed as Washington's secretary of treasure. He played the main role in creating our nations first national bank, and he was eventually killed in a duel against Aaron Burr due to the fact that Hamilton persuaded the House of Representatives to vote for Jefferson as president because he felt that Burr was too dangerous.

• 1755-1804

• Pages 136, 138, 147-148

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ID Number 58: James Madison

• He was a Federalist who pushed for a strong central government that could protect the rights and property of its people. He along with other intellectualists of his time pondered the question of how to govern America. In response to the articles of confederation, nationalists such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton called for major constitutional reforms. The chief of which was to give Congress the ability to tax and raise revenue. Madison was a huge advocate for the creation of the Constitution and when Shay’s rebellion occurred and showed the weakness of the Articles of Confederation he capitalized on the moment. This event led to the Philadelphia Convention which led to the establishment of the Constitution. Madison contributed his Virginia Plan or big state plan which was merged with William Patterson’s New Jersey Plan to create the Constitution. Madison was also hugely against the Bill of Rights advocating that it wasn’t necessary in the Constitution, but when he saw that it would ensure that the constitution was passed, he agreed to allow it. James Madison was also the fourth president, and was president during the War or 1812. After trying to battle against the radical War Hawks, he eventually surrendered to them because he felt that the battle was not winnable. He then, after the battle, helped negotiate the Treaty of Ghent which ended all British influence on America. He died on his plantation as one of the last of the founding fathers of America.

• 1751-1836

• Pages 147-200 (all throughout)

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ID Number 59: Virginia and New Jersey Plans

• The Virginia Plan was drawn up by James Madison in order to be presented during the Philadelphia Convention and provide the basis for how America’s new government should work. Madison understood that whoever sets the agenda of the convention controls the meeting. Madison wisely persuaded the popular Virginia governor, Edmund Randolph to present the scheme to the convention. The Virginia Plan envisioned a national legislature consisting of two houses, one elected directly by the people, the other chosen by the first house from nominations. Representation in both houses was related to the population of the state. The Virginia Plan also provided for an executive elected by Congress. Since most delegates at the Philadelphia convention sympathized with the nationalist position, Madison’s blueprint for a strong federal government initially received broad support, and the Virginia Plan was referred to further study and debate. William Patterson, a New Jersey lawyer, advanced the so-called New Jersey Plan, a scheme that retained the unicameral legislature in which each state possessed one vote and that at the same time gave Congress extensive new powers to tax and regulate trade. It was very similar to the Articles of Confederation with slight modifications. Patterson argued that the modest changes would have a greater affect on the American people. Patterson's reasoning for opposition to the Virginian Plan was that under it small states would lose their identity and say. He argued that unless each state be given equal vote in congress the small states would find themselves at the mercy of their larger neighbors

• The Virginia Plan was presented on May 29 1787, and the New Jersey Plan was presented on June 15, 1787

• Pages 150-151

http://eveningeditor.hubpages.com/hub/The-Basics-of-Congress

ID Number 60: Checks and Balances

• Checks and balances are the counterbalancing influences by which an organization or system is regulated, typically made by those who wish to ensure that political power is not concentrated in the hands of individuals or a group. The checks and balances placed in our system of government were created during the formation of the Constitution by our founding fathers, James Madison, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington. These checks and balances were placed in order to keep each of the three branches of government, executive, legislative, and supreme court, equal and ensuring that one branch did not become too powerful. They were additionally made in order to ensure that the government of the United States did not become like that of England. The authors of the Constitution did not want everything that they had fought for as well as the lives of their fellow Americans that they lost in the revolutionary war to be in vain. For that reason the checks and balances were placed. The checks include the presidential veto, and the legislatures ability to override the presidents decision by a two thirds vote. Also, the judicial branch has the power of judicial review to determine the Constitutionality of laws. This keeps them from becoming too weak as they can determine which laws are or are not constitutional. These are the checks and balances that are placed in the American Government today as to ensure that balance and order be kept

• Created with the creation of the Constitution on March 4, 1789

• Pages 151-156

http://www.regentsprep.org/regents/ushisgov/themes/government/checks.htm

ID Number 61: The Bill of Rights• The first ten amendments to the constitution, or the Bill of Rights, are the major legacy of the Antifederalist argument. In

almost every state convention, opponents of the Constitution pointed to the need for greater protection of individual liberties, rights that people presumably had possessed in a state of nature. The list of fundamental rights to be added into the Bill of Rights varied from state to state, but most Antifederalists demanded specific rights guaranteeing jury trail and freedom of religion. They wanted prohibitions against cruel and unusual punishments. There was also considerable, though not universal, support for freedom of speech and for freedom of the press. Madison and others regarded the proposals with little enthusiasm. In The Federalist No. 84, Hamilton bluntly reminded the American people that “the constitution is itself a Bill of Rights!” But after the adoption of the constitution had been assured with the addition of a Bill of Rights, Madison moderated his stance. Madison reviewed recommendations as well as the various declarations of rights that had appeared in the early state constitutions and placed a set of amendments designed to protect individual rights before the House of Representatives. A committee compressed and revised his original ideas into ten amendments and they collectively became known as the Bill of Rights, the most important section of the Constitution for many Americans today. The Bill of rights protected the freedoms of assembly, speech, religion, and the press; guaranteed speedy trial by an impartial jury; preserved the people’s right to bear arms; and prohibited unreasonable searches. Other amendments dealt with legal process. Only the tenth amendment dealt with states rights

• It was passed on September 25, 1789 and was ratified on December 15, 1791

• Pages 157-158

http://constitutioncenter.org/press-room/press-kit/exhibition-press-kits/the-bill-of-rights-press-kit/

ID Number 62: The National Bank Debt• The unsettled state of the nation’s finances presented the new government with a staggering challenge. In August 1789,

the House of Representatives announced that “adequate provision for the support of public credit is a matter of high importance to the national honor and prosperity.” Congress may have gotten more than they had bargained for when Alexander Hamilton decided to solve this financial crisis. Hamilton began to read deeply into abstruse economic literature. He even developed a questionnaire designed to find out how the U.S. economy really worked and sent it to scores of commercial and political leaders throughout the country. But when Hamilton’s three major reports on public credit, on banking, and on manufacturing were complete, they bore an unmistakable stamp of his own creative genius. His research revealed that the nation’s debt stood at approximately 54 million dollars. This sum represented various obligations that the U.S. government had incurred during the Revolutionary War. In addition to foreign loans, the figure included loan certificates the government had issued to its own citizens. On top of that the states still owed around 25 million dollars to creditors. Hamilton’s first Report on the Public Credit contained two major recommendations covering the areas of funding and assumption. First, under his plan, the United States promised to fund all obligations at full face. Second, the federal government would take responsibility for state debt. In February 1790 his proposal was defeated. In Hamilton’s second report, he proposed that the U.S. government charter a national bank. This privately owned bank would be funded by the government. Since the Bank of the U.S. would owe millions, its financial stability would be tied directly to the strength of the federal government. The secretary argued that a growing financial community needed a central bank to facilitate increasingly complex transactions. Even though some deemed the bank unconstitutional, Hamilton argued that through foregoing power’s and implied powers he could create a bank

• From 1789 to about 1792 when the debt started to decrease

• Pages 165-167

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ID Number 63: The Whiskey Rebellion • Political tensions became explosive in 1794. The Federalists convinced themselves that the Republicans were actually

prepared to employ violence against the U.S. government. Although the charge was without foundation, it took on plausibility in the context of growing political strife. The crisis developed when a group of farmers living in Western Pennsylvania protested a federal excise tax on distilled whiskey that Congress had originally passed in 1791. These men did not relish paying any taxes, but this tax struck them as particularly unfair. They made a good deal of money distilling their grain into whiskey, and the excise threatened to put them out of business. Largely because the Republican governor of Pennsylvania refused to suppress the angry farmers, Washington and other leading Federalists assumed that the insurrection represented a direct political challenged. The president called out fifteen thousand militiamen, and, accompanied by Hamilton, he marched against the rebels. The expedition was an embarrassing fiasco. The distillers disappeared and no one living in the region seemed to know where they went. As peace returned to the frontier, Republicans gained much electoral support from voters the Federalists had alienated. In the national political forum the Whiskey Rebellion had just begun. Spokesmen for both parties offered sinister explanations for the seemingly innocuous affair. Washington blamed the republicans. Jefferson labeled the entire episode a Hamiltonian device to create an army for the purpose of intimidating Republicans.

• 1791

• Pages 174-175

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ID Number 64: Jay’s and Pinckney's Treaties• In 1778 , Great Britain began to push America to the brink of war. British forts in the Northwest Territory remained a constant threat, and in

1793, the London government began blockading French ports to neutral shipping. In November, its navy captured several hundred American vessels trading in the French West Indies. Outraged members of Congress, especially those who identified with Jefferson and Madison, demanded retaliation: an embargo, a stoppage of debt payment, and even war. Before his rhetoric produced armed struggle, Washington made one final effort to preserve peace. In May 1794, he sent Chief Justice John Jay to London to negotiate a formidable list of grievances. Jay’s main objectives were removal of British forts on U.S. territory, payment for ships taken in the West Indies, improved commercial relations, and acceptance of America’s definition of neutral rights. Jay’s mission stood little chance. Hamilton, anxious as ever to placate the British, had already secretly informed the British that the U.S. would compromise on most issues. Not surprisingly, When Jay reached England he encountered polite but firm resistance. The chief justice did persuade the British to abandon their frontier posts and to allow a small amount of American troops to trade in the British West Indies, but they rejected American views on neutrality laws. While Jay salvaged the peace, he appeared to have betrayed national interests. News of Jay’s Treaty produced an angry outcry in the nations capital. Even Washington was apprehensive. Pinckney’s Treaty was made in response to Spanish threats mostly in the South Western portion of the U.S. Before his initiative, the Spanish government closed the Mississippi river to American commerce, and had incited the Indians of the region to harass the settlers from the U.S. Relations between the two countries would have deteriorated further had the U.S. not signed Jay’s Treaty. The Spanish assumed, quite erroneously, that Great Britain and the U.S. had formed an alliance to strip Spain of North American possessions. To avoid this disaster, officials in Madrid offered the American envoy, Thomas Pinckney, extraordinary concessions: the opening of the Mississippi, the right to deposit goods in New Orleans without paying duties, a secure southern boundary on the thirty-first parallel, and a promise to stay out of Mississippi. An amazed Pinckney signed the Treaty of San Lorenzo, also called Pinkney’s Treaty, on October 27, 1795, and in March the Senate ratified the document without a single dissenting vote. Pinckney, who came from a prominent South Carolina family, instantly became the hero of the Federalist party

• October 27, 1795

• Pages 173-174 https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/jay-treaty

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ID Number 65: The XYZ Affair

• Foreign affairs immediately occupied John Adam’s full attention as the new president. The French government regarded Jay’s Treaty as an affront. By allowing Great Britain to define the conditions for neutrality, the U.S. had in effect sided with that nation against the interests of France. Relations between the two countries steadily deteriorated. The High Federalists, members of Hamilton’s wing, counseled the president to prepare for all-out war, hoping that war would purge the U.S. of French influence. Adams was not persuaded to escalate the conflict. He dispatched a special commission in a final attempt to remove the source of antagonism. The team consisted of Charles Pinckney, John Marshall, and Elbridge Gerry. The commission was shocked by the treatment that they received. Instead of dealing right with Talleyrand, the minister of foreign affairs, they met with obscure intermediaries who demanded a huge bribe. They said that Talleyrand would not open negotiations unless he was given $250,000 and a loan to the French of millions of dollars. Diplomatic humiliation set off a domestic political explosion. When Adams presented the commission’s official correspondence the names of Talleyrand's lackeys were labeled X, Y, and Z, the Federalists burst out with a war cry. Rumors of conspiracy, referred to as the XYZ Affair, spread throughout the country. Personal friendships between Republicans and Federalists were shattered.

• 1778

• Pages 176-177

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ID# 66: Alien and Sedition Act

• Info and importance: The Alien and Sedition Act was a set of laws passed under John Adams that worked to prohibit Irish immigrants from becoming citizens. This stop the would-be republicans from voting, in order to keep the federalist party in power. However, the act also made criticism of the federal government illegal. This was the first real civil liberties controversy, as it clearly violated the Bill of Rights’ guarantee to free speech. These laws were denounced by Jefferson when the Democratic-Republican party through the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

• 1798-1801

• Page 178

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ID# 67: Election of 1800

• Info and importance: Also known as the peaceful revolution, this election was won by Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr after a tie in electoral votes. The election removed the currently Federalist president, John Adams, out of office, replacing him with the Republican, Jefferson. The switching of political parties without violence earned it’s nickname. This peaceful removal of one political party demonstrated that the American political system was effective, and could still institute change without a need for violence. Jefferson’s election was also one that would hopefully lead to the reduction of partisanship in the United States, something Jefferson opposed.

• Date: 1800

• Page: 180

http://web.williams.edu/humanities/sdunn/images/jefferson.jpg

ID# 68: Judiciary Act of 1801

• Info and Importance: Put into effect by President John Adams, the act worked to appoint Federalist officials into the supreme court, one being John Marshall. The Act was nicknamed “the Midnight Judges Act,” due to how last minute the act was put into place. Adams used this act to keep Federalists in one branch of the government. This act was responsible for keeping Federalism alive for an extended period of time, and it may have died out much sooner than it originally did.

• Date: 1801

• Page: 192

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ID# 69: Eli Whitney

• Info and Importance: Eli Whitney was an inventor living in the late 1700’s to early 1800’s. His most significant invention was the Cotton Gin (1793). The device was used for picking cotton, and exponentially increased the speed at which cotton seeds could be removed from the fibers. Naturally, this machine was used on many plantations, and allowed slave owners on cotton farms to become extremely wealthy. The Cotton Gin increased the number of slaves in the U.S. drastically, and would greatly impact economy in the Antebellum South.

• Date: 1793

• Page: 186, 275

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Cotton_gin_EWM_2007.jpg

ID# 70: Marbury V. Madison

• Info and importance: Marbury V. Madison was an incredibly important court case. William Marbury was a Supreme Court official appointed under John Adams. Marbury had never gotten his commission though, and was appealing to make it happen, after Secretary of State, James Madison, refused to do so. The official ruling on the case changed the purpose of the Supreme Court for the rest of American History. Chief Justice did not grant Marbury his commission, however, he declared Madison’s refusal an illegal act, and declared the Judiciary act of 1789 to be unconstitutional, thus removing the Writ of Mandamus. This last declaration would remain a precedent for the purpose of the Supreme Court. This case established the power of Judicial Review for the Supreme Court or the ability to deem an act of Congress unconstitutional.

• When: 1803

• Page: 180

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ID# 71: Louisiana Purchase

• Info and importance: The Louisiana Purchase was a massive amount of land owned by France in North America. The U.S. government, especially Jefferson, knew that France posed a threat to the U.S., and needed to remove them from the continent. To do so, delegates were sent to France, and surprisingly, the land was instantly sold for a small price of 15 million dollars. The purchase almost doubled the size of America, and spread to the Rocky Mountains. This absurd amount of land presented a huge opportunity for westward movement, and such movement did begin. The first set of frontiersmen went to settle the area, and in one year, the U.S. was twice as big as it had been. The purchase would also start the ideas of manifest destiny, that America was destined to spread coast to coast.

• Date: 1803

• Page: 189-190

http://www.ilibrarian.net/history/louisiana_purchase_map_lg.jpg

ID# 72: Lewis and Clark

• Info and importance: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were tasked with crossing North America to reach the Pacific Ocean. Their successful expedition sparked migration west in the U.S. While it had initial impacts, its large effect was long term. The expedition opened up possibility in the west in general. It would influence the Mormons to move there, and countless individuals over the next 80 years. They too contributed to the rising ideas of Manifest Destiny, that the U.S. should go from Atlantic to Pacific.

• Date: 1804

• Page: 190

http://www.thehistoryblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Clark-l-Lewis-r.jpg

ID# 73: War of 1812 • Info and importance: The War of 1812 was not an incredible victory for the U.S. It did not gain

the country something terrifically important. In fact, it was a war that likely didn’t even have to happen. However, when War Hawks like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun pushed for the war against Britain, the U.S. had to prove itself. The war was just that; proof that the U.S. truly was capable of being its own country. The war united the states, and created a strong sense of nationalism. Notable battles include those in Baltimore and New Orleans. The end of the war also marked the end of the Federalist party after the Hartford Convention in 1815, forever associating them with disloyalty.

• Date: 1812-1815

• Page: 201-202

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ID# 74: Battle of Baltimore

• Info and Importance: The Battle of Baltimore was one of the major battles during the War of 1812. British Forces first attacked North Point, which delayed them enough for American forces at Baltimore to prepare. Forces at Ft. McHenry were able to deter a British naval assault, scoring the U.S. a victory. This battle was important to a victory in the war, and increased nationalism in the country. During this siege, Francis Scott Key wrote a poem that would later become the Str Spangled Banner.

• Date: 1814

• Page: 202

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ID# 75: Battle of New Orleans

• Info and importance: The Battle of New Orleans was the last major battle of the War of 1812. American forces led by Andrew Jackson were able to defeat British troops attempting to occupy the city of New Orleans. This battle effectively ended all hopes of the British that the war was still worth fighting, and the treaty of Ghent was signed while fighting in New Orleans was still occurring. This battle catapulted Andrew Jackson to stardom, which would later lead to his election in 1828.

• Date: 1814-1815

• Page: 202

http://blogs.cisco.com/wp-content/uploads/Battle-New-Orleans.jpg

ID# 76: Andrew Jackson

• Info and importance: Andrew Jackson is one of the more well known presidents of the U.S. He originally lost his election to John Quincy Adams in 1824. After his loss, he campaigned for voting to become a more widespread practice, giving more people the opportunity to vote who had never had one in the past. This is one of his well known achievements, and is credited to him with the name “Jacksonian Democracy.” After his victory in 1828, Jackson gained support by doing what he called “rooting out corruption in the bank system.” The National Bank was disassembled, and money was distributed to state banks. Jackson gained support as well as large opposition based on this decision. Later in his presidency, Jackson put the Indian Removal Act into place, removing numerous Native American tribes from the Eastern U.S., and forcing them to move west. The path taken by these Natives is nicknamed “The Trail of Tears,” due to how many Natives died on the trek. Jackson infamously had a “kitchen cabinet,” or a group of unofficial advisors who were more influential due to Jackson’s favoring, not their position. In the end, Jackson destroyed more than he did good. He contributed heavily to the economic crises after his terms in office because of what he did to the bank, and he contributed to the destruction of Native American culture with the Indian Removal Act.

• Date: 1824-1836

• Page: 249, 251, 242, 243, 250, 185,

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Andrew_Jackson.jpg

ID# 77: Treaty of Ghent

• Info and importance: The Treaty of Ghent was the peace treaty signed to end the War of 1812. Signed in December of 1814, the treaty was signed when battles in Louisiana were still occurring. The treaty was able to secure more safety for American ships, and was a final step in getting Europe to recognize the U.S. as its own country.

• Date: 1814

• Page: 203

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ID# 78: The Great Migration

• Info and importance: The Great Migration was a surge of immigrants from European countries, specifically Irishmen and Germans. This sudden flow of immigrants effected voting results quite significantly, and sparked the start of the American (or know nothing) party. The new party popularized mainly in eastern seaboard cities, contributing to sectionalism, the impending doom of the nation.

• Date: 1854-1856

• Page: 340

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ID # 79: Era of Good Feelings

• James Monroe• Pages ( 228 )• 1817-1825• A descriptive term for the era of President James Monroe, who served

two terms. During Monroe’s administration, partisan conflict abated and bold federal initiatives suggested increased nationalism. • Popular interest in politics fell as it was so peaceful. This created a

myth of national harmony, as issues resulting from sectionalism simmered under the surface. It was a sharp contrast to the later and modern two party system that would be used in place of a one party system, in which it is easier to abuse power.

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Id #80: Adams-Onis Treaty

• Pages (214)

• John Quincy Adams, Luis de Onis

• 1819

• This allowed for the annexation of Florida, and set a northern boundary for Spain’s territory.

• This not only gave America the fruitful land of Florida, but by making Spain give up its claim on land north of California, the conflict with Britain over the shared Oregon country would follow. Although years before the Mexican-American War, this exchange demonstrated early expansionist desires and the willingness of the U.S. to bully other countries into allowing territorial gain.

http://thomaslegion.net/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/adams_onis_treaty_map.jpg

ID #81: Missouri Compromise

• Pages (229)• 1820• This admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave

state and Maine as a free state, and banned slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36 30 line.• A major sectional crisis, disputes only temporarily resolved by the compromise

would resurface in a few decades due to the divide of the country, igniting the Civil War; Northerner’s were angered when it was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act, seeing their earlier concession as being overlooked. It demonstrated the South’s firm resolution for sectional balance of states in the Union. http://teachers.henrico.k12.va.us/tucker/strusky_m/webquests/

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ID #82: John Marshall

• Virginian, Federalist

• Pages (230-232)

• Chief Justice 1801-1835

• Marshall’s strong leadership clarified the role of the Court in the American system of government. His rulings helped further nationalism and strengthen the economy.

• His important cases were Marbury v. Madison, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McColluh v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden, the first of which established Judicial Review and the next three establishing federal supremacy over the states.

https://www.awesomestories.com/images/user/6f955a6666.jpg

ID #83: Monroe Doctrine

• Monroe, JQA• Pages (232 )• 1823• A key foreign policy, declaring the western hemisphere off limits to

new European colonization; in return, the United States promised not to meddle in European affairs.• This asserted a newfound sense of confidence and resolute

independence of the United States. Although it was largely dismissed by Europe, it would be a documented reminder of the American spirit for future politicians. https://

historyjenkins.files.wordpress.com/2011/03/monroe-doctrine1.png

ID #84: Corrupt Bargain

• Pages (240-242)

• Election of 1824

• Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay

• Although receiving the plurality of both popular and electoral votes, Jackson did not have a majority, and the House of Representatives voted for Adams on Clay’s urging; Clay was appointed secretary of state by Adams, which Jackson called out as being corrupt. As a result, Adams’ reputation leading into his presidency suffered, and Jackson would organize and rally for the next four years before being elected, strengthening the Democratic Party. It lead to the rise of the modern two-party system and the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

http://www.slidego.com/res/palooza/america/EraOfGoodFeeling/B6B9A1D8.jpg

ID #85: Tariff of Abominations

• Pages (242)

• Angered John C. Calhoun

• 1828

• A protective tariff, or tax on imports, motivated by special interest groups. It resulted in substantial increase in duties that angered many southern free traders.

• This furthered sectionalism. It angered southern free traders who felt the interests of the North were being favored over their own. This lead to the nullification crisis, and although the topic of slavery was more divisive, tariffs such as those imposed through this highlighted the economic division of the country. Although outwardly about states’ rights, it was really conflict over the topic of slavery.

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ID #86: Election of 1828

• Pages (240, 242-243)

• 1828

• Andrew Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams

• Jackson’s second time running for President, he beat Adams in both electoral and popular vote. This election demonstrated the efficacy of Jackson’s organization in running for office, the rise of the strength of the Democratic party, and provided him the opportunity to expand the electorate and bring about democratic reform. A people’s president, Jackson’s relating to the common American man helped garner him support.

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ID #87: Spoils System

• Pages (243)

• Presidency 1829-1837

• President Jackson sanctioned “rotation of offices,” which critics viewed as corrupt. He rewarded those who supported him with positions of power, contributing to the anger of those forming the Whig party.

• Corruption in the government would be seen in the following decades, the worst of which being the Credit Mobilier scandal of Grant’s presidency. A later call for reform would institute the Pendleton Act to create the Civil Service Commission to appoint officeholders based on merit.

http://cvapush.wikia.com/wiki/Spoils_system

ID #88: Jackson’s Democratic Reforms• Andrew Jackson

• Pages (241)

• Presidency 1829-1837

• Jackson’s presidency addressed expanding white suffrage, vetoing the national bank’s charter, and removing Indians from settling lands.

• This created conflict in that while it did spread rights more greatly to white males, it was in a society that did not afford women or colored people rights and profited greatly off the institution of slavery, seemingly conflicting to the ideology of natural rights, egalitarianism, and equal-opportunity. Interstate travel increased, and the white “servant” disappeared, becoming “help” instead, an example of the American spirit of social equality rising at the time. http://star-w.kir.jp/grp/9/

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ID #89: John C. Calhoun

• Pages (247-249)

• War Hawk 1812, Vice President 1825-1832, Nullification Crisis 1828

• Responding to the Tariff of Abominations with anger as it hurt the southern economy and beginning a feud with Jackson, Calhoun led South Carolina in the Nullification process by attempting to set aside the federal law, prompting possible military intervention from Jackson. Calhoun was an example of a Southerner who strongly supported slavery and states’ rights over federal law, and those seceding in 1861 would look to Calhoun’s example of attempting to defy federal supremacy in favor of states’ rights. Earlier as a War Hawk, he helped urge the American involvement in the War of 1812.

https://36.media.tumblr.com/a84e7cf6932a3b659ebabfc024662248/tumblr_n26otxV27Z1snnvilo1_400.jpg

ID #90: Cult of Domesticity

• Pages (286-287, 295)

• Antebellum period: 1830s-1861

• Term used by historians to characterize the dominant gender role for white women during the antebellum period. The ideology of domesticity stressed the virtue of women as guardians of the home, which was considered their proper sphere.

• The sisterhood established by the feminine subculture lead to the temperance movements against vices such as drinking and gambling; it also lead to the split of ideas and the resistance to the culture formed the early women's’ rights movement. The cult both attempted to extend the sphere of women, and kept this sphere inherently limiting actual equality with men.

http://www.withfriendship.com/images/h/35864/the-quotcult-of-domesticityquot.jpg

Nullification Crisis- 91

• During the 1820’s Southerners became increasingly fearful that the federal government would encroach upon the rights of southern states. Their main fear was the eventual abolishment of slavery. Under the leadership of John C. Calhoun, the South Carolina state legislature declared the Tariff of Abominations unconstitutional and affirmed the right of nullification, which is the right of an individual state to set aside a federal law. This movement was opposed by President Jackson, who believed that federal power should be above state’s power. South Carolina nullified several other taxes put forth by Congress, until Jackson had the Force Bill passed, stating that he could, and would, use military force to convince South Carolina to accept the taxes. South Carolina rescinded its previous nullifications, and accepted a new, lower proposed tax. This showed that South Carolinians would not tolerate federal action that did not align with their interests.

• Important people: John C. Calhoun, Andrew Jackson• Date: 1828• TB page: 247 https://www.google.com/url?

sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Feducation-portal.com%2Facademy%2Flesson%2Fnullification-crisis-of-1832-definition-summary-quiz.html&ei=S3CvVOGcG4acNtyxgZAK&bvm=bv.83339334,d.eXY&psig=AFQjCNFhU84f3mQPIp9BGGY9c9I1kP9hyA&ust=1420870064746338

Trail Of Tears -92

• During Jackson’s rule as president, Indian removal was a common topic in state and national politics. The Cherokee tribe in Georgie was especially stubborn against being forced out, and by 1833 were the only tribe who had not agreed to move out. In 1838, the Cherokees were forced to march to Oklahoma along a path known as the Trail of Tears. This exposed the prejudice and greed of Jacksonian democracy.• Important People: Andrew Jackson• Date: 1838• TB page: 246

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Faia%2Fpart4%2F4h1567.html&ei=InGvVOn_E4vBgwSe4YKQCA&bvm=bv.83339334,d.eXY&psig=AFQjCNFeTgf9Xl2rpdiyOapM5R158uISOw&ust=1420870302097064

The “Monster” Bank -93

• The “Monster” bank refers to the Bank of the United States during Jackson’s era, specifically under Nicholas Biddle. The Bank had helped to cause the Panic of 1819 by giving credit freely and then calling all of its loans back at the same time. Andrew Jackson came into office with reservations about the bank, and thought that the bank used its influence to help his opponent in the presidential race. Despite Biddle’s best efforts to have the Bank get a new charter and stay in existence, Jackson vetoed the bill to re-charter and killed the bank by removing federal funds from the bank and distributing them to his allies.• Important People: Andrew Jackson, Nicholas Biddle• Date: 1832• TB page: 250-251 https://www.google.com/url?

sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBank_War&ei=fHGvVPD-KJCDNvnng5AF&bvm=bv.83339334,d.eXY&psig=AFQjCNHTbZvbSRwvTLOiOrZbkWyr4WC35w&ust=1420870394936065

Emergence of the Whig Party -94

• During the end of Andrew Jackson’s presidency, members of the former Federalist party under Daniel Webster and the National Republicans including Henry Clay formed the Whig party, whose main purpose was to oppose Andrew Jackson, who they deemed a tyrant. By the election of 1836, they had gained enough popularity to make a run for the presidency, but they failed. However, Whig William Henry Harrison won the 1840 election, and was succeeded by John Tyler.• Important People:Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, William Henry Harrison• Date: Late 1820s• TB page: 251-252

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWhig_Party_(United_States)&ei=VnKvVJHPJsSYNp6-g7gJ&psig=AFQjCNHSmBRrDOlQCMRbeidT2l5QY-k23g&ust=1420870569197341

Panic of 1837 -95

• As soon as Martin Van Buren entered the Presidency after Jackson, he was met with a great economic depression, at no fault of his. Many banks failed, businesses went bankrupt, and many were unemployed. Since the Jacksonian Democrats were followers of a laissez-faire (“hands off”) economy, Van Buren could do little to try to alleviate the crisis. His solution was a public depository for national funds, which the Whigs opposed for three years before it eventually passed. His chances of reelection were hurt by the Panic, which the Whigs used to their advantage in the 1840 election.• Important people: Martin Van Buren• Date: 1837• TB page: 252-253 https://www.google.com/url?

sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPanic_of_1837&ei=03KvVO2nOcuCgwTK4YPwBw&psig=AFQjCNGnsAxAWlKEhU2xKIDCMR317UBcgQ&ust=1420870737021421

The Log Cabin Campaign -96

• William Henry Harrison was a military hero from battles with American Indians. His Log Cabin campaign used images of log cabins, hard cider, and other homespun images to represent Harrison as a down-home, trustworthy, stand-up guy. This strategy was successful, as Harrison won the 1840 election.• Important People: William Henry Harrison, John Tyler• Date: 1840• TB page: 253-254

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Nativism -97

• Nativism was the movement of native-born European Americans against immigration, especially from Catholic Irish and German people. Their goal was to undercut immigrant voting. The main group in this movement was the Know-Nothing party, composed of many former Whigs after the party’s collapse. The Know-Nothings were the main opposition to Democrats until their rapid collapse in 1856. This movement was in itself a contradiction, as it was people who got to the Americas by immigration, but were against others immigrating.• Important People: The Know-Nothing Party, Irish + German Immigrants• Date: 1849-1856• TB page: 339-340

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNativism_(politics)&ei=u3OvVOn6L5PiggS004KIDg&psig=AFQjCNFY-i1fUHESOSyZc3EhanHWQlkNQA&ust=1420870915842668

Erie Canal -98

• The Erie Canal was created during the canal boom of the early 1800’s. The Erie canal connected Lake Erie and the Hudson river, eventually flowing to New York City. This canal and others like it greatly reduced shipping and travel costs to major cities. Commissioned by De Witt Clinton, the Erie Canal cheapened trade between Buffalo and Albany, decreased the price of imported goods to consumers, and helped to make New York City the commercial capital of the East Coast.• Important People: De Witt Clinton• Date: Opened 1825• TB page: 224

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyzone.org%2Ftestprep%2Fss5%2Fb%2Fecotechcanall.cfm&ei=L3SvVOy6Jsu1ggTKs4AQ&psig=AFQjCNGinL8wadIAS9YJ34bPMaZsy4P9Xw&ust=1420871034689652

Telegraph -99

• Invented by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1844, the telegraph made it possible to communicate all across the nation extremely rapidly. This invention created increased communication between different areas and cultures within the United States and internationally. This was one of many technological inventions that came during the mid 1800’s.• Important People: Samuel F. B. Morse• Date: 1844• TB page: 320

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Railroad -100

• In 1830, the first commercial railroads opened operations in the United States. By 1840, there were 2,818 miles of track in the US. Railroad transportation would transform the American economy by transporting goods extremely quickly and over long distances, as well as carrying people across the country. Railroads kept growing, and by the 1860’s railroads had driven many canals and freight companies out of business. The government helped the expansion of railroads by giving them land grants from public land.• Important People: N/A• Date: 1830-1860• TB page: 321-322 https://www.google.com/url?

sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~rcapub%2Fv17n3%2Ftimeline%2F1840s.html&ei=w3SvVPujCZODgwSMmIOoAQ&psig=AFQjCNG-g3H2D3h80hBp2WRRhvjlqTh4lA&ust=1420871229794953