Ict4d on E-governance Voting)

8/14/2019 Ict4d on E-governance Voting)

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ICT4D ON E-GOVERNANCEICT4D ON E-GOVERNANCE

PRESENTED BY:

EMMANUEL ONYANGO


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What is: A government Governance

From government to governanceGovernance across functionWhat is:o E-government

o E-governance

Functions of an E-government on E-governanceo E-policy making


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E-AdministrationService deliveryE-democracy/ E-participation

Goals for E-democracy in GovernanceDynamics for E-democracyE-voting


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What is:What is:Government:

A public organization set up by a society for the purpose of pursuing that societys development objectives

Governance: Involves a set of processes that are used to steer or guide

the functioning of a society. Unlike a government, governance isnot confined to an institution :From government to governance :From government to governance

- , - - With all the numerous e activities e products and e services being, displayed in the public sector a broader framework of statetransformation can be used to fully understand and appreciate the

.process that has enabled ICT to take the root These state:transformations can be viewed in the following dimensions

- , -The growing emergence of non state actors basically Trans national- .corporations and non government organizations

,The growing levels of managing public affairs other than the national. -state level This involves the emergence of supra national levels( , , ) - ( ).EU UN AU as well as of infra national levels local and regional

:The growing separations of the state s three main functions namely, ( )service delivery rule making and the rapidly emerging regulatory

-functions being shifted to the different levels and different non.state actors


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:Governance across function :Governance across function :Service delivery

,Service delivery is increasingly being outsourced- .sub contracted and fully privatized However complex

governance involves partnerships between public and private sectors as well as all kinds of subsidies and other mechanisms of public intervention into the.market

Regulation Newly emerging regulatory institutions resulting from

and responding to liberalization and constituting ,sophisticated governance structures and mechanisms have numerous actors with highly diversified and often with incompatible goals collaborating in order to

( )solve the problem of public service production and.delivery

Policy making With outsourced public services and technocratic

,regulation Policy making thus becomes an increasingly-complex process by which state and non state actors

, ( . .interact often across different levels e g from the

/ / - ).EU AU UN level via the Nation State to the local level


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What is:What is:E-government:

E-government strictly applies to theautomation of the government institution andaddresses the improvement of internal efficienciesgradually transforming both internal and externalprocesses particularly through the use of theinternet, as a tool to achieve better Government.(Centricity- Marche & McNiven, 2003)

E-governance:

E-Governance describes the use of ICT asa means to enhance a variety of stakeholderengagement in society.

(Okot-Uma, 2000).


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Functions of E-government on E-Functions of E-government on E-governance.governance.

E-policy making E-policy making focuses on government

consultations with executive policy making processes.Governments like the United Kingdom and Canada aretaking their consultative frameworks and adaptingthem to the online environment. New Zealand andCanada now have special portals dedicated to promote

the open consultations across their governments. Examples:

o Consulting Canadians:http://www.consultingcanadians.gc.ca/

o New Zealand Participate:

http://www.govt.nz/en/participateo UK E-Democracy Consultation:

http://www.e-democracy.govt.uk/o

E-Administrationq service delivery
http://www.consultingcanadians.gc.ca/http://www.govt.nz/en/participatehttp://www.e-democracy.govt.uk/http://www.e-democracy.govt.uk/http://www.govt.nz/en/participatehttp://www.consultingcanadians.gc.ca/


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E-Democracy/ E-participation

E-democracy is the use of ICT technologies and strategies by

democratic sectors within the political processes of localcommunities, states/regions, nations and on the global stage(Steven Clift, September 2003).

The democratic sectors include the following democratic

actors. Governments Elected officials Media (and major online Portals) Political parties and interest groups Civil society organizations

International government organizations Citizens/voters.

E-democracy suggests greater and more active citizen

participation enabled by the Internet, mobile communications, and

other technologies as well as through more participatory or directforms of citizen involvement in addressing public challenges


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Goals for E-democracy in governanceGoals for E-democracy in governance

improved government decisions

increased citizen trust in governmentincreased government accountability and

transparencyability to accommodate the public will in the

information-age To effectively involve stakeholders, including NGOs,

business and interested citizen in new ways of meeting public challenges.

D yn am icsD yn am ics -of E democracy-of E democracy im p rove d g ove rn m en t d e cision s in crea sed citize n tru st in g ove rn m e n t

in crea sed g ove rn m e n t a cco u n tab ility an dtransparency ab ility to accom m o d a te th e p u b lic w ill in th e

-in fo rm a tion ag e, ,To e ffective ly in vo lve stake h o ld e rs in clu d in g N G O s

b u sin e ss an d in te re ste d citizen in n ew w ays o f.m e e tin u b lic ch a lle n e s


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E-votingE-votingAn electronic voting system is a voting system in

which electronic data is recorded, stored and

processed primarily as digital information. Itembraces both electronic casting and counting of votes . (prof.Dr. Dimitris Gritzalis, 2002)

- :E vo tin g te ch n o log ie s- :E vo tin g te ch n o log ie s

Punch cards Touch screens

( -Specialized voting kiosks includes self( )contained Direct Recording electronic DRE

)voting systems Internet voting


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Punch cards:Punch cards:Punch card systems employ a card (or cards) and asmall clipboard-sized device for recording votes.

Voters punch holes in the cards (with a suppliedpunch device) opposite their candidate or ballotissue choice. After voting, the voter may place theballot in a ballot box, or the ballot may be fed into acomputer vote tabulating device at the precinct.

The Votomatic vote recorder, a punch card voting machine originally developed in the mid1960s.


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Touch screens: Touch screens: This option would involve electors casting their vote

using touch screen computers located at pollingplaces.A computer application would be developed that would

enable the voter to cast their vote by selectingcandidates in the order of preference.

For example, the first candidate name touched wouldbe their first preference, the second candidate nametouched would be their second preference, and soforth.

Model of a touch screen machine


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AdvantagesElectors are able to select from a pre-determined list, their

language of preference, not disenfranchising non-Englishspeaking voters.

No cost involved in printing ballot papers and rolls.Sight impaired electors would be able to vote personally

using a keypad and earpiece.

Disadvantages Increased costs required to fit the computer hardware

in the polling places. Also there would be need for aservice contract for support to the computerequipment on election day.

Political, cultural and social acceptance by electorsand other stakeholders would need to beconsidered.

There would be no paper trail of the ballots. This mayraise unacceptable risks especially if the system wasbeing introduced on a broad scale.


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pec a ze vo ng os spec a ze vo ng os s(DREs)(DREs) This would involve electors casting their vote using

computer equipment located at polling places. A computerapplication would be developed that would enable thevoter to cast his/her vote. At the end of voting thecomputer would tabulate the results and these would beforwarded via modem to a central location for collation.

Advantages There would be a minimum change in the voting culture

as electors would still attend a polling place onelection day (or a pre-poll voting location pre electionday).

The level of informal voting could be minimized as the

application could be designed to warn an elector if their vote was going to be informal.

The system would provide for instantaneous calculationof results at the close of voting and there would beaccurate scrutiny of the ballots.

There would be no need for the time consumingprocess of the post-election distribution of


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Internet voting:Internet voting: This option would allow voters to cast their

votes over the internet.Advantages It would provide easy access to voting for those

electors who live in remote locations and whohave some difficulty getting to a polling place

(i.e. disabled voters). It would provide a service to electors to vote from

home or at work during a time convenient tothe elector.

The results would be electronically calculated and

combined with the paper ballots cast onElection Day.

There would in time be a reduction in the numberof polling places required and a reduction inpolling place staff.

Disadvantages


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Inherent gaps:Inherent gaps:Technological gap:

Disparity between expectations from software/hardware and the

performance being delivered (security flaws etc.)Socio-technical gaps:

Difference between social policies (laws, codes etc) andcomputer policies (procedures, functionalities e.t.c.)

Social gaps:

differences between social policies and human behavior(equipment misuse etc.)-A n E vo tin g syste m a rch ite ctu re-A n E vo tin g syste m a rch ite ctu re


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Comparative study:Comparative study:Estonia

In local elections held in 2005, when online

voting was first used in Estonia, just under10% people voted via the Internet and 30%people overrode their electronic vote withthe paper ballot.

Nearly all Estonian citizens have been issuedan electronic ID card by the government.Voters need to type in a code to confirmtheir identity, along with a digital signaturerequired to confirm the e-ballot choice.

The Director of the e-governance Academy in Tallinn, Ivar Tallo, asserted that he sees littlereason why Estonians should distrust onlinevoting. Citing the example of nearly 82percent Estonians who file their tax returnsonline, Tallo argued if Estonians can trusttheir financial transactions to the Internet,


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Brazil Brazil was the first country in the world to conduct

the biggest election on the planet using e-votingtechnologies. In 2002, more than 100 millionvoters cast their ballots on more than 406,000touch-screen machines scattered all over thebiggest country in South America.

The technology deployed in Brazil is the DRE votingsystem.

Jos Rodrigues-Filho, Cynthia J. Alexander, and Luciano C.Batista


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Conclusion:Conclusion:Literature has shown that countries with strong democratictraditions, such as the United States and Canada, are not yetusing electronic voting systems intensively, due to the concernfor and emphasis on security. It has revealed that there is nosuch thing as an error-free computer system, let alone anelectronic voting system, and that existing technology does notoffer the conditions necessary for a reliable, accurate andsecure electronic voting system..

Qn.Do you think President Mugabewould really want E-voting??? ( keep the ans.. )

Thank You Thank You

Ict4d on E-governance Voting)

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