ICT4D

Rob Willems, June 12th, 2015

Introduction

Rob Willems,o Hanze University of Applied Sciences Groningen, the

Netherlands.o School of Communication, Media & ITo Coordinator & Lecturer: Interaction Design & Usability,

GameOn!o Co-developer major Game Design & Developmento Member expert group of the major Interactive Media &

Technologieso Researcher at Lectorate New Business & ICT

ICT4D How it started

ICT4D (ICT for development)

• ICT4D: how it started?– Millennium Development Goals, combined with internet “MDG: improving the lives of “BOP” – 3 billion on less than 2 $s/

pay– Initiatives

• World Development Report from the World Bank, 1998• Digital Opportunities Task Force by G8 in 2000• World Summits on the Information Society , Geneva in

2003, Tunis in 2005– Actors

• International Development Org. such as World Bank• NGO

Already earlier in India

• ICT4D 0.0– the Indian Institute of Statistics, Kolkata , 1956 – 2 key applications

• Government : internal administrative function of public sectors

• Multinationals & firms: seen as a tool for economic growth in the private sector

What Happened?

Copycat projects of off-the-shelf solutions: e.g. Telecenters project: landline + PC’s

• Success or failure?• What do you think?

“We have been too obsessed with technology-as-invention, and too little focused on technology-in-use”– ICT4D1.0’s approach

Failure of traditional North model (a PC via a landline)– New innovation required!

ICT4D 0.0 & ICT4D 1.0

ICT(4, for) Development

Understanding of ICT4D 2.0

Richard Heeks, “The ICT4D 2.0 Manifesto:

Where Next for ICTs and International

Development?” Development Informatics Group,

2009.

http://www.seed.manchester.ac.uk/subjects/id

pm/research/publications/wp/di/di-wp42

/

ICT4D 2.0's New Technological Priorities

• ICT4D 2.0’s direction:– Less emphasis on what might be used (the Internet

and PCs), and more emphasis on what is actually used (mobiles, radio, television).

– Less emphasis on fundamental technical innovation; and more emphasis on application and business model innovation.

– Less emphasis on piloting and sustaining new applications, and more emphasis on assessing and scaling existing applications.

ICT4D 2.0's New Technological Priorities

• ICT4D 2.0’s direction:– Less emphasis on what might be used (the Internet

and PCs), and more emphasis on what is actually used (mobiles, radio, television).

– Less emphasis on fundamental technical innovation; and more emphasis on application and business model innovation.

– Less emphasis on piloting and sustaining new applications, and more emphasis on assessing and scaling existing applications.

Waka waka

Terminals

(OLPC, tablets)

Power

Challenges: terminals, power

• Community radio

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Radio (& TV)

16

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How to innovate?

Pro-poor (‘for them’)

Design – reality gap

Only few telecenters

Distance a problem

Community vs. individual

Para-poor (‘with them’)

Techie – non techie

Western – non –Western

Urban - rural

Para-poor (‘with them’)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HE5GX3U3BYQ

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Per-poor (‘by them’)

http://www.ted.com/talks/jan_chipchase_on_our_mobile_phones.html

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M-PESA documentary (2009)

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Mobile Money in Developing Economies (2013)

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As such, it has a number of potential economic effects.  

1. It simply facilitates trade, making it easier for people to pay for, and to receive payment for, goods and services.  

2. By providing a safe storage mechanism, M‐PESA could increase net household savings.  

3. Because it facilitates inter‐personal transactions, it could improve the allocation of savings across households and businesses by deepening the person‐to‐person credit market.        

4. By making transfers across large distances trivially cheap, M‐PESA improves the investment in, and allocation of, human capital as well as physical investment.  Households may be more likely to send members to high‐paying jobs in distant locations (e.g., the capital).

                                                 

M‐PESA facilitates the safe storage and transfer of money (1/2). 

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As such, it has a number of potential economic effects.  

5. M‐PESA could affect the ability of individuals to share risk.  Informal risk‐sharing networks have been found to be an important, although not fully effective, means by which individuals spread risk, making state‐contingent transfers among group members.  

6. A further risk‐related effect arises if M‐PESA facilitates timely transfer of small amounts of money.   Instead of waiting for conditions to worsen to levels that cause long term damage, M‐PESA might enable support networks to keep negative shocks manageable.  

7. If M‐PESA allows households to spread risk, they may be led to make more efficient investment decisions, avoiding the trade‐off between risk and return that they would otherwise face. M‐PESA could conceivably alter bargaining power and weaken incentives within households or other networks.  Economically weaker family members might expect larger and more regular remittances from better‐off city‐dwelling relatives, who themselves might find it hard to justify not sending money home.                                                 

M‐PESA facilitates the safe storage and transfer of money (2/2). 

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Good Practice for ICT4D 2.0 Implementation

Actors and Governance:

- Multi-stakeholder partnerships

- An open and competitive environment

Aligned and Contingent Design Techniques:

- Participation of local users

- Appropriate technology mix to match local realities

- Align to local development goals

- Consideration of project risks

Sustainable Projects:

- Financial and social sustainability

- Development of local capacities and use of local institutions

- Local ownership

Successful

ICT4D

Project

Summary of ICT4D Phases

Issue / Phase ICT4D 0.0(1960s – mid-1990s)

ICT4D 1.0(mid-1990s – mid-/

late-2000s)

ICT4D 2.0(mid-/late-2000s on-

wards)

Iconic Technology PC Database Telecentre Mobile Phone

Key Application Data Processing Content (& Interaction) Services & Production

The Poor Who? Consumers Innovators & Producers

Key Goal Organisational Effi-ciency

MDGs ?Growth & Development?

Key Issue Technology's Potential Readiness & Availabil-ity

Uptake & Impact

Key Actor Government Donors & NGOs All Sectors

Attitude Ignore --> Isolate Idolise --> Integrate Integrate --> Innovate

Innovation Model Northern Pro-Poor --> Para-Poor

Para-Poor --> Per-Poor

Dominant Discipline Information Systems Informatics / Development Studies

Tribrid of CS, IS and DS

Development Paradigm

Modernisation Human Development ?Development 2.0?

• Education

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http://www.bitsacademy.org/home.html

http://www.elearning-africa.com/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCKrHWVMHK0

http://

innovationsformnch.org/finding-what-works/Care-Com

munity-Hub

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjevL1kY-sI

Kytabu http://kytabu.org/

http://www.elearning-africa.com/eLA_Newsportal/Africa-mobile-gaming/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T87gKN-aV-E

Serious games: Kisumu (Kenya)

Malaria is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in Kenya and it kills an estimated 34,000 children under five in Kenya every year. 77% of Kenya’s population lives in areas where the disease is transmitted.

The disease is responsible for 30% of out-patient visits (requiring more than eight million out-patient treatments at health facilities each year) and 15% of all hospital admissions.

About 3.5 million children are at risk of infection and developing severe malaria.

Client: HelpHeal Organization, CBO (community based organization)

Assignment:To develop a computer game in the battle against malaria, for children in primary schools (10 -15) in Kenya (Nyanza province).

The game (s) would be a success if children are;o Able to tell signs of malaria clearly o Identify malaria transmission methods o Tell what times of the day mosquitoes bites occur o State cheap and effective ways of preventing malaria o The importance of going to the hospital and finishing drug doses

Serious games: Kisumu (Kenya)

Health games: development process

Theory:o Psychology & developing game conceptso Cultural differences and sensitivitieso Artworko Programming/Scripting o Kaleidoscope (meet and discuss with experts from a domain, e.g. malaria,

game design)o Researching effectiveness: test the games

Design & Production:o Orientation/Blueprint/Design phase: research target audience, game

concept -> Game Design Documento Preparation/production/finalization: programming, artwork, playtest

prototypes -> final game.

Development model

The result: three games

Play - testing

Showcase – mobile games

Mobile hiv/aids

Village Dr Adoyo’s practice Hospital

Raise awareness for disabled children

South Sudan Introduction topics of gender relations

Sri Lanka

• Malaria prevention & treatment

• Hiv/aids prevention & treatment

• Personal Hygiene

Kenya

• Reproductive health

• Personal Hygiene

Ghana

Reproductive health

Senegal

Personal Hygiene

Indonesia

Projects

Evaluation of health games?

Health games on subject of malaria:• Single and multi-player games evaluated on learning and

behaviour outcomes related to the subject of malaria as compared to textbook based learning

• Secondly, whether there was a difference in effect between the two types of games on these outcomes.

• Set up: 90 pupils, aged 10 - 14 years, of three Kenyan primary schools assigned to 3 experimental conditions: a textbook condition, a single player and a multi player condition.

Conclusions

• Game based learning didn’t show any improvement on the dimensions measured as compared to text book learning;

• However, when using game based learning, incorporate a social interaction component in games to make them more effective!

Lessons learned

• The importance of an agile game development method that allows for regular testing, feedback moments and changes.

• Cultural awareness in game design and development: consider and adapt to the values and beliefs of the target audience.

• Collaboration and co-creation with local representatives in game development adds to game acceptance/effectiveness.

• A very positive attitude towards the use of computers in education in the targeted areas.

• Target behaviour determinants.• Longitudinal research into effects• One given problem, multiple solutions (not only games)

Good Practice for ICT4D 2.0 Implementation

Actors and Governance:

- Multi-stakeholder partnerships

- An open and competitive environment

Aligned and Contingent Design Techniques:

- Participation of local users

- Appropriate technology mix to match local realities

- Align to local development goals

- Consideration of project risks

Sustainable Projects:

- Financial and social sustainability

- Development of local capacities and use of local institutions

- Local ownership

Successful

ICT4D

Project

http://

tegenlicht.vpro.nl/afleveringen/2014-

2015/access-to-africa.html

http://www.bitsacademy.org/home.html

Rob Willems, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen,

r.willems@pl.hanze.nl