ICT Text Book Std X - IT@School · PDF file2012 X {]Xn ⁄ C¥y Fs ... IT@School...
Transcript of ICT Text Book Std X - IT@School · PDF file2012 X {]Xn ⁄ C¥y Fs ... IT@School...
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZyhnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZyhnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZyhnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZyhnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
Ãm≥tU¿Uv
tIcf k¿°m¿
hnZym`ymkhIp∏v
Xbmdm°nbXv
kwÿm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW ]cnioe\ kanXn (SCERT)°pth≠n
sF.Sn@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, tIcfw
2012
X
]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPyamWv. F√m C¥ym°mcpw Fs‚
ktlmZco ktlmZc∑mcmWv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln°p∂p;
kºq¿Whpw sshhn[y]q¿Whpamb AXns‚
]mcºcyØn¬ Rm≥ A`nam\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm]nXm°sfbpw Kpcp°∑mscbpw
apXn¿∂hscbpw _lpam\n°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPyØns‚bpw Fs‚ \m´pImcpsSbpw
t£aØn\pw sFizcyØn\pwth≠n ]bXv\n°pw.
P\KWa\ A[n\mbI Pbtl
`mcX mKyhn[mXm,
]©m_kn‘p KpPdmØ admTm
ZmhnU DXv°e _wKm,
hn‘ylnamNe bap\mKwKm,
D—ePe[nXcwKm,
Xhip`\mta PmtK,
Xhip` Binj amtK,
Kmtl Xh PbKmYm
P\KWawKeZmbI, Pbtl
`mcX mKyhn[mXm
Pbtl, Pbtl, Pbtl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!
Prepared by :
IT@School ProjectPoojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-12, Keralafor State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala
First Edition : 2012
Website : www.itschool.gov.in, www.scertkerala.gov.in
email : [email protected], [email protected]
Phone : 0471-2529800, 0471-2341883, Fax: 0471-2529810, 0471-2341869
Type setting : IT@School Project
Layout : IT@School Project
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
tZiobKm\w
]nbs∏´ Ip´nItf,
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS klmban√mØ Hcp temIw C∂v
k¶ev]n°m≥ t]mepamIn√. temIw AXnthKw \ΩpsS ssI°pºnfnte°v
HXpßns°m≠ncn°pIbmWv. am‰Øns‚ Cu KXnthKhpambn s]mcpØs∏tS≠Xv
\ΩpsS BhiyamWv. ImeL´Øns‚ Cu Bhiyw I≠dn™mWv ]Ømw¢mknse
sF.kn.Sn. ]mT]pkvXIw Xbmdm°nbn´p≈Xv.
Km^nIv Unssk\nßns‚ BZy]mTßfpw \n߃ hc® NnX߃°v
\nßsfgpXnb Xnc°Ybv°\pkcn®v Ne\w \¬Imhp∂ A\ntaj≥ kt¶Xhpw
Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. Hm^okv tkm^v‰vshbdpIfpsS
XpS¿]T\ambn ‘Um‰mt_kv amt\Pvsa‚ v ’ F∂ Bibhpw \ap°nhnsS
]cnNbs∏Smw.
ss]ب t]mKmanßns‚ hnhn[ hi߃ Ign™ c≠p h¿jßfmbn
\mw ]cnNbs∏´p hcnIbmWt√m. Cu `mjbn¬ IqSpX¬ t]mKmapIƒ
Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈ ]cnioe\ßfpw Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p. hnhn[
tkm^v‰vshb¿ Bπnt°j\pIfpw t]mKmanMpw ioen°ptºmƒ Iºyq´¿ F∂
b¥sØ°pdn®pw AXns‚ ]h¿Ø\sØ°pdn®pw Adnbm≥ kzm`mhnIambpw
Xm¬]cyap≠mIpw. Iºyq´dn\IsØ b¥`mKßsf∏‰nbpw Iºyq´¿ irwJeIƒ
Xbmdm°p∂Xns\∏‰nbpap≈ `mKßfpw AXn\mbn Cu ]mT]pkvXIØn¬
Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v.
sh_vt]PpIsf°pdn®pw sh_vssk‰pIsf°pdn®pw \mw a\ nem°nbn p≠v.
C\n \ΩpsS ]nbs∏´ hnZymebØn\v Hcp sh_vssk‰v Xbmdm°nbmtem?
sh_vssk‰pIfpsS D≈S°hpw cq]Iev]\bpw \√ coXnbn¬ ssIImcyw sNøm≥
klmbn°p∂ Nne tkm^v‰vshbdpIƒ AhXcn∏n°pIbmWv ‘\aps°mcp
sh_vssk‰ v ’ F∂ A[ymbw.
C¥ybpsS `q]Sw \n߃ I≠ncn°pw. tIcfØns‚bpw. ]t£, FXt]¿
\nßfpsS ]©mbØns‚ `q]Sw I≠n´p≠v ? ]mtZinIXeØnep≈
hnIk\mkqXW߃°v imkvXobambn Xbmdm°nb hn`h `q]S߃
BhiyamWv. kaKamb `qhn⁄m\ hn`h `q]S߃ Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈
‘IyqPnk v ’ F∂ tkm^v‰vshb¿ Cu h¿jw Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v. knaptej≥
tkm^v‰vshbdmb sÃt√dnbw, KWnX ]T\ tkm^v‰vshbdmb PntbmPn_
XpSßnbhbpw Dƒs∏SpØnbncn°p∂p.
Cu ]mT]pkvXIØnse ]h¿Ø\ßsf√mw ]cnioen®v hnhchn\nab
kmt¶XnIcwKØv \nßfptSXmb kw`mh\Iƒ \¬Im≥ Ignbs´.
F√mh¿°pw hnPbw Biwkn®psIm≠v.
s]m^. sI. F. lmjnw
UbdIvS¿
Fkv.kn.C.B¿.Sn.
aplΩZv AkvemwPn√m tIm˛Hm¿Un-t\-‰¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, Be-∏p-g.
jm\hmkv. sI
amÿ sSbn\¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ]me°mSv
]Zo]vIpam¿ am´camÿ sSbn-\¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw
lssk\m¿ a¶S
amÿ sSbn-\¿
sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw
]tamZv. sI. hnamÿ sSbn-\¿
sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, tImgnt°mSv
_m_p. hn. sIPn√m tIm¿Unt\‰¿
sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, tImgnt°mSv
A_vZpƒ l°owamÿ sSbn-\¿
sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw
tIm˛Hm¿Unt\‰¿
chni¶¿ Sn. F
A°mZanIv Hm^ok¿ (sF.kn.Sn)
sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mP-IvSv,
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
AwK߃
NnXoIcWw
kptcjv. C
Im¿´q-Wn-Ãv, ]≈n-°-c
tImgn-t°m-Sv.
]mT]pkvXI cN\mkanXn
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy X
sNb¿am≥sI. A≥h¿ kmZØv
FIvkn-Iyq- ohv Ub-d-IvS¿
sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv
Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw
i¶¿Zmkv. sI.hnPn√m tIm¿Unt\‰¿
sF.Sn@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw
hmkptZh≥. sI. ]n
amÿ sSbn-\¿
sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, Xr»q¿
tSmWn B‚Wnamÿ sSbn-\¿
sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, tIm´bw
lcnIrjvW≥. B¿. Fkvamÿ sSbn\¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, Xncph\¥]pcw
i_cojv. sIamÿ sSbn\¿ (tIm˛Hm¿Unt\j≥)
sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, ae∏pdw.
cmtPjv sI. Hamÿ sSbn\¿ (tIm˛Hm¿Un-t\-j≥)sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, Ip´\mSv.
aplΩZv A_vZpƒ \mk¿amÿ sSbn-\¿sF.Sn.@kvIqƒ t]mPIvSv, tImgn-t°mSv.
1. angnhm¿∂ NnXtemIw ............................................. 07- 16
2. hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ ........................... 17˛25-
3. Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw ............................................... 26˛36
4. Iºyq´¿ mj ........................................................ 37˛48
5. Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w ............................................... 49˛62
6. hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw ......................................... 63˛73
7. hnhc߃ ]¶pshbv°mw.......................................... 74˛83
8. \aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v .......................................... 84˛96
9. temIw ssI°pºnfn¬ ............................................ 97˛111
D≈S°w
`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\
`mKw IV- I
auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃
51-I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-߃ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm ]uc-s‚bpw
I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv :
(I) `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿i-ß-sfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-sfbpw
tZio-b-]-Xm-I-sbbpw tZio-b-Km-\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(J) kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZi-ob-k-a-c-Øn\v ]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb
al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°pIbpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøp-I;
(K) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-WvU-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw
kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I;
(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥
Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I;
(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw ]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-߃°-Xo-
Xambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-߃°p-an-S-bn¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb
kmtlm-Z-cy-at\m-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kvXoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-
Øp∂ BNm-c߃ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°p-I;
(N) \ΩpsS kΩn-i-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-∂-amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw
\ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-I;
(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\y-Po-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]IrXym D≈
]cnÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw
ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I;
(P) imkvXo-b-amb ImgvN-∏mSpw am\-hn-I-X-bpw, At\z-j-W-Øn\pw ]cn-jvI-c-W-
Øn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;
(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv AIaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw
sNøpI;
(R) cmjvSw bXv\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-te°v \nc-¥cw
Db-c-Ø-°-hÆw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ F√m
afießfnepw D¬Ir-jvS-X-bv°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.
(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v ]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m c£y-_m-e-I-t\m,
AXXp kwKXnt]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£m-I¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-
\p≈ Ah-k-c-߃ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
7
angnhm¿∂ NnXtemIw
7
Pnºv tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp
sImfmjv \n¿an-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v
\n߃°-dn-bm-at√m? t]mÿ \n¿am-W-
Øn\v hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-amb tkm v‰vshb-
dmWv Pnºv F∂pw \n߃°-dn-bmw. \nXy-
Po-hn-X-Øn¬ \mw D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hnhn[
D¬∏-∂-ß-fn¬ Ah D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Iº-
\n-bpsS temtKm Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-
∂Xv \n߃ I≠n-´nt√? hnhn[ ÿm]-\-
ß-fnepw Ah-bpsS ÿm]\ temtKm Bte-
J\w sNbvXn-cn-°pw. hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏n\p
Iogn-ep≈ sF.-Sn. @ kvIqƒ t]mP-IvSns‚
temtKm C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \n∂pw Uu¨temUv
sNbvXv Pnºv tkm^v‰vshb-dneqsS Xpd∂v
hep-Xm°n t\m°q. temtKmbpsS hy‡X
Ipd-bp-∂Xmbn \n߃°v A\p-`-h-s∏-´n-
´pt≠m? F¥m-bn-cn°mw CXn\v ImcWw?
CØ-c-Øn¬ hy‡X Ipd-bp-∂Xv \nß-
fpsS ]h¿Ø-\sØ tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-
®n-´pt≠m? angnhv \jvS-s∏-SmsX NnX-߃
\n¿an-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-ß-
sf-°p-dn®v \n߃ tI´n- n-t√? NphsS \¬In-
bn-cn-°p∂ Ipdn-∏n-s‚bpw Kq∏v N¿®bp
sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Hcp \nK-a-\-
Øn¬ FØn-t®-cp-a-t√m.
dmÃdpw shIvSdpw
NnX-߃ c≠p-hn-[-Øn¬ Iºyq-´-dn¬
tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømw. Ahsb dmÿ ^b-ep-
I-sf∂pw shIvS¿ ^b-ep-I-sf∂pw ]d-
bmw. NnX-a-S-ßp∂ ]X-e-Ønse Hmtcm
_nµp-hn-s‚bpw \ndw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-
°p∂ ^b-ep-I-fmWv dmÿ ^b-ep-Iƒ.
ChnsS NnXsØ At\Iw ka-N-Xp-c-ß-
fmbn hn`Pn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
]Øv sk‚o-ao‰¿ \ofhpw F´v sk‚o-ao-
‰¿ hoXn-bp-ap≈ Hcp NnX-Øns‚ \ofw
IqSnb hisØ 1000 `mK-ßfpw \ofw
Ipd™ hisØ 800 `mK-ß-fp-ambn hn`-
Pn-°mw. At∏mƒ Hmtcm NXp-c-Øn-
s‚bpw ]c-∏-fhv 0.1 NXp-ci an√o-ao-‰¿
Bbn-cn-°pw. Hcp sk‚o-ao-‰-dn¬ 100 mK-
ß-fp-≠m-hpw. NnX-Øn\v 100 Dots perCentimetre hen-∏aps≠∂p \ap°v ]d-
bmw. F∂m¬ Iºyq-´-dn¬ C©v ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ IW-°m°n h∂-Xp-sIm≠v
dots per inch (dpi) F∂ IW-°n-emWv
NnX-Øns‚ hen∏w IW-°m°mdp-≈-Xv.
\map-≠m-°p∂ NnX-Øn\v FX dpi D≠m-
h-W-sa∂v \ap°v \n›-bn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Hcp NnX-Øn\v dpi IqSp-tºmƒ AXns‚
1 angn-hm¿∂ NnX-temIw
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
8
kq£va-Xbpw wKnbpw h¿[n-°pw. A®-Sn-°p-tºmƒ hy‡-X-bp-≠m-h-W-sa-¶n¬ Db¿∂
dpi D≈ NnX-ß-fmhWw.
dmÿ coXn-bn-ep≈ NnX-Øn¬ Hcp hc hc-bv°p-tºmƒ AXbpw `mKsØ NXpc-
߃°v \ndw \¬Ip-I-bmWv hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Iºyq-´¿ sNøp-∂-Xv. NnXw hep-Xm-hp-
tºmƒ Cu NXp-c-ßfpw hep-Xm-hp-∂p. Pnºn¬ Xbm-dm-°nb NnXw hep-Xm-°p-tºmƒ
CXv hy‡-am-Ipw.
F∂m¬ shIvS¿ ^b-en¬ tcJ-bpsS \ndhpw AK-_n-µp-°-fpsS ÿm\hpw
amX-amWv Iºyq-´¿ tcJ-s∏-SpØn hbv°p-∂-Xv. NnXw Zriy-am-hp-tºmƒ AK-_n-µp-°-
fpsS ÿm\hpw \ndhpw a\- n-em°n Ah-bv°n-S-bn-ep≈ apgp-h≥ _nµp-°fpw Iºyq-
´¿ hc®psIm≈pw. Hcp shIvS¿ NnXw hep-Xm-°p-tºmƒ hep-Xm-°nb ]X-e-Øn¬
]pXn-b _nµp-°ƒ Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-Spw. NnX-Øns‚ hen∏w IqSp-∂-X-\p-
k-cn®v _nµp-°-fpsS FÆw h¿[n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ NnX-Øns‚ hy‡X Ipd-bp-∂n√.
tcJ-Iƒ, NXp-c-߃, hrØ-߃, hI-tc-J-Iƒ XpS-ßnb Pyman-Xob cq]-ß-fm-bmWv
shIvS¿ NnX-ßsf Iºyq-´¿ kq£n-°p-∂-Xv.
Pnºv tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v hc-bv°p∂ NnX-ßsf ]nIvk-ep-I-fpsS kaq-l-am-
bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ C¶vkvtI∏n¬ hc-bv°p∂ hcbpw h´hpw NXp-c-hp-
sa√mw KWn-X-k-a-hm-Iy-ß-fpsS cq]-Øn-emWv C¶vkvtI∏v tkm^v‰vshb¿
Hm¿Øphbv°p-∂-Xv. CXmWv shIvS¿ CtaPp-Iƒ hep-Xm-°n-bmepw angnhv \jvS-s∏-Sm-
Ø-Xn\v ]n∂nse cl-kyw.
°p∂ tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fm-Wv. Ch-bn¬
Hm∏¨ Hm^okv tUm, C¶vkvtI-∏v, Ub
F∂nh Hm∏¨ tkmgvkv tkm^v‰vvshbdp-
I-fm-Wv.
C¶vvkvtI∏v tkm^v‰vvshb-dn¬ NnX-
߃ \n¿an -°p -∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v
t\m°mw. Graphics sa\p -hn¬ \n∂v
Inkscape Vector Graphic Editor Xpd-°mw.
NnX-߃ hep-Xm°mw; angnhv \jvS-s∏-SmsX
shIvS¿, dmÿ NnX-ß-fpsS ]tXy-I-
X-Iƒ \mw a\- n-em°n Ign-™p. angnhv
\jvS-s∏-SmØ shIvS¿ NnX-߃ \n¿an
°m\pw, FUn‰v sNøm\pw ]tXyI tkm v‰vv
shb¿ Bh-iy-am-Wv. Hm∏¨ Hm^okv tUm,
tImd¬ tUm, C¶vkvtI∏v, AtUm_v
C√-kvtS-‰¿, Ub (Dia) XpS-ßn-b-h-sb√mw
shIvS¿ NnX-߃ \n¿an-°m≥ D]-tbm-Kn-
NnXw 1.1
9
angnhm¿∂ NnXtemIw
9
C¶vkvtI∏v PmeIw \nco -£n°q
(NnXw 1.1) apºv ]cn-N-b-s∏´ Pnºv tkm^‰v
shb-dp-ambn Fs¥√mw kmay-ßfpw hyXym-
k-ßfpamWv CXn-\p-≈-sX∂v Is≠Øn
NphsS \¬Inb ]´nI 1.1 ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°q.
Pnºn¬ \n߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ Sqfp-I-
sf√mw C¶vkvtI-∏n -ept≠m? Pnºn¬
C√mØ Sqfp-Iƒ C¶vkv-tI-∏n¬ ImWm-≥
Ign-bp-∂pt≠m? Pnºnse SqfpIƒ \n߃
ap≥ ¢m-kn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´-Xm-W-t√m. C\n
C¶vkvtI-∏nse Sqfp-Iƒ]-cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
A°-an´p kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ Sqfp-I-fpsS apI-
fn¬ aukv t]mbn‚¿ FØn®v Ah-bpsS
t]cv Is≠-Øq. Ah Hmtcm∂pw D]-tbm-
Kn®p t\m°n D]-tbm-Khpw ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.
(]-´nI 1.2).
]h¿Ø\w 1
temtKm \n¿amWw:
600X150 ]nIvk¬ hen -∏ -Øn¬
\n¿an® Hcp temtKm-bmWv NnXØn¬
(NnXw 1.3) ImWp-∂-Xv. CXv C¶vkvtI∏v
tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ \n¿an®p t\m°mw. Cu
temtKm \n¿an-°m≥ Fs¥√mw Sqfp-Iƒ D]-
tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠m-hmw. kq£va-ambn \nco-£n®v
\nß-fpsS Dulw NphsS Ipdn°q.
♦ ...........................................................
♦ ...........................................................
]h¿Ø-\-Iaw
♦ C¶vkvtI∏v tkm^vSvshb¿ Xpd∂v
\n›nX hen-∏-Øn¬ Hcp Iym≥hmkv
\n¿an-°p-I. CXn-\mbn File sa\p-hn-
ep≈ Document Properties ¢n°p
kmay-߃ hyXym-k-߃
• hnhn[ Sqfp-Ifpw
Iym≥hm-kp-ap-≠v.
• C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ Htc Pme-
I-Øn¬Ø-s∂-bmWv Sqfp-
Ifpw Iym≥hm-kpw.
F∂m¬ Pnºn¬ Ch
hyXykvX Pme-I-Øn-em-
Wv.
• .................................
• .................................
• .................................
• ............................................
• ............................................
• ............................................
]´nI 1.1
NnXw 1.2
Sqƒ t]cv D]-tbmKw
1. ske-£≥ Sqƒ Hcp H_vPIvSv skeIvSv
sNøm≥
2. ............................ ............................................
3. ............................ ............................................
4. ............................ ............................................
5. ............................ ............................................
6. ............................ ............................................
7. ............................ ............................................
8. ............................ ............................................
9. ........................... ............................................
]´nI 1.2
NnXw 1.3
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
10
sNøp-I. Xpd∂p hcp∂ Pme-I-Øn¬
custom size F∂ mKØv Bhiy-amb
am‰w hcpØn PmeIw ASbv°pI.
(Pme-I -Ønse Template F∂
`mKØp\n∂pw hyXykvX hen-∏-Øn-
ep≈ Iym≥hmkv Xncs™Sp°mw).
♦ Create Rectangle Tool D]-tbm-
Kn®v NnXw 1.3 ¬ ImWp∂ hen-∏
Øn¬ aq∂v NXp-c-߃ \n¿an-°p-I.
♦ NXp-c-߃ skeIvSv sNbvXv ToolsControls Bar ¬ D≈ Height (H), Width(W) F∂o `mK-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm NXp-c-
Øn\pw Bh-iy-amb Object Size\¬In hen∏w Iao-I-cn-°p-I.
♦ NXp-c-߃ Xnc-s™-SpØv If¿ s]√-
‰n¬ ¢n°p sNbvXp A\p-tbm-Py-amb
\nd-߃ \¬Ip-I.
♦ Text Tool D]-tbm-Kn®v IT@ School
F∂v NXp-c-Øn-\-IØv ssS∏psNøpI.
♦ Select and Transform Object Tool
D]tbm-Kn®v sSIvÃv skeIvSv
sNbvXv NXp-c-ß-fpsS hen-∏-Øn-\-\p-
k-cn®v hen∏w Iao-I-cn-°p-I.
♦ If¿ s]√-‰n¬ \n∂pw A\p-tbm-Py-amb
\ndw \¬In A£cw `wKn-bm-°p-I.
♦ \nß-fpsS t^mƒU-dn¬ ^b¬ tkhv
sNøp-I.
♦ Zoom in or out Tool D]tbm-Kn®v
hep-Xm-°pI
t\csØ \n߃ tiJ-cn® temtKm
Pnºv tkm^v‰vshbdneqsS Xpd∂v Zoom inSqfp-]-tbm-Kn®v hep-Xm-°n-b-t∏mƒ e`n®Xpw,
C¶vkvtI∏n¬ Xbm-dm°nb temtKm
hepXm°nbt∏mƒ e`n®Xpw Xmc-Xayw
sNøq. F¥v hyXym-k-amWv ImWm≥ Ign-
bp-∂Xv? \nß-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ NphsS
Ipdnbv°pI.
♦ ...........................................................
♦ ...........................................................
♦ ...........................................................
C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ \n¿an® tem-tKmsb
Atßm-´p-an -tßm´pw \o°nh®pt\m°q.
Fs¥-¶nepw ]iv\w A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-∂pt≠m?
H_vP-Sp-Isf F√mw H∂n®p Nen-∏n-°m≥
km[n-°p-∂n-√, At√? NphsS \¬Inb
Ipdn∏v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ]cn-tim-[n-°q.
C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ hc-bv°p∂ hcbpw h´hpw
NXp-c-hp-sa√mw Hmtcm Hm_vP-IvSp-I-fm-Wv.
h¿Ivkvs]-bn-knse F√m H_vP-IvSp-I-
sfbpw H∂n®v skeIvSv sNøm≥ Editsa\p-hnse Select all (ctrl+A) D]-tbm-Kn-
°mw. h¿Ivkvt]-knse Hcp ]tXyI
`mKsØ H_vP-IvSp-Isf amXw H∂n®v
skeIvSpsNøm≥ skeIvSv Sqƒ FSpØv
UmKv sNøp-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ NXp-c-Øn-
\p≈n¬ hcp∂ F√m H_vP-IvSp-Ifpw
skeIvSv sNø-s∏-Spw. H∂n¬ IqSp-X¬
H_vP-IvSp-Isf skeIvSv sNøp-∂-Xn\v
shift Io Aa¿Øn-∏n -Sn®v skeIvS v
sNtø≠ H_vP-IvSp-Isf Hmtcm-∂mbn
¢n°p sNøpI. Cßs\ H∂n®v skeIvSv
sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ mKw Ftßm-´p-th-W-
sa -¶nepw UmKv sNbvXv \o°mw.
skevIvSv sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ H_vP-IvSp-
Isf H‰- bq-Wn-‰mbn am‰p-∂-Xn\v Objectsa\p-hnse group ^Mvj≥ D]-tbm-Kn-
°pI (Ctrl+G).
C¶vkvtI∏n¬ anI® NnX-߃ Xbm-
dm-°m≥ k¿K-ti-jn-s°m∏w hnhn[ Sqfp-I-
fp-sSbpw sa\p Hm]vj-\p-I-fp-sSbpw D]-tbmK-
coXn \∂mbn Adn-™n-cn-°-Ww. IqSmsX
X¥-]-c-ambn Ahsb D]tbmKn-°m-\p≈
tijnbpw t\S-Ww. CXv km[y-am-I-W-sa-
¶n¬ \nc-¥c iahpw £abpw Bh-iy-amWv.
XpS¿∂p≈ `mKØv \¬In-bn -cn -°p∂
]h¿Ø-\-߃ Hmtcm∂pw sNbvXv t\m°n
\n߃°pw Cu tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°mhp
∂-XmWv.
11
angnhm¿∂ NnXtemIw
11
]h¿Ø\w 2
KWn-X-imkvX ¢mkp-I-fn¬ tKmf-
߃, kvXw`-߃, kvXq]n-I-Iƒ XpS-ßn-
b-h-sb-∏‰n \n߃ ]Tn-®n-´nt√? CØcw
cq]-߃ Zznam\ ]X-e-amb IS-em-kn¬
hc®p t\m°n -bn -´pt≠m? Chsb
Xnam\am°m≥ F¥v X¥-amWv D]tbm-
Kn-°p-∂Xv? \ngepw shfn-®hpw \¬In-bmWv
km[m-cW Cu NnX-߃°v Xnam\cq]w
\¬Ip-∂-Xv. C¶vkvtI∏v D]tbm-Kn®v Hcp
tKmfw Fßs\ \n¿an-°m-sa∂v t\m°mw.
♦ Create Circle Tool D]-tbm-Kn®v
Hcp hrØw hc®v A\p-tbm-Py-amb
\ndw \¬Ip-I.
♦ Gradient Tool skeIvSv sNbvXv Sqƒ
I¨tSmƒkv _mdn¬ Intb‰v tdUn-
b¬ tKUn-b‚ v skeIvSv sNøp-I.
(NnXw 1.5)
♦ hrØ-Øn-\p -≈n¬ U_nƒ ¢n°p
sNøp-I. \ne-hn¬ sXc-s™-Sp-Øn- p≈
\nd-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn Hcp tKUn-
b‚ v e`n-°pw.
tKUn-b‚p-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂
aq∂p t\mUp-Iƒ ImWp-∂nt√? Ah Edit
Path by Node Tool D]-tbm-Kn®v Nen-∏n-
®p-t\m-°q. F¥p am‰-amWv ImWp-∂Xv?
c≠v hc-Ifpw tNcp∂ `mKsØ NXp-cm-Ir-
Xn-bn-ep≈ t\mUv skeIvSv sNbvXv If¿
s]√-‰n¬ ¢n°v sNøq. a‰p≈ t\mUp-I-fn-
te-sX-¶nepw H∂v skeIvSv sNbvXv as‰mcp
\ndw sXc-s™-Sp-°q. If-dp-Iƒ amdn amdn
D]-tbm-Kn®v Cu ]h¿Ø\w XpS-cp-I. Fß-
s\-bp≈ \nd-߃ Fhn-sS-sb√mw sXc-
s™-Sp-Ø-t∏m-gmWv hrØw Hcp tKmf-ambn
tXm∂n-bXv? t\mUp-Iƒ Nen-∏n®v \ng-en-
s‚bpw shfn-®-Øn-s‚bpw ÿm\w hyXym-
k-s∏-SpØn t\m°q, a‰v cq]-ßfpw CtX
t]mse \n¿an®p t\m°p-a-t√m. knen≠¿
\n¿an-°p-tºmƒ path sa\p-hnse union F∂
sa\p Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sa∂v So®-dns‚
klm-b-tØmsS Is≠Øn sNbvXv t\m°q.
]h¿Ø\w 3
Poh-imkvX ¢mkp-I-fn¬ Aao-_-sb-
Ip-dn®v ]Tn-®n-´nt√? F¥mWv Aao-_-bpsS
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ? \n›nX cq]-an-√mØ Hcp
GI-tImi Pohn -bm -Wt√m Aao -_.
C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ Hcp Aao-_bpsS cq]w
Fßs\ hc-b v°m -sa∂p t\m°mw.
(NnXw 1.6)
]h¿Ø-\-Iaw:
♦ Draw Bezier Line Tool D]-tbm-Kn v
Hcp _lp- pPw hc-bv¡pI
♦ Edit path by Node Tool D]-tbm-Kn¨v
Hmtcm hihpw A\p-tbmPyambn hf-
bv¡p-Ibpw t\mUp-I-fpsS Øm\w Iao-
I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I.
♦ tKUn-bâ v Sqfn ¢n¡p-sNbvXv tdUn-
b tKUn-bâ v sXc-sª-Sp¯v A\p-
tbmPy-amb \ndw \ÂIp-I.
♦ kÀ¡nÄ SqÄ D]-tbm-Kn v tImi-aÀahpw
t^\hpw aäpw hc¨v tKUn-bâ v SqÄ
D]-tbm-Kn¨v \ndw \ÂIp-I.
♦ Object →→→→→ Fill and Stroke kt¦Xw D]-
tbm-Kn¨v tImi-Z-hy-¯n\v tbmPn¨
\ndw \ÂIp-I. (NnXw 1.7, 1.8)
NnXw 1.4
NnXw 1.5
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
12
]cnN-b-s∏-´m¬ Cu tPmen Ffp-∏-Øn¬
sNømw. ]I¿s∏-Sp-°m≥ Edit → DuplicateD]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. AXn-\p-tijw ske-£≥
Sqƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v H_vP-IvSns\ am‰nh®p
t\m°q. CØ-c-Øn¬ C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ Xbm-
dm-°nb H_vP-IvSp -Isf Kq∏v sNbvXv
Uyqπnt°‰v sNbvXv FX FÆw Aao-_sb
thW-sa-¶nepw \n¿an®pIqsS?
♦ `mK-߃ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ F¥mWv
sNtø-≠Xv? Is≠Øn sNøq.
Hcp hrØsØ cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-Ønbpw
Aao-_-bpsS NnXw hc-bv°mtam F∂v
]co£n-°q. \n߃ hc® Aao-_-bpsS
]I¿s∏-Sp-°-W-sa-¶n¬ F¥v sNø-W-sa∂v
Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m? Nne kt¶-X-߃ IqSn
^n√pw kvtSm°pw
NnXw \nco-£n°q (NnXw 1.7). hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep≈ IdpØ hc-bmWv Cu H_vP-
IvSns‚ kvtSm°v. \oe-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ mKw n√pw. Ch-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ hnhn[ Hm]vj-
\p-Iƒ e`n-°m≥ Object → Fill and Stroke F∂ Ia-Øn¬ Xpd-°p∂ Ub-temKv
t_mIvkv (NnXw 1.8) Xpd-°p-I. H_vPIvSv skeIvSv sNbvXv AXnse Sm_p-Ifpw Hm]vj-
\p-Ifpw ]co-£n®p t\m°n D]-tbm-K-߃ a\- n-em-°q.
NnXw 1.7 NnXw 1.8
NnXw 1.6
13
angnhm¿∂ NnXtemIw
13
c≠n-e-[nIw H_vP-IvSp-Iƒ apI-fn¬ apI-
fn-embn ASp°n h®v GsX-¶n-ep-sam-scÆw
skeIvSv sNbvXv Page Down, Page up, End,Home F∂o Key Iƒ Aa¿Øn t\m°q.
\nß-fpsS \nco-£Ww ]´nI 1.3 ¬ tcJ-
s∏-SpØq.
km[m-c-W-bmbn Ah-km\w D≠m-°p∂
H_vP-IvSm-Wv apI-fn¬ D≠m-hp-I. (NnXw
1.9). F∂m¬ Nne Ah-k-c-ß-fn¬
CXns\ Xmsg-bm-t°-≠n-h-cpw. AXn-\mbn
B H_vP-IvSns\ skeIvSv sNbvXv
Object → Lower F∂ Hm]vj≥ D]-tbm-
Kn-°p-I. AXn\p ]I-c-ambn Page DownKey ]kv sNbvXmepw aXn.
]h¿Ø\w 4
kvIqfpI-fpsS tK‰p-Iƒs°m-∏-ap≈
Iam\w I≠n-´nt√? AØ-c-samcp Iam\w
BWv ChnsS \¬In -bn -c n -°p -∂Xv
(NnXw 1. 10) CXv hc-bv°p-∂-Xn\v \n߃
CXphsc ]cn-N-b-s∏´ GsX√mw Sqfp
-Iƒ thW-sa∂v N¿®sNbvXv NphsS
Ipdnbv-°p-I.
Bh-iy-amb Sqfp-Iƒ:
♦ hrØw hc-bv°m-\p≈ Sqƒ
♦ .............................................................................
♦ .............................................................................
♦ .............................................................................
♦ .............................................................................
NphsS \¬Inb ]h¿Ø-\-Iahpw
NnXhpw ]tbm-P-\-s∏SpØn (NnXw 1.12)
\nß-fpsS kvIqfns‚ Iam\w C¶v kvtI∏n¬
\n¿an°pat√m.
]h¿Ø-\-Iaw
♦ Hcp hrØw hc-bv°pI.
♦ Edit Path Node D]-tbm-Kn®v AXns\
Hcp A¿[-hr-Ø-am-°p-I.
♦ Edit → Duplicate F∂ Ia-Ønse c≠v
XhW Uyqπn-t°‰v FSpØv hen∏w
Ipd®v NnXw 1.12 ¬ L´w 3 ¬ Im-Wp-
∂-Xp-t]mse Iao-I-cn-°p-I.
♦ kvIqfns‚ t]cv sSIvÃv Sqfp-]-tbm-Kn®v
ssS∏psNøpI.
♦ a[y -`m -KsØ A¿[-hr -Øhpw
kvIqfns‚ t]cpw H∂n®v skeIvSv
sNøp-I. Text → Put on path Hm]vj≥
sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I. Ct∏mƒ a[y-`m-
KsØ A¿[hr-Ø-Øns‚ ]mX-bn-eqsS
kvIqfns‚ t]cv IaoIcn -°-s∏-´n -
´p-≠m-Ipw. t]cn-\p-ap-∂n-embn Bh-iy-
Øn\v ÿew- \¬In IrXy -ambn
NnXw 1.9
NnXw 1.10
Io D≠mb am‰w
Page Down skeIvSv sNbvX H_vPIvSv
]n∂n-ep≈ H_vP-IvSns‚
]nd-In-embn.
]´nI 1.3
Page Up .................................................
End .................................................
Home .................................................
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
14
NnXw 1.13
NnXw 1.14
]h¿Ø\w 5
C¶vkvtI∏n¬ hc® Hcp ]qhmWv
NphsS ImWp-∂-Xv (-NnXw 1.13). \n߃ CXp-
hsc ]cn-N-b-s∏´ Sqfp-Iƒ°v ]pdsa a‰p Nne
Sqfp-Iƒ IqSn Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-
°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-Iaw ]cn-tim-[n®v (NnXw
1.14) NnXw hc®v \nß-fpsS t^mƒU-dn¬
tkhv sNøpI.
NnXw 1.12
hc® NnX-Ønse skeIvSv sNbvX H_vP-
IvSp-Isf amX-ambn dmÿ NnX-ambn
tkhv sNøp -∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v
t\m°mw. AXn-\mbn NnX-Ønse Bh-
iy-amb `mKw amXw skeIvSv sNøp-I.
F∂n´v File → Export Bitmap F∂
Hm]vj≥ FSp-°p-I. Selection F∂ Sm_v
skeIvSv sNbvXv ^b¬ \maw \¬In
Export sNøp-I. B mKw amX-ambn .pngt^m¿am-‰n¬ tkhv sNø-s∏-Spw. (NnXw
1 .11) . Export Bitmap Ub-temKv
t_mIvknse a‰p kuI-cy-߃ Fs¥m-
s°-sb∂v \nco-£n-°q. Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-
K -߃ Fs¥-√m -sa∂v ]tbm -Kn®p
t\m°n Is≠-Øq.
NnXw 1.11
Iao-I-cn-°p-I.
♦ a[y-`m-KsØ A¿[-hrØw amX-ambn
skeIvSv sNbvXv AXns‚ kvtSm°v
Ifdpw ^n¬ Ifdpw Hgn-hm-°p-I.
♦ a‰v c≠v hrØ-߃ amX-ambn H∂n®v
skeIvSv sNbvXv Path → DifferenceHm]vj\n¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXp t\m°q.
♦ NphsS \¬Inb Ipdn∏v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-
Sp-Øn (NnXw 1.11) .png t^m¿am-‰n¬
tkhv sNøpI.
15
angnhm¿∂ NnXtemIw
15
]h¿Ø-\-Iaw
♦ s]≥kn¬ Sqƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v apI-
fnepw Xmsgbpw ¢n°p-sNbvXv Hcp hc
\n¿an°p-I.
♦ hc skeIvSv sNbvXv Edit → Clone→ Create Tiled Clones Hm]vj≥ sXc-
s™-Sp-°p-I. Ct∏mƒ e`n-°p∂ Ub-
temKv t_mIvkn¬ Symmetry Sm_n¬
PM:Reflection sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I. Row,column 1X2 \¬In Create ¢n°p
sNbvXv Ub-temKv t_mIvkv
AS-bv°pI.
♦ hc skeIvSv sNbvXv Edit → Clone→ select original Hm]vj≥ sXc-s™-
Sp-°p-I. XpS¿∂v Edit Path by NodeSqƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hc-bn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv
hcsb Hcp hi-tØ°v hen-®p-t\m-°q.
knsa-Sn-°mbn c≠p hi-tØ°pw hc-
h-f-bp-∂Xv ImWmw. CXns\ Hcp CX-
fns‚ cq]-Øn-em-°n-sb-Sp-°p-I. H∂n®v
skeIvSv sNbvXv Hcp ^n¬ Ifdpw
\¬Ip-I.
♦ Ct∏mƒ e`n® CX-fns\ H∂n®v
skeIvSv sNbvXv Edit → Clone →Unlink Clone F∂ Hm]vj≥ sXc-
s™-Sp-°pI. XpS¿∂v Path → Union\¬IpI. Ct∏mƒ CXƒ Hcp kzX¥
H_vPIvSmbn amdpw.
♦ C\n AXns‚ Uyqπn-t°‰v tIm∏n-Iƒ
FSpØv object sa\p-hnse Rotate,Flip XpS-ßnb kt¶-X-߃ D]-tbm-
Kn®v Hcp ]qhns‚ BIr-Xn -bn¬
\ncØn hbv°p-I.
♦ CX-fp-I-sf√mw H∂n®v skeIvSv sNbvXv
Path → Union \¬Ip-I.
Hcp ]tXyI tImW-f-hn¬ IrXyambn
sdmt´‰v sN-øm-\mbn Object → TransformskeIvSv sNøp-tºmƒ e`n-°p∂ Ub-
temKv t_mIvknse Rotate Sm_nse
kt¶-X-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. H_vP-Iv‰n¬
U_nƒ ¢n°p sNbvXpw CX-fns\ Bh-
iy-amb coXn-bn¬ Iao-I-cn-°mw.
C\n Fs¥√mw sNbvXm¬ CXns\
NnX-Øn¬ ImWp∂ Hcp ]qhm°n am‰mw?
CXp-hsc ]Tn® a‰p kt¶-X-߃ ]tbm-P-
\-s∏-SpØn NnXw ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-I.
A[n-I-]-h¿Ø\w
A\n-ta-j≥ \n¿am-W-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb NnX-
߃ hc-bv°p-∂-Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ \s√mcp
tkm^‰vvshbdmWv C¶vkvtI∏v. AØ-c-Øn-semcp
NnXsØ Cu tkm^‰vvshb¿ D]-tbm-Kn®p hc®p
t\m°q. A\n-ta-j-\n¬ Hcp NnXsØ Nen-∏n-°-
W-sa-¶n¬ AXns‚ Nen-∏n-°m≥ Dt±-in-°p∂ mK-
߃ sht∆sd hc-®p-≠m-°-Ww. C¶vkvtI-∏n¬
hc-bv°p∂ NnX-߃ F√mw hnhn[ H_vP-IvSp-I-
fpsS Iq´-am-sW∂v Adn-bm-at√m? Bh-iy-ap≈
H_vP-IvSp-Isf Kq∏v sNøm\pw \mw ]Tn-®p-Ign™p.
C\n hc® NnX-Ønse skeIvSv sNbvX
H_vPIvSp-Isf amX-ambn dmÿ NnX-ambn tkhv
sNøp-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂v \n߃°-dnbmw. A\n-
ta-j-\p-th≠n Hcp ]£nsb kz¥-ambn hc-®p-
t\m-°q. AXns‚ DS¬, NndIp-Iƒ, sIm°v, IÆv
F∂nh ]tXyIw tkhv sNbvXp-t\m-°q. Cßs\
tkhv sNbvX `mK-ß-ƒ \nß-fpsS A\ntaj≥
]mT-`m-KØv ]tbm-P-\s∏SpØmw. NnXw 1.15
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
16
XpS¿ ]-h¿Ø-\-߃
♦ \nß-fpsS kvIqfns‚ temtKm
C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ \n¿an®v dmÿ ^b-
embn \nß-fpsS t^mƒU-dn¬ tkhv
sNøp-I. Cu temtKm \nß-fpsS kvIqƒ
sh_vssk-‰ns‚ tlmwt]-Pn¬ Dƒs∏-
Sp-Øp-I.
♦ Poh-imkvXw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse
‘kpc-£bpw NnIn-’bpw’ F∂ ]mT-
`m-K-Øp≈ ^mtKmsskt‰m-knkv L´-
߃ hy‡-am-°p∂ NnXw hc®v \nß-
fpsS t^mƒU-dn¬ tkhv sNøp-I.
♦ \f-N-cnXw B´-°-Y-bnse lwkhpw
Za-b-¥nbpw XΩn-ep≈ kw`m-jWw
ae-bmfw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-
∏n-®n-´p-≠-t√m. lwkw ]d-∂p-h-cp∂
ZriyØns‚ A\n-ta-j-\p-th≠n lwk-
Øns‚ hyXykvX `mK-߃ C¶vkvtI-
∏n¬ Xbm-dm°n hyXykvX ^b-ep-I-
fmbn tkhv sNøp-I.
hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ
17
]T\ ]h¿Ø\ßfpambn _‘s∏´v
]m[m\ya¿ln°p∂ H∂mWt√m hnhc
tiJcWw. hnhctiJcWØn\pw hniI
e\Øn\pw \nch[n am¿K߃ D≠v.
CØcØnep≈ Hcp ]T\]h¿Ø\amWv
HºXmwXcØn¬ Ip´nIfpsS BtcmKy
ioesØ kw_‘n®v \n߃ \SØnbXv.
Hcp ]T\hpambn _‘s∏´v tiJcn°p∂
hnhc߃ icnbmb coXnbn¬ ]´nIs∏Sp
Ønbm¬ amXta AXn¬\n∂v e`n°p∂
hniIe\߃ IrXyambncn°pIbp≈q.
Ip´nIfpsS BtcmKyioehpambn
_‘s∏´v HºXmw ¢mkn¬ \SØnb
hnhctiJcWw ]´nIs∏SpØnbt∏mƒ
Fs¥√mw ]iv\ßfmWv \n߃ t\cn´Xv?
♦ ]´nIbpsS hen∏w
♦ ...............................................................................
♦ ...............................................................................
♦ ...............................................................................
Ch ]cnlcn°m≥ F¥p am¿KamWv
\n߃ kzoIcn®Xv?
♦ sk¬ ^oknwKv
♦ ...............................................................................
♦ ...............................................................................
♦ ...............................................................................
♦ ...............................................................................
hnhc߃ ]´nIs∏SpØptºmgp
≠mIp∂ CØcw ]iv\߃ ]cnlcn
°p∂Xn\v Hcp ]pXnb coXn ]cnNb
s∏´mtem.
hnhc߃ ]´nIs∏SpØm≥ Um‰m t^mw
Um‰m t^mw D]tbmKn®v Hcp ]´nI
Xbmdm°p∂sXßs\sb∂v \ap°v
]cntim[n°mw. \nßfpsS ¢mknse
Ip´nIfpsS t]cv, ho´pt]cv, hb v, hnemkw,
c£I¿Ømhns‚ t]cv F∂nh
Dƒs∏SpØn Hcp ]´nI Um‰mt^mw
D]tbmKn®v Xbmdm°n t\m°mw. CXn\mbn
Hm∏¨ Hm^okv kvs]Uvjo‰n¬
Bhiyap≈ XehmNI߃ ssS∏psNbvXv
skeIvSv sNøpI. (NnXw 2.1).
2 hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
18
XpS¿∂v Data → Data Form F∂
IaØn¬ Um‰mt^mw PmeIw Xpd°pI.
(NnXw 2.2)
X e h m N I ß ƒ ° \ p k c n ® p ≈
t_mIvkpIƒ Um‰mt^man¬ ImWp∂nt√?
CXnse F√m ^o¬Unepw Um‰
ssS∏psNbvXv New _´¨ Aa¿ØpI.
]´nIbn¬ h∂ am‰w \nco£n°q.
CØcØn¬ Um‰mt^mw D]tbmKn®v a‰p
]´nIIfnepw hnhc߃ tcJs∏SpØn
]cnioen°q.
sl¬ØvIm¿Uv Xbmdm°mw
kºq¿W ImbnI£aXm ]≤XnbpsS
`mKambn Ip´nIfpsS Dbchpw Xq°hpw
Xn´s∏SpØm≥ Xocpam\n®p. Cu ZØ߃
]´nIs∏SpØn \nßfpsS ¢mknse
Ip´nIfpsS sl¬Øv Im¿Uv
Xbmdm°p∂Xns\°pdn®v BtemNn
®mtem? sl¬Øv Im¿Unte°mhiyamb
hnhc߃ ]´nIs∏SpØp∂Xn\v
Um‰mt^mw kt¶Xw D]tbmKn°mw.
CXn¬ Fs¥√mw hnhcßfmWv
Dƒs∏SptØ≠Xv?
hnhctiJcWØn\p≈ amXrIm
t^mw ImWq.
Cu amXrIbn¬ Hcp t^mdw Hm∏¨
Hm^okv ssd‰dn¬ Xbmdm°n \nßfpsS
¢mknse Ip´nIfpsS hnhcw tiJcn°q.
Xbmdm°m≥ t]mIp∂ sl¬Øv Im¿Un¬
Hmtcm Ip´nbpsSbpw t_mUnamkv
C≥UIvkv, CXns\ ASnÿm\am°nbp≈
a‰p Nne hniIe\߃ F∂nh IqSn
Dƒs∏SpØn Im¿Uns\ sa®s∏´Xm°mw.
AXn\pth≠n e`yamb ZØßsf
]´nIs∏SpØn hniIe\w sNtø≠
Xp≠v. hnhctiJcW t^mdØneqsS e`n®
ZØ߃ Um‰mt^mw kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®v
kvs]Uvjo‰n¬ ]´nIs∏SpØpat√m.
ep°vA]v ^Mvj≥ h¿KoIcWØn\v
Cu ]´nIbn¬\n∂pw BMI ASnÿm\
Øn¬ Ip´nIsf `mc°pdhp≈h¿ (UnderWeight), km[mcW `mcap≈h¿ (NormalWeight), AanX`mcap≈h¿ (Over Weight),s]mÆØSnbp≈h¿ (Obesity) F∂nßs\
XcwXncn°mw. CXn\mbn \n߃
Xbmdm°nb ]´nIbn¬ F√mhcpsSbpw
BMI IW°m°q. (BMI IW°m°m≥
IntemKmanep≈ `mcsØ ao‰dnep≈
DbcØns‚ h¿Kw sIm≠v lcn®m¬
aXnbmIpw). BMI bpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬
apIfn¬ kqNn∏n®t]mse Ip´nIsf
XcwXncn°p∂Xn\mbn kvs]Uvjo‰nse
ep°vA]v kt¶Xw (Lookup)
NnXw 2.1
NnXw 2.2
sl¬Øv Im¿Uv hnhctiJcW mdw
AUvanj≥ \º¿ ......................................................
t]cv ......................................................
¢mkv, Unhnj≥ ......................................................
Dbcw ......................................................
`mcw ......................................................
hb v ......................................................
hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ
19
D]tbmKn°mw. CXn\mbn \n߃ Xbmdm°nb ]´nIbn¬Øs∂ Hcp ep°vA]v Nm¿´v
Xbmdm°Ww. NphsS tN¿Øncn°p∂ amXrI i≤n°q (NnXw 2.3).
Lookup Chart s‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ Ip´nIsf XcwXncn°mw. CXn\mbn ep°vA]v
Nm¿´v skeIvSv sNbvXv Data sa\phn¬\n∂pw Define Range sXcs™SpØv t]cp\¬In
tkhv sNøpI.
NnXw 2.3
NnXw 2.4
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
20
]´nIbn¬\n∂pw hy‡nKX hnhc߃
Ct∏mƒ \n߃ Xbmdm°nb ]´nI
Hcp hnhck©bambn (Database)
IW°m°mw. Cu Um‰m-t_kn¬ \n∂pw
Hmtcm Ip´nbpsSbpw dnt∏m¿´ v
(DZmlcWambn, sl¬Øv Im¿Uv)
Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈ am¿Kw F¥mWv?
Hmtcm Ip´nbpsSbpw hnhc߃ tIm∏n
sNbvXv dnt∏m¿´v Xbmdm°p∂ ]hrØn
]bmkIcat√? Hmtcm Ip´nbpsSbpw
hnhc߃ Bhiyamb coXnbn¬
IaoIcn°m≥ Ign™m¬ tPmen
Ffp∏Ønem°mw. CXn\p]tbmKn°mhp∂
kt¶Xßfn¬ H∂mWv sabn¬ sa¿Pv.
sl¬Øv Im¿Uv Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈
Um‰mt_kv ]q¿Ønbmbn°gn-™m¬.
sl¬Øv Im¿Un\mhiyamb Hcp sSwtπ‰v
Hm∏¨ Hm^okv ssd‰-dn¬ Xbmdm°mw.
amXrI ASpØ t]Pn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂p.
\n߃ Xbm-dm-°nb sSwtπ‰v ^b-en-
te°v Um‰m-t_-knse hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-
Sp-ØWw. AXn-\mbn Tools sa\phn¬\n∂v
Mail Merge Wizard sXcs™Sp°pI.
XpS¿∂v Zriyamhp∂ PmeIØn¬\n∂pw
Um‰mt_kv
Hcp hkvXphns\°pdn®v ]eXcØnep≈ hnhcßfpsS tiJcsØ Um‰mt_kv
F∂p]dbp∂p. Hcp henb Um‰mt_kv FgpXn Xbmdm°ptºmƒ AXnse hnhc߃
Xnc™v I≠p]nSn°pI ]bmkIcamWv. F∂m¬ Iºyq´¿ Um‰mt_knse hnhc߃
tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v BbmkclnXambn Xnc™v I≠p]nSn°phm≥ Ignbpw.
UnPn‰¬ cq]Øn¬ hnhc߃ tiJcn°p∂Xn\p≈ Hcp]m[nbmWnXv. hyXykvX
hnhc߃ ASßnb ^bepIfpsS tiJcsa∂v CXns\ IW°m°mw.
Um‰mt_knepƒs∏´n´p≈ ^bepIsf km[mcWbmbn tS_nfpIƒ F∂mWv
]dbp∂Xv. Hcp Um‰mt_kn¬ Ht∂m AXne[nItam tS_nfpIfp≠mtb°mw. Hcp
Um‰mt_kv hyXykvXamb bepIfpsS tiJcamsW¶nepw CXnepƒs∏´n´p≈ Hmtcm
tS_nfpIfntebpw D≈S°w Htc kz`mhØnep≈hbmbncn°pw. DZmlcWambn Hcp
kvIqfnse F√m hnhcßfpw Hcp Um‰mt_kn¬ Dƒs°m≈n®n´ps≠∂ncn°s´.
AXnse Ip´nIsf kw_‘n°p∂ hnhcßsf√mw Hcp tS_nfnepw A[ym]Isc
kw_‘n°p∂ hnhc߃ as‰mcp tS_nfnepambncn°pw.
km[mcW ^bepIfn¬ \n∂v hyXykvXambn Um‰mt_kv ^bepIfpambn t\cn´v
kwhZn°m\mhn√. Um‰mt_kv amt\Pvsa‚ v knÃßfpsStbm Bπnt°j≥
t]mKmapIfpsStbm klmbtØmsSbmWv CXv km[yamhp∂Xv. AXpsIm≠pXs∂
CXn¬ Dƒs°m≈n®ncn°p∂ Um‰ IqSpX¬ kpc£nXambncn°pw.
H∂masØ Ip´nsb kw_‘n°p∂
sk¬ (tjUv sNbvXncn°p∂Xv) skeIvSv
sNbvXtijw Insert sa\phn¬\n∂pw
Function sXcs™Sp°pI. ]Xy£amIp∂
enÃn¬\n∂pw Lookup sXcs™SpØv
apt∂m´pt]mIpI. XpS¿∂phcp∂
PmeIßfn¬ (NnXw 2.4) aq∂v Imcy߃
Bhiys∏Sp∂Xp ImWmw. (SearchCriterion, Search Vector, Result Vector) Ch
F¥ns\bmWv kqNn∏n°p∂Xv?
Search Criterion : GXv ZØØns‚
ASnÿm\ØnemWv Ip´nsb XcwXncn
t°≠Xv,
Search Vector : Data Range Unss^≥
sNbvXt∏mƒ \¬Inb t]cv.
Bhiyamb hnhc߃ tN¿Øv OK¢n°psNbvXp Ign™m¬ H∂masØ
Ip´nsb kw_‘n°p∂ hnhcw B
sk√n¬ e`yamhp∂p. NphsSbp≈
sk√pIfnepw hnhc߃ e`yamhm≥
F¥mWv sNtø≠Xv? Is≠Øn ]´nI
]q¿Ønbm°q.
hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ
21
Insert Address Block ¢n°psNøpI. ChnsS
AUkv skeIvSv sNøp∂Xn\p≈ _´¨
sXcs™SpØv Add _´¨ ¢n°psNbvXv
\n߃ Xbmdm°nb ]´nI tUmIypsa‚n¬
Dƒs∏SpØpI. At∏mgp≈ Pme-I-Øn¬
Sn°v am¿°p-Iƒ Ds≠¶n¬ Ah Hgn-hm°n
Create Salutation ¢n°p -sN-øp -I.
XpS¿∂phcp∂ PmeIØnsebpw SnIv
am¿°p-Iƒ If™v Edit Document PmeIw
skeIvSv sNøp-I. tijw Edit Document_´¨ ¢n°psNbvXv ][m\ tUmIypsa‚n
te°v XncnsI hcmw. C\n View sa\p-hnse
Data Source ¢n°p sNbvXm¬ (NnXw 2.5)
\mw Dƒs∏SpØnb ]´nI tUmIypsa‚ns‚
apIƒ `mKØv ]Xy£s∏Spw (NnXw 2.6)
]´nIbnse io¿jI߃ Hmtcm
∂mbn ¢n°psNbvXv hen®v ][m\
tUmIypsa‚nse Bhiyamb `mKØv
sIm≠pt]mbn shbv°mw. XpS¿∂v sabn¬
GHSS AVITANALLURHealth Card
Name .............................................................
Address .............................................................
Class .............................................................
Age .............................................................
Height .............................................................
Weight .............................................................
BMI .............................................................
Comment .............................................................
Signature of the Class Teacher
sl¬Øv Im¿Uv amXrI
NnXw 2.5
NnXw 2.6
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
22
IF F∂ Mvj≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. Ip´n Xnc-
s™-Sp-°-s∏t´m F∂v tcJ-s∏-Sp-tØ≠
sk√n¬ ¢n°p-sNbvX tijw IF ^Mvj≥
sXcs™Sp°pI. Xpd∂phcp∂
PmeIßfn¬ Test o¬Un¬ B Ip´nbpsS
Dbcw tcJs∏SpØnb sk√ns‚ hne
F¥mbncn°Wsa∂pw (H2>=160),Then_Value F∂ o¬Un¬ ‘SELECTED’F∂pw Otherwise_value F∂Xn¬ ‘NOTSELECTED’ F∂pw tcJs∏SpØn OK¢n°psNøq. Ct∏mƒ B sk√n¬ F¥mWv
Zriyamhp∂Xv? NphsSbp≈ sk√pIfn¬
a‰p Ip´nIsf kw_‘n°p∂ hnhcw
Fßs\ tcJs∏SpØmw. Cu tU‰m
t_kn¬\n∂pw NphsS ImWn®n
cn°p∂ amXrIbn¬ F√m Ip´nIƒ°pap≈
k¿´n^n°‰v sabn¬sa¿Pv kwhn[m\ap]
tbmKn®v Xbmdm°q.
Um‰m-t_kv Xbm-dm°mw
Hcp ]tXyI BhiyØn\mbn
tiJcn®p h®ncn°p∂ hnhcßfpsS
Iq´amb Um‰mt_kns‚ sNdnb cq]߃
]cn-N-b-s∏-´p-h-t√m? Hcp Um‰m-t_-kn¬
\n∂p-≈ hnh-c-߃ ]e Bh-iy-߃°v
]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ coXnbpw a\ n
em°nbt√m? kvs]Uvjo‰v D]tbmKn®v
Um‰mt_kv Xbmdm°p∂Xn\v Nne
]cnanXnIƒ D≠v. \mw apºv Xbmdm°nb
Um‰mt_kn¬ c≠v Ip´nIƒ°v Htc
AUvanj≥ \º¿ sX‰mbn \¬Inbm¬
F¥mWv kw`hn°pI? Cu hneIƒ tkhv
sNøp∂Xmbn ImWmw. ImcWw
AØcØn¬ Hcp ]cntim[\ \SØm\p≈
\n¿tZiw ChnsS Dƒs∏SpØnbn´n√. Hcp
CERTIFICATE
Certified that Master/Kumari. Rajeev. K,Standard 10 A is Selected to participate inthe Volly Ball Team Selection Camp 2012.His/Her height is 162 cm.
Place Signature of Class TeacherDate
sa¿Pv hnkm¿Unte°v Xncn®pt]mIp∂
Xn\p≈ PmeIØn¬ ¢n°psNbvXm¬
e`n°p∂ ]pXnb PmeIØn¬ Save MergeDocument sXcs™SpØv tkhv sNøpI.
Ct∏mƒ e`n® bense ]pXnb t]PpIƒ
]cntim[n°q. e`yamb sl¬Øv Im¿Uv
C\n ]n‚ v sNømw.
\n߃ Xbmdm°nb Um‰mt_kns‚
klmbtØmsS C\n Fs¥√mw
dnt∏m¿´pIƒ Xbmdm°mw?
♦ sFU‚n‰n Im¿Uv
♦ kz`mh k¿´n^n°‰v
♦ ...............................................................................
♦ ...............................................................................
♦ ...............................................................................
CØcØnep≈ ]pXnb dnt∏m¿´pIƒ
Xbmdm°n ]cnioen°pat√m?
XcwXncn°m≥ ]pXnb coXn
kvIqƒ thmfnt_mƒ Sow
sXcs™Sp°p∂Xn\p≈ ]cnioe\ Iymºv
Bcw`n°pIbmWv. Hmtcm ¢mkn¬\n∂pw
160 sk‚oao‰dn¬ IqSpX¬ Dbcap≈
hscbmWv Iymºn¬ Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xv.
Iymºnte°v sXcs™Sp°s∏Sp∂
Ip´nIƒ°v ¢mkv So®¿ Hcp k¿´n^n°‰v
\¬tI≠Xp≠v.
\nßfpsS ssIhiap≈ ]´nI
D]tbmKn®v CXv Fßs\ Xbmdm°mw?
]´nIbn¬ Hmtcm Ip´nbpsSbpw DbcØn\v
t\tcbp≈ tImfØn¬ Dbcw 160
sk‚oao‰dn¬ IqSpXemsW¶n¬ SelectedF∂pw 160 sk‚oao‰dn¬ IpdhmsW¶n¬
Not Selected F∂pw tcJs∏SpØnbm¬
sabn¬sa¿Pv kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®v
k¿´n^n°‰v Xbmdm°mat√m. Cßs\
tcJs∏SpØm≥ F¥mWv am¿Kw?
CXn\p]tbmKn°mhp∂ Hcp kwhn[m\
amWv I≠ojW¬ tÉvsa‚ v. CXn\mbn
hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ
23
Hm∏¨ Hm^okv Um‰mt_kns‚
PmeIw (NnXw 2.7) \nco£n°q. CXn¬
Fs¥√mw Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈ kuIcy
ßfmWv D≈Xv? Is≠Øn ]´nIs∏SpØq.
Tables : ]´nI Xbmdm°p∂Xn\v
Quaries : Nne ]tXyI hnhc߃
sXcbp∂Xn\v
Forms : .......................................................................
Reports : .......................................................................
]´nI Xbmdm°mw
Hm∏¨ Hm^okv Um‰mt_kn¬ ]´nI
Xbmdm°m≥ aq∂v am¿KßfmWp≈Xv.
Chbn¬ H∂masØ am¿Kw (Create Tablein Design View) sXcs™Sp°q. ]´nIbn¬
Dƒs∏SptØ≠ hnhcßfpsS io¿jI
ßfpw Ah GXpXcØn¬s∏´ hnhcßfm
bncn°Wsa∂pw \ap°v Xocpam\n°mw.
DZmlcWambn AUvanj≥ \º¿ F∂Xv
kwJym]camb hnhcamWv (Numeric), t]cv
F∂Xv A£c]camb hnhcamWv (Text).
Ip´nIfpsS AUvanj≥ \º¿, t]cv,
¢mkv , kvIqfn¬ tN¿∂ XobXn,
NnXw 2.7
henb Um‰mt_knse hnhc߃
kpc£nXambn ssIImcyw sNtø≠n
hcptºmƒ Cßs\ ]eXcØnep≈
]cntim[\Iƒ Bhiyambn hcpw.
DZmlcWambn Htc hneIƒ Bh¿Øn
°mXncn°¬, A°ßƒ amXw
Dƒs∏SptØ≠ sk√p-I-fn¬ A£c߃
Hgnhm°¬ F∂nßs\ ]eXpw.
CØcw ]iv\-߃IqSn ]cn-K-Wn®v
kpc£nXambn Hcp Um‰mt_kns\
ssIImcyw sNøm≥ klmbn°p∂
tkm v‰vshbdpIsf s]mXpsh Um‰mt_kv
amt\Pvsa‚ v knÃw (DBMS) F∂p]dbp∂p.
CØcØnep≈ Hcp tkm^v‰vshbdmWv
Hm∏¨ Hm^okv Um‰mt_kv. Officesa\phn¬\n∂pw Hm∏¨ Hm^okv
Um‰mt_kv (Open Office Database)Xpd∂pt\m°q. Fs¥√mamWv tkm^v‰v
shb¿ Bhiys∏Sp∂Xv? Hmtcm PmeIhpw
]cntim[n®v Bhiyamb hnhc߃ \¬In
]pXnb Um‰mt_kv \n¿an°q. \n߃
\n¿an® Um‰mt_kv Xpd∂p Xcp∂Xn
\papºv AXp tkhv sNøm≥
Bhiys∏Sp∂nt√, F¥mbncn°pw
ImcWw? N¿®sNøq.
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
24
]´nIbnte°v hnhc߃ tN¿°m≥ t^mw
\n߃ Xbmdm°nb ]´nIbnte°v
hnhc߃ tN¿°m≥ t^mw (Form) F∂
kt¶Xw D]tbmKn°mw. Hm∏¨ Hm^okv
Um‰mt_kv PmeIØn¬ Form F∂
_´¨ ¢n°psNbvXv heXphiØp\n∂pw
c≠masØ am¿Kw (Use Wizard to createform) sXcs™SpØv apt∂m´pt]mIq.
\n߃ Xbmdm°nb ]´nIbpw
Ahbn¬\n∂v t^man¬ Dƒs∏SptØ≠
hnhcßfpw sXcs™Sp°m≥ Ignbpw.
Arrangement of the main form F∂-
Xn¬\n∂v Hcp teHu´v sXc-s™-SpØv
apt∂m-´p-t]m-Iq. t^man\v Bhiyamb
\ndhpw teHu´pw sXcs™SpØv t^mw
tkhv sNøpI (NnXw 2.9).
Cu t^mw D]tbmKn®v ZØ߃
]´nIs∏SpØn t\m°q. \n߃
Xbmdm°nb t^manse Hmtcm ^o¬Unepw
NnXw 2.8
c£mI¿Ømhns‚ t]cv F∂nh
Dƒs∏Sp∂ Hcp ]´nI Hm∏¨ Hm^okv
Um‰mt_kn¬ Xbmdm°mw. CXn\mbn
]´nIbn¬ Dƒs∏SptØ≠ io¿jIßfpw
AhbpsS hn`mKßfpw \¬In ]´nI
Nn´s∏SpØpIbmWv th≠Xv. Hmtcm sk‰v
hnhcßsfbpw a‰p≈hbn¬\n∂v
Xncn®dnbp∂Xn\v Hcp ZØsØ ss]adn
Io Bbn \n¿hNnt°≠Xp≠v. CXv
Bh¿Øn°m≥ ]mSn√mØXpw (Unique) Hgn-
hm-°m≥ ]mSn-√m-ØXpw (Not Null) Bb
ZØamWv. \nßfpsS ]´nIbn¬ GXv
ZØamWv ss]adn Io Bbn
\n¿hNnt°≠Xv? B ZØsØ kqNn-∏n-
°p∂ io¿jIØns‚ CSXp`mKØv ssd‰v
¢n°psNbvXv ss]adn Io F∂ hn`mKw
sXcs™Sp°pI. (NnXw 2.8). XpS¿∂v Hcp
t]cp\¬In ]´nI tkhv sNøm≥
ad°cptX.
hnhchniIe\Øns‚ ]pXpcoXnIƒ
25
NnXw 2.9
hnhc߃ tN¿Øtijw Sm_v Io
D]tbmKn®v ASpØ ^o¬Unte°v
t]mImhp∂XmWv. Hcp Ip´nsb
kw_‘n°p∂ hnhcw tN¿Øtijw
Sm_v As√¶n¬ F‚¿ Io Aa¿Øp∂
tXmsS Cu hnhc߃ \n߃ apºv
Xbmdm°nb ]´nIbn¬ tiJcn®n´p
≠mIpw. CØcØn¬ hnhc߃ tcJs∏Sp
Ønbtijw ]´nI Xpd∂pt\m°q. Cßs\
Xbmdm°nb ]´nI \mw apºv ]cnioen®
sabn¬sa¿Pv t]mep≈ kt¶X߃
D]tbmKn®v a‰mhiy߃°pw ]tbmP\
s∏SpØmw. \nßfpsS ]T\]h¿Ø\
Øns‚ `mKambn Hm∏¨ Hm^okv
Um‰mt_kv D]tbmKn®v IqSpX¬
Um‰mt_kpIƒ Xbmdm°n ]cnioen
°pat√m?
XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\߃
♦ \nßfpsS ¢mknse Ip´nIfpsS
Xncn®dnbn¬ Im¿Uv Xbmdm°p∂
Xn\mhiyamb ZØ߃ tiJcn®v
Hm∏¨ Hm^okv Um‰mt_kv
D]tbmKn®v Um‰mt_kv Xbmdm°pI.
sabn¬sa¿Pv kt¶Xw D]tbmKn®v
Xncn®dnb¬ Im¿Uv Xbmdm°n ]n‚ v
sNøpI.
♦ Hcp hm¿Unse hoSp-I-fnse IpSn-sh≈
tkmX- p-Isf kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnh-c-
߃ tiJ-cn®v Hm∏¨ Hm^okv Um‰m
t_kn¬ tS_nfpw AXn-te°v hnh-c-
߃ \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ t^mapw \n¿an®v
]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
26
AXncmWn∏mSw IpSn]m¿∏ptIµambn
amdnbt∏mƒ q]IrXnbnep≠mb am‰ßƒ
FX at\mlcambmWv Fkv.sI.
s]m‰°mS v Bhnjv°cn®ncn°p∂Xv!
\n߃ Xmakn°p∂ ]tZiØpw am‰ßƒ
h∂psIm≠ncn°p∂nt√? \nßfpsS
]tZiØv CØ-c -Øn¬ h∂n -´p≈
`qanimkvX]chpw a\pjy\n¿anXhpamb
am‰ -ß-sf√mw `q]S cq]Øn¬
tcJs∏SpØm≥ km[n°ptam? GXp-Xcw
`q]-S-Øn-emWv tcJ-s∏-Sp-ØpI? CXv Xocp-
am-\n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn \ap°v hnhn-[-Xcw
`q]-S-ß-sf ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
km[m-cW `q]Sw
\n߃°p kp]cnNnXamb GsX-¶-nep-
samcp km[m -cW `q]Sw (wall map)\nco£n®v AXn¬ Fs¥√mw ImcyßfmWv
Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈sX∂v Is≠Øq
(NnXw 3.1).
♦ tdmUpIƒ
♦ sdbn¬th
♦ ...............................................................................
♦ ...............................................................................
‘Hcp henb NXp∏p\new ImeItaW Xq¿∂p≠mb Hcp IpSn]m¿∏p tIµamWv
AXncmWn∏mSw. ]pcmX\ImeØv Hcp sNdnb ]pg, AXneqsS Hcp ssa¬ ]Sn™mdp≈
kapZØnte°v HgpInt®¿∂ncp∂p. iXm_vZ߃°nSbn¬ B ]pg h‰n, sNfnsI´n
aqSn hensbmcp tXmSmbn Xo¿∂p. B mKØn\v ]pgh°Øv F∂mWv Ct∏mgpw ]d™p
hcp∂Xv. B tXmSpw ItaW Xq¿∂v Xq¿∂v AhnSsa√mw NXp∏p\neßfmbn
Øo¿∂p. B NXp∏p\neßfpw Xq¿∂p XpSßnbt∏mƒ B ]mS-ß-fn¬ a\pjy≥
]thin®p. ]bXv\Øns‚ ]mSpIƒ sXfn™p. AhnsS Icnºn≥ tXm´
ßfpw, F≈v, Xphc XpSßnb [m\y߃ hnfbp∂ Ifßfpw, thensI´nb hf∏pIfpw
D≠mbnh∂p...’
Hcp tZiØns‚ IY
Fkv. sI s]m‰°mSv
3 Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw
Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw
27
D]-Kl `q]Sw
www.wikimapia.org F∂ sh_vssk‰v
kµ¿in®v \nßfpsS ]tZiw Is≠Øn
\nco£n°q. Hcp km[mcW `q]SsØ
At]£n®v Fs¥√mw hnhcßfmWv
IqSpXembn CXn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈Xv
F∂p Is≠Øq.
♦ hoSv
♦ ]©m-bØv tdmUv
♦ Ipfw
♦ ...............................................................................
hn°nam∏nbbn¬ ÿe߃,
tdmUpIƒ, ÿm]\߃, Bcm[\meb
߃ apXembhbpsS t]cpIƒ ASbmf
s∏SpØm≥ km[n -°pw. \nß-fpsS
kvIqfns‚ ÿm\w q]SØn¬ Is≠-ØpI.
NnXw 3.1
NnXw 3.2 D]-Kl ho£Ww
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
28
kvIqfns‚ t]cv Fß-s\-bmWv hn°n am∏n-
b-bn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-ØpI?
hn°n-am-∏n-b-bn¬ Fs‚ kvIqfpw
hn°n-am-∏nb Xpd∂v Search sNbvtXm,
aukv kvtImƒ hgntbm \nß-fpsS
kvIqfns‚ ÿm\w Is≠-Ømw. Satelliteview, map view F∂o c≠p-co-Xn-bn¬ q]Sw
\nco-£n-°m≥ CXn¬ kuIcyw Hcp-°n-bn-
´p-≠v. kvIqfns‚ ÿm\w Is≠-Øn-°-gn-
™m¬]ns∂ q]-S-Øn-\-IØv apI-ƒ`mKØv
e`y-am-Ip∂ SqfpI-fn¬ Edit Map se Addplace FSp°p-I.
NnXw 3.3 q]S ho£Ww
NnXw 3.4
NnXw 3.5
Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw
29
aukv ¢n°p-IƒsIm≠v t]mbn‚p-Iƒ
krjvSn®v \nß-fpsS kvIqfncn°p∂ ÿew
AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ømw. CXp-t]mse \nß-fpsS
hoSv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ÿehpw `q]SØn¬
AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq.
Save _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøptºmƒ
Xpd∂phcp∂ PmeIØn¬ ÿesØ
Ipdn®p≈ hnhc߃IqSn Dƒs∏SpØn
tkhv sNøq.
IyqPnkv (QGIS) `q]Sw
C\n keralaresourcemaps.in F∂
sh_vssk‰v kµ¿in®v ]me°mSv Pn√bnse
aeºpg tªm°nse AItØØd
Kma]©mbØns‚ sh_v IyqPnkv (webQGIS) `q]Sw t\m°p. B ]©mbØns‚
`qhnhc hyhÿsb°pdn®v `q]SØn¬
Dƒs∏SpØnb hnhcßsf√mwXs∂ taJe
Xncn®v CSXphiØv \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv
t\m°pI. Fs¥√mw taJeIfpambn
_‘s∏´ hnhcßfmWv IyqPnkv `q]-S-
Øn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv?
Hcp taJebnse hnhcßsf
`q]SØn¬ ]Z¿in∏n°p∂Xn\v B
taJebpsS CSXp hiØp≈ sN°vt_m
NnXw 3.6
GIS se hnhn[ hnhc ]mfn-Iƒ
♦ AXn¿Øn ]©m-b-Øp-Iƒ
♦ ]©m-b-Ønse BkvXn-Iƒ
♦ tªm°ns‚ AXn¿Øn
♦ I\m-ep-Iƒ
♦ IS¬ AXn¿Øn
♦ sN°v Umw sIt´≠ ÿe-߃
♦ ag-°p-gn-Iƒ Ipgn-t°≠ ÿe-߃
♦ ........................................................................
♦ ........................................................................
♦ ........................................................................
XpSßn [mcmfw ]mfnIƒ QGIS am∏n¬
ImWmw.
Ivkn¬ aukv ¢n°p-sN-bvXm¬ aXnbmIpw.
Hmtcm taJesb°pdn®pap≈ Fs¥√mw
hntijW߃ (Attributes) `q]SØn¬
Dƒs∏SpØnbn´ps≠∂v B taJe
]h¿Ø\£aam°nbpw `q]SØn¬
¢n°psNbvXpw Is≠ØpI.
Ct∏mƒ \mw aq∂pXcw q]S߃ ]cn-
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
30
tim-[n-®t√m? Ch-bn¬ ]Ir-Xn-Z-Øhpw a\p-
jy-\n¿an-X-hp-amb `utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-
j-X-Ifpw Ah-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]c-am-h[n
hnh-c-ßfpw Dƒs∏-Sp -Øn-bn -cn -°p-∂Xv
IyqPnkv (QGIS) `q]Sß-fn -em -sW∂v
t_m[y-ambt√m? IyqPnkv `q]SØn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp∂ hnh-c-ß-sf-√mw-Xs∂ ]mtZ-
in -Im-kq-X-W-Øn\pw a‰p hni-I-e-\-
߃°pw D]-tbm-Kn -°m≥ km[n-°pw.
]Ømw-Xcw kmaq-ly-imkvXw˛II se c≠mw
A[ym-b-Øn¬ CØcw `q]Sß-fpsS D]-
tbm-K-sØ-°p-dn®v ]d-bp∂ Imcy-߃ i≤n-
°p-a-t√m. IyqPnkv q]-S-ß-sf-°p-dn®pw Ah-
bpsS Nne D]-tbm-K-ßsf-°p-dn®pw C\n a\-
n-em-°mw.
NnXw 3.7 Bbn \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂
hm¿Uv `q]Sw i≤n-°q. AXn¬ kqNn-∏n-
°p∂ ][m\ tdmUv (Main Road) It≠m?
NnXw 3.7
IyqPnkv (QGIS)
\nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Hmtcm∂pw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp km[m-cW
`q]Sw Xbm-dm-°n-sb-∂n-cn-°-s´. Cu `q]SØn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb hnh-c-߃ GsX-
¶nepw Bh-iy-Øn-\mbn hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-]-tbm-Kn-°pI ia-I-c-amb Hcp ]hrØn
Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°pw. F∂m¬ ÿm\ob hnh-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw C\w-
Xn-cn®v Hmtcm hn-`m-K-sØbpw ]tXyIw ]tXyIw ]mfn-I-fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv
`q]Sw \n¿an-°p-∂-sX∂v Icp-Xp-I. Cu hnh-c-]m-fn-Isf Bhiyw hcp-tºmƒ th¿s]-
SpØnbpw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw Iq´n-t®¿Øpw hni-I-e\w sNøm\p≈ kuIcyhpw e`y-
am-Wv. F¶n¬ AØcw `q]-S-ß-fn¬\n∂pw hnh-c-߃ hos≠-Sp-°epw hni-I-e\w
sNø-ep-sams° Ffp-∏hpw kq£va-X-bp-≈-Xp-am-bn-cn-°pw. Cßs\ \ap°v kuI-cy-]-
Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m-hp∂ Xc-Øn¬ hnhn[ ]mfn-I-fn-embn hnh-c-߃ Iao-I-cn-®n-
´p≈ q]-S-߃ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp ][m\ tkm v‰vshb-dmWv Izm≠w
Pn.-sF.-Fkv.
Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw
31
tdmUns‚ hoXn 10 ao‰¿ Iq´m≥ Xocp-am-\n-
°p-∂p-sh∂p Icp-Xp-I. Xocp-am\w \S-∏m-°n-
bm¬ GsX√mw sI´n-S-ßsf AXv _m[n-
°p -sa∂v Is≠-Øm≥ km[n -°ptam?
IyqPnkv `q]Sam-sW-¶n¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw
CXn -\p≈ kuIcyw ]kvXpX
tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ e`y-am-Wv. _^-dnwKv
(Buffering) F∂ kt¶-X -amWv Cu
tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ CXn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
Øp -∂-X v . _^-dnwK v Fß-s\-sb∂v
t\m°mw.
_^-dn-wKv
Cu ]h¿Ø-\-Øn-\mbn \n߃°v
NnXw 3.7 ¬ kqNn-∏n-®n-´p≈ IyqPnkv `q]-
S-Øns‚ UnPn-‰¬ cq]w (QGIS Project) e`y-
am-°mw. CXns\ Izm≠w Pn.-sF.-F-kv. F∂
`qhn-hc hyhÿm tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ Xpd-
°-Ww. IyqPnkv (Quantum GIS) Xpd∂v Filesa\p-hnse Hm∏¨ t]mPIvSphgn \nß-fpsS
Iºyq-´-dnse QGIS Project Xpd-°m-\m-Ipw.
CS -Xp -h -i -Øp≈ seb¿ t_mIvkv
\nco-£n®v `q]-S-Øn-ep≈ GsX√mw ]mfn-
Iƒ Zriy-am-Ip-∂p≠v F∂v Is≠-Øq.
seb¿ t_mIvknse ]mfn-Isf CS-Xp-h-i-
Øp≈ sNIvt_m-Ivkn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv
]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am°n t\m°q.
`q]-S-Øn-ep≈ ][m\ tdmUns‚ hoXn
10 ao‰¿ Iq´p-tºmƒ GsX√mw sI´n-S-ßsf
_m[n-°p-sa∂v Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ coXn-bn¬
Is≠-Ømw.
♦ BZyw Road F∂ ]mfn skeIvSv
sNøp-I.
♦ select single feature button D]-
tbm-Kn®v `q]SØnse ][m\ tdmUv
skeIvSv sNøp-I.
♦ Vector → Geo processing Tools →Buffer(s) F∂ Ia-Øn¬ ¢n°p-
sN-øp-I.
♦ Input vector Layer Bbn Roads sXc-
s™-Sp-°p-I.
NnXw 3.8
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
32
♦ Buffer distance ¬ Main Road \v A[n-
I-ambn \¬Ip∂ hoXn 10 ao‰-dmbn
\¬Ip-I.
♦ output Shapefile F∂nSsØ browse_´¨ ¢n°p-sNbvXv ]mfn°v A\p-tbm-
Py-amb ^b¬\maw (buffer_roads)\¬In tkhp-sN-øp-I. ]pXnb ]mfn
tN¿°p-∂-Xn\pw A\p-hmZw \¬Ip-I.
♦ seb¿ t_mIvkn¬ Road Layer s\
UmKp-sNbvXv buffer_roads ]mfn°p
apI-fn-te-°pw, House Layer s\ RoadLayer \v apI-fn-te°pw Iao-I-cn-°p-I.
C\n `q]Sw \nco£n®v tdmUv hoXn
Iq´ptºmƒ _m[n°p∂ sI´nS߃
GsXms° F∂p Is≠Øm\mIpw?
Bhiysa¶n¬ `q]Sw Zoom in sNømw.
BcpsSsbms° hoSpIfmhpw \„s∏SpI
F∂p Is≠Øm\mbn house ]mfnbn¬
¢n°p sNøpI. Identify Features F∂
Sqfn¬ ¢n°psNbvXtijw _^¿ sebdn
ep≈ Hmtcm hoSpItfbpw kqNn∏n°p∂
t]mbn‚pIfn¬ ho≠pw ¢n°p sNøpI.
hoSpIsf°pdn®v Fs¥√mw hnhcßfmWv
`q]S \n¿amW kabØv Dƒs∏SpØn
bncn°p∂Xv F∂pt\m°q.
]pXnb ]mfn tN¿°mw
`q]SØn¬ hoSpIsf√mw Hcp
]mfnbnemWv ASbmfs∏SpØnbncn°p∂
sX∂v i≤nt®m? hoSpItfmSp tN¿∂v
km[mcWbmbn InWdpIƒ D≠mhpw.
NnXw 3.9
Pnsbm d^d≥knwKv
Hcp ]tZiØns‚ q]Sw kvIm≥ sNbvXv QGIS ¬ Dƒs∏SpØp∂tXmsS AXv Pnsbm
d^d≥kp sNøWw. CXn\mbn B ]tZiØp≈ IrXyambn Xncn®dnbm≥ Ignbp∂
ÿe ASbmf߃ (Landmark) Is≠Øn AhbpsS A£mwihpw tcJmwihpw
t•m_¬ s]mknj\nßv knÃw (GPS) F∂ kt¶Xap]tbmKn®v Is≠Øp∂p. Cu
ASbmfßsf B[mcam°n `q]SsØ kvsIbne∏v sNøp∂p. CXns\bmWv Pnsbm
d^d≥knwKv F∂p]dbp∂Xv. Pnsbm d^d≥knwKv sNbvXp Ign™m¬ `q]SØnse
Hmtcm _nµphns‚bpw ÿm\w Adnbm\pw km[n°pw.
Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw
33
NnXw 3.10
]´nI 3.1
]mfn (Layer) C\w (Layer Type) hntijW߃ (Attributes)
AXncpIƒ _lp-`pPw (Polygon) ]©mbØns‚/hm¿Uns‚ t]cv,
P\kwJy, hoSpIfpsS FÆw apXembh
Ipf߃ _lp- pPw (Polygon) DSaÿX, Pe-e-`y-X,- D-]-tbm-Kw
apXembh
]pcbnS߃ _lp-`pPw (Polygon) k¿sh \º¿, `qan D]tbmKw, aÆn\w,
DSaÿX apXembh
\ZnIƒ hc (Line) t]cv, hoXn, Pe e`yX apXembh
\o¿®m¬ hc (Line) t]cv, hoXn, Pe e`yX apXembh
hgn hc (Line) t]cv. Xcw (][m\ ]mX As√¶n¬
]©mbØv hgn), hoXn, D]cnXew,
apXembh
hoSv _nµp (Point) ho´p\º¿, ho´pt]cv, IpSpw_mwKßfpsS
FÆw, ta¬°qc (RCC or tiled or thatch)
InW¿ _nµp (Point) DSaÿX, Pee`yX, D]tbmKw,
Ahÿ, Bgw, Pe ]cnip≤n apXembh
s]mXp sI´nSw _nµp (Point) t]cv, C\w, sI´nS \º¿ apXembh
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
34
ChnsS InWdpIƒ tcJs∏SpØnbn´n√.
Ah Fßs\ Dƒs∏SpØpw?
♦ QGIS sa\phn¬\n∂v Layer → New →New Shapefile Layer IaØn¬ ¢n°p
sNøpI.
♦ ]Xy£amIp∂ UbtemKv t_mIvkn¬
Layer Type GsX∂v (Xmsg
X∂ncn°p∂ ]´nI t\m°n)
tcJs∏SpØpI.
♦ New Attribute \pXm-sg-bp≈ Namet_mIvkn¬ InW-dn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb
hnti-j-W-߃ (Attributes) \¬Ip-I.
hntijWßfmbn Fs¥√mw
Imcy߃ \¬Im≥ km[n°pw? ]´nIbn¬
\n∂v Is≠Øq. hntijWßfpsS
Xmsgbp≈ type box -¬ IqSpX¬ A\p-_‘
hntijWßfpw tcJs∏SpØmw. A£c
߃ D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ text data Ft∂m
A°ßƒ°v Whole number As√¶n¬
Decimal number Ft∂m \¬Imw. Hmtcm
hntijWw \¬Iptºmgpw Xmsg Add toattributes list F∂ Sm_n¬ ¢n°p
sNøphm≥ ad°cpXv. th≠ hnhcß
sf√mw tcJs∏SpØnb tijw OK _´¨
Aa¿Øn well F∂ ^b¬\maw \¬In
NnXw 3.11
tkhv sNøpI. At∏mƒ well F∂ t]cn¬
Hcp ]mfn CSØv seb¿ t_mIvkn¬
]Xy£amIpw. ]mfnbn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°p
sNbvXv properties Xpd∂v t\m°q. Cu
]mfn°v C\nbpw Fs¥ms° am‰ßƒ
hcpØm≥ Ignbpsa∂v Is≠Øq
(NnXw 3.11).
Cßs\ Xbmdm°nb ]mfnbnemWv
\ap°v InWdpIƒ tcJs∏SptØ≠Xv.
Xmsg-∏-d -bp∂ coXn -bn¬ InW-dp -Iƒ
Hmtcm-∂mbn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønt°mfq.
♦ seb¿ t_mIvkn¬\n∂pw well ]mfn
Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I.
♦ Sqƒ_m-dnse toggle editing _´-
Wn¬ ¢n°p-sN-øp-I.
♦ At∏mƒ amXw kPo-h-am-Ip∂ kao-
]-Øp≈ capture point _´¨
Aa¿Øp-I.
♦ hoSn-\-SpØv InW¿ ASbmfs∏Sp
tØ≠ ÿm\Øv ¢n°p sNøpI.
♦ Xpd-∂p-h-cp∂ Attributes PmeIØn¬
( NnXw 3.12 ) Bhiyamb hnhc߃
\evIn OK ¢n°p sNøpI.
Fs‚ hn`h `q]Sw
35
CtX coXn Ah-ew -_n -®p -Xs∂
Bh-iy-amb ]mfnIƒ \n¿an®v ]pcbnSw,
Ipfw, \ZnIƒ XpSßnbhsb√mw C\n
\n߃°p Xs∂ `q]SØn¬ Dƒs°m≈n
°mat√m?
NnXw 3.12
`q]Sw IqSpX¬ BI¿jIam°mw.
\Ωƒ Xbmdm°p∂ `q]SØn¬
Xes°´v , tXmXv , Zn°v (North line) ,kqNI߃ (Legend) XpSßnbh Fßs\
hntijW߃ (Attributes)
GIS `q]SØn¬ Dƒt®¿°p∂ Hmtcm
hn`mKw hnhcßfpsSbpw _‘s∏´ a‰p
hntijW߃ IqSn Dƒs°m≈p∂
Xn\p≈ kuIcy߃ e`yamWv.
DZmlcWØn\v `q]SØn¬ Dƒs°m
≈p∂ IrjnbnSßfpsS hntijWß
fmbn k¿th \º¿, hnkvXo¿Ww,
aÆns‚ kz`mhw, Pee`yX, Irjnbn\
߃ XpSßn _‘s∏´ F√m
hnhcßfpw tN¿°p∂Xn\p km[n°pw.
amXa√, `q]SØn¬ tN¿°p∂
hnhcßsf View sa\phnse Identify Fea-tures ¢n°psNbvXv Xncs™Sp°m\mIpw.
\Ωƒ \¬Inb apgph≥ hnhcßfpw
]´nIbmbnØs∂ Layer sa\phnse
Open Attribute Table hgnbpw e`n°pw.
GIS `qhn-hc hyhÿ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-hn[w
s\¬Irjn hnI-kn-∏n -°p-∂-Xn -\mbn
Xcnip `qan D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ Imcyw
Xocp-am-\n-°-W-sa-∂n-cn-°-s´. `qhn-hc
hyhÿm `q]SØnse Irjn-tbm-Ky-amb
Xcn-ip-\new ImWn-°p∂ ]mfn°p apI-
fn¬ aÆv, tIm≠q¿ tcJ-Iƒ, Pe-tkm-
X- p-Iƒ F∂nh ImWn-°p∂ ]mfn-Iƒ
hncn®p (Overlay) t\m°p-∂p.
CXp-t]m-se-Xs∂ tdmUv `q]S]mfn°p
apI-fn¬ ]mS-ti-J-c- `q]Sw hncn-®n-´m¬
]pXnb tdmUv \n¿an-°p-tºmƒ Fhn-sS-
sb√mw ]mS-ti-J-c-߃ \nI-∂p-t]m-Ip-
sa∂v Is≠-Øm-\m-Ipw. Cßs\ ]mtZ-
in-Im-kq-X-W-Øns‚ Hmtcm kp]-[m\
L -ß-fnepw GIS q]SßfpsS D]-tbmKw
C∂v AXym-h-iy-ambn h∂n-cn-°bmWv.
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
36
bmWv Dƒs∏SpØpI? CXn\mbn file →New print Composer FSp°ptºmƒ
ZriyamIp∂ Iwt]mk¿ PmeIØn¬\n∂v
add new map Sqƒ ¢n°p sNbvX tijw
Xmsg Iym≥hmkn¬ Ncn™ Zni-bn¬
click & drag sNøpI. q]Sw ]Xy£amIpw.
\nßfpsS Bhiya\pkcn®v hen∏w
IaoIcn°m\p≈ SqfpIƒ ]tbmP\
s∏SpØmw (NnXw 3.13). heXp hiØp≈
properties box ¬ general, item F∂nh
D]tbmKn®v `q]SØn\v as‰s¥√mw am‰w
hcpØm\mIpsa∂v \n߃ Is≠Øp
at√m?
XesI´v \¬Im≥ Iwt]mk¿
PmeIØnse add new label Sqƒ _´¨
skeIvSv sNbvXv Iym≥hmkn¬ ¢n°p
sNøpI. quantum GIS F∂ te_temSp
IqSnb Hcp sSIvk‰v t_mIvkv ZriyamIp∂p.
heXp hiØp≈ label box ¬ am‰w hcpØn
A\ptbmPyamb t]cp\¬In sSIvk‰v
t_mIvkn¬ am∏ns‚ Xes° v Zriyam°m≥
Ignbpw.
legend Dƒs∏SpØm≥ add new vectlegend _´¨ skeIvS v sNbvXv
Iym≥hmkn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXm¬ amXw
aXnbmIpw.
C\n Sqƒ _mdnse add image skeIvSv
sNbvXv Iym≥hmkn¬ Aa¿Øptºmƒ
heXp hiØp ZriyamIp∂ Picture option¬ \n∂pw A\ptbmPyamb North lineASbmfw Dƒs∏SpØmw. CXpt]mse
Iwt]mk¿ PmeIØnse a‰p Sqƒ
GsX√mw F∂v ]cnNbs∏Spat√m.
File → Export as Image Xpd∂v
A\ptbmPyamb t^m¿am‰n¬ \mw \n¿an®
`q]Sw Save sNbvXv kq£n°mw.
XpS¿ ]-h¿Ø-\-߃
♦ Kma ]©mbØns‚ `q]SØn¬
\nßfpsS hoSpw kao] ÿeßfpw
Dƒs°m≈p∂ QGIS `q]Sw Xbm
dm°pI.
♦ Izm≠w Pn.sF.Fkn¬ Xbmdm°nb
kvIqƒ hm¿Uns‚ q]SØn¬ kvIqfn\v
50 ao‰¿ Np‰fhn¬ FX InWdpIƒ
Ds≠∂v BhrØn hniIe\ØneqsS
Is≠ØpI.
♦ C≥UybpsS `q]IrXn hn`mK߃
hyXykvX \ndßfn¬ \n¿an°pI.
♦ ‘C≥Uy kmºØnI qanimkvXw’ F∂
A[ymbØnse C¥y tKmXºv Irjn
sNøp∂ ]tZi߃ (t]Pv 87) Pn.
sF. Fkv. tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v
\n¿an°pI.
NnXw 3.13
Iºyq´¿ mj
37
ss]ب F∂ Iºyq´¿`mjbpsS
klmbtØmsS PymanXob cq]߃
\n¿an°p∂ hn[w \mw A`ykn®n´p≠t√m?
AXpt]mseXs∂ Iu≠vUu¨ t¢m°v
\n¿an°p∂Xn\pw efnXamb KWnX
InbIƒ sNøp∂Xn\pw \mw ap≥
¢mkpIfn¬ ss]ب`mj D]tbmKn®p
Ign™p.
F´v, H≥]Xv ¢mkpIfn¬ ]cnNbs∏´
Nne ss]ب \n¿tZißfpw AhbpsS
D]tbmKhpw Xmsg ]´nIIfn¬ \¬Inbn
cn°p∂p.
\n¿tZiw DZmlcWw D]tbmKw
import from turtle import* F√m turtle Km^nIvkv
samUyqfpIfpw t]mKm-an¬
Dƒs∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v
raw_input a=raw_input(“Enter your Name:”)‘a’F∂ NcØnte°v Hcp t]cv
Iot_m¿Uv hgn C≥]p´mbn
kzoIcn°p∂Xn\v
if if(n>10) print “Greater than TEN” else
print ”Less than TEN”
‘n’F∂ NcØnse kwJy ]Øn¬
IqSpXemsW¶n¬ “Greater
than TEN” F∂pw kwJy ]Øn¬
IpdhmsW¶n¬ “Less than TEN”
F∂pw ]n‚p sNøp∂Xn\v
‘i’F∂ NcØn¬ 0,1,2,3,4
F∂o kwJyIƒ tiJcn°p∂
Xn\v
range i=range(5)
‘i’F∂ NcØn¬ tiJcn®
kwJyIƒ ]n‚ v sNøp∂Xn\vfor for i in range(11):
print i
time samUyqƒ t]mKman¬
Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xn\vimport import time
turtle Km^nIvkv Pme-I-Øn¬
‘s’ F∂ Nc-Ønse hne ]n‚ v
sNøp-∂-Xn\v
write() write(s)
]´nI 4.1 : \mw CXphsc ]cnNbs∏´ Nne ss]ب \n¿tZi߃
4 Iºyq- ¿ `mj
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
38
]h¿Ø\w : Nne ss]ب \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-Khpw ]´nI 4.2 ¬ \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. Bhiyambh Iq´nt®¿Øv ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°pI.
ss]ب `mjbnse IqSpX¬ Nne
hkvXpXIƒ C\n \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
for \p]Icw while
Hcp t]mKman¬ Dƒs∏´n´p≈
GsX¶nepw \n¿tZi߃ Hcp \n›nX
XhW Bh¿Øn®p ]h¿Øn°Wsa¶n¬
for \n¿tZiamWv D]tbmKnt°≠sX∂v
\mw a\ nem°nbn´p≠v. ss]ب
t]mKmw 1 t]mKmw 2
from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45) circle(50)
from turtle import*clear()i=0while(i<8): rt(45) circle(50) i=i+1
Dƒs∏sSbp≈ Iºyq´¿ `mjIfn¬ for\n¿tZisØt∏mseXs∂ while F∂
\n¿tZihpw CXn\mbn D]tbmKn°mdp≠v.
Htc t]mKmw for, while F∂nh D]tbmKn®v
\n¿an®ncn°p∂Xv Xmsg \¬Ip∂p. c≠p
t]mKmapIfpw ]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°q.
Programming sa\phn¬\n∂v IDLE Xpd∂p
t]mKmw ssS∏p-sNbvXv ]h¿Øn∏n®m¬
aXn.
ss]ب \n¿tZiw D]tbmKw
a=range(1,10)
]´n-I. 4.2
1 apX¬ 10 hscbp≈ kwJyIƒ a F∂ NcØn¬
tiJcn°p∂Xn\v
i=i+1 NcØn¬ (i) tiJcn®ncn°p∂ kwJytbmSv 1Iq´m≥
a=range(2,21,2)
\n¿tZi߃ Hcp \n›nX XhW Bh¿Øn®v
]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\p≈ ss]ب \n¿tZiwfor
a=range(3,31,3)
for i in ranges(5,51,5) print i
clear()
circle(100)
a=range(10,1,-2)
write(s, font=(“Arial”,30)) turtle Km^nIvkv Pme-I-Øn¬ ‘s’ F∂ Nc-
Ønse hne hyXykvX coXn-Ifn¬ ]n‚ v sNøp-∂-
Xn\v
]´nI 4.3
Iºyq´¿ mj
39
t]mKmapIƒ ]h¿Øn∏n®tijw
Xmsg∏dbp∂h Is≠ØpI.
♦ GXv Bh¿Ø\ \n¿tZitØm
sSm∏amWv range ^Mvj≥
D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂Xv?
♦ c≠masØ t]mKman¬ i=i+1 F∂
\n¿tZiw \¬Inbn´ns√¶n¬ F¥p
kw`hn°pambncp∂p?
♦ t]mKmw 2 ¬ i=0 F∂ \n¿tZiw
F¥n-\mWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv?
^Mvj\pIƒ ss]ØWn¬
Im¬°v, ssd‰¿ XpSßnb tkm v‰vsh
bdpIfn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂ SUM,AVERAGE, COUNT XpSßnb Mvj\pIƒ
\mw ]cnNbs∏´n´p≠t√m? CXpt]mse
KWnXInbIƒ Ffp∏am°p∂Xpw ho≠pw
ho≠pw D]tbmKn°m≥ Ignbp∂Xpamb
for \n¿tZiØn\IsØ for \n¿tZiw
Hcp for \n¿tZiØn\IØv Hcp \n›nX XhW Bh¿Øn®p ]h¿Ønt°≠
\n¿tZi߃ IaoIcn°m≥ \mw Ign™ ¢mkpIfn¬ ]cnioen®n´p≠v.
AXpt]mseXs∂ for \n¿tZiØn\IØv ho≠pw for \n¿tZi߃ \¬Im\mIpw.
HºXmw¢mkn¬ Iºyq´¿ IfsagpØv F∂ ]mT`mKØv ]cnNbs∏´ ]h¿Ø\w
c≠pcoXnIfn¬ Xmsg\¬Ip∂p. t]mKmapIfnse ASbmfs∏SpØnb `mK߃
XmcXayw sNbvXv Hcp for \n¿tZiØn\IØv as‰mcp for \n¿tZiw Dƒs∏SpØp∂hn[w
Xncn®dnbm\mIpw. coXn 2 \nco£n°pI. CXn¬ for i in range(8): F∂ for\n¿tZiØn\IØv ho≠pw for j in range(30,91,10): F∂ for \n¿tZiw
\¬Inbncn°p∂Xp ImWmw.
coXn 2 se Hmtcm \n¿tZißfpw FX XhW ]h¿Øn°p∂ps≠∂v Xmsg ]´nIbn¬
\¬Inbncn°p∂p.
\n¿tZiw FX XhW ]h¿Øn°p∂p?
from turtle import*
clear()
for i in range(8):
rt(45)
for j in range(30,91,10):
circle(j)
1
1
8
56
coXn 1 coXn 2
from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45)
circle(30)circle(40)circle(50)circle(60)circle(70)circle(80)circle(90)
from turtle import*clear()for i in range(8): rt(45) for j in range(30,91,10): circle(j)
]´nI 4.4
]´nI 4.5
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
40
^Mvj\pIƒ ss]ب `mjbnepw
\n¿an°m≥ Ignbpw. Cßs\ \n¿an-°p∂
^Mvj\pIƒ a‰p t]mKmapIfn¬
]h¿Øn∏n°m\pw Ignbpw.
c≠p kwJyIfpsS XpI
ImWp∂Xn\p≈ ^Mvj≥ NphsS
\¬Inbncn°p∂p (t]mKmw 3).
Cu t]mKmanse Hmtcm
hcnIfpsSbpw D]tbmKw Xmsg ]´nIbn¬
\¬Inbncn°p∂p.
t]mKmw 3
def sum(a,b):
c=a+b
return c
]pXnb t]mKman¬ ss]ب ^Mvj≥
Dƒs∏SpØp∂ hn[w
apIfn¬ \¬Inb XpI ImWp∂
Xn\p≈ ^Mvj≥ (t]mKmw 3)
ssS∏psNbvXv myfunction.py F∂t]cn¬
kz¥w t]cn-ep≈ t^mƒU-dn¬ tkhv
sNøpI. AXn\ptijw Xmsg \¬Inbn
cn°p∂ t]mKmw (t]mKmw 4) CtX
t^mƒUdn¬ Xbmdm°n ]h¿Øn∏n®p
t\m°pI. Cu t]mKmanse Hmtcm
\n¿tZihpw ss]ب sj√n¬
]h¿Øn∏n®mepw aXn.
]h¿Ø\w
t]mKmw 4s‚ Hu´v]p´v \nco£n®v
]´nI.4.7 ]q¿Ønbm°pI. AXn\ptijw
c≠p kwJyIfpsS KpW\^ew
ImWp∂Xn\p≈ ^Mvj≥ myfunction.pyF∂ t]mKmant\mSv Iq´nt®¿°pI.
kvSnßpIƒ
kvSnßv F∂m¬ A£ccq]Ønep≈
Um‰bmWv. D≤-c-Wn-bn¬ \¬Ip∂ kwJy-
Ifpw kvSnßp-I-fm-Wv. apIfn¬ \¬Inb
t]mKman¬ (t]mKmw 4) ¬ print
t]mKmw 4
import myfunction
print myfunction.sum(3,4)
print myfunction.sum(‘3’,‘4’)
print myfunction.sum(30,40)
print myfunction.sum(‘a’,‘b’)
\n¿tZiw D]tbmKw
def sum(a,b): c≠v NcßfpsS hneIƒ
kzoIcn°m≥ Ignbp∂
sum F∂ t]cnep≈
^Mvj≥ \n¿an°p∂
Xn\p≈ \n¿tZiw
c=a+b e`yamb c≠v hneIƒ
XΩn¬ Iq´n c F∂
NcØn¬ tiJcn°p
∂Xn\v
return c Cu ^Mvj≥ ]tbmP\
s∏SpØp∂ t]mKman\v
c≠v hneIƒ XΩn¬
Iq´nbm¬ In´p∂
hneIƒ Xncn®p \¬I¬
]´n-I. 4.6
\n¿tZiw D]tbmKw
import myfunction
print myfunction.sum(3,4)
print myfunction.sum(30,40)
print myfunction.sum(‘a’,‘b’)
]´n-I. 4.7
Iºyq´¿ mj
41
myfunction.sum(“Good”,“morning”)F∂ \n¿tZiw IqSn tN¿Øv
]h¿Øn∏n®m¬ Hu´v]p´mbn GoodmorningF∂pIqSn ]n‚p sNøpw.
^Mvj\nte°v C≥]p´mbn \¬Ip∂ Um‰,
kwJyIfs√∂v ss]ب Xncn®dn™Xp
sIm≠mWv CXv kw`hn®Xv. ss]ØWn¬
‘+’ Nn”w c≠p kwJyIsf Iq´p∂Xn\p
amXa√ c≠p kvSnßpIƒ Iq´nt®¿°p
∂Xn\pw D]tbmKn°p∂p.
]h¿Ø\w : kvSnßv ]ncanUv
kvSnßv ]ncanUv \n¿an°p∂Xn\p≈
]h¿Ø\w NphsS (t]mKmw 5)
\¬Inbncn°p∂p. ssS∏psNbvXv ]h¿Øn
∏n°pI.
t]mKmw 5
s=raw_input(“Enter Your Name:”)n=len(s)for i in range(n+1): print s[:i]
ss]ب samUyqfpIƒ
Km^nIv t]mKmapIfn¬ from turtle import* F∂ \n¿tZiw XpS°Øn¬
Dƒs∏SpØnbncp∂Xv Hm¿°pat√m. AXpt]mseXs∂ kabhpambn _‘s∏´
\n¿tZi߃ Dƒs∏Sp∂ t]mKmapIfn¬ import time F∂ \n¿tZihpw XpS°Øn¬
\¬Imdp≠mbncp∂Xpw i≤n®ncn°pw. Time, turtle XpSßnb ss]ب samUyqfpIƒ
t]mKman¬ Dƒs∏SpØm\mWv CØcw \n¿tZi߃ t]mKman¬ tN¿°p∂Xv.
DZmlcWambn time F∂ samUyqƒ import time F∂ \n¿tZiw D]tbmKn®v Hcp
t]mKman¬ Dƒs∏SpØptºmƒ kabhpambn _‘s∏ v Cu samUyqfn¬ Dƒs∏´n´p≈
F√m Mvj\pIfpw ]pXnb t]mKman¬ e`yamIpw. \mw \n¿an°p∂ t]mKmapIfpw
CØcØn¬ import F∂ \n¿tZiØns‚ klmbtØmsS ]pXnb as‰mcp t]mKman¬
Dƒs∏SpØmw.
ss]ب t]mKmw \ΩpsS knÃ-Øn¬ C≥Ãmƒ sNøp-tºmƒ t\csØ Xbm-dm-
°n-h® \nc-h[n samUyq-fp-Iƒ AtXm-sSm∏w e`y-am-Ipw. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ samUyq-fp-
Iƒ GXp t]mKm-an-te°pw kuI-cy-]-Z-ambn import sNømw. F∂m¬ \mw \n¿an°p∂
Hcp ss]ب ^b¬ as‰mcp ss]ب ^ben¬ import sNøWsa¶n¬ c≠p
^bepIfpw Htc t^mƒUdnembncn°Ww.
kvSnßn\IsØ KWnXw
kvSnßpIƒ Hcp ]tXyI coXnbnemWv tiJcn°s∏Sp∂Xv. Nne kvSnßv \n¿tZi
ßfpw AhbpsS D]tbmKhpw Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv i≤n°pI.
print a[0]
print a*3
print a[:2]
print a[2:]
print a[-1]
print a.upper()
print a.lower()]´nI 4.8
\n¿tZiw D]tbmKw
a=“Good” a F∂ NcØn¬ Good F∂ kvSnßv tiJcn°p∂Xn\v
print a a bnse D≈S°w ]n‚ v sNøp∂Xn\v
a bn¬ tiJcn® kvSnßnse BZysØ A£cw ]n‚ v sNøp∂Xn\v
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
42
CtX t]mKmw while D]tbmKn®v
Xbmdm°nbXv Xmsg (t]mKmw 6)
\¬Inbncn°p∂p. t]mKmw ]h¿Øn∏n®v
sX‰ps≠¶n¬ XncpØpI.
ss]ب tImUv P\-td-‰¿
ss]ب t]mKmapIƒ WYSIWYG(What You See Is What You Get)amXrIbn¬ \n¿an°m≥ klmbn°p∂ Hcp
tkm^v‰vshbdmWv wxglade. Cu tkm^v‰v
shb¿ Programming sa\phnemWv
Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈Xv. tkm^v‰vshb¿
Xpd°ptºmƒ Sqƒt_mIvtkmSpIqSnb
][m\ PmeItØmsSm∏w (NnXw 4.1)
Properties PmeIhpw (NnXw 4.2)
wxglade:Tree PmeIhpw (NnXw 4.3) Hcpan®v
Xpd∂phcpw.
wxglade D]tbmKn®p≈ ss]ب
t]mKmw \n¿amWw
Hcp ss]ب t]mKmw
]h¿Øn∏n®t∏mƒ e`n® PmeIamWv
(NnXw 4.4) \¬Inbncn°p∂Xv. wxglade
t]mKmw 6
s=raw_input(“Enter Your Name:”)n=len(s)i=1while(i<n): print s[:i] i=i+1
tkm^v‰ vshbdns‚ klmbtØmsS
bmWv Cu ss]ب t]mKmw
\n¿an®Xv.
NnXw 4.4 se PmeIw \n¿an°p∂
Xn\v wxglade D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ s^bnw
NnXw 4.2
NnXw 4.3NnXw 4.1
Iºyq´¿ mj
43
\n¿amWw, te_-ep-Iƒ, _ -Wp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-
bh Dƒs∏-Sp -ج F∂o Imcy -߃
Adn-™n-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Ch Xmsg hnh-cn-
°p-∂p.
s^bnw \n¿amWw wxglade ¬
♦ Programming sa\phn¬\n∂v wxgladetkm^v‰ vshb¿ Xpd°pI. aq∂v
PmeI߃ Xpd∂phcpw (][m\
PmeIw (NnXw 4.1), Properties PmeIw
(NnXw 4.2), wxglade : Tree PmeIw
(NnXw 4.3) F∂nh).
♦ ][m\ PmeIØn¬\n∂v (NnXw 4.1)
Add a Frame _´¨ ¢n°psNøpI.
♦ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Pme-I-Øn¬\n∂pw
(NnXw 4.5) wxFrame Hm]vj≥
skeIvS v sNbvXv OK _´¨
Aa¿ØpI. At∏mƒ <design>s^bnw PmeIw e`y-amIpw (NnXw 4.6).
♦ CtX kabØv wxglade:TreePmeIØn¬ (NnXw 4.3) D≠mIp∂
hnjz¬ t]mKm-ap-Iƒ
hnjz¬ t]mKm-ap-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ t]mKmanMv Ffp∏amIp∂p. CXv Iºyq´¿
t]mKmapIƒ Xbmdm°p∂Xn\p≈ WYSIWYG amXrIIfmWv. km[mcW t]mKmanMv
`mjIfn¬ Hcp NXpcw hcbv°p∂Xn\v _‘s∏´ tImUpIfSßnb \n¿tZi߃
ssS∏psNøWw. F∂m¬ hnjzssekv sNbvX t]mKmanMv `mjbn¬ Hcp NXpcw
hcbv°p∂Xn\v ssd‰dnsebpw a‰pwt]mse UmKv B‚ v tUm]v aXnbmIpw.
][m\s∏´ F√m t]mKmanMv mjIfpw hnjzssekv sNbvXn´p≠v. C++ F∂ Iºyq´¿
`mjbpsS hnjzssekv sNbvX cq]amWv Visual C++, en\Ivknse t]mKmanMv
sa\phn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≈ wxglade F∂ tkm^v‰vshbdns‚ klmbtØmsS
ss]ب, C++. Perl, XRC, Lisp F∂o `mjIfnep≈ t]mKmapIƒ WYSIWYGamXrIbn¬ Xbmdm°mw.
am‰w \nco£n°pI (NnXw 4.7). ]pXnb
s^bnans‚ t]cpw Sizer Dw
]Xy£s∏´n´p-≠m-Ipw.
NnXw 4.4
NnXw 4.5
NnXw 4.6
NnXw 4.7
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
44
te_-ep-I-fpw _´-Wp-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v
s^bn -an¬ te_epw sSIvÃv
t_mIvkpw _´Wpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈
am¿Kw Xmsg \¬Ip-∂p.
♦ te_¬ \n¿amWw : ][m\
PmeIØnse (NnXw 4.1) Add a static
Text _´¨ sk-eIvSv sNbvXv
<design> PmeIØnse BZysØ
If-Øn¬ ¢n°p-sN-øp-I. <design>PmeIØnepw wxglade:Tree PmeI
Ønepw te_ens‚ t]cv sXfn™p
hcpw. Properties PmeIØnse
Widget Sm_ns‚ klmbtØmsS
Label 1 F∂Xv Number 1 F∂m°n
am‰pI. c≠m-asØ te_epw CtX Ia-
Øn¬ am‰p-I. (NnXw 4.11 ImWp-I).
♦ wxglade:Tree PmeIØnse Sizer ¬¢n°psNøpI. Properties PmeIØn¬
\n∂pw A\ptbmPyamb Sizer skeIvSv
sNøpI. <design> Frame PmeIw
NnXØnteXp (NnXw 4.10) t]mse
IaoIcn°pI.
s^bnw IaoIcWØn\v Sizer
s^bnw PmeIØnse hcnIfpw \ncIfpw IaoIcn°p∂Xn\mWv SizerD]tbmKn°p∂Xv. Sizer D]tbmKn®v hcnbpw \ncbpw IaoIcn°p∂ hn[w Xmsg
\¬Ip∂p.
♦ wxglade:Tree PmeIØn¬ (NnXw 4.7) \n∂pw Sizer ¬ ¢n°psNøpI. PropertiesPmeIØn¬ AXn\\pkrXambn am‰w D≠mIpw (NnXw 4.8). Pme-IØnse Class
\p t\tcbp≈ _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. At∏mƒ e`n°p∂ Select sizer typePmeIØn¬ (NnXw 4.9) \n∂pw A\ptbmPyamb Sizer type sXcs™Sp°pI.
NnXw 4.4 teXpt]mse tdmbpw tImfhpw Dƒs∏Sp∂ s^bnamWv
\n¿an°p∂sX¶n¬ wxFlexGridSizer BWv sXcs™Spt°≠Xv.
♦ AXn\ptijw wxglade:Tree PmeIØnse Sizer ¬ ssd‰v ¢n°psNbvXv
BhiyØn\v tdmbpw tImfhpw Iq´nt®¿°mw.
NnXw 4.8 NnXw 4.9
NnXw 4.10
Iºyq´¿ mj
45
♦ sSIvÃv t_mIvkv tN¿°p-∂-Xn\v :
][m\ Pme-I-Ønse Add a Text Ctrl
_´¨ ¢n°p-sN-øp-I. te_¬
\n¿an® amXr-I-bn¬ Bh-iy-amb ÿe-
ß-fn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv NnXw 4.11 teXp-
t]mse sSIvÃv t_mIvkp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-
Sp-Øp-I.
♦ _´-Wp-Iƒ tN¿°p-∂-Xn\v : ][m\
Pme-I-Ønse Add a Button ¬ ¢n°p-
sNbvXv s^bn-an¬ _´-Wp-Iƒ tN¿
°p-I. BZysØ _´¨ (Add) Dƒs∏-
Sp -Øn -bm¬ Properties ¬ c≠p
am‰ -߃ IqSn hcp -tØ-≠-Xp -≠v.
Properties Pme-I-Ønse Widget
Sm_nse Label 1 F∂Xv AddF∂m°n am‰p-I-bmWv BZyw sNtø-
≠-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw Event Sm_n¬
Handler F∂ `mKØv _´-Wn¬
¢n°p-sN-øp-tºmƒ ]h¿Øn-t°≠
^Mvjs‚ t]cv tN¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v.
( ] -h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ sum F∂mWv
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv). DØcw sXfn-
tb≠ c≠m-asØ _´¨ skeIvSv
sNbvXv Widget Sm_nse Label 2F∂Xv Hgn-hm-°p-Ibpw thWw.
ss]ب tImUv \n¿amWw
NnXw 4.11 se <Design> PmeIØnse
IaoIcWØn\v kam\amb ss]ب
te_ens‚ t]cpw D≈S°hpw am‰mw
Add a static Text _´¨ D]tbmKn®v te_¬ \n¿an°ptºmƒ km[mcWbmbn
Label_1, Label_2 F∂nßs\bp≈ t]cpw D≈S°hpamWv sXfn™phcnI. Cßs\
e`n°p∂ t]cpIƒ Xmsg∏dbp∂ IaØn¬ am‰mhp∂XmWv.
♦ wxglade:Tree PmeIØnse am‰w hcptØ≠ te_en¬ ¢n°psNøpI. PropertiesPmeIØn¬ AXn\\pkrXambn am‰ap≠mIpw.
♦ Properties PmeIØnse Common Sm_n¬ ¢n°psNbvXv t]cv am‰mhp
∂XmWv. D≈S°w am‰p∂Xn\p≈ Hm]vj≥ Widget Sm_n¬ \n∂pw e`n°pw.
NnXw 4.11
NnXw 4.12 NnXw 4.13
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
46
tImUv \n¿an°p∂Xn\p≈ ]h¿Ø\Iaw
Xmsg \¬Ip∂p.
♦ wxglade:Tree PmeIØn¬\n∂pw
Applications ¢n°psNøpI. AXn\p
tijw Properties PmeIØnse
Output path Hm]vj\p t\scbp≈
(NnXw 4.13) _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv
Bhiyamb t^mƒU¿ sXcs™
SpØv ^b¬ \maw \¬IpI. .pyF∂ FIvÃ≥j≥ \n¿_-‘-ambpw
\¬I-Ww.
♦ CtX PmeIØnse Python F∂
Hm]vj≥ skeIvSv sNbvXv GenerateCode _´Wn¬ Aa¿ØpI. \n¿tZin
°s∏´ t^mƒUdn¬ ss]ب
tImUv \n¿an°s∏´n´p≠mIpw. IDLEXpdt∂m Terminal D]tbmKnt®m Cu
t]mKmw ]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°pI.
t^mans\ ]h¿Ø\£aam°mw
apIfn¬ \mw \n¿an® t]mKmw
]h¿Øn∏n°p∂ kabØv Ifßfn¬
kwJyIƒ tN¿°m≥ Ignbpw. F∂m¬ Add_´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøptºmƒ XpI
e`yamIpIbn√. Cu ]iv\w ]cnlcn
°p∂Xn\p≈ am¿Kw Xmsg \¬Ip∂p.
♦ \n¿an°s∏´ ss]ب ^b¬
Xpd°pI. sum ^Mvjs‚ tImUv
hcp∂ `mKØv (NnXw 4.14) NnXw 4.15
teXpt]mse am‰w hcpØpI.
sSIvÃv t_mIvkp-Iƒ hgn Iºyq- -dn-te°v
\¬Ip∂ kwJy \yqsa-dnIv Um‰b√.
CØcw kwJy-Iƒ KWnX Inb-Iƒ°v
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv \yqsadnIv Um‰-
bm°n amt‰-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn-\mbn int F∂
^Mvj-\mWv ss]Ø-Wn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂-Xv.
NnXw 4.14
NnXw 4.15
Iºyq´¿ mj
47
♦ t]mKmw ]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°pI.
Ct∏mƒ Add _´¨ ]h¿Ø\
£aamIpIbpw DØcw c≠masØ
_´Wn¬ sXfnbpIbpw sNøpw.
♦ NnXw 4.16 teXpt]mse am‰w
hcpØnbpw ]h¿Øn∏n°pI. c≠pw
XΩnep≈ hyXymkw XmcXayw
sNøqI.
]h¿Ø\w
NnXw 4.17 s‚ amXrIbnep≈ PmeIw
e`y-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈ ss]ب t]mKmw
te_-ep-Iƒ, sSIvÃv t_mIvkp-Iƒ, _´-Wp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb Hm_vP-IvSp-Iƒ Nc-
߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ss]ب `mj-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. NnX-Ønse
t]mKm-an¬ (NnXw 4.18) sum F∂ ^Mvj-\n¬ sSIvÃv t_mIvkp-I-fp-sSbpw
_´-Wns‚bpw t]cv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv i≤n-°p-I. wxglade : Tree Pme-I-
Ønse H_vP-IvSp-I-fpsS t]cpX-s∂-bmWv t]mKm-an¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.
wxglade s‚ klmbtØmsS \n¿an°pI.
IqSp-X¬ KWnX Inb-Iƒ t]mKm-an¬ Iq´n-
t®¿°p-I.
NnXw 4.18
NnXw 4.16
NnXw 4.17
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
48
F\n°pw Hcp GUI tkm^v‰vshb¿
\n߃ \n¿an® tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v ssd‰dpw Im¬°pw Pnºpsa√mw
Xpd°m\mbmtem! \n߃°mhiyamb Nne t]mKmapIƒ Xpd°p∂Xn\p≈
ss]ب tImUv Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂p.
from Tkinter import *
import os
def callback():
print “called the callback!”
quit()
def callback1():
os.system(‘oowriter’)
def callback2():
os.system(‘oocalc’)
root = Tk()
menu = Menu(root)
root.config(menu=menu)
filemenu = Menu(menu)
menu.add_cascade(label=“File”, menu=filemenu)
filemenu.add_command(label=“New Writer file”, command=callback1)
filemenu.add_command(label=“New Calc file”, command=callback2)
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_command(label=“Exit”, command=callback)
mainloop()
\n߃°v ]Ømw¢mkn¬ Bhiyap≈ F√m tkm^v‰vshbdpIfpw Xpd°m≥
klmbn°p∂Xn\p≈ ss]ب t]mKmw C\n \n¿an°pat√m.
XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\߃
♦ Xmsg \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ t]mKm-ap-I-fpsS
Hu´v]p´v Is≠-Øp-I.
Program 1
a = “o”for i in range (1, 11):
print i * a
Program 2
a = “o”c = “ ”for i in range (0, 11):
print (10-i) * c,(2*i+1)*a
♦ apI-fnse t]mKm-ap-I-fn¬ am‰w hcpØn
NnX-Øn¬ \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂ ]mt‰-Wp-
Iƒ \n¿an-°p-I.
****** +ooooo***** ++oooo**** +++ooo*** ++++oo** +++++o*
1111
111111111111
111111111
♦ PIT F∂ hm°ns\ TIP F∂v Xncn-s®-
gp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p≈ t]mKmw NphsS \¬In-
bn-cn-°p-∂p. Cu t]mKm-ans\ C≥]p´v
coXn-bn-te°v am‰n-sb-gp-Xp-I.
a = “TIP”n = len (a)s = “”for i in range (n): s = s+a[n-i-1]print s
(1) (2)
(3)
Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w
49
hnhc kmt¶XnIhnZybpsS AXnZpX
amb hf¿®sb°pdn®v \m¬]-Ø-©ne[nIw
h¿j߃°papºv ]kn≤ imkvX
⁄\mb io. tKm¿U¨ aq¿ ]h-Nn-®-
Xns‚ Npcp-°-am-Wn-Xv.
Iºyq´dpw A\p_‘
D]IcWßfpw A\mbmkw
D]tbmKn°p∂hcmWt√m
\Ωƒ. AXpsIm≠pXs∂
A\p_‘ D]IcWßfnepw
Iºyq´dn\pXs∂bpw h∂p
sIm≠ncn°p∂ am‰ßsf
°pdn®v hnhc߃ tiJcn
°p∂Xv ckIcambncn°pat√m.
¢mknse Ip´nIƒ°v hnhn[
Kq∏pIfmbn Xncn™v Iºyq´
dn\pw a‰p]IcW߃°pw
h∂psIm≠ncn°p∂ am‰ßƒ
Is≠Øm\p≈ NpaXe
Gs‰Sp°mw. hnhctiJcW
Øn\v klmbIamb Nne
kqN\IfmWv C\n \¬Ip∂Xv.
aukv
Xmsg sImSpØncn°p∂ NnXw
i≤n°pI. aukpw AXv LSn∏n°p∂
Xn\p≈ hnhn[ C‚¿t^kpIfpamWv
NnXw 5.1
Hcp sF.kn Nn∏n¬ A[nI Nnehn√msX Dƒs°m≈n°mhp∂ Sm≥knÃdpIfpsS FÆw
Hmtcm c≠p h¿jw IqSptºmgpw Cc´nbv°pw. Cu ]hWX 2015 hscsb¶nepw XpScpIbpw
sNøpw.--
io. tKm¿U¨ C. aq¿, CeIvtSmWnIv amKkn≥, G]n¬ 1965
5 Iºyq- ¿ F∂ b¥w
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
50
NnXØn¬. CXn¬ kocnb¬ IWIv‰dp≈
aukpIƒ Ct∏mƒ D]tbmKn°mtdbn√.
]n.Fkv 2 IWIvSdpIfpw A]Xy£
ambns°m≠ncn°p∂p. ]Icw bp.Fkv._n
aukpIfpw hb¿sekv aukpIfpw
]NmcØnembnhcp∂p.
aukns‚ kmt¶XnIhnZybnepw Gsd
am‰ßƒh∂p. \nßfpsS aukns‚
ASnhiw H∂p ]cntim[n®pt\m°q.
aukn\Snbn¬ ÿm]n® Hcp tKmfØns‚
Ne\w ]n≥XpS¿∂mWv sa°m-\n -°¬
aukpIƒ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv. ]n∂oS v
CØcw aukpIƒ°p ]Icw ]Imiw
]pds∏Sphn®v AXns‚ ]Xn^e\w
D]tbmKn®v ]h¿Øn°p∂ aukpIƒ
\n¿an-°-s∏´p. FXthKamWv kmt¶XnI
hnZyIƒ ImelcWs∏Sp∂Xv!
I∏eSp∏n°p∂Xpt]mse Xs∂!
\map]tbmKn°p∂ Iºyq´dns\
Nnet∏msgms° knÃw F∂p
hnfn°mdnt√? Iot_m¿Uv, aukv, tamWn‰¿,
knÃw bqWn‰ v XpSßn H∂ne[nIw
D]IcW߃ HsØmcpan®v ]h¿Øn
°p∂Xn\memWv Cßs\ hnfn°p∂Xv. Cu
D]IcWßsf√mw Fßs\bmWv knÃw
bqWn‰pambn LSn∏n°p∂Xv?
]pdØp\n∂p≈ I∏epIƒ Icbn
te°v ASp∏n°p∂ ÿeamWt√m
XpdapJw (t]m¿´v). AXpt]mse C≥]p´v,
Hu´ v]p´ v D]IcW߃ (kw`cW
D]IcWßfpw) knÃhpambn LSn∏n°m≥
km[mcWbmbn knÃw bqWn‰n¬
t]m¿´pIfp≠mIpw. Cu C‚¿t^kpIƒ°v
Iot_m¿Uv
Iot_m¿Uv as‰mcp C≥]p´v D]IcWamWv. aukpt]mseXs∂ Iot_m¿UpIfpw
PS/2, USB, Wireless C‚¿t^kpIfn¬ e`yamWv. (Iot_m¿Up
IfpsS PS/2 IWIv‰dpIƒ km[mcWbmbn GXv \ndØnep≈Xmbncn°pw?)
Iot_m¿Un¬ IoIƒ \ncØnh®ncn°p∂ IaamWv Iot_m¿Uv teHu´v. Cw•ojn¬
QWERTY F∂ Iot_m¿Uv te Hu´mWv s]mXpsh F√mh¿°pw kp]cnNnXw.
ssS∏p ssd‰dpIƒ°pth≠n \n¿an® Iot_m¿Uv kwhn[m\amWnXv. ASpØSpØ
IoIƒ thKØn¬ ssS∏p sNøptºmƒ ssS∏pssd‰dpIfnse ssS∏nMv enhdpIƒ
XΩn¬ Ipcpßnt∏mIp∂Xv km[mcWamWv. Cu ]iv\w ]cnlcn°p∂Xn\mbn
Cw•ojn¬ G‰hpw D]tbmKn°-s∏-Sp∂ A£-c-߃ ASpØSpØv hcmXncn°Ø°
coXnbnemWv ChnsS IoIƒ kwhn[m\w sNbvXncn°p∂Xv. ]t£, Iºyq´¿
Iot_m¿Un¬ IoIƒ Cßs\ Ipcpßnt∏mImsdm∂pan√t√m. \ΩpsS
ssIhncepIfpsS ]tXyIXIƒ A\pkcn®v G‰hpw thKØn¬ ssS∏psNøm≥
km[n°p∂ Iot_m¿Uv te Hu´pIƒ ]n∂oSv \n¿an°s∏´p. Dvorak, ColemakXpSßnbh AØcØnep≈hbmWv. Dvorak te Hu´mWv NnXØn¬.
12 e[nIw C¥y≥ `mjIƒ ssS∏psNøp∂Xn\mbn `mcX k¿°mdn\p Iognep≈
kn˛Um°v \n¿an® Iot_m¿Uv te Hu´mWv C≥kvIn]v‰v. `mcXob `mjIfpsS
en]nbnse kmayX Ahew_n®p≠m°nb C≥kvIn]v‰v te Hu´n¬ Cu `mjIfnse
A£-c߃s°√mw Htc Io ÿm\ßfmWv.
NnXw 5.2
Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w
51
GXv D]IcWw?D]IcWØns‚
C‚¿t^kv
]n.Fkv.2
kocnb¬
]mce¬
hn.Pn.F.
bp.Fkv._n.
RJ45
TRS Plug(Tip, Ring, Sleeve jack)
kocnb¬ tamUw
(D]tbmKØnen√)
Nnebn\w tUm´vamSnIvkv
]n‚dpIƒ
]n‚¿
i_vZ C≥]p´v, Hu´v]p´v
t]m¿´pIƒ, A\temKv
kn·¬ sse≥ C≥
NnXw 5.3
s]mP-IvS¿
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
52
tbmPn°p∂ XcØnep≈ t]m¿´pIƒ
Xs∂bmbncn°Ww knÃw bqWn‰n¬
D≠mbncnt°≠Xv. apI-fnep≈ ]´nI ]e-
Xcw C‚¿t -kp-I-sfbpw Ah knÃ-Øn¬
LSn-∏n-°p∂ t]m¿´p-I-sfbpw Ipdn-®m-Wv.
]´n-I-bn¬ hn´p-t]mb `mK-߃ ]qcn-∏n-°p-
a-t√m.
em]vtSm]v, s\‰v_p°v XpSßnb
Iºyq´¿ hIt`Zßfn¬ knÃw bqWn‰pw
tamWn‰dpw Iot_m¿Upsa√mw Hcpan®mWv.
]t£, a‰p]IcW߃ LSn∏n°p∂
t]m¿´pIfn¬ am‰apt≠m? Ah FhnsSsb
√mambmWv kwhn[m\w sNbvXncn°p∂Xv?
]cntim[n®p t\m°pI.
s]´nbv°IØv F¥mWv?
knÃØns‚ Iptdtbsd mK߃ Hcp
s]´n°IØm°n (knÃw Im_n\n‰ v)
sh®XmWt√m knÃw bqWn‰v. Fs¥√mw
`mKßfmWv CXn\IØp≈Xv? Ch \ap°v
hniZambn ]cntim[n°mw.
ssatIm t]mkk¿
CXmWv Iºyq´dns‚ Xet®m¿. \mw
sImSp°p∂ ZØ-߃ \n¿tZi߃°v
A\pkcn®v t]mkkv sNøs∏Sp∂Xv
ChnsS h®mWv. sk≥S¬ t]mkknMv
bqWn‰v (CPU) F∂dnbs∏Sp∂Xpw Cu
`mKamWv. NnXØn¬ ImWp∂Xv (NnXw
5.4) AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) F∂
Iº\nbpsS Athlon 64 F∂ t]mkkdmWv.
Hcp knÃØnse kn.]n .bp
hns\°pdn®p≈ hnhc߃ Adnbp∂Xn\v
knÃw Im_n-\‰v Xpd-°-W-sa-∂n-√. AXn\v
Sysinfo (Applications → System Tools →Sysinfo) F∂ t]mKmw D]tbmKn°mw. Hcp
Iºyq´dn¬ LSn∏n®ncn°p∂ C‚¬
s]‚ nbw Uph¬ tIm¿ ssatIm
t]mkkdns\°pdn®p≈ hnhc߃ Cu
tkm^v‰vshb¿ ImWn°p∂Xv t\m°pI.
C\n \nßfpsS knÃw IqSn
]cntim[n®v Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂ ]´nI
]qcn∏n°pI.
NnXw 5.4
NnXw 5.5
NnXØn¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂
knÃw
\nßfp]tbm-Kn-°p∂
knÃw
ssatIm t]mkkdns‚
\n¿amXmhv
tamUens‚ t]cv
Intel
Pentium Dual-Core
1200 MHz
1024 KB
t¢m°v td‰v
Iymjv saΩdn (L2)
]´nI 5.1
Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w
53
Hcp knÃw Im_n\‰v Xpd∂p
t\m°nbm¬ ap≥]v NnXßfn¬
ImWn®ncn°p∂t]mebp≈ t]mkk
dpIƒ \ap°v ]pdØp ImWm\mhn√.
Iºyq´¿ ]h¿Øn°ptºmƒ t]mkkdp
Iƒ AXy[nIw NqSmIp∂Xn\m¬ Ahbv°v
]tXyIw ioXoIcW kwhn[m\߃
D≠mbncn°pw. ssatIm t]mkkdpIƒ
XWp∏n°p∂Xn\p≈ lo‰ v kn¶pw
^m\pamWv NnXØn¬.
]h¿Ø\w 1
kvIqfn¬ e`yamb knÃ߃
]cntim[n®v ssatIm t]mkkdpIfpsS
\n¿amXmhv, tamU¬ F∂nh ]´nIs∏Sp
ØqI. FX t]mkk¿ \n¿amXm°sf
\n߃°v enÃp sNøm\mIp∂p≠v?aZ¿t_m¿Uv ˛ D]IcWßfpsS t]m‰Ω
Iptdtbsd D]IcW߃ tN¿∂mWv
Hcp knÃw D≠mIp∂Xv F∂v \mw
I≠pIgn™p. ]t£ Cu D]IcWß
sfsb√mw H∂n®v tN¿°p∂Xv BcmWv?
AsXmcp C‚tK‰Uv CeIvtSm
WnIv k¿°o´ v t_m¿UmWv. knÃ
Ønse F√m LSIßfpw Cu t_m¿Unte
°mWv LSn∏n°p∂Xv.
BZyIme Iºyq´dpIfnse√mw
AXnse Hmtcm LSIsØ
\nb¥n°p∂Xn\pw Hmtcm ]h¿Ø\w
\SØp∂Xn\pw sNdnb t]mKmapIƒ
Dƒs°m≈n®p≈ sht∆sd C‚tK‰Uv
NnXw 5.6
t¢m°v td‰v
Hcp knÃØn¬ kn.]n.bphn¬\n∂pw
as‰√m LSIßfnte°pw Xncn®pw
FXamXw hnhcßfmWv Hmtcm
sk°‚nepw ]hln°p∂Xv F∂v
BtemNn®p t\m°q. Hcp ASp°pw
Nn´bpan√msXbmsW¶n¬ Cu hnhcß
sf√mw Hmtcm D]IcWØnepw FØp
∂Xpw D]IcW߃ Ah FSp°p∂Xp
sa√mw BsI Ipg™pt]mInt√?
Fßs\bmWv knÃØn¬ ]h¿Ø\w
IaoIcn®ncn°p∂Xv?
knÃØns‚ kn.]n.bphn\v AIØv
LSn∏n®ncn°p∂ Hcp Izm¿Svkv t¢m°mWv
Cu kwLmS\w km[yam°p∂Xv.
CXns‚ anSn∏n\\pkcn®mWv knÃØn
\IsØ Hmtcm D]IcWhpw ]h¿Øn
°p∂Xv. Cu t¢m°ns‚ ]ƒkv \nc°mWv
t]mkkdns‚ t¢m°v td‰v (^oIz≥kn).
CXv Af°p∂Xv sl¿S vkv F∂
bqWn‰nemWv. DZmlcWambn, s]‚nbw
IV, 3.2 Ghz.
kn.]n.bp Imjv
kn.]n.bp hfsc thKØn¬ ]h¿Øn
°p∂ D]IcWamWv. ]t£, ]et∏mgpw
a‰p D]IcW߃°v kn.]n.bphns\m∏w
FØm\mImdn√. AXpsIm≠pXs∂
kn.]n.bphn\v Bhiyamb hnhc߃
In´m≥ ImeXmakhpw t\cnSp∂p. CXv
]cnlcn°p∂Xn\v F¥mWv D]mbw?
kn.]n.bphn\IØpXs∂ sNdnb hnhc
kw`cW kwhn[m\߃ D≠m°pI.
knÃw D]tbmKn°p∂bmƒ G‰hpw
IqSpX¬ D]tbmKs∏SpØp∂ ZØßfpw
\n¿tZißfpw ChnsS Xs∂
kq£n°mat√m. CXns\bmWv kn.]n.bp
Imjv F∂p ]dbp∂Xv. CXns‚ kw`cW
tijnbmWv ]´nIbn¬ Imjv saΩdn
F∂bnSØv \mw I≠Xv.
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
54
k¿°o´v (IC) Nn∏pIƒ D≠mbncp∂p.
]n∂oSv CØcØnep≈ At\Iw Nn∏pIsf
H∂n®p tN¿Ø henb k¶o¿Wamb
Nn∏pIƒ \n¿an°s∏´p. ChbmWv VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrated Chips)Nn∏pIƒ. Hcp aZ¿t_m¿Un¬ ][m\ambpw
c≠v hn.F¬.Fkv.sF Nn∏pIfmWv D≈Xv.
Ch saΩdn \nb¥W l∫v (t\m¿Øv
_nUvPv/tlmÃv _nUvPv), I/O l∫v
(kuØv _nUvPv) F∂nhbm-Wv. Cu
Nn∏pIƒ D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ \n¿am-Xm-hns‚
t]cn-emWv B t_m¿Uv Adn-b-s∏SpI.
Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂ NnXw t\m°pI
(NnXw 5.7).
\nßfpsS Iºyq -´ -dn¬ D]tbmKn
®ncn°p∂ aZ¿t_m¿Uv GXv Nn∏v
sk‰p≈XmWv? Sysinfo F∂ t]mKmw
]h¿Øn∏n®v Hardware F∂ C\w
]cntim[n°pI. sImSpØncn°p∂ NnXw
t\m°q. (NnXw 5.8).
C\n ]´nI 5.2 A\ptbmPyambn
]qcn∏n°pI.
]´nIbn¬ sImSpØncn°p∂ Nn∏v
sk‰pIfp≈ Hcp aZ¿t_m¿Uns\ Intel82945 Nn]vsk‰v t_m¿Uv F∂p hnfn°p∂p.
]h¿Ø\w 2
hnhn[Xcw aZ¿t_m¿UpIƒ
]cntim[n®v NnXw 5.7 ¬ sImSpØncn°p∂
F√m t…m´pIfpw c≠v VLSI Nn∏pIfpw
Xncn®dnbpI. hymhkmbnI ASnÿm\
Øn¬ CØcw VLSI Nn∏pIƒ D¬]m-
C≥]p´v Hu´v]p´v t]m¿´pIƒ
BUv Hm¨ Im¿UpIƒ°p≈ t…m´pIƒ
]h¿ IWIvS¿ --˛ 1
s]mkk¿ t…m´v
I/O l∫vsaΩdn I¨tSmƒ l∫v
(XWp∏n°m\p≈ ^m\S°w)
]h¿ IWIvS¿ --˛ 2
_tbmkv
_m‰dn_tbmkv
dmw IWIvSv sNøm\p≈ t…m´pIƒ
lm¿Uv UnkvIv. kn.Un ssUhv, ^vtfm∏n ssUhv F∂nh IWIvSv sNøp∂Xn\p≈ t…m´pIƒ
NnXw 5.7
Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w
55
Zn∏n°p∂Xv Bsc-√m-amWv F∂v At\zjn®v
Hcp ]´nI Xbmdm°pI. CtX \n¿am-Xm-°ƒ
Xs∂-bmtWm aZ¿t_m¿Uv hn]-W\w
sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂Xv?
hnhc kw`cWØn\v lm¿Uv UnkvIv
NnXØn¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂
D]IcWw Xncn®dnbm≥ km[n°p∂pt≠m?
Hm∏td‰nwK v knÃw, Bπnt°j≥
tkm v‰vshbdpIƒ, \mw \n¿an® bepIƒ
F∂pth≠ Iºyq´dnep≈ Hs´√m
Imcyßfpw ChnsS kq£n®ncn°p∂p.
Hcp Zfin¬ (kv]n≥Un¬) LSn∏n°
s∏´ Ht∂m AXne[nItam UnkvIpIƒ˛
CXmWv lm¿Uv UnkvIns‚ s]mXpLS\.
UnkvIpIfn¬ Hcp Im¥nI hkvXp
]qinbncn°pw. Cu Im¥nI hkvXphns\
Im¥h¬°cn°pI hgnbmWv UnkvIpI
fn¬ hnhc߃ tcJs∏SpØp∂Xv.
apIfn¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂
knÃw\nßfp]tbm-Kn-°p∂
knÃw
Nn∏v sk‰v \n¿amXmhv
saΩdn \nb¥W l∫v
(tlmÃv _nUvPv)
I/O l∫v
PCI, USB _nUvPpIƒ
Intel Corporation
82945 G/GZ/P/PL
N10/ICH7
]´nI 5.2
NnXw 5.8
NnXw 5.9
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
56
lm¿Uv UnkvIv ]m¿´oj\pIƒ F∂p
]dbp∂Xv. Nnet∏mƒ Hcp Hm∏td‰nwKv
knÃØn\pXs∂ ]e ]m¿´oj\pIƒ
th≠nhcpw. Hcp km[mcW ·q/en\Ivkv
knÃØn¬
♦ dq´v (/) ˛ Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃØns‚
t]mKmw ^bepIƒ kq£n°p
∂Xn\v.
♦ tlmw (/home) ˛ D]tbm‡mhv
\n¿an°p∂ ^bepIƒ kq£n°p
∂Xn\v
♦ Swap - Hcp AXn-thK ^b¬ knÃw.
hnh-c-߃ Xm¬°m-en-I-ambn kq£n-
°p-∂-Xn-\v.
F∂o ]m¿´oj\pIƒ D≠mbncn°p∂
XmWv A`nImayw. (NneXn¬ dq´v, swapF∂nh amXambncn°pw D≠mIpI).
s]≥ssUhpIƒ, saΩdn Im¿UpIƒ,
kn.Un/Un. -hn .Un F∂nhbpw Um‰m
kw`cW D]IcWßfmWv. kn.Un/
Un.hn.Unbnep≈ hnhc߃ hmbn°p
Ibpw AXn-te°v FgpXpIbpw sNøm\p]
tbmKn°p∂ D]-I-c -W-amWv kn.Un/
Un.-hn.Un ssUhv.
]h¿Ø\w 3
s]≥ssU-hp-Iƒ hmßp-tºmƒXs∂
AXn-semcp ^b¬ knÃw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.
CXp-am‰n \ap°v as‰mcp ^b¬ knkv‰w
\n¿an-°-W-sa-∂n-cn-°-s´. CXn-\mbn Diskutility (System → Administration → Disk
UnkvIpIfn¬\n∂v hmbns®Sp
°p∂Xn\pw AXnte°v FgpXnt®¿°p∂
Xn\pw slUpIfpap≠mIpw. (NnXw
t\m°pI). UnkvIpIsfbpw slUpIsfbpw
tamt´mdp]tbmKn®v Id°p∂XphgnbmWv
UnkvIpIfpsS F√m `mKØpw
FØm\mIp∂Xv.
]m¿´nj\pIfpw ^b¬ knÃhpw
\mw Hcp ]pXnb lm¿Uv UnkvIv
hmßnsb∂ncn°s´. hmßptºmƒ Cu
lm¿Uv UnkvIv iq\yambncn°pat√m.
Ct∏mgnXn¬ hnhn[ tkm^v‰vshbdpIfm¬
\n¿an°s∏Sp∂ ^bepIsfm∂pw kq£n
°m≥ IgnbpIbn√. UnkvIn¬ ^bepIƒ
FhnsSsb√mamWv kq£n°s∏Sp∂Xv
F∂v ImWn°p∂ ÿe kqN\Isfm∂pw
Xs∂bn√ F∂XmWv ]iv\w. ^bepIƒ
kq£n°p∂Xn\pw Xncns®Sp°p∂Xn\pw
Ch BhiyhpamWv.
GXp ^b¬ FhnsSsb√mambn
kq£n®ncn°p∂p F∂dnbp∂Xn\v Cu
ssUhns\ ]e tªm°pIfmbn
(sks‹‚pIƒ F∂pw hnfn°mw) Xncnt°
≠Xp≠v. Cu tªm°pIƒs°√mw AUkv
sImSp°pIbpw thWw. Cßs\ sNøp∂
]InbbmWv t^m¿am‰nMv. CØcØn
ep≈ tªm°pIfm°p∂Xpw AUkv
sImSp°p∂Xpw Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃhpw
AXn\p tbmPn°p∂ coXnbnemWv.
Cßs\ Hmtcm Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃhpw
AXn\p tbmPn°p∂ coXnbn¬ lm¿Uv
UnkvIns\ t^m¿am‰ v sNbvXncn°p
∂Xns\bmWv AXmXns‚ ^b¬ knÃw
F∂p ]dbp∂Xv. Nne Hm∏td‰nwK v
knÃßfpsS b¬ knÃ߃ apIfnep≈
]´nIbnep≠v.
Hcp lm¿Uv UnkvIn¬ ]eXcw
Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃ߃ C≥Ãmƒ sNtø≠n
h∂mtem? At∏mƒ ]eXcw ^b¬
knÃßfpw th≠nhcpw. CXn\mbn lm¿Uv
UnkvIns\ ]e `mKßfmbn Xncnt°
≠nbpw hcpw. CØcw `mKßsfbmWv
Hm∏td‰nwKv
knÃw
D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂
^b¬ knÃ߃
·q/en\Ivkv Ext3, Ext4
ssatImtkm v‰v
hn≥tUmkv (c) FAT 32, NTFS
B∏nƒ HPFS, HPFS+a°nt‚mjv (c)
]´nI 5.3
Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w
57
utility) F∂ t]mKmap]-tbm-Kn°mw.
t^m¿am‰v sNøp∂Xn\papºv ssUhv
A¨au≠v sNøm≥ ad°cpXv.
4 Pn._n. kw`-c-W-ti-jn-bp≈ Hcp
s]≥ssU-hn¬ NTFS, Ext3 F∂o ^b¬
knÃ-ß-fp≈ c≠p ]m¿´o-j-\p-Iƒ \n¿an-
°Ww. apIfn¬- sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ NnXw
t\m°p-I.
dm≥Uw BIvkkv saΩdn
Iºyq´dn¬ hnhc߃ ssIImcyw
sNøp∂Xv ssatIm t]mkkdmWv F∂v
\mw I≠pIgn™p. hfscb[nIw thKX
IqSnb D]IcWamWv CXv. AXpsIm≠v
t]mkkv sNøm\p≈ ZØßfpw
\n¿tZißfpw AtX thKXbn¬Xs∂
CXn\v e`yamt°≠Xp≠v. ]t£,
hnhc߃ FhnsSbmWp≈Xv? Ah
lm¿Uv UnkvIntem, kn.Un ssUhntem,
A∏t∏mƒ \mw sImSp°p∂tXm
Hs°bmImw. t]mkkdn\v hnhc߃
ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xn\v as‰mcp D]IcWw
IqSn Chbv°nSbn¬ BhiyamWv. Cu
D]IcWamWv dmw AYhm dm≥Uw
BIvkkv saΩdn.
♦ Iºyq´¿ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\v
Bhiyamb hnhc߃ dmante°v
FSpØph®v, AhnsS\n∂v Bhiy
Øn\v t]mkkdn\v e`yam°pIbmWv
sNøp∂Xv. knÃw ]h¿Øn°p∂
Xn\v Bhiyamb Hm∏td‰nwK v
knÃwt]mepw Cßs\ dmante°v
am‰p∂p≠v. Cu ]InbbmWv _q´nMv.
♦ dmans‚ GXp`mKØv kq£n°
s∏´n´p≈ hnhcßfpw t\cn´pXs∂
FSp°m\mIpw. (Hcp HmUntbm
Imk‰n¬ Bdp ]m´pIƒ tiJcn°
s∏´ncn°p∂p F∂p IcpXpI.
CXn¬\n∂pw \memasØ ]m´mWv
\ap°v Bhiysa¶n¬ Fßs\
Atßm´v FØpw? BZysØ aq∂p
]m´pIfn¬IqSnbpw IS∂pt]mtI≠n
hcpw. CØcØnep≈ saΩdnbmWv
kocnb¬ BIvkkv saΩdn. dm≥Uw
BIvkkv saΩdnbn¬ \memasØ
]m´ns\ t\cn´p Xs∂ FSp°mw).
NnXw 5.10
NnXw 5.11
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
58
NnXw 5.13NnXw 5.12
apIfn¬
ImWn®ncn
°p∂ knÃw
\nßfp]tbm-
Kn-°p∂
knÃw
e`yamb
kw`cWtijn
D]tbmKs∏´Xv
kzm]v tijn
D]tbmKn°s∏´Xv
938 MB
225 MB
0
956 MB
]´nI 5.4
Iq´nt®¿t°≠nbncn°p∂p. CXn\mbn
NnXw 5.13 ¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂Xp
t]msebp≈ D]IcW߃ e`yamWv.
Cßs\ Iq´nt®¿°p∂ LSIßfmWv
BUv Hm¨ Im¿UpIƒ. NneXcw BUv
Hm¨ Im¿UpIƒ ]´nI 5.5 ¬ sImSpØn
cn°p∂p.
BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
knÃw ]h¿Øn°mXncn°ptºmƒ
AXnep≈ Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃØns‚bpw
a‰pw t]mKmapIƒ lm¿Uv UnkvIn\
IØmbncn°pw kq£n°p∂Xv F∂v \mw
I≠pIgn™p. Cu t]mKmapIsf dmante°v
am‰p∂ ]InbbmWv _q´nwKv. ]t£,
knÃØnse lm¿Uv UnkvIn¬ Chbp≠v
F∂pw Ahsb dmante°v am‰Ww F∂pw
\n¿tZ -in -°p∂ t]mKmw FhnsSbm
Wp≈Xv?
CXp sNøp∂Xv aZ¿t_m¿Un¬
Xs∂bp≈ Hcp IC Nn∏n¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-
´p -≈ _tbmkv F∂ t]mK -mamWv.
Fs¥√mamWv _tbmkv sNøp∂Xv?
♦ dmw hfscb[nIw ]h¿Ø\
thKXbp≈ CeIvtSmWnIv D]IcW
amsW¶nepw AXns‚ hnhc tiJcW
£aX sshZypXnbp≈nStØmfw
amXtabp≈q. Iºyq-´¿ ]h¿Ø\w
\n¿Øp-tºmƒ dman-ep≈ hnh-c-ßfpw
\jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.
hoUntbm FUn‰nwK v t]mep≈
tPmenIƒ sNtø≠n hcptºmƒ hfsc
henb bepIƒ Hcpan®v Xpdt°≠n hcpw.
Cu ^bepIƒ dmans‚ kw`cW
tijntb°mƒ IqSpXemsW¶ntem?
lm¿Uv UnkvIn¬Xs∂ Hcp ]tXyI
^b¬ knÃw \n¿an®v A[nIap≈h
Atßm´p am‰pIbmWv ]Xnhn[n.
CXn\pth≠n lm¿Uv UnkvIn¬
Xbmdm°p∂ ^b¬ knÃamWv kzm]v.
Sysinfo F∂ t]mKmw ]h¿Øn∏n®p
]´nI 5.4 ]qcn∏n°pI. ChnsS 938 MBF∂Xv Hm∏td‰nwKv knÃØns‚ ]e
Bhiy߃°mbn hIbncpØnb tijw
D]tbmKn°p∂bmƒ°v e`yamb AfhmWv.
(dmans‚ ]c-am-h-[n tijn AXn¬ Iq-Sp-X-
em-Imw).
BUv Hm¨ Im¿UpIƒ
Iºyq- -dn¬Xs∂ Sn.hn t]mKmapIfpw
ImWWsa¶ntem? Hcp knÃw hmßp
tºmgp≈ LSI߃ amXw D]tbm
Kn®v Sn.hn t]mKmapIƒ ImWpIbpw
dnt°m¿Uv sNøpIbpw sNøm\mhn√.
tI_nfn¬IqSn hcp∂ kn·epIsf
UnPn‰¬ kn·epIfm°p∂Xn\p≈
kwhn[m\߃ aZ¿t_m¿Unt\mSp
Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w
59
♦ knÃw ]h¿ Hm¨ sNøptºmƒ F√m
LSIßfpw ]h¿Ø\£aamtWm
F∂v ]cntim[n°p∂p (Power OnSelf Test - POST). Cßs\ ]cntim
[n®p Ign™p≈ Is≠ØepIƒ
\ap°v ImWmhp∂XmWv. NnXw
5.15 ¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂Xpt]mse Hcp
ktµiw ]e-t∏mgpw \n߃
I≠n´p≠mIp-at√m?
♦ knÃ-Øn¬ dm≥Uw BIvkkv saΩdn
samUyqƒ (D-]-I-c-Ww) AXns‚
t]m¿´n¬ \∂mbn LSn-∏n-°m-Xn-cn-°p-
I-tbm, s]mSn ]nSn -®n -cn -°p-Itbm
sNbvXmepw _tbmkv ]Xn-I-cn-°m-dp-
≠v. Fß-s\-bmWv _tbmkv ]Xn-I-
cn-°p-∂Xv F∂v I≠p-]n-Sn-°pI.
♦ aukv, Iot_m¿Uv XpS -ßnb
ASnÿm\ lm¿Uv shbdpIƒ
]h¿Øn°p∂Xn\p≈ t]mKmapIƒ
k÷o-Icn°p∂p.
Im¿Uv F¥v BhiyØn\v
BIvknetd‰Uv Km^nIv Im¿Uv
Sn.hn SyqW¿ Im¿Uv
ku≠v Im¿UpIƒ
USB FIvkv]m≥j≥ Im¿UpIƒ
Ct‚W¬ tamUw
s\‰vh¿°v C‚¿t^kv Im¿UpIƒ
NneXcw Iºyq´¿ sKbnapIƒ°v
BhiyamIp∂Xpt]mse k¶o¿Wamb
Km^nIv C^IvSpIƒ th≠nhcptºmƒ
]´nI 5.5
NnXw 5.14
NnXw 5.15
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
60
®-tijw amXta lm¿Uv UnkvIv AS-
°-ap≈ a‰p D]-I-c-W-߃ ]cn-tim-[n-
°p-I-bp-≈q.
\nßfpsS knÃØns‚ sUkvIvtSm-
∏nse t¢m°n¬ ImWn-°p∂ kabw
_tbmkn¬ ImWn®ncn°p∂Xp
Xs∂bmtWm F∂p ]cntim[n°pI.
sshZypXnbpsS ]mX
Hcp km[mcW Iºyq´¿ ]h¿Øn
°m≥ icmicn FX sshZypXn th≠n
hcpw?
Cu tNmZyØn\v DØcw ]dbpI AX
Ffp∏a√. Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂ ]´nI
ImWpI.
NnXw 5.16
♦ knÃw _q´v sNøp∂p. _q´p sNøp-
∂-Xn-\p≈ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃw lm¿Uv
UnkvIntem, kn.Un ssUhn-ep≈ kn.-
Un-bntem s]≥ssU-hntem BImw.
Fhn-sS-bmWv _q´p sNtø≠ Hm∏-td-
‰nwKv knÃ-ap-≈Xv F∂v \ap°v \n¿tZ-
in-°mw.
♦ knÃw ]h¿Øn°mXncn°ptºmgpw
Iºyq´dnse t¢m°ns‚ kabw
icnbmbn kq£n°p∂p.
]h¿Ø\w 4
_tbmkv Nn∏n¬ kw`cn®ncn°p∂
t]mKmapIfn¬ A[nI]¶pw am‰m\mImØ
hbmsW¶nepw Hcp sNdnb `mKw \ap°p
Xs∂ IaoIcn°mhp∂XmWv. CXmWv
kntamkv sk‰∏v. Iºyq´¿ ]h¿Ø\w
XpSßptºmƒ F1, F2, Del XpSßnb IoIƒ
GsX¶nepw H∂p]tbmKn®v \ap°v
_tbmkv sk‰∏v sNøp∂ PmeIØnte°v
]thin°mw (NnXw 5.16).
♦ \nß-fpsS knÃ-Øns‚ _tbm-knse
kabw icn-bmtWm F∂v ]cn-tim-[n-
°p-I. kabw sX‰mbn ImWn-°p-∂p-sh-
¶n¬ icn-bmbn Iao-I-cn-°p-I.
♦ knÃ-Øns‚ H∂mw _q´v D]-I-cWw
kn.Un ssUhmbn Iao-I-cn -°p-I.
(H∂mw _q v D]-I-cWw kn.Un ssUhm-
sW-¶n¬, AXn¬ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-a-S-
ßnb kn.Un Dt≠m F∂p ]cn-tim-[n-
D]IcWw ]h¿Øn°p∂
thmƒt´Pv
kn.Un ssUhnsebpw
lm¿Uv UnkvInsebpw
UnkvIns\ Id°p∂
tamt´mdpIƒ
ssatIm
t]mkk¿
12V DC
5V DC
3.3V DC
]eXcw UnPn‰¬
k¿°o´pIƒ
1.3 - 1.5V DC
]´nI 5.6
Iºyq´¿ F∂ b¥w
61
]´nIbn¬\n∂pw hy‡amIp∂Xv
Fs¥√mamWv?
♦ F√m D]IcWßfpw Un.kn
(UbdI‰v Id‚ v) bnemWv ]h¿Øn
°p∂Xv.
]t£, \mw knÃØnte°v
sImSp°p∂Xv 220V AC bmWv.
CXns\ ]e sNdnb thmƒt´Pp≈
DC B°n amt‰≠nhcpw. sse≥
thmƒt´Pn¬ hcp∂ hyXnbm\ßsf
AXnPohn°pIbpw thWw.
♦ knÃØn\IsØ (]pdtØbpw)
Hmtcm D]IcWhpw Ahbv°\p
tbmPyamb thmƒt´PnemWv ]h¿
Øn°p∂Xv.
IqSmsX, F√m D]IcWßfpw
F√mbvt]mgpw ]h¿Øn°pIbpw
C√. (DZmlcWambn kn.Un ssUhv).
amXa√, Ah ]h¿Øn°ptºmƒ
Gs‰Sp°p∂ ]h¿Ø\Øns‚
ImTn\yØn\\pkcn®v D]t`mKhpw
hyXymks∏Spw.
SMPS - kzn®vUv tamUv ]h¿ kssπ
CXmWv Iºyq´dns‚ ]h¿ lukv.
apIfn¬ N¿®sNbvX Imcyßfn¬ \n∂pw
Hcp Fkv.Fw.]n.Fkv Fs¥√mw sNøp∂p
F∂v enÃv sNømtam?
Fkv.Fw.]n.Fkn¬ \n∂pw ]pdØp
hcp∂Xv ]e thmƒt´Pnep≈ Iptdtbsd
NnXw 5.17
Un.kn Id≠pIfmWv. Ah ]e-\n-d-Øn-ep≈
tI_n-fp-I-fn¬ IqSn-bmWv aZ¿t_m¿Un-
te°v FØp-∂Xv. Xmsgs°mSpØncn°p∂
NnXw t\m°pI. Fkv.Fw.]n.Fkn¬
\n∂pw hcp∂ tI_nfpIfpw Ah
aZ¿t_m¿Un¬ LSn∏n°p∂ ]h¿
IWIv‰dpw ImWmw.
Hcp em]vtSm-∏n¬ CØ-c-samcp Fkv.-
Fw.-]n.-F-kv. ImWm-\m-hptam? AhnsS
F¥p ]Icw kwhn-[m-\-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂Xv F∂p Is≠-Øp-at√m?
XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\߃
1. “FXthKamWv lm¿Uvshb¿ kmt¶Xn
IhnZyIƒ ImelcWs∏Sp∂Xv”!Iºyq´dns‚ cq]Øn¬ h∂ ]cnWmaß
sf°pdn®v (]gbIme Iºyq´dpIƒ,
t]g vkW¬ Iºyq´dpIƒ, kq∏¿
Iºyq-´-dp -Iƒ, em]vtSm∏pIƒ, s\‰v
_p°pIƒ, ]mwtSm∏pIƒ, Sm_vse‰pIƒ)
Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°pI.
2. kvIqfnte°v Iptd Iºyq´¿ hmßm\p≈
\n¿tZi߃ Xbmdm°m≥ \Ωsf
G¬]n-®p-sh∂v Icp-XpI. kvIqfn¬
\nehnep≈ knÃßfn¬ Dƒs∏SpØn
bncn°p∂ LSIßsf∏‰nbp≈
hnhc߃ tiJ-cn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v
\ap°v Adn-bp-Ibpw sNømw. G‰hpw
]pXnb knÃßsf∏‰nbp≈ hnhc߃
IqSn At\zjn®v Is≠ØpI. Chbn¬
F¥p LSIßfpsS kwtbmP\amWv
\n߃ kvIqfnte°v \n¿tZin°p∂Xv?
NnXw 5.18
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
62
hnhn[ \n¿tZi߃ ka¿∏n°p
∂Xn\p≈ skan\m¿ ]Ømw¢mknse
F√m Unhnj\pIfnsebpw Ip´n-Isf
]s¶Sp∏n®v \SØpI.
3. ¢mkn-semcp lm¿Uvshb¿ Iznkv \S-Øn-
bmtem? tNmZy-߃ hni-Z-am-bn-Øs∂
]k-t‚-j-\p-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-Ww.
4. \nß-fpsS knÃ-Øn¬ ·q/en\Ivkv
ÿm]n-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥√mw sNø-Ww.
Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ t\m°p-I.
♦ Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-a-S-ßnb kn.Un/Un.-
hn.Un ssUhn-enSp-I.
♦ Cu ssUhns\ H∂mw _q´v D]-I-c-
W-ambn Iao-I-cn-°p-I.
♦ knÃw kn.-Un-bn¬ \n∂v _q´v sNø-
s∏-Sp-∂p. lm¿Uv UnkvIv t^m¿am‰v
sNbvXv Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-Øn-\m-h-iy-
amb ]m¿´o-j-\p-Ifpw ^b¬ knÃ-
ßfpw \n¿an-°p-I.
♦ Iot_m¿Uv te Hu´ v , knÃw,
]h¿Øn-°p∂ cmPyw (k-a-b-ta-J-e),
D]-tbm-‡m-hns‚ t]cv, ]mkvth¿Uv
XpS-ßn-bh Iao-I-cn-°-Ww.
♦ .............................................................................
.............................................................................
♦ .............................................................................
.............................................................................
hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw
63
Xs‚ BZysØ A\ntaj≥ kn\na
]q¿Ønbmbt∏mƒ tImgnt°mSv Pn√bnse
tKmhnµv F∂ hnZym¿Ynbv°p≠mb
BÀmZamWv apIfn¬ AhXcn∏n®n
cn°p∂Xv. HºXmw¢mknse sF.kn.Sn
]mT]pkvXIØnse ‘A\ntaj\pIfpsS
clkyw ’ F∂ `mKw ]Tn®t∏mƒ
PntImºnkv D]tbmKn®v CXpt]mse
\nßfpw Hcp Imdn\v A\ntaj≥ \¬InbXv
ad∂n´n√t√m?
Imdns\ Nen∏n°m≥ Fs¥√mw
ImcyßfmWv \n߃ sNbvXXv? \nßfpsS
Iºyq´dn¬ Cu sKbnw Hcn -°¬IqSn
Ifn®Xn\ptijw Xmsgbp≈ ]´nI
]q¿Ønbm°pI.
♦ NnXsØ skeIvS v sNbvXv
Iym≥hmkn¬ Dƒs∏SpØn
♦ ]kvXpX NnXsØ F√m
s^bnante°pw Dƒs∏SpØn
♦ ...............................................................................
♦ ...............................................................................
\n›e NnXßsf tkm^v‰vshb¿
D]tbmKn®v Nen∏n°p∂Xns‚ clkyw
]nSnIn´nhcp-∂p.- At√?
Iºyq´dnep≈ NnXsØbmWv \mw
Ct∏mƒ Nen∏n®Xv. F∂m¬ \mw hc®
NnX߃°pXs∂ Ne\w \¬Im≥ \ap°v
km[n°pIbmsW¶ntem? A\ntaj≥
tkm^v‰ vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v CØcw
]h¿Ø\w sNøm≥ \ap°v km[n°pw. \mw
`mh\bn¬ ImWp∂ temIw Iºyq´dn¬
]p\xkrjvSn°m≥ km[n°pIbmsW¶n¬
tKmhnµn\p≠mb A\p`hw \ap°pw
e`n°nt√? \ΩpsS Hm∏-td-‰nwKv knÃ-Øn¬
e`yamb ‰p]o tkm^v‰vshb¿ CXn\mbn
\ap°v D]tbmKn°mw.
NnXw hcbv°mw
A\ntaj≥ \n¿an°m≥ hfscb[nIw
NnX߃ BhiyamsW∂v \mw
a\ nem°n°gn™p. Cu NnX߃
A\ntaj≥ tkm^v‰ vshbdn¬Øs∂
hcbv°m≥ km[n°pw. Xmsg X∂ncn°p∂
kqNIßfpsS klmbtØmsS ‰p]o
“Rm≥ BZymbn´v Iºq´dn¬ hc® NnXw Hcp ]qºm‰bptSXmWv. AXns‚ NndIn\v sNdnb
Hcp Cf°w In´nbt∏m A\ntaj≥ sImSpØX√... AXn\v Poh≥ sImSpØ t]msebmWv
F\n°v tXm∂nbXv...”
6 hc-Iƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
64
tkm^v‰ vshbdn¬ Hcp NnXw hc®v
Xbmdm°q.
♦ Graphics sa\phnse Tupi:2D MagicXpd°pI.
♦ File → New → New Project IaØn¬
NnXw 6.1 ˛ ‰p]o ][m\ PmeIw
A\ntaj≥
Nen°p∂Xmbn anYymt_m[w P\n∏n°phm≥th≠n Zznam\NnXßfpsStbm Xnam\
NnXßfpsStbm XpS¿®bmbXpw thKØnepap≈ ]Z¿i\amWv A\ntaj≥. \mw
Hcp NnXw I≠pIgn™Xn\ptijhpw AXns‚ ]Xn-_nw_w A¬]t\cw (1/16
sk°‚ v) \ΩpsS IÆn¬ Xßn\n¬°pw. ho£W ÿncX (Persistance of Vision)
F∂ Cu ]Xn`mksØ ASnÿm\am°nbmWv A\ntaj≥ kmt¶XnIhnZy ]h¿Øn
°p∂Xv. CXpaqew Htc tiWnbnep≈ NnX߃ \nc¥cw \ΩpsS IÆn\papºneqsS
amdnamdn hcptºmƒ \ap°v AXv Nen°p∂Xmbn tXm∂p∂p. tXmakv B¬hm
FUnkWmWv Cu kmt¶XnIhnZybv°v XpS°an´Xv. hmƒ´v Unkv\n, hneyw l∂,
tPmk v _m¿_d XpSßnbh¿ Cu taJebn¬ hfscb[nIw kw`mh\ \¬InbhcmWv.
·p/en\Ivknse ][m\ Zznam\ A\ntaj≥ tkm^v‰vshbdpIfmWv Tupi, Ktoon,Synfigstudio, Pencil apXembh. kzX¥ tkm^v‰vshbdn¬ e`yamb anI® Xnam\
Iºyq´¿ Km^nIv˛A-\n-ta-j≥ tkm^v‰vshbdmWv sª≥U¿. CXp]tbmKn®v \n¿an®
][m\ A\n-ta-j≥ kn\n-a-I-fmWv _nKv_°v _Æn, Fen^‚ vkv Uow, kn‚¬
apX-em-bh.
Iym≥hmkv PmeIw Xpd∂v ProjectName, FPS F∂nh \¬In OK¢n°psNøpI.
♦ Sqƒt_mIvkn¬ \n∂pw s]≥kn¬
Sqƒ skeIvSv sNbvXv Iym≥hmkn¬
NnXw hcbv°mw.
hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw
65
kqNIßfpsS klmbtØmsS sXm´SpØ
s^bnapIfnte°v Dƒs∏SpØq.
♦ s^bnans\ tIm∏n sNøm≥ - tIm∏n
sNtø≠ s^bnan¬ ¢n°psNbvXv
Right Click → Copy frame
♦ s^bnante°v t]Ãv sNøm≥ t]Ãv
sNtø≠ s^bnan¬ ¢n°psNbvXv
Right Click → Paste in frame
\mw Xbmdm°p∂ A\ntaj≥ Hcp
sk°‚n¬ 6 s^bnw F∂ coXnbnemWv
]Z¿in∏nt°≠sX∂n -cn -°s´. Cu
IaØn¬ 3 sk°‚ v ssZ¿Lyap≈
A\ntaj≥ Xbmdm°m≥ FX s^bnan¬
NnXw Dƒs∏SptØ≠n hcpw. Iq´pImcpambn
N¿®sNbvXXn\ptijw Bhiyap≈
s^bnapIfnte°v NnXw Dƒs∏SpØq.
s^bnapIfnse√mw NnXw
Dƒs∏SpØnbt√m. Ct∏mƒ F√m
s^bnapIfnepw NnXw Htc ÿm\ØmWv
D≈Xv. H∂masØbpw 18˛masØbpw
s^bnapI-fnse NnXßfpsS ÿm\w H∂v
Xs∂bmbXn\m¬ ]h¿Øn∏n°ptºmƒ
ChnsS Ne\sam∂pw kw`hn°p∂n√.
PntImºnkn¬ Imdns\ Nen∏n°m≥ \mw
F¥mWv sNbvXXv? \¬Inbncn°p∂
]T\°pdn∏ns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ Hmtcm
s^bnansebpw NnXØns‚ ÿm\Øn¬
am‰w hcpØn A\ntaj≥ ]h¿Øn∏n®p
t\m°q.
]qºm‰bv°v Poh≥ \¬Imw
NnXw hc®pIgn™nt√? \mw hc®
NnXsØ Nen∏n°m≥ H∂ne[nIw
s^bnapIfn¬ NnX߃ thWat√m.
\n߃ hc® NnXw Ct∏mƒ GXv
s^bnanemWv D≈sX∂v ‰p]o ][m\
PmeIØnse seb¿ 1 ¬ \n∂v Is≠Øq.
a‰p s^bnapIfnte°v NnXw Dƒs∏Sp
Øm≥ F¥mWv sNtø≠Xv? F√m
s^bnapIfnepw CXpt]mse NnXw
hcbvt°≠Xpt≠m?
Iºyq´dn¬ hc® NnXØns‚
]I¿s∏Sp°m≥ Copy & Paste kt¶Xw
D]tbmKn°msa∂v \ap°dnbmw. ‰p]obn¬
NnXsØ tIm∏n sNøm≥ NnXw
Dƒs∏Sp∂ s^bnans\ a‰p s^bnapIfn
te°v tIm∏n sNbvXm¬ aXn. \n߃ hc®
NnXsØ Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂
Ne®nXßfn¬ Hcp sk°‚n¬
]Z¿in∏n°p∂ s^bnapIfpsS (\n›e
NnXßfpsS) FÆamWv FPS (FramesPer Second). Hcp sk°‚n¬ 12-- 24 XhW
NnX߃ amdptºmgmWv km[mcW
thKXbnep≈ Hcp Ne®nXw
D≠mIp∂Xv. s^bnapIfpsS FÆw
IaoIcn°p∂XneqsS \ap°v Ne®nX
Øns‚ thKX IaoIcn°m\mhpw.
Hmtcm s^bnansebpw NnXØns‚ ÿm\w am‰m≥
Tupi ][m\PmeIØnse Exposure Sheet se Layer t_mIvkn¬ \n∂pw NnXap≈
s^bnw skeIvSv sNøpI. tijw Sqƒ t_mIvkn¬ \n∂pw Object ske£≥ Sqƒ
skeIvSv sNbvXv Iym≥hmknse NnXØns‚ ÿm\w sXm´papºp≈ s^bnans‚
ÿm\Øn¬ \n∂pw Aev]w am‰nshbv°pI. Cu Sqƒ D]tbmKn®v NnXw apgp-h-
\mbpw skeIvSv sNøptºmƒ NnXØn\v Np‰pw At\Iw ske£≥ t\mUpIƒ
ImWmw. s]≥kn¬ Sqƒ D]tbmKn°ptºmƒ NnXØn¬ Iq´nt®¿°p∂ Hmtcm
hcIfpw ]tXyIw \nesIm≈p∂XpsIm≠mWnXv . Cßs\bp≈ F√m
t\mUpIsfbpw H∂n®v Nen∏n®m¬ amXta NnXsØ \o°m≥ km[n°q. CXn\mbn
Btcm Io D]tbmKn°mw. F∂m¬ NnXw Hscm‰ ske£\mbn \mev t\mUpIfn¬
amXw \nesIm≈p∂p s≠¶n¬ Nen∏n°m≥ aukv D]tbmKn®m¬ aXn. Cßs\
\o°ptºmƒ thKX \nb¥n°m≥ Ctrl, Shift IoIƒ D]tbmKn°mw.
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
66
\n߃ Xbmdm°nb A\ntaj≥
]h¿Øn∏n®v t\m°ntbm? CXn¬
Fs¥¶nepw am‰w hcptØ≠Xps≠∂v
tXm∂p∂pt≠m? Xmsg X∂ncn°p∂
kqNIßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ N¿®
sNbvXv ]cnlmcw Is≠Øq. tijw
Bhiyamb am‰w hcpØn A\ntaj≥
]h¿Øn∏n®v t\m°q. Bhiysa¶n¬
So®dpsS klmbw tXSpat√m?
C\n ASpØ s^bnw skeIvSv sNbvXv NnXsØ sXm´p]n∂nep≈ s^bnanse
NnXØns‚ ÿm\sØ°mƒ Aev]w apt∂m´v \o°pI. Cßs\ Nen∏nt°≠
hkvXphn‚ k©mc ]mX \mw ap≥Iq´n Xocpam\n®v AXn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn ]kvXpX
ÿm\tØ°v Hmtcm s^bnansebpw NnXsØ am‰nhbv°pI.
A\ntaj≥ ]h¿Øn∏n°m≥
Player F∂ sa\p ¢n°psNøpI. tijw Xmsgbp≈ Play _´Wn¬ ¢n°p sNøpI.
^b¬ tkhv sNømw
‰p]o t]mPIvSv ^bens\ tkhv sNøm≥,- File → Save Project
NnXw 6.2
‰p]obnse s]≥kn¬ Sqƒ D]tbmKn®v hc® NnXw.
♦ NnXßfpsS Ne\߃°v kzm`mhn
IX Bhiyat√?
♦ Hmtcm s^bnantebpw NnXßfpsS
ÿm\Øn¬ amXat√ \mw
hyXymkw hcpØnbXv.
♦ ............................................................
............................................................
hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw
67
SqfpIƒ ]cnNbs∏Smw.
‰q]obn¬ NnXw hc®v Ahsb Nen∏n®nt√? Cu ]h¿Ø\Øn¬ Fs¥√mw
SqfpIfmWv \n߃ ]cnNbs∏´Xv. ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°q.
]h¿Ø\w : 1 IY Is≠Ømw, tÃmdnt_m¿Uvv
Xbmdm°mw
A\ntaj≥ Ne®nXw Xbmdm°p
∂Xn\v hy‡amb aps∂mcp°w
AXymhiyamWv. CXn¬ ][m\amWv
kvt‰mdnt_m¿Uv Xbmdm°¬. Is≠-Ønb
IYsb Xnc -°-Y -bn -te°pw ]n∂oS v
kvt‰mdnt_m¿Unte°pw am‰Ww. Hmtcm
ko\ns‚bpw hniZmwi߃ kvt‰mdn
t_m¿Un¬ BhiyamWv. IYbpsS
]›mØew, \n›e NnX߃, Nen∏n
t°≠ NnX߃, ko\ns‚ kab
ssZ¿Lyw, kw`mjWtam, ]›mØe
i–tam -Ds≠¶n¬ AhbpsS
hniZmwi߃ Chsb√mw ]tXyIw
]tXyIw I≈n-I-fn-em°n NnXßfpsS
kvsI®v Xbmdm°Ww. Hcp ko\n¬ hcp∂
kw`hßsf√mw Hcp I≈nbn¬
Dƒs∏SpØpIbmWv \√sX¶nepw Bhiy
sa¶n¬ Hcp ko\ns\ Xs∂ ]e
tjm´pIfm°n hcbv°mhp∂XmWv. Cßs\
hniZamb kvt‰mdnt_m¿Uv Xbmdm°n
bn´pthWw Hcp A\ntaj≥ kn\nabpsS
\n¿amWw Bcw-`n-°m≥.
Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂ kvt‰mdn
t_m¿Uv ]q¿Ønbm°q. CXv D]tbmKn®v
Hcp A\ntaj≥ kn\na \ap°v D≠m°mw.
♦ NnXw hcbv°m≥ Pencil (P)
♦ NnXsØ skeIvSv sNøm≥ ...............................................................
♦ Line hcbv°m≥ ...............................................................
♦ Zoom sNøm≥ ...............................................................
♦ ................................................................................ ...............................................................
♦ ................................................................................ ...............................................................
♦ ................................................................................ ...............................................................
‰p]obn¬ NnXw hcbv°m≥ Back-ground Mode, Frames ModeF∂nßs\ c≠p Xcw Iym≥hmkv
e`yamWv. Nen∏nt°≠ NnXßsf
Frames Mode emWv hcbvt°≠Xv.
]›mØeambn NnXw ÿncambn
Dƒs∏SpØWsa¶n¬ BackgroundMode Xncs™Sp°pI.
ko≥ 1
NnXw 6.3
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
68
kvt‰mdnt_m¿Uv ]q¿Ønbmbn
Ign™nt√? t\csØ \mw Xbmdm°nb
A\ntaj\n¬ NnXsØ H∂n®v Nen∏n®Xn
\m¬ Ne\Øns‚ kzm`mhnIX \jvSs∏
´Xmbn \mw a\ nem°nbn´p≠t√m.
Ct∏mƒ Xbmdm°nb kvt‰mdnt_m¿Unse
Hmtcm ko\nsebpw IYm]mXßsf
]tXyIw ]tXyIambn Nen∏n°W
sa¶n¬ AhcpsS icoc`mKßsf sht∆sd
Xbmdmt°≠Xnt√? Ch ‰p]obn¬Øs∂
ko≥ 3
ko≥ 4
NnXw 6.4
ko≥ 2
hcbvt°≠Xpt≠m? \mw apºv ]cnNb
s∏´ CtaPv FUn‰nwK v/NnXcN\m
tkm^v‰ vshbdpIfn¬ NnXw hc®v
‰p]obn¬ Dƒs∏SpØnbmtem? Cßs\
NnX߃ ap≥Iq´n hc®v Xbmdm°pIbm
sW¶n¬ A\ntaj≥ \n¿amWw IqSpX¬
efnXam°m≥ km[n°pw.
H∂masØ ko≥ Xbmdm°m≥
GsX√mw NnXw hcbv°Ww? \¬Inbncn
°p∂ ]T\°pdn∏v hniIe\w sNbvXv
]´nI 6.1 ]q¿Ønbm°q.
CXpt]mse a‰p ko\pIƒ°m
hiyamb NnXßfpw hc®v Xbmdm°q.
CXn\mbn ap≥¢mkpIfn¬ ]cnNbs∏´
C¶vkvtI]v , Pnºv , FIvkvs]bn‚ v ,
SIvkvs]bn‚ v F∂nhbntesX¶nepw
D]tbmKn°mw.
tUmbnwKv/CtaPv FUn‰nwKv tkm^v‰v
shbdpIfn¬ hc® NnXßsf InsertBitmap, Insert SVG File sa\p hgn
‰p]obnte°v Dƒs∏SpØmhp∂XmWv.
png. jpg, gif, xpm F∂o FIvÃ≥
j\nep≈ NnX^bepIsf Insert Bitmapsa\p hgn Dƒs∏SpØmw. svg FIvÃ≥j
\nep≈ NnXsØbmWv Insert SVG FileF∂ sa\phgn Iym≥hmknte°v Dƒs∏Sp
Øm≥ km[n -°p -∂Xv. Cßs\ a‰p
tkm^v‰vshbdpIfn¬ NnXw hcbv°p
tºmƒ ]›mØe NnXw ‰p]obpsS
Iym≥hmkns‚ AtX hen∏Ønepw
(width=520 height=380) Iym≥hmkn¬
Nen∏nt°≠ a‰p cq]߃ AhbpsS
hen∏Øn\v B\p]mXnIambn
Iym≥hmknt\°mfpw sNdnb hen∏Øn
epamWv hcbvt°≠Xv. Pnºp-]-tbm-Kn®v
ico-c-`m-K-ßsf sht∆sd hc-bv°p-tºmƒ
_m°vKu≠v seb¿ Uneo‰v sNbvXv
NnXw png t^m¿am-‰n¬ tkhv sNøWw.
hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw
69
NnXw 6.5
H∂masØ ko\n\mhiyamb
]›mØeNnXw Background Mode te°pw
a‰p NnX`mKßsf Frames Mode se
H∂masØ s^bnante°pw InsertsNbvXXn\ptijw NnX`mKßsf NnXw
6.5 teXpt]mse tbmPn∏n®v H∂masØ
s^bnan¬ Nen∏nt°≠ NnXw
Xbmdm°pI.
tijw ]kvXpX s^bnans\
Bhiyap≈ s^bnapIfnte°v Dƒs∏
SpØn Hmtcm s^bnanepw A\ntaj\p
th≠ am‰ßƒ hcpØn ]h¿Øn∏n®v
t\m°q.
H∂masØ ko≥ ]h¿Øn∏n®p
t\m°nbnt√? CXnse IYm]mXØns‚
Ne\Øn¬ Fs¥¶nepw am‰w Bhiy
amtWm? Cu ko\n\v FPS FXbmWv
\n߃ \¬InbXv? FPS ¬ am‰w hcpØn
]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°n ko\n\v
A\ptbmPyamb FPS Is≠Øn tkhv
sNøq. F√m ko\pIfnepw CXv
i≤nt°≠Xt√? Iq´pImcpambn N¿®
sNbvXv a‰p ko\pIƒ°pap≈ XbmsdSp∏v
\SØq.
♦ ]›mØew - 520x380 (hen∏w)
♦ ...................................................... --˛ .........................................
♦ ...................................................... ˛ .........................................
♦ ...................................................... ˛ .........................................
]´nI 6.1
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
70
H∂masØ ko≥ ]q¿Ønbmbm¬
]pXnb t]mPIvS v ^b¬ Xpd∂v
_m°nbp≈ ko\pIfpw Xbmdm°n .avit^m¿am‰nte°v FIvkvt]m¿´v sNbvXv Hcp
t^mƒUdn¬ kq£n°q.
]h¿Ø\w : 2 ^b¬ FIvkvt]m¿´v sNømw
H∂masØ ko≥ ]q¿Ønbmbt√m?
Ct∏mƒ ‰p]o tkm^v‰vshbdn¬ amXat√
A\ntaj≥ \ap°v ]h¿Øn∏n°m≥
km[n°p∂p≈q. a‰v Bπnt°j\pIfn¬
Cu b¬ ]h¿Øn∏n°m≥ km[n°ptam?
CØcw bepIsf aoUnbm sπbdpIfn¬
]h¿Øn∏n°m≥ A\ptbmPyamb
t^m¿am‰nte°v FIvkvt]m¿´v sNøW
sa∂v \mw ap≥¢mkn¬ ]Tn®n´p≈Xv
Hm¿°pat√m? \n߃ Xbmdm°nb
H∂masØ ko\ns\ X∂ncn°p∂
Ipdn∏ns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ .avit^m¿am‰nte°v FIvkvt]m¿´v sNøq.
FIvkvt]m¿ v sNbvX hoUntbm bens\
A\ptbmPyamb aoUnbm sπbdn¬
]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°pIbpw sNømw..
NnXw 6.6
NnXßsf hepXm°mw
A\ntaj≥ \n¿an°ptºmƒ IYm]mX
ßfpsS kzm`mhnIamb Ne\Øn\p
th≠n NnXsØ Hmtcm s^bnanepw
]e`mKtØ°pw Nen∏nt°≠n hcpw.
CXn\mbn insert sNbvX NnXsØ
Object Selection Sqƒ D]tbmKn®v
skeIvSv sNøpI. At∏mƒ ske£\v
a[y`mKØv ImWp∂ shfpØ
ASbmfØn¬ ¢n°psNbvXm¬ Ahsb
\o°m≥ km[n°pw. ]kvXpX
ASbmfØnƒ U_nƒ ¢n°psNøp
tºmƒ hißfn¬ Zriyamhp∂
ske£≥ t\mUv Nen-∏n®v NnXsØ
Rotate sNømw. hißfnse ske-£≥
t\mUn¬ UmKp-sNbvXv NnXØns‚
hen∏Øn¬ am‰w hcpØm\pw km[n°pw.
^b¬ FIvkvt]m¿´v
‰p]obn¬\n∂pw ^bens\ hoUntbm
bmbn tkhv sNøWsa¶n¬ t]mPIvSv
^bens\ FIvkvt]m¿ v sNtø≠Xp≠v.
FIvkvt]m¿ v sNøm\mbn File → ExportProject IaØn¬ ¢n°psNøpI.
XpS¿∂phcp∂ PmeIßfn¬
FIvkvt]m¿´v sNtø≠ hoUntbm
^b¬ t^m¿am‰ v , FIvkvt]m¿´ v
sNtø≠ ko≥ F∂nh skeIvSv sNbvXv
ko≥ 1 ko≥ 2 ko≥ 3 ko≥ 4
FPS 6 .................. ...................... ....................
kabssZ¿Lyw 3 sk°‚ v .................. ...................... ....................
s^bnapI-fpsS
-FÆw 18 .................. ...................... ....................
]´nI 6.2
hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw
71
]h¿Ø\w : 3 ko\pIsf tbmPn∏n°mw
ko\pIsf√mw Xbmdmbt√m?
tÃmdnt_m¿Uv ]Imcap≈ Cu kn\na
]q¿Ønbmhm≥ C\nbpw ]h¿Ø\߃
_m°nbnt√? Cu ]h¿Ø\߃°v \mw
HºXmw ¢mkn¬ ]cnNbs∏´ GsX√mw
NnXw 6.7
Next ¢n°psNøpI. XpS¿∂v tkhv sNtø≠ t^mƒU¿, ^b¬\maw, FPS F∂nh
\¬In tkhv ¢n°p sNøpI.
♦ ko\pIsf Iq´nt®¿°Ww Hm∏¨tjm´v hoUntbm FUn‰¿
♦ i_vZw dnt°m¿Uv sNøWw ...............................................................
♦ ................................................................................ ...............................................................
♦ ................................................................................ ...............................................................
tkm^v‰vshbdpIƒ D]tbmKn°msa∂v
enÃv sNøq.
HºXmw ¢mknse sF.kn.Sn .
]mT]pkvXIØnse 7, 9 A[ymbß
fpsS klmbtØmsS Cu ko\pIsf√mw
tN¿Øv H‰ hoUntbm ^bem°n
FIvkvt]m¿´v sNøq. (NnXw 6.9)
H\nb≥ kvIn∂nwKv (Onion Skinning)
A\ntaj≥ kn\naIfn¬ D]tbmKn
°p∂ Hcp kt¶Xw. Iym≥hmkn¬ At\Iw
s^bnapIsf H∂n®v Zriyam°p∂ coXnbmWnXv.
sXm´pap∂ntebpw ]n∂ntebpw s^bnapIsf
Htc Iym≥hmkn¬ Zriyam°p∂XneqsS Hmtcm
s^bnanepw FXamXw am‰w hcpØWsa∂v
[mcW e`n°m≥ CXv klmbn°p∂p. ‰p]o
][m\ PmeIØnse Onion Skin t_mIvknse
\ºdpIfn¬ am‰w hcpØn ap∂ntebpw
]n∂ntebpw s^bnapIƒ Zriyamhp∂Xv \ap°v
IaoIcn°mhp∂XmWv.NnXw 6.8
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
72
‰p]obn¬ Scene Manager D]tbmKn®v H∂ne[nIw ko\pIƒ Xbmdm°m≥
km[n°psa¶nepw A\ntaj\n¬ i_vZw, at\mlcamb ssS‰nepIƒ F∂nh
Iq´nt®¿°m≥ ‰p]obnse \nehnep≈ ]Xn∏n¬ (Version 0.1) kuIcyan√. ko\pIƒ
Iq´nt®¿°p∂Xp apXep≈ L´ßƒ°mbn HºXmw ¢mkn¬ ]cnNbs∏´ Hm∏¨tjm v
hoUntbm FUn‰tdm ·p/en\Ivkn¬ e`yamb a‰p hoUntbm FUn‰nwKv
tkm^v‰vshbdpItfm D]tbmKn°mw.
NnXw 6.9
Ne\w as‰mcp coXnbn¬
Hmtcm s^bnantebpw NnXØns‚
ÿm\w am‰nbmWt√m \mw NnXsØ
Nen∏n®Xv. F∂m¬ NnXØns‚- ÿm-
\w- am‰msX ]›mØe NnXØns‚
ÿm\w Hmtcm s^bnanepw am‰w
hcpØnbpw Hcp hkvXp Nen°p∂Xmbn
tXm∂-ep-≠m°mw. hnam\w t]mse,
ÿncamb k©mcKXnbnep≈
hkvXp°fpsS Ne\w efnXambn Cu
coXnbn¬ BhnjvIcn°mw. CXn\mbn
]›mØeØns‚ hoXn \nehnep≈
Iym≥hmkns‚ Cc´n hen∏Øn¬ NnXw 6.10 - Zoom Out (50%) View
hcIƒ°v Poh≥ ]Icmw
73
NnXw 6.11
Xbmdm°ntbm ]›mØeØns‚ hoXn UmKv sNbvXp hepXm°ntbm
Xbmdmt°≠XmWv. Cßs\ Xbmdm°nb ]›mØeNnXw Frames Mode ¬
Dƒs∏SpØn Iym≥hmkns‚ Hcp
`mKtØ°v am‰nshbv°pI.
AXmbXv, ]›mØesØ cq]w
Nent°≠ AtX Znibnte°v
\o°n sh°pI. Cßs\ \o°p
tºmƒ Iym≥hmkv ]q¿Wambn
\nd™ncn°Wsa∂Xv ]tXyIw
Hm¿°pI. tijw Nen∏nt°≠
NnXsØ H∂masØ s^bnan¬
Dƒs∏SpØpI.
C\n H∂masØ s^bnans\
F√m s^bnante°pw tIm∏n
sNbvXv Bhiyamb s^bnapIƒ
Xbmdm°pI.
Cßs\ F√m s^bnapIfpw XbmdmbXn\ptijw Hmtcm s^bnantebpw ]›mØe
NnXw amXw skeIvSv sNbvXv hnam\w k©cnt°≠Xns‚ t\sc FXn¿ Znibnte°v
IrXyamb AIeØn¬ \o°n shbv°pI. ]›mØesØ \o°m≥ Btcm Io
D]tbmKn°p∂XmWv DNnXw.
C\n Player sa\p hgn A\ntaj≥ ]h¿Øn∏n®p t\m°q...
XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\߃
♦ \fNcnXw B´°Ybnse lwkhpw
Zab¥nbpw XΩnep≈ kw`mjWw
aebmfw ]mT]pkvXIØn¬
AhXcn∏n®n´p≠t√m? lwkw ]d∂p
hcp∂ Zriyw A\ntaj\neqsS ‰p]o
D]tbmKn®v Xbmdm°q.
♦ a\pjyicocØnse ^mtKmssk
t‰mknkv (Phagocytosis) F∂
]h¿Ø\w PohimkvXw ]mT
]pkvXIØnse kpc£bpw NnIn’
bpw F∂ A[ymbØn¬ NnXoIcn®n
´p≠v. CXv \nco£n®v Cu
]h¿Ø\Øns‚ A\ntaj≥
‰p]obn¬ Xbmdm°n ¢mkn¬
]Z¿in∏n°q.
♦ `uXnIimkvXw ]mT]pkvXIØnse
]Imi ]Xn`mk߃ F∂ A[ymbw
hniIe\w sNbvXv ]Imi
]Io¿W\w (Dispersion of Light) ‰p]o
tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]tbmKn®v Zriyh¬
°cn°q.
♦ elcnhncp≤ Zn\mNcWØns‚
`mKambn kvIqfn¬ \S°p∂ NSßn¬
]Z¿in∏n°m≥ A\ptbmPyamb eLp
A\ntaj≥ kn\na Xbmdm°pI.
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
74
F´mw¢mkn¬ ‘hn⁄m\w hnc¬
Øpºn¬’ F∂ A[ymbØn¬ Iºyq´¿
s\‰vh¿°pIsf°pdn®v \n߃ Nne
Imcy߃ a\ nem°nbn´p≠t√m. Hcp
Iºyq´dn¬ Xbmdm°nb NnX߃ as‰mcp
Iºyq´dn¬ Xpd∂v am‰ßƒ hcpØphm\pw
\n߃°v Ign™n´p≠v. Iºyq´¿
irwJe\w (Iºyq´¿ s\‰vh¿°nwKv) hgn
Hmtcm Iºyq´dns\bpw a‰p Iºyq´dp
Ifpambn _‘n∏n°m≥ Ignbp∂Xp
sIm≠mWt√m CXv km[n°p∂Xv. \ΩpsS
Hm∏-td -‰nwK v knÃw D]tbmKn
°p∂ Iºyq´dpIfn¬ CØcw
s\‰vh¿°pIƒ Fßs\ ]tbmP\s∏
SpØmw F∂mWv Cu A[ymbØn¬
]Xn]mZn°p∂Xv.
ap≥¢mkpIfn¬ ]Tn® Imcy߃
Ht∂m¿Øpt\m°q. \nßfpsS kvIqƒ
Iºyq´¿ em_nse knÃßsf Hcp em≥
(LAN - Local Area Network) aptJ\
_‘n∏n®m¬ Fs¥√mw kuIcy߃
e`n°pw?
♦ s\‰vh¿°n¬ _‘n∏n®n´p≈ Iºyq-´-
dpIƒ XΩn¬ hnhc߃ ssIam‰w
sNøm≥ Ignbpw.
♦ Hcp Iºyq-´dn¬ LSn∏n®n´p≈ ]n‚¿
t]mep≈ D]IcW߃ s\‰vh¿°n
ep≈ a‰p Iºyq- -dpIƒ°pw ]tbmP\
s∏SpØm≥ Ignbpw.
♦ .................................................................................
.................................................................................
♦ .................................................................................
.................................................................................
NnXw 7.1
7 hnh-c-߃ ]¶p-shbv°mw
hnhc߃ ]¶pshbv°mw
75
CØcØn¬ hnhc߃ ]ckv]cw
ssIam‰w sNøm≥ Iºyq´dpIƒ ]ckv]cw
Xncn®dnbpI Hcp ][m\ LSIamWt√m.
CsXßs\ km[yamIp∂p? \ap°v
]cntim[n°mw.
Iºyq´dns‚ hnemkw
Hcp s\‰vh¿°n¬ Dƒs∏´ F√m
knÃØn\pw ]ckv]cw Xncn®dnbm≥ Hcp
hnemkw (Address) \¬Inbncn°pw. Cu
hnemksØ sF.]n hnemkw (IP Address)F∂mWv ]dbp∂Xv. sF.]n AUkns‚
]m[m\yhpw ]tXyIXbpw Fs¥√mam
sW∂dnbmtam? XpS¿∂p≈ `mKßfn¬
\n∂v CXn\v hniZoIcWw Is≠Øq.
kvIqƒ em_n-ep≈ Iºyq-´-dpIfpsS
sF.]n hnemkw Fßs\bmWv
Is≠ØpI F∂pt\m°mw.
Iºyq´dns‚ sF.]n hnemkw Is≠Ømw
]h¿Ø\w 1
em_nep≈ Iºyq-´-dp-Iƒ ]h¿Ø\
£aam°pI. l∫v, tamUw F∂o s\‰vh¿°v
D]IcWßfpw kzn®v Hm¨ sNøpI.
]m\enep≈ s\‰vh¿°v tamWn‰¿
A]vse‰ns‚ sF°Wn¬ (NM-Applet) ssd‰v¢n°phgn Connection Information¢n°psNøpI. (NnXw 7.2)
Xpd∂phcp∂ PmeIw i≤n°q.
knÃØns‚ sF.]n hnemkw
a\ nem°mw (NnXw 7.3).
NnXw 7.2
NnXw 7.3
TCP / IP
s\‰vh¿°pIƒ hgn hnhc߃
ssIamds∏tS≠ F√m knÃßfpw Htc
coXnbn¬ ]h¿Øn°p∂hbmIWsa
∂n√t√m. Ch lm¿Uvshb¿, Hm∏td‰nwKv
knÃw F∂o Imcyßfnse√mw
hyXykvXambncn°pw. Chbv°nSbn¬
hnhc߃ ssIamdp∂Xn\p≈ Nne
s]mXp\nbaßfp≠v. CXmWv s\‰vh¿°v
t]mt´mt°mfpIƒ. Sn.kn.]n/sF.]n
(Transfer Control Protocol / InternetProtocol) F∂Xv s\‰vh¿°v hgn
hnhchn\nabw sNøp∂Xn\p≈ Hcp
t]mt´mt°mƒ BWv. Cu kt¶XØn¬
F√m knÃ߃°pw kz¥ambn Hcp
sF.]n AUkv D≠mbncnt°≠Xp≠v.
sF.]n AUkv \¬Ip∂Xn\v c≠pcoXn
Iƒ \nehnep≠v. sF.]n th¿j≥ 4
(IPv4), sF.]n th¿j≥ 6 (IPv6) F∂nh.
F¶nepw BZy]Xn∏mb IPv4 Xs∂bmWv
Ct∏mgpw C‚¿s\‰n¬ IqSpX¬
D]tbmKn°s∏Sp∂Xv.
Cu coXnbn¬ em_nse F√m
knÃßfpsSbpw sF.]n hnemkw
Is≠Øn Xmsgs°mSpØ ]´nIbpsS
c≠masØ tImfw ]qcn∏n°pI. (]´nI. 7.1).
C\n F√m knÃßfpw j vUu¨ sNøpI.
Ah as‰mcp IaØn¬ ho≠pw kzn®v Hm¨
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
76
sNbvXv ap≥]h¿Ø\w Bh¿Øn®v aq∂masØ tImfØn¬ Iaambn tN¿°pI.
Iºyq´dns‚
\º¿
BZyw Hm¨ sNbvXt∏mƒ
e`n® sF.]n hnemkw
c≠maXv Hm¨
sNbvXt∏mƒ e`n®
sF.]n hnemkw
1. 192.168.1.21
2. 192.168.1.___
3. 192.168.1.___
4. 192.168.1.___
5. 192.168.1.___
]´nI 7.1
sF.]n AUkns‚ LS\
192.168.1.12 F∂ coXnbnep≈ \mep
kwJyIfmbn´mWv IP Address \¬IpI.
Cu kwJyIsf√mw 256¬ Ipdhmbn
cn°Ww. \ΩpsS sNdnb s\‰vh¿°pIfn
se√mw BZy c≠pkwJyIƒ 192.168F∂mbncn°pw. aq∂masØ kwJy
s\‰vh¿°ns\bpw (Hcp s\‰vh¿°n\v Hcp
\º¿) \memasØ kwJy knÃsØbpw
(Hcp knÃØn\v Hcp \º¿) kqNn∏n
°p∂p. ]h¿Ø\£aamb Hcp
s\‰vh¿°n¬ amXta IP Address \v
]k‡nbp≈q. knÃw s\‰vh¿°n¬
hcptºmƒ DHCP (Dynamic Host Con-trol Protocol) F∂ kmt¶XnIhnZy
]Imcw X¬°metØ°v \¬Is∏Sp
∂XmWv Automatic IP Address.
Hmtcm knÃßfpsSbpw sF.]n
hnemk߃ XmcXayw sNbvXpt\m°q.
Fs¥√mamWv \nßfpsS Is≠ØepIƒ?
♦ Cu hnemk߃ knÃw s\‰vh¿°n¬
hcptºmƒ X¬°metØ°v \¬I
s∏Sp∂ AUkv BWv.
♦ Hmtcm XhW IWIvSv sNøs∏Sp
tºmgpw CXv amdns°m≠ncn°pw.
♦ .................................................................................
.................................................................................
♦ .................................................................................
.................................................................................
Hcp ÿncw s\‰vh¿°n¬ hnhc
hn\nabw sNtø≠ knÃØn\v \¬Is∏´n
cn°p∂ AUkv Hmtcm XhWbpw
]cntim[nt°≠nhcp∂Xv ]bmkam
Wt√m. F¥mWv CXn\v Hcp ]cnlmcw?
sF.]n AUkv ÿncambn sk‰psNøpI
bmsW¶n¬ Cu ]iv\w adnIS°mat√m.
AsXßs\ km[yamIpsa∂v ]cntim
[n°mw.
sF.]n hnemkw ÿncambn sk‰psNømw
]h¿Ø\w 2
]h¿Ø\w 1 ¬ sNbvXt]mse
apIfnse ]m\enep≈ s\‰vh¿°v tamWn‰¿
A]vse‰ns‚ sF°Wn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°p
hnhc߃ ]¶pshbv°mw
77
hgn Edit Connections ¢n°psNøpI.
Xpd∂phcp∂ PmeIØnse Wired F∂
Sm_n¬ e`yamb Connections skeIvSv
sNbvXv Edit _´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøpI
(NnXw 7.4).
Ct∏mƒ ]Xy£s∏Sp∂ PmeI
Ønse IPv4 Settings F∂ Sm_n¬ MethodF∂nSØv Manual skeIvSv sNbvXv Add_´Wn¬ ¢n°psNøpI (NnXw 7.5)
Address : 192.168.1.___ (ChnsS 0
apX¬ 255 hscbp≈ GXp kwJybpw
D]tbmKn°mw. Hcp em\nse c≠p
NnXw 7.4
NnXw 7.5
knÃ߃°v Hcn°epw Htc hnemkw
D≠mIcpXv).
Netmask F∂n-SØv 255.255.255.0F∂p \¬Ip-I. Gateway, DNS ServerF∂nh-bn¬ 192.168.1.1 F∂pw
\¬In°gn™m¬ Apply (Save) sNømw.
(NnXw 7.6).
]mkvth¿Uv Bhiys∏Sp∂ PmeIw
]Xy£s∏Sptºmƒ AUvan\nkvtSj≥
]mkvth¿Uv \¬Inbm¬ aXn.
CØcØn¬ \nßfpsS kvIqƒ
Iºyq´¿ em_nep≈ F√m knÃ߃°pw
Hcp ÿnc sF.]n hnemkw \¬Imat√m.
knÃ߃ doÃm¿´v sNøp∂tXmsS ]pXnb
sF.]n hnemk߃ \nehn¬ h∂n´p
≠mIpw. ]cntim[n®pt\m°q. Npcp°n∏d
™m¬ Hcp knÃØns‚ sF.]n hnemkw
s\‰vh¿°v kzbw \¬Ip∂tXm, \ap°v
kuIcy]Zamb coXnbn¬ \n¿tZin°m
hp∂tXm BWv.
CXphsc N¿® sNbvXXv Iºyq- -dp-Iƒ
s\‰vh¿°v sNøm-\p≈ tkm^v‰vshb¿
k÷o-I-c-W-ß-fm-W-t√m. CtXm-sSm∏w
s\‰vh¿°v sNøm≥ Fs¥ms°
NnXw 7.6
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
78
lm¿Uvshb¿ D]IcW߃ thWw
F∂pt\m°mw.
lm¿Uvshb¿ k÷oIcW߃
\ΩpsS em_nse Iºyq´dpIƒ
s\‰vh¿°v sNøm≥ Fs¥√mw
lm¿Uvshb¿ D]IcW߃ D]tbmKn
®n´p≠v F∂v Adnbmtam? Is≠Øn
]q¿Ønbm°m≥ ian°q.
♦ tI_nfpIƒ
♦ AUm]v‰¿
♦ ..........................................................
♦ ..........................................................
Hmtcm∂ns\°pdn®pw hniZamb
Ipdn∏pIƒ Xbmdm°q. klmbIamb Nne
hnhc߃ Xmsg \¬Inbncn°p∂p.
tI_nfpIƒ (UTP Cables - Unshielded TwistedPaid Cables)
A[ym]Is‚ klmbtØmsS Hcp
UTP tI_nƒ (NnXw 7.7) FSpØv AXns‚
]pdsØ IhNw am‰n ]cntim[n°q.
Xmsgs°mSpØn´p≈ tNmZy߃°v
DØcw Is≠ØpI.
♦ tI_nfn\IØv FX hbdpIfp≠v?
♦ Cu hbdpIfpsS \nd߃ t\m°n
Ahsb tPmUnIfm°mtam?
♦ CØcw FX tPmUn hbdpIfp≠v?
AUm]v‰¿ Pm°pIƒ
♦ UTP tI_nfpIƒ knÃØnte°v π§v
sNøp∂Xv i≤nt®m?
♦ Hcp ]tXyIXcw AUm]v‰dpIfm
Wt√m D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂Xv.
♦ RJ45 F∂bn\w AUm]v‰¿
Pm°pIfmWv Ch. (NnXw 7.8)
♦ CXn¬ FX ]n∂p-Iƒ (PIN) D≠v
F∂p-t\m°q?
CuY¿s\‰v Im¿Uv (s\‰vh¿°v C‚¿t^kv Im¿Uv)
Hcp s\‰vh¿°v tI_nƒhgn hcp∂
hnhcsØ Iºyq´dns‚ aZ¿t_m¿Upambn
_‘n∏n°p∂ D]IcWw i≤nt®m?
CXmWv CuY¿s\‰v Im¿Uv AYhm
s\‰vh¿°v C‚¿t^kv Im¿Uv (NIC) (NnXw
7.9). CXv aZ¿t_m¿Un¬ BUv Hm¨
Im¿Umbn tN¿°mhp∂XmWv. F∂m¬
Ct∏mƒ e`y-am-Ip∂ aZ¿t_m¿Up-I-fn¬
s\‰vh¿°v Im¿UpIƒ ]tXyIambn
tN¿t°≠Xn√. AXv t_m¿Un¬Øs∂
Dƒs∏SpØnbn´p≠v.
l∫v / kzn®v
c≠p knÃßsf Hcp
tI_nfp]tbmKn®v IWIvSv sNømat√m?
F∂m¬ aqt∂m AXne[nItam
NnXw 7.7
NnXw 7.8
NnXw 7.9
hnhc߃ ]¶pshbv°mw
79
knÃßfps≠¶ntem? ChnsS Hmtcm
knÃßfn¬\n∂pap≈ tI_nfpIƒ ]c-
kv]cw _‘n-∏n-°pI km[y-a-√. AXp-
sIm≠v Ah Iºyq´dpIƒ XΩnep≈
Um‰mbpsS Hgp°v \nb¥n°pIbpw
hnhc߃ FtØ≠ Iºyq´dnte°v Xncn®v
hnSpIbpw sNøm≥ Ign -bp∂ Hcp
D]IcWØnte°v _‘n∏n°p∂p. Cu
D]IcWw l∫v/kzn® v (NnXw 7.12)
F∂dnbs∏Sp∂p.
hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°pIƒ
Nne em]vtSm∏pIfn¬ tI_nfpI
fn√msX Xs∂ C‚¿s\‰v In´p∂p≠t√m.
F¥p kmt¶XnIhnZybmWv CXn\p]n∂n
ep≈Xv? \n߃ Nn¥n -®n -´pt≠m?
hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°v F∂ kmt¶-XnI
hnZy-bmWv CXv. tI_nfpIƒ°v ]Icw
ChnsS hnhc hn\nabw \SØp∂Xn\v
(Data Carriers) D]tbmKn°p∂Xv F¥mWv?
Hcp hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°nepw km[mcW
tI_nfpIƒ D]tbmKn®p≈ s\‰vh¿°nse
F√m kuIcyßfpw e`yamtWm?
Is≠Øm≥ ian°q.
km[mcWbmbn hb¿sekv
s\‰vh¿°v kuIcyw t\cn´v e`yamIp∂
knÃ߃ GsXms°bmWv?
♦ Nne em]vtSm∏pIƒ
♦ .................................................................................
♦ .................................................................................
NnXw 7.12
Inw]nMv
UTP tI_nfpIfpsS c≠‰Øpw IWIvS¿ Pm°pIƒ LSn∏n°p∂Xns\bmWv Inw]nMv
F∂p]dbp∂Xv. CXn\mbn D]tbmKn°p∂ D]IcWamWv Inw]nMv Sqƒ. (NnXw
7.10). UTP tI_nfnep≈ hbdpIsf Hcp \n›nX IaØnemWv RJ45 te°v C≥sk¿ v
sNøp∂Xv. NnXw 7.11 ¬ ImWn®t]mse RJ45 ]nSn®v CSØp\n∂v hetØm´v
Xmsg°mWp∂ IaØnemWv hbdpIƒ C≥sk¿´v sNøp∂Xv.
Pin 1 - Orange White Pin 5 - Blue WhitePin 2 - Orange Pin 6 - GreenPin 3 - Green White Pin 7 - Brown WhitePin 4 - Blue Pin 8 - Brown
Inw]nMv Sqƒ (NnXw 7.10) RJ45 ]n∂pIƒ (NnXw 7.11)
NnXw 7.13
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
80
sUkvIvtSm∏v Iºyq´dpIfnepw
hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°v kuIcyw sNøm≥
Ignbptam? Cu BhiyØn\v Fs¥√mw
D]IcWßfmWv th≠Xv? Is≠Øm≥
ian°q.
hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°v ˛ D]IcW߃
Hmtcm NnXhpw GXv D]IcWam
sW∂v Xncn®dnbm≥ ian°q.
]h¿Ø\w 4
hb¿sekv kwhn[m\Øn¬
knÃØns‚ sF. ]n hnemkw ÿncambn
sk‰psNtø≠Xpt≠m? Cu coXnbn¬
sk‰v sNøp∂XpsIm≠p≈ tZmj߃
Fs¥ms°bmWv?
]h¿Ø\w 5
\nßfpsS kvIqfnse Iºyq´¿
em_nse s\‰vh¿°n\v Fs¥√mw
XIcmdpIfmWv km[mcW ImWmdp≈Xv?
enÃv sNøq.
♦ em_nep≈ Nne knÃ߃ s\‰vh¿°v
hgn sjb¿ sNøm≥ Ignbp∂n√.
♦ Nne knÃßfn¬ s\‰vh¿°v
e`n°p∂p≠v, F∂m¬ C‚¿s\‰v
NnXw 7.14
NnXw 7.16NnXw 7.17
NnXw 7.15
♦ hb¿sekv tamUw ♦ hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°v C‚¿t^kv Im¿Uv
♦ hb¿sekv dq´¿ ♦ hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°v AUm]v‰¿
hnhc߃ ]¶pshbv°mw
81
e`n°p∂n√.
♦ .................................................................................
♦ .................................................................................
Ch Fßs\ ]cnlcn°mw? hni-Z-amb
Ipdn∏v Xbmdm°q.
]h¿Ø\w 6
Iºyq´¿ em_nse Hcp knÃØns‚
(sk¿h¿) sUkvIvtSm∏n¬ Hcp Im¿´q¨
kn\na foolfox.mpg F∂t]cn¬ tkhv
sNbvXph®n´p≠v. CXv \nßfpsS
Iºyq´dns‚ sUkvIvtSm∏n¬ Fßs\
]Z¿in∏n°mw? Xmsgs°mSpØn´p≈
]h¿Ø\߃ sNbvXpt\m°q.
♦ System → Preferences hgn RemoteDesktop Xpd°pI. Allow other usersto view your Desktop F∂Xv SnIv
sNbvXv t¢mkv sNøpI. (NnXw 7.18)
♦ F√m Iºyq´dnepw Cu ]h¿Ø\w
Bh¿Øn°pI.
♦ \nßfpsS Iºyq´dn¬ C‚¿s\‰v
sa\phnep≈ Remote Desktop ViewerHm∏¨ sNbvXv Connect ¢n°p
sNøpI.
♦ Xpd∂phcp∂ PmeIØn¬ t]mt´m-
t°mƒ VNC skeIvSv sNbvXv HostF∂pImWp∂ ÿeØv sk¿hdns‚
NnXw 7.18
sF.]n hnemkw \¬IpI.
♦ Ct∏mƒ sk¿h¿ knÃØn¬
]Xy£s∏´ PmeIw F¥p kqN\
\¬Ip∂p?
♦ \nßfpsS Iºyq´dn¬ sk¿hdns‚
sUkvIvtSm∏v ImWm≥ Ignbp∂nt√?
Cu ^b¬ \ΩpsS knÃØnte°v
]I¿Øm≥ ian®pt\m°q. km[n°p
∂pt≠m? F¥mWv ]cnlmcw?
^bepIƒ ]¶pshbv°mw
]h¿Ø\w 7
^bepIƒ ]¶pshbv°p∂Xn\mbn
knÃØn¬ C\nbpw Fs¥√mw
k÷oIcWßfmWv hcptØ≠sX∂v
t\m°mw.
\mw D]-tbm-Kn -°p∂ knÃØn¬
Places→ Connect to Server ¢n°psNøpI.
]Xy£s∏Sp∂ Connect to Serverhn≥tUmbn¬ Xmsg°mWp∂ coXnbn¬
sk‰psNøpI (NnXw 7.19).
Service type F∂Xv SSH F∂v
skeIvSv sNøp-I.
Server, \mw IWIvSv sNøm\pt±
in°p∂ knÃØns‚ sF.]n hnemkw
\¬Ip-I.
NnXw 7.19
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
82
Folder F∂n-SØv IWIvSv sNtø≠
t^mƒUdns‚ Path \¬Ip-I. (DZmlcW
ambn its F∂ bqkdns‚ sUkvIvtSm∏v
IWIvSv sNøm≥ /home/its/Desktop F∂p
sImSp°Ww).
User Name s‚ ÿm\Øv \mw IWIvSv
sNøm\pt±in°p∂ knÃØns‚ bqk¿
\maw \¬In Connect sNømw.
]Xy£s∏Sp∂ PmeIØnse
\n¿tZi߃°v A\pkcn®v Hm]vj≥
sXcs™Sp°mw. ASpØ PmeIØn¬
Password F∂ ÿeØv \mw IWIvSv
sNøm\pt±in°p∂ knÃØns‚
]mkvth¿Uv \¬In IWIvSv sNøpI.
Ct∏mƒ sk¿hdnse Im¿´q¨ kn\na
\nßfpsS knÃØnte°v ]I¿Øm≥
Ignbp∂pt≠m? s\‰vh¿°v hgnbp≈
^b¬ ssIam‰w sNøptºmƒ s]≥ssUhv
t]msebp≈ D]IcW߃ D]tbmKn
°p∂Xnt\°mƒ Fs¥√mw t\´ßfm
Wp≈Xv, ]´nI ]q¿Ønbm°q.
♦ Htc kabw H∂ne[nIw knÃßfn
te°v ]I¿Øm≥ Ignbpw.
♦ ................................................................................
♦ ................................................................................
s\‰vh¿°nep≈ knÃ߃ XΩn¬
]n‚¿ ]¶p-sh-bv°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v
t\m°mw.
]n‚¿ ]¶pshbv°mw
sF.Sn ¢∫n¬ AwKßsf tN¿°m≥
Hcp At]£mt^mans‚ amXrI Xbmdm°n
]n‚psNøWw. ]n‚¿ IWIvSv sNbvXn
´p≈Xv sk¿h¿ Iºyq´dnemWv. amXrI
GXp knÃØn¬ Xbmdm°nbmepw
s\‰vh¿°v aptJ\ ]n‚ v sNømsa∂v
Adnbmat√m? Fßs\bmWv CØ-c-Øn¬
]n‚¿ ]¶pshbv°pI? kwibw
ZqcoIcn°m≥ Xmsg sImSpØ ]h¿Ø\w
sNbvXpt\m°q.
]h¿Ø\w 8
♦ em_nse s\‰vh¿°v ]h¿Ø\£a
am°pI.
♦ sk¿hdn¬ ]n‚¿ Share sNøp∂
Xn\mbn sk¿h¿ knÃØn¬ System→ Administration → Printing F∂
IaØn¬ Printing PmeIw Xpd°pI.
Server → Settings F∂ IaØn¬
¢n°psNøptºmƒ Xpd°p∂
PmeIØnse F√m sNIvt_mIvkp
Ifpw SnIv sNbvXv OK ¢n°psNøpI.
(NnXw 7.20).
\nßfp]tbm-Kn-°p∂ Iºyq-´-dnepw
CtX ]h¿Ø\w sNbvXv, Xbm-dm-°n-bn-
´p≈ At]£m t^mans‚ amXrI Xpd∂v
]n‚ v sNbvXpt\m°q. F¥m \nßfpsS
]cniaw hnPbnt®m?
Ct∏mƒ \n߃ a\ nem°nb
Imcy߃ kvIqƒ em_nse s\‰vh¿°v
^e]Zambn D]tbmKn°m≥ \nßsf
]m]vXcm°nbnt√? Iºyq´¿ s\‰vh¿°p
Isf°pdn®pw s\‰vh¿°pIfpsS s\‰v
h¿°mb C‚¿s\‰ns\°pdn®pw [mcmfw
Imcy߃ C\nbpw a\ nem°m\p≠v. AXv
as‰mcp AhkcØnemImw.
XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\߃
1. s\‰vh¿°nw-Kp-ambn _‘-s∏´v D]-tbm-
Kn-°p∂ ]c-am-h[n lm¿Uvshb¿ D]-I-
c-W-ß-fpsS NnX-߃ kln-X-ap≈ Ub-
d-IvSdn Xbm-dm-°p-I.
NnXw 7.20
hnhc߃ ]¶pshbv°mw
83
2. kvIqfpIfn¬ Iºyq´¿ s\‰vh¿°v
D]tbmKs∏SpØmhp∂ ]h¿Ø\߃
GsX√msa∂v enÃv sNøpI. Cu
]h¿Ø\߃ \nßfpsS kvIqfn¬
Ct∏mƒ \SØp∂Xv GXp hnt[\
bmsW∂v ]cntim[n°pI.
3. hb¿sekv s\‰vh¿°v e`yamIp∂ Hcp
em]vtSm∏n¬ Hcp ÿnc sF.]n AUkv
sk‰p sNbvXn´p≠v. CXpsIm≠v
D≠mtb°mhp∂ ][m\ ]iv\w
F¥mWv?
4. hnhn[ taJeIfn¬ Iºyq´¿ s\‰v
h¿°pIƒ Fßs\sb√mw ]tbmP\
s∏Sp∂psh∂v C‚¿s\‰ns‚ klmb
tØmsS hniIe\w sNøpI.
(DZm-: _m¶p-Iƒ, ]X-ÿm-]-\-߃)
5. \nßfpsS kvIqƒ em_nse Hcp
Iºyq´dns‚ sUkvIvtSm∏nse ]m\en¬
\n∂v s\‰vh¿°v tamWn‰¿ A]vse‰ns‚
sF°¨ A]Xy£ambn. CXv Fßs\
Xncn®psIm≠phcpw F∂p Is≠ØpI.
6. em_nse sk¿h¿ Iºyq -´ -d ns‚
sUkvIvtSm-∏n¬ kvIqfnse sF.-kn.Sn D]-
I-c-W-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp ]k-t‚-j≥
Xbm-dm°n tkhv sNbvXp-sh-°p-I. GtkVNC Viewer (Application→Internet→GtkVNC Viewer) F∂ tkm^v‰vshb¿ D]-
tbm-Kn®v s\‰vh¿°n-ep≈ as‰mcp Iºyq-
´-dn-s‚ UkvIvtSm-∏n¬ Cu ]k-t‚-j≥
\nco-£n-°p-I.
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
84
kvIqƒ hn°n, hn°n ]oUn-b, tIcf
k¿°m-cn-s‚-bpw, -hnZym- ymk hIp-∏n-s‚bpw
sh-_vssk‰pIƒ F∂nh \n߃ I≠n-´p-
≠t√m? \n߃ kµ¿in-®n-´p≈ a‰p
sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ GsX-√m-amWv? kvIqƒ
em_nse Iºyq- -dn¬ Hcp sh_vssk‰v Xpd-
°p-tºmƒ hnZq-cØv GtXm Iºyq- -dn-¬\n∂v
NnX-߃, kn\n-a-Iƒ, ]m´p-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh
em_nse Iºyq-´-dn¬ FØp-∂Xv Fß-s\-
sb∂v Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m? sh_vssk-‰ns‚
LS-\bpw AXns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-hpsams°
a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v \ap°pw CØ-csamcp
sh_vssk‰v \n¿an®p t\m°mw. em_n-ep≈
Iºyq -´ -dp -Ifn¬amXw e`n -°p∂ Hcp
sh_vssk‰mWv BZyw \n¿an-°p-∂-Xv.
Hmtcm sh_vssk‰pw Ht∂m H∂n-e-
[n-Itam sh_vt]-Pp-Iƒ tN¿ØmWv Xbm-
dm-°p-∂-Xv. F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-F¬. SmKp-Iƒ D]-
tbm-Kn®v sh_vt]-Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p∂ coXn
\n߃ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠t√m? \n߃ ]cn-
N-b-s∏´ SmKp-Ifpw Ah-bpsS D]-tbmKhpw
]´n-I-s∏-SpØn (]´nI 8.1) t\m°q.
Xbm-sd-Sp°mw
\ΩpsS kvIqfnse sshhn-[y-am¿∂
]h¿Ø-\-߃ s]mXp -k-aq -l-Øn\p
apºn¬ ]Z¿in -∏n -°p -∂Xn\v Hcp
sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-°mw. Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xncn-
™p-thWw CXv Xbm-dm-°m≥. sh_vssk‰v
Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\p ap≥]v \ΩpsS kvIqƒ
sh_vsk‰v Fß-s\-bm-bn--cn -°Wsa∂v
Bkq-XWw sNtøt≠? AXn-\mbn Nne
kqN-\-Iƒ NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
♦ sh_vssk-‰n\v BsI FX t]-Pp-Iƒ
D≠m-bn-cn-°Ww?
♦ Hmtcm t]Pnepw Dƒs∏-Sp -tØ-≠Xv
Fs¥-√m-amWv?
♦ Hmtcm t]Ppw Xbm-dm-t°-≠Xv GXv
Kq∏mWv?
♦ ..................................................................................
SmKv D]-tbmKw
<html> sh_vt]Pv XpS-ßp-∂-Xn\v
<h1> ...................................................... A£cw t_mƒUv-B-°m≥
<marquee> ............................................................. ...........................................
]´nI 8.1
8 \ap-s°mcp sh_vssk‰v
\aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v
85
sh_v t]Pv \n¿a-n°p-tºmƒ \¬Im-hp∂
-b¬ LS\
sh_vt]Pv Xbm-dm-°p-tºmƒ AXn¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ hn`-h-ß-ƒ ]tXyI coXn-
bn¬ Iao-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. Hmtcm Kq∏pw
Xbm-dm-°p∂ sh_vt]Pp-Iƒ Hcp-an®p
tN¿ØmWv kvIqƒ sh_vssk‰v \n¿an-t°-
≠-Xv . AXn -\m¬ F√m Kq∏pIfpw
sh_vt]PpIfnte°v Bhiyamb NnXw,
Ne®nXw, i_vZw XpS -ßn -bh Hcp
s]mXpLS\bn¬ tiJ--cn-°-Ww. CXn\v
Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-Xp-t]mse Hcp amXrI (NnXw
8.1) kzoI-cn-°p-∂Xv A`n-Im-ay-am-bn-cn-°pw.
sh_vssk‰v \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v Bh-iy-
amb Bkq-XWw Ign-™p-ht√m? C\n
\ap°v \ΩpsS Kq∏ns‚ sh_vt]-Pp-Iƒ
\n¿an-°mw.
]h¿Ø\w 1
Hmtcm Kq∏n\pw e`n® hnj-b-sØ
ASn-ÿm-\-am°n sh_vt]Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°n-
MyWebsite F∂ t^mƒU-dn¬ tkhv
sNøp-I. NnX-߃ “images” F∂ t^mƒU-
dn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØpI. Cu NnX -ßsf
sh_vt]-Pn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp -Øp-∂-Xn -\mbn
<img src=“images/Imagename.extension”>F∂ SmKv D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. NnX-Øns‚
ÿm\w relative path Bbn ]d-bp-∂-XmWv
\√-Xv.
Relative and Absolute Path
Hcp sh_vt]-Pn-te°v NnXw, i_vZw,
hoUntbm XpS-ßnb ^b-ep-Isf Dƒs∏-
Sp-Øp-tºmgpw As√-¶n¬ GsX-¶nepw
^b-ep-I-fn-te°v sh_vt]-Pns\ en¶p
sNøp-tºmgpw Ahsb c≠v coXn-bn¬
_‘n-∏n-°mw. ^b-ens‚ t]cpw AXv
kq£n-®n-cn-°p∂ t^mƒU-dns‚ t]cpw,
^b¬knÃw apX¬ ]q¿W-ambn Dƒs∏-
SpØp-∂-XmWv B ^b-ens‚ Absolutepath. DZm-l-c-W-ambn MyWebsite F∂
t^mƒU-dnse images F∂ t^mƒU-
dn-ep≈ sports.jpg F∂ NnXw html b-
en¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-ØWsa-∂n-cn-°s´ <imgsrc=”/home/its/Desktop/MyWebsite/im-ages/sports.jpg”> F∂ SmKv \¬Ip-∂Xv
NnXw 8.1
Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-´p≈ ]´n-I-bpsS amXrI kzoI-cn®v Bkq-XWw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
Kq∏v Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠
hnh-c-߃
Kq∏v Xbm-dm-°p∂
t]Pns‚ t]cv
D]-t]-Pp-IfpsS t]cv
(B-h-iy-sa-¶n¬)
Kq∏v 1 kvIqƒ
Imbn-I-taf
* C\-߃
* ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h¿
* ^e-߃
Kq∏v 2
Kq∏v 3 kb≥kv ¢∫v
Kq∏v 4
]´nI 8.2
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
86
Absolute path Dw <img src=”images/sports.jpg”> F∂v amXw \¬Ip-∂Xv
AXns‚ relative path Dw BWv.
Relative path BWv SmKn-t\msSm∏w
\¬Ip-∂-sX¶n¬ knÃw amdp-tºmgpw
ÿm\w amdp-tºmgpw F√m en¶p-Ifpw
icn-bmbn ]h¿Øn-°pw.
sh_vt]Pn¬ Ne®nXw tN¿°mw
Ct∏mƒ \n߃ Xbm-dm -°nb
sh_vt]-Pn-te°v Hcp Ne-®nXw Dƒs∏-Sp-
Øn-bm¬ AXv Iptd-°qSn at\m-l-c-am-Int√?
Fß-s\-bmWv CXn¬ Ne-®n-X-߃ Dƒs∏-
Sp-ØpI? hoUntbm FUn-‰nwKv \S-Øp-∂Xv
Fß-s\-sb∂v ap≥ ¢mkp-I-fn¬ \n߃
]Tn-®n-´p≠t√m. kvIqfn¬ \S-°p∂ GsX-
¶nepw Hcp ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ hoUntbm
jq´p sNøp-I. CXn\v Bh-iy-amb FUn-
‰nwKv hcpØn “videos” F∂ t^mƒU-dn¬
kq£n-°p-I. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Iem-ta-f-bp-
ambn _‘-s∏´v dance.flv F∂
hoUntbmbmWv Xbm-dm-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬
<embed src=”videos/dance.flv”> F∂p
thWw SmKv \¬Im≥. embed SmKp-]-tbm-
Kn®v i_vZ- -b-ep-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-\mIpw.
ian-®p-t\m-°p-a-t√m.
sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-°m≥ KompoZer
F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-F¬ SmKp-Iƒ D-]-tbm-Kn®v
sh_v t]Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂Xv \n߃
]cn-io-en-®t√m? Cßs\ Xbm-dm-°p-tºmƒ
\Ωƒ t\cn´ ]iv\-߃ Fs¥-√m-amWv?
F¶n¬ \nc-h[n sh_vt]-Pp-Ifp≈ Hcp
sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-°-W-sa-¶n¬ FX-
amXw SmKp-Iƒ \mw D]-tbm-Knt°-≠n-hcpw?
F®v.-Sn.-Fw-.F¬ SmKp-Iƒ t\cn-´p-]-tbm-Kn-
°m-sX sh_v t]Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v
tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fp≠v. AØcw tkm^v‰v
KompoZer D]tbmKn-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Nne kqN-\-Iƒ
NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬
Sqƒ_m-dnse “Image” Sqfn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ NnXw _ukv sNøp-I.
XpS¿∂v Alternate text F∂ ÿ-eØv AXns‚ t]cv \¬In OK _´¨ Aa¿Øp-I.
NnXw he-pXm-°-W-sa-¶n¬
NnXØn¬ ¢n°p-sN-bvXm¬ Np‰pw e`n-°p∂ sNdnb NXp-c-ß-fn¬ ]nSn®v Ah-bpsS
hen∏w Iao-I-cn-°mw.
Xe-s°´v Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬
ssS∏v sNbvX-tijw Bh-iy-amb t^m¿am-‰nwKv sNøp-I.
sF°-Wp-Iƒ/sSIvÃp-Iƒ F∂nh ssl∏¿en¶v sNø-W-sa-¶n¬
sF°-Wp-Iƒ/sSIvÃp-Iƒ F∂nh Select sNbvXv Link Sqfn¬ ¢n°p-sN-øpI. XpS¿∂v
Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ File _ukv sNbvXv OK _´¨ Aa¿Øp-I.
tS_nƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-W-sa-¶n¬
tS_nƒ Sqfn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv hcnbpsSbpw \ncbpsSbpw FÆw \¬Im-hp-∂-XmWv
tS_nƒ t^m¿am‰v sNøp-∂-Xn\v tS_n-fn¬ ssd‰v ¢n°p-sNbvXv Bh-iy-amb am‰w
hcp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Html SmKp-Iƒ ssS∏p sNbvXv t]Pv Iao-I-cn-°-W-sa-¶n¬
kompoZer ¬ sh_vt]Pv Xbm-dm-°p∂ Pme-I-Øn¬ Xmsg-bp≈ “source” Sm_v
¢n°p-sNbvXv Bh-iy-amb am‰-߃ hcpØmw.
\aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v
87
NnXw 8.2
shb-dp-I-fmWv F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-F¬. FUn-‰-dp-
Iƒ.
KompoZer, Quanta plus XpS-ßn-bh
F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-F¬ FUn-‰-dp-I-fm-Wv. F®v.-Sn.-Fw.-
F¬ SmKp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hcp-Øm-hp∂
F√m sa®-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Ifpw Ch-bn¬ A\m-
bmkw ssIImcyw sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
SmKp-Ifp]tbmKn®v Iq´nt®¿°epIƒ
\SØm\pw Cu FUn‰dpIfn¬
kuIcyap≠v.
KompoZer eqsS sh_vt]Pn\v
Fs¥√mw am‰-߃ hcpØm≥ Ign-bp-sa∂v
Is≠Øn ]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.
♦ A£-c-h-en-∏-hpw, \ndhpw hyXym-k-s∏-
SpØmw
♦ t]Pp-Iƒ°v ]›m-Øe \ndw \¬Imw
♦ NnX-Øns‚ hen∏w Bh-iym-\p-k-
cWw Iao-I-cn°mw
♦ ................................................................................
♦ ................................................................................
♦ ................................................................................
t]Pp-Iƒ BI¿j-I-am°mw
KompoZer D]-tbm -Kn® v \ΩpsS
sh_vt]-Pns\ IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-I-am-°n-
bmtem? Internet sa\p -hn¬ \n∂pw
KompoZer Xpd-°p-I. XpS¿∂v File → OpenF∂ Ia-Øn¬ \n߃ Xbm-dm-°nb
sh_vt]-Pv Xpd-°p-I (NnXw 8.2).
A£-c-ß-fp-sSbpw NnX-ß-fp-sSbpw
hen-∏w, ÿm\w, ]›m-Ø-e-\ndw F∂n-h-
bn¬ Bh-iy-amb am‰w hcpØn t]Pv
BI¿j-I-am-°p-I. Cu ^b¬ tkhp
sNbvX-tijw sh_v _uk-dn¬ Xpd-°pI.
Ct∏mƒ t]Pv IqSp -X¬ BI¿j-I-
am-bn-t√? -
\ΩpsS sh_vssk-‰n\v at\m-l-c-am-sbmcp
tlmwt]P v
\ΩpsS sh_vssk-‰n\v Bh-iy-amb
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
88
t]Pp-Iƒ Hmtcm Kq∏pw Xbm-dm-°n-bt√m?
hnhn[ Kq∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°nb sh_vt]-Pp-
Isf Hcp-an®ptN¿Øv \ap°v sh_vssk-‰m-
°n-am-‰mw. \mw I≠n- p≈ sh_vssk-‰p-I-fp-
sS-sb√mw ][m\ t]Pv i≤n-®n´n -t√
(D-Zm: NnXw 8.3). CXv B ssk‰ns‚
tlmwt]-Pm-Wv. \ΩpsS ssh_vssk-‰n\pw
Hcp tlmwt]Pv tht≠? GXm\pw Nne
sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ \nco-£n®v kvIqƒ ssk-
‰ns‚ tlmwt]Pn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp -tØ-≠Xv
Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Hmtcm Kq∏pw Is≠-ØpI.
tlmwt]-Pn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp -tØ-≠Xv
Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Is≠-Øn-bnt√? C\n
\ap°v tlmwt]Pv \n¿an-°mw. CXn\p kzoI-
cn-°m-hp∂ Hcp teHu´v (]´nI 8.3) \¬In-
bn -cn -°p-∂p. Bh-iy-amb NnX-ßfpw
temtKmbpw Dƒs∏-SpØn \nß-fpsS kvIqƒ
ssk‰ns‚ tlmw t]Pv Xbm-dm-°q. Hmtcm
Kq∏pw Xbm -dm -°p∂ tlmwt]-Pp -I -
fn¬\n∂pw at\m-l-c-ambXv sXc-s™-SpØv
kvIqƒ sh_vssk-‰ns‚ tlmwt]-Pmbn Iao-
I-cn-°p-I. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb \n¿tZ-i-߃
\¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv i≤n-°p-a-t√m.
♦ KompoZer ¬ Hcp ]pXnb t]Pv FSpØv
Index.html F∂v ^b¬\maw \¬In
AXns\ MyWebsite F∂ t^mƒU-dn¬
tkhv sNøp-I.
♦ tS_nƒ sF°-Wn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv aq∂v
tdmbpw aq∂v tImf-hp-ap≈ Hcp tS_nƒ
\n¿an-°p-I.
♦ sk√p-Iƒ Hcp-an®v tN¿°p-∂-Xn\v sk√p-
Iƒ skeIvSv sNbvXv Table → JoinSelected Cells F∂p \¬In-bm¬ aXn.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn kvIqfns‚ t]cv \¬Ip-
∂-Xn\v H∂m-asØ hcn-bnse c≠pw
aq∂pw sk√p-Iƒ Hcp-an®v tN¿t°-≠-
Xp-≠v.
♦ ]´n-I-bnse hc-Iƒ tlmwt]-Pn¬ Zriy-
am-Im-Xn-cn-°p-hm≥ tS_nƒ skeIvSv
sNbvXv Table → Table PropertiesFSp°p-I. Xpd-∂p-h-cp∂ Pme-I-Øn¬
tS_nƒ Sm_n¬ Boarder, Spacing,Padding F∂nh ]qPy-ambn Iao-I-cn®v
OK _´¨ Aa¿Øp-I.
♦ sk√n¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv NnXhpw sSIvÃpw
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
NnXw 8.3
\aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v
89
♦ Kq∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°nb sh_vt]-Pp-Iƒ
tlmwt]-Pn-te°v en¶v sNø-Ww.
Hmtcm Kq∏pw Xbm-dm-°nb sh_v
ssk-‰v s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-∏n®v anI®
HscÆw Xnc -s™-Sp°pI. kvIqƒ
sh_vssk‰v \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn AXv
SSITC amsc G¬∏n-°p-at√m?
\mw Xbm-dm-°nb sh_vssk‰v ImWp-∂-Xn\v
\n߃ Xbm-dm-°nb sh_vssk-‰ns\
^b¬ knÃ-Ønse var/www F∂
t^mƒU-dn-te°v So®-dpsS klm-b-tØmsS
t]Ãv sNøpI. XpS¿∂v sh_v _uk-dns‚
AUkv _mdn¬ localhost/index.html F∂v
ssS∏psNbvXv F‚¿ Io Aa¿Øn-bm¬
sh_vssk-‰ns‚ tlmwt]Pv e`n°pw. CXn\v
Cu knÃ-Øn¬ Hcp sh_v sk¿h¿
tkm^v‰vshb¿ C≥Ãmƒ sNbvXn-cn°-Ww.
sh_vssk‰v ]h¿Øn-®nt√? Cu
sh_vssk‰v \nß-fpsS em_nse a‰v knÃ-
ßfn¬ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Fs¥√mw Iao-I-c-
W-ß-fmWv sNtø-≠sX∂v N¿®sNøp-I.
a‰p knÃ-ß-fnse sh_v _uk-dns‚
AUkv _mdn¬ sk¿h¿ knÃ-Øn-s‚
sF.]n AUkv /index.html F∂v
ssS∏psNbvXv F‚¿ Io Aa¿Øn-bm¬
\nß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰ns‚ tlmwt]Pv a‰p
knÃ-ß-fnepw e`n°pw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
sk¿h-dns‚ sF.]n AUkv 192.168.1.4
BsW-¶n¬ AXnse sh_vssk‰v a‰p knÃ-
ß-fn¬ ImWp-∂-Xn\v 192.168.1.4/index.htmlF∂v ssS∏psNbvXv F‚¿ Io Aa¿ØpI.
kvIqfns‚
temtKmkvIqfns‚ t]cv
kvIqfns‚ NnXw
][m\
hm¿Ø-Iƒ
•••••(Kq∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°nb
sh_vt]-Pp-I-fn-te°v
en¶p sNøpI)
• Iem-taf
• kb≥kv ¢∫v
• ]T-\-bmX
• sF.Sn ¢_v
••
kvIqfns\°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-߃
]´nI 8.3
sk¿hdpw ¢b‚pw
Htc kabw ]e t]mKm-ap -Ifpw
hyXykvX D]-tbm-‡m-°ƒ°v D]-tbm-
Kn -°m≥ Ignbp∂ Iºyq -´ -dp -Isf
sk¿h¿ F∂phnfn -°p -∂p. Hcp
]tXyI D]-tbm-K-Øn-\mbn Iao-I-cn-
®n-cn-°p∂ H∂n-e-[nIw t]mk-k-dp-
Ifp≈ i‡n-tb-dnb Hcp Iºyq-´-¿
Bbn-cn-°pw CXv. F∂m¬ ChnsS
\ΩpsS sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm°n kq£n-
®n -cn -°p∂ knÃ-Øns\ sk¿h¿
F∂pw sk¿h¿ knÃ-hpambn _‘n-
∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ a‰v Iºyq-´-dp-Isf ¢b‚ v
F∂pw IcpXmw. sk¿h-dnse dntkm-
gvkp-Iƒ ¢b‚p-Iƒ°pw D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
90
NnXw 8.4
]h¿Ø\w 2
Hmtcm Kq∏pw Xbm-dm-°nb sh_vssk-
‰p-Iƒ tkhv sNbvXn-cn-°p∂ sk¿h¿ knÃ-
ß-fpsS sF.]n AUkv Xncn-®-dn™v
Hmtcm Kq∏n-s‚bpw sh_vssk‰v \nco-£n-
°p-I. Ah-bpsS ta≥a-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw
N¿®sNbvXv dnt∏m¿´v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-I.
C‚¿s\-‰n¬ \ΩpsS sh_vssk‰v
\mw Xbm -dm -°nb sh_vssk‰v
kvIqfnse a‰v Iºyq-´-dp-I-fn¬ ImWm≥
km[n-®p-ht√m? C\n AXns\ C‚¿s\‰n-
eqsS temIw apgp-h-≥ ImWp∂ hn[-Øn¬
Iao-I-cn-°-W-sa-¶ntem? CXn\v \ΩpsS
Iºyq -´ -dns\ (sk¿h¿) C‚¿s\-‰n¬
Gh¿°pw GXv k-a-bhpw e`y-am-°p-Itbm
As√-¶n¬ AØ-c-Øn¬ Iao-I-cn-®n-´p≈
Hcp sh_vsk¿h-dn¬ ÿm]n-°p-Itbm
sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v. At∏mƒ \Ωƒ ¢b‚ v
knÃ-Øn¬ \n∂pw sF.]n AUkv D]-tbm-
Kn®v sk¿h-dnse t]Pp-Iƒ I≠-Xpt]m-se-
Xs∂ C‚¿s\‰v sF.]n AUtkm sh_v
hnem-ktam D]-tbm-Kn®v a‰p -≈-h¿°v
\ΩpsS sh_vssk‰v ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.
C‚¿s\-‰n¬ e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\p apºv
\n߃ Xbm-dm -°nb sh_vssk--‰ns\
C‚¿s\-‰n -ep≈ a‰v ssk-‰p -I-fp -ambn
Xmc-Xayw sNøq. `wKn -h -cp -Ø-ep -Iƒ
C\nbpw \S-tØ-≠-Xp-≠t√? sh_vssk‰v
\n¿am--W-Øn¬ kmt¶-XnI sshZKv[yw
Bh-iy-ap≈ \nc-h[n ]h¿Ø-\-߃
(sh_v t]Pp-I-fpsS GtIm-]-\w, Unssk-
\nw-Kv)- D-≠v. CØcw ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw
\n-ßsf klm-bn-°p-∂Xn\v tkm v‰vshbdp-
I-fp-≠v. Ah-bmWv I≠‚ v am-t\-Pvsa‚ v
knÃw tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ.
sh_vssk‰v \n¿amWw XpSßmw
\Ωƒ apºv Xbm-dm-°nb sh_vssk-
‰ns‚ t]mcm-bva-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn®v AXns\
Gh¿°pw e`y -am -Ip -∂ -hn -[ -Øn¬
am‰nbmtem? CXn\v Hcp sh_v I≠‚ v
amt\-Pvsa‚ v knÃw tkm v‰vshbdpw \ap°v
Xnc-s™-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. kzX¥hpw (Free)kuP\yhpamb Hcp sh_v I≠‚ v
amt\Pvsa‚ v knÃw tkm^v‰vshb-dmWv
Uq]¬. GNU GPL ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Xbm-
dm-°nb Cu tkm^v‰vshb-dmWv temIsØ
\nc-h[n sh_v ssk‰p-I-fpsS ]n∂-Wn-bn¬
]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. km[m-cW sh_v I≠‚ v
amt\-Pvsa‚ v knÃ-ß-fn¬ e`y-amb F√m
tkh-\-ßfpw Uq]¬ kn.-Fw.-Fkv˛epw
e`y -am -Wv . sh_v sk¿h-dn -s‚tbm
tkm v‰vsh-b¿ C≥Ã-te-j-s‚tbm Bh-iy-
I -X -bn -√msX Xs∂ kz¥-am -sbmcp
sh-_vssk‰v \n¿an -°m≥ Uq]¬
Km¿U≥kn¬ Ah-k-c-ap≠v. CXp]--tbm-Kn®v
\ΩpsS sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-
sb∂v t\m°mw.
♦ www.drupalgardens.com F∂v sh_v
_uk-dn¬ ssS∏psNbvXv Uq]¬
I≠‚ v amt\-Pvsa‚ v knÃ-Øns‚ sh_v
ssk‰n-te°v ]th-in-°p-I
\aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v
91
♦ Create a free site _´-Wn¬ ¢n°p
sNbvXv XpS¿∂v ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Pme-
I-Øn¬ (NnXw 8.5) sh_vssk-‰n\v
\¬Im≥ BK-ln-°p∂ URL (sh_v
hnem-kw), sh_v ssk‰n¬ ]th-in-°p-
∂-Xn-\p≈ username, password, \ne--
hn-ep≈ \n-ß-fpsS email hnemkw Ch
\¬Ip-I.
♦ “Continue” _ -Wn¬ ¢n°psNøp-tºmƒ
e`n-°p∂ Pme-I-Øn¬ (NnXw 8.6)
\n∂pw, \nß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰n¬
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ BK-ln-°p∂ kuI-cy-
߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°mw.
♦ Comments, Mailinglist, webforms,rotating banner, Media gallery XpSßnb
sh_v I≠‚v amt\-Pvsa‚v knÃw (WCMS)
sh_v kwhn-[m-\-Øn¬ sh_vssk‰v \n¿am-Ww, ]¶p-sh-bv°-ep-Iƒ, \nco-£-W-߃,
\nb-¥-W-߃ F∂nh°v klm-b-I-amb tkm^v‰vshbdpI-fmWv sh_v I≠‚ v amt\-
Pvsa‚ v knÃw. at\m-l-c-amb sh-_vssk‰v Hcp-°p-∂-Xn\pw hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xn\pw CXn¬ A\m-bmkw km[n-°p-∂p.- ]-[m-\-s∏´ Nne sh_v I≠‚ v am-t\-
Pvsa‚ v knÃ-ß-fmWv th¿Uv]-kv, Pqwe, Uq]¬, sse‰v kn.-Fw.-Fkv XpS-ßn-b-h.
\ΩpsS Iºyq-´dn (sk¿h¿) emWv Cu kn.-Fw.-Fkv tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ C≥Ãmƒ
sNøp-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Xs∂ ]q¿W kzmX-¥y-tØmsS A\p-tbm-Py-amb sh_vssk-
‰p-Iƒ kz¥w Iºyq-´-dn¬ (sk¿h¿) Xbm-dm-°m-\m-Ipw.
I≠‚ v amt\-Pvsa‚ v knÃw tkm^v‰v shb¿ C≥Ãmƒ sNbvX sh-_v k¿h-dn¬ H´-\-
h[n sh_vssk‰v amXr-I-Iƒ (sS-ºvsf-‰p-Iƒ) e`y-am-Wv. A\p-tbm-Py-amb sSºvsf‰v
Xnc-s™-Sp-°p-I. temtKmbpw \n-d-ß-fnepw am‰w hcpØn IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-I-am-°p-I.
sh_vssk-‰n-te-°m-h-iy-amb tkh-\-߃ (blog, user login, gallery, social networklink, etc.) sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I, hnh-c-߃, NnX-߃, a‰v tUmIyp-sa‚p-Iƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-
Sp-Øp-I, CXbpw sN-øp-∂-tXmsS sh_v ssk‰v k÷-am-Ip-∂p. \ne-hn-ep≈ sSºvsf-
‰n¬ GXp-k-a-bØpw am‰w hcp-Øp-hm≥ km[n-°pw. Cßs\ hcp-Øp∂ am‰w \ne-hn-
ep≈ hnh-c-ß-fn¬ ]Xn-^en-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
Nne sh_v I≠‚ v amt\-Pvsa‚ v knÃ-߃ Ah-cpsS sk¿h-dn¬ Xs∂ sh_vssk-
‰p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°m≥ Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. www.drupalgardens.com, www.lightcms.com,www.wordpress.com, http://sites.google.com, XpS-ßn-bh Ah-cpsS sk¿h-dn¬ Xs∂
kuP-\y-ambn sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°m≥ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-°p-∂p. kz¥-ambn
C˛sa-bn¬ hnem-k-ap≈ GsXm-cmƒ°pw Ch-bn¬ sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-°m-\m-Ipw.
NnXw 8.5
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
92
tkh-\-ßfpw FAQ, Forums, Blog,Contact Us XpS-ßnb t]Pv amXr-I-Ifpw
ChnsS e`y-am-Wv.
♦ CXn¬ \n∂pw “ON / OFF” _´-Wn¬
¢n°psNbvXv Media gallery, Blog,Contact us, About F∂o kuIcy߃
amXw Ct∏mƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw. “Create”_´-Wn¬ ¢n°p sNøp-∂-tXmsS Bh-
iy -s∏´ kuI-cy -ß-tfm -Sp -Iq -S nb
sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.
sh_v cPn-kvtS-j≥ ka-bØv \¬Inb
C˛-sa-bn¬ hnem-k-Øns‚ ]cn-tim-[-\-
bv°mbn Cu hnem-k-Øn-te-°-b® sabn-
ense en¶n¬ ¢n°p sNbvXv cPn-kvtS-j≥
]q¿Øn-bm-°-Ww.
]h¿Ø\w 3
Cu h¿jsØ \nß-fpsS kvIqƒ
]h¿Ø-\-߃ hnh-cn-°p∂ kvIqƒ sh_v
ssk‰v Uq]¬ Km¿U≥kn¬ Xbm-dm-
°p-I.
sh_v ssk‰v BI¿j-I-am°mw
Ah-iyw-th≠ kuI-cy-ßfpw `wKn-
tbmSpw IqSnb Hcp sh_vssk‰v Xbm-dm-
bt√m? C\n Cu sh_vssk‰n¬ Fs¥-
¶nepw am‰-߃ hcp-Øp-I-tbm, kuI-cy-߃
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I-tbm, IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-I-am-
°p-Itbm sNtø-≠-Xp-s≠-¶n¬ Ahbpw
sNøm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Appearance
sh_vssk-‰n-te°v temKn≥ sNøp-∂-
tXmsS ssk‰ns‚ am‰w hcp-Ø-en\pw `wKn-
h-cp-Ø-en\pw Bh-iy-amb \n¿tZi-ß-f-S-
ßnb sa\p-_m¿ apI-fn¬ (NnXw 8.7) Zriy-
am-Ipw. Cu sa\p_mdn¬ \n∂pw `wKn hcp-
Ø-en\p≈ “Appearance” sa\p
NnXw 8.6
NnXw 8.7
\aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v
93
Xncs™Sp°p-I. Ct∏mƒ t]m]v -A]v
sNbvXp h∂ sNdnb Pme-I-Ønse (NnXw
8.8) Themes, Layout, Brand, Styles, LayoutSm_p-I-fn-eq-sS sh_vssk‰n\v `wKn-h-cp-Ø-
ep-Iƒ \SØmw.
kzta-[bm (default) Xbm-dm-°-s∏´ Xow
\nß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰n\v A\p-tbm-Py-a√
F¶n¬ hyXykvX LS-\-I-fn-ep≈ \nc-h[n
Xoap-Iƒ ChnsS e`y-am-Wv. Choose a newtheme en¶n¬ ¢n°psNbvXv as‰mcp Xow
sXc-s™-Sp-°p-I. Choose _´-Wn¬ ¢n°p
sNbvXv, ]pXnb Xoan\v t]cv \¬In kq£n-
°mhp-∂-Xm-Wv.
Xbm-dm-°nb sh_vssk-‰ns‚ GsX-
¶nepw Hcp `mKw amX-am-bn, IqSp-X¬
BI¿j-I-am-t°-≠-Xpt≠m? DZm-l-c-W-
ambn ssk‰v Xe-s°-´ns‚ (Site Header)\ndw am‰W-sa∂ps≠-¶n¬, ssk‰v Xe-s°-
´n¬ ¢n°psNøp-I. NnX-Øn¬ (NnXw 8.9)
ImWn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse skeIvSv sNbvX mK-
Øns‚ AXncv (border) ImWn-°p-∂-tXm-
sSm∏w You are styling: F∂ ÿeØv Thesite-name in the header region F∂v kqNn-
∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
Ct∏mƒ style ¬ hcp-Øp∂ am‰-߃
Cu AXn-cn-\p-≈nse LS-I-ß-fn¬ amX-
NnXw 8.8
NnXw 8.9
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
94
am-bn-cn°pw A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-I. CXp-t]mse
am‰w hcp-tØ≠ GsXmcp LS-I-tØbpw
(block) Xn-c-s™-SpØv `wKn-bm°mw.
\nß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰n¬ hcp-Øp∂
`wKn -h-cp -Ø-ep -Iƒ bYm-k-abw SavesNøs∏-Sp-∂p≠v F¶nepw, Publish _´-
Wn¬ ¢n°psNøp∂Xphsc Cu am‰ßƒ
\ap°v amXta e`yamhpIbp≈q.
BbXn\m¬ am‰ßƒ a‰p kµ¿iI¿°v
ImWm≥ km[n°p∂Xn\mbn, (NnXw 8.10)
Publish _´-Wn¬ ¢n°psNøpI. `wKn hcp-
Ø-ep-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bmbn F¶n¬ Close_´¨ ¢n°psNbvXv “Appearance” PmeIw
AS-bv°mw.
]h¿Ø\w 4
\ΩpsS kvIqfn-\mbn Xbm-dm-°nb
sh_vssk-‰n¬ C¶vkvtI-∏n¬ Xbm-dm-°nb
kvIqƒ temtKm Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I. Bh-iy-amb
am‰-߃ hcpØn at\m-l-c-am-°p-I.
hnh-c-߃ tN¿°mw kºp-jvS-am°mw
at\m-l-c-amb Hcp sh_vssk‰v
Xbm-dm-bt√m? Hcp sh_vssk-‰ns‚ `wKn-
tb-°mƒ ][m\w AXnse hnh-c-߃°m-
Wv. hnh-c-߃ bYm-k-abw Dƒs∏-SpØp-
Ibpw ]pXp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-tºmƒ amXta
Hcp \√ sh_vssk-‰m-Ip-I-bp-≈q. \ΩpsS
sh_vssk-‰n-s\bpw kvIqfnse \ntXy-\-
bp≈ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Dƒs∏-SpØn
\s√mcp sh_v-ssk-‰m-°mw.
]h¿Ø\w 5
\nß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰n¬ kvIqfn¬
\S-°p∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃, kµ¿i\-
hnhc߃, Ip´n-Ifpw A[ym-]-Icpw Xbm-
dm-°p∂ UnPn-‰¬ hkvXp-°ƒ, kvIqfns‚
anI-hp-Isf kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃ XpS-ßn-
b-h-sb√mw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-I.
hnh-c-߃ sh_vt]-Pn-te°v
sh_vssk‰v \n¿am-W-Øns‚ BZy-L-
´-Øn¬ Bh-iy-s∏´ kuI-cy-߃°-\p-k-
cn®v, Home, About, Blog, Contact us,Gallaries F∂o t]Pp-Iƒ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-b-
t√m. CXn-te-°m-h-iy-amb hnh-c-߃
\¬Ip-I-bmWv C\n \mw sNtø-≠-Xv.
sh_vssk‰v Dt±-iy-sØ-°p-dn®pw
\nßsf Ipdn®pw hnhcw \¬Im-hp∂ Aboutt]Pn¬ Ct∏mƒ Fs¥-√mw hnh-c-ß-fm-
Wp-≈Xv? CXn¬ am‰w hcp-Øp-∂-Xn-\pw, \n-
ß-fpsS sh_vssk-‰ns\ kw_-‘n® hnhc-
߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p-am-bn About F∂
t]Pv ssS‰n-en\p Xmsg-bp≈ “Edit” sa\p-
hn¬ ¢n°psNbvXv Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-߃
Dƒs∏SpØpI (NnXw 8.11). (\n-߃ loginsNbvXn-cn-°p-tºmƒ amX-amWv Cu sa\p
Zriy-am-hp-I).
I≠‚v tªm°p-Iƒ
Hcp sh_vt]Pn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ hyXykvX Xcw hnh-c-ßsf tªm°p-I-fmbn Xncn-
®n-cn-°p-∂p. Main menu, site logo, Site name, Main banner, Main page content, Searchform XpS-ßn-bh Hmtcm∂pw hyXykvX tªm°p-I-fm-Wv. ]pXnb tªm°p-Iƒ \n¿an-
°p-Ibpw sNømw. Hcp tªm°ns‚ ÿm\w t]Pv teHu´n¬ FhnsS thW-sa-¶nepw
\n›-bn-°mw. Navigation block (F√m t]Pp-I-fn-te-°p-ap≈ en¶v) s‚ ÿm\w Sidebartem pre header tem am‰n ÿm]n-°mw.
NnXw 8.10
NnXw 8.11
\aps°mcp sh_vssk‰v
95
hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm-\mbn c≠v
FUn-‰-dp-I-fmWv Hcp-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. (HTMLeditor WYSIWYG editor). (NnXw 8.12)
NnXw Dƒs∏-SpØmw
\n-ß-fpsS sh_vt]Pn-te°v kvIqfnse
][m\ -]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-
Sp-tØ-≠-Xpt≠m? NnX-߃ sh_vt]Pp-
Isf IqSp-X¬ BI¿j-I-am-°m≥ klm-bn-
°p -sa∂v \mw Xncn -® -dn -™p-ht√m?
WYSIWYG FUn‰-dn¬ sa\p-_m-dnse “Addmedia” ¢n°psNbvXv NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-
SpØmw.
aoUnbm Kmedn
Htc hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏-Sp∂ \nc-h[n
NnX-ßsf H∂n®p ]Z¿in-∏n-°m≥ klm-
bn-°p∂ kt¶-X-am-Wt√m Kme-dn -Iƒ.
\n߃ ]s¶-SpØ Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-bp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ (Iem-ta-f, ]T-\-bmX XpS-ßn-
bh) NnX -߃ Kme-dn -bn -te°v
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øq.
Navigation _mdn¬\n∂pw Kmedn Sm_v
¢n°p-sNbvXv \ne-hn-ep≈ Kmedn t]Pn-
te°v t]mImw. CXn¬ Ct∏mƒ Xm¬°m-
en-I-ambn Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p≈ kmºnƒ Kme-
dnbpw AXnse kmºnƒ NnX-ßfpw am‰n
\nß-fpsS NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øq. AddMedia _´-Wn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv IqSp-X¬
NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.
C¶vkvtI-]v, Pnºv XpS-ßn-b-h-bn¬
Xbm-dm-°nb NnX-߃ Hcp ]pXnb Kmedn
\n¿an®v AhnsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Øq. Add Media_ -Wn¬ ¢n°p-sNbvXv Cu Kme-dn-bn-te°v
IqSp-X¬ NnX-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.
]pXn-sbmcp t]Pv
kvIqƒ ]h¿Ø-\-ßfnse \nß-fpsS
]¶m-fnØw, ]T-\-bmXm hnh-cWw Ch
Dƒs∏-Sp-Øm≥ ]pXn-sbmcp t]Pv Xs∂
th≠n-h-cpw. sa\p-_m-dnse Content → AddContent → Basic Page hgn Hmtcm hn`m-K-
Øn\pw ]tXyIw t]Pp-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°mw.
am‰w hcp-Ø-ep-Iƒ
]kvXpX sh_vssk-‰n¬ Dƒs∏-
SpØnb Hmtcm hnh-c-sØbpw (t]Pv, B¿´n-
°nƒ, t]mÃv) I≠‚ v t]PpIfn¬\n∂pw
am‰w hcp -Øp-Itbm Hgn -hm -°p -Itbm
sNømw.
NnXw 8.12
WYSIWYG editor
What You See Is What You Get F∂Xns‚ Npcp-°-cq-]-am-Wv WYSIWYG. th¿Uv t]mk-
k-dn\p kam-\-amb PmeIhpw FUn-‰nwKv Sqfp-Ifpw WYSIWYG Editor ¬ Hcp-°n-bn-´p-
≠v. Cu PmeI-Øn¬ hcp-Øp∂ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-ep-Iƒ AtX coXn-bn¬ sh_v t]Pn¬
Zriy--am-Ip-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ WYSIWYG Editor ¬ hnh-c-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-∂-XmWv IqSp-
X¬ kuI-cy-]-Zw.
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
96
ÿm\w am‰mw
Hcp sh_vt]-Pn¬ slU¿, t]Pp-I-fn-
te-°p≈ en¶p-Iƒ, sskUv_m¿, D≈-S-°-
ß-ƒ XpSßn \nc-h[n LS-I-߃ D≠m-bn-
cn-°p-a-t√m. Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠ hyXy-kvX-Xcw
hnh-c-߃°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb ÿm\-߃
I≠‚ v amt\-Pvsa‚ v knÃw-Xs∂ Xbm-dm-
°p-∂p. CØ-c-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°n-bn- p≈ t]Pv
te Hu´n¬ Pre header, Navigation,Banner, Pre content, Page Content, Sidebar, Pree footer, Copyright XpS-ßn-b-h-
bv°mWv km[m-cW ÿm\w \¬Im-dp-≈-
Xv. F∂m¬ GsXmcp I≠‚ v tªm°n-
s\bpw GXv ÿm\-tØ°v am‰p-∂-Xn\pw
km[n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
XpS¿ ]h¿Ø\߃
♦ \nßfpsS kvIqfnse A\ntaj≥
kn\na \n¿amW bqWn‰ns‚
]h¿Ø\߃ ]Z¿in∏n°p∂Xn
\p≈ Hcp sh_vt]Pv F®v.Sn.Fw.F¬
SmKp]tbmKn®v \n¿an°pI. A£c߃,
t]PpIƒ F∂nh \ndw \¬In
at\mlcam°Ww. NnX߃,
A\ntaj≥ kn\naIƒ XpSßnbh
tiJcn®v sh_vt]Pn¬ Dƒs∏SpØWw.
♦ hnhn[ Unhnj\pIfnse hnZym¿YnIƒ
Xbmdm°nb sh_vt]PpIƒ tiJcn®v
Hcp sh_vssk‰v \n¿an°pI. sh_v
ssk‰n\v Bhiyamb tlmwt]Pv
\n¿an®v sh_vssk‰v at\mlcam°Ww.
F√m knÃØnepw e`n°p∂ hn[Øn¬
sh_vssk‰v Hcp sk¿hdn¬
kq£n°pI.
♦ Uq]¬ Km¿U≥kn¬ \n߃
Xbmdm°nb sh_vssk‰nte°v kvIqƒ
tafIfpambn _‘s∏´ hnhc߃
Dƒs∏SpØpI.
temIw ssI°pºnfn¬
97
\£-X-ß-fm¬ BIm-i -Øn¬hcbv°s∏-Sp∂ at\m-l-c-ß-fmb NnX-߃(constellation art) \n߃ \nco-£n-®n-´pt≠m? A¤p-X-ß-fpsS A-£-b-J-\n-bmbBIm-isØIpdn-®p≈ ]T\w AXnepwckI-c-at√?
sIÃm¿, sÃt√-dn -bw, ske-ÃnbXpSßnb knap-te-j≥ tkm^vSvshb-dp-IƒBImi ]Xn-`m-k-߃ I≠-dn-bm-\p≈Ah-kcw \ap°v \¬Ip-∂p. 8˛mw ¢mknse‘BImi ImgvN-Iƒ’ F∂ A[ym-b-Øn¬Kstars tkm^v‰vshb¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏´t√m?CXp-t]mse \£X kaq-l-ß-sf Ipdn-®p≈Bg-Øn-ep≈ ]T-\-Øn\v \sΩ Gsd klm-bn-°p∂ tkm^vSvshb-dmWv sÃt√-dn-bw.
Cu tkm^vSvvshb-dn-eqsS \aps°mcpBIm-i- bm-X-bm-bmtem? AXn-\mbn BZyw
tkm^v‰vshb¿ ]cn-N-b-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.
♦ Science sa\p-hn¬ \n∂pw sÃt√dnbwXpd-°p-I.
♦ ][m\ Pme-I-Øns‚ CS-Xp-h-i-tØ°vaukv t]mbn‚¿ FØn-®m¬ Sqƒ _m¿Zriy-am-°mw.
♦ Ãm‰kv _m¿ e`y-am-°m≥ NphsS aukvt]mbn‚¿ FØn-®m¬ aXn-bm-Ipw.
♦ Ãm‰kv, Sqƒ _mdpIƒ XΩn¬ tNcp∂ÿeØv ImWp∂ XntIm-W-ß-fn¬¢n°p-sNbvXv Ch AXXv ÿm\-ß-fn¬Dd-∏n-°mw.
♦ Page Up, Page Down IoItfm aukns‚kvtImƒ _´tWm D]-tbm-Kn®v ZoomIn, Zoom Out km[y-am-Ipw.
“]s≠m-cn-¥y-°m-c\mIm-i-Kw-Ksb-˛s°m≠p-t]mbv aÆn-sem-gp°o `Ko-c-Y≥.
\msf-b-hs‚ ]n≥Km-an-Ifo pc-tKm-f-e-£-ß-sf-b-Ωm-\-am-SnSpw.....”
--˛ hb-em¿ cma-h¿Ω ˛
9 temIw ssI°p-ºn-fn¬
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
98
♦ Iot_m¿Unse Btcm IoI-fp-]-tbm-Kn®vhnhn[ Zni-I-fnse ImgvN-Iƒ Zriy-am-°mw.
♦ aukv UmKp-sNbvXv Field of View (FOV)am‰w hcp-Ømw.
\nco-£-W-ÿew sXc-s™Sp°mw
Kl-W-߃ F√m ]tZ-i-Øp-\n∂pwZriyam-Ip-I-bn-√t√m. F¥p-sIm-≠m-WXv?Hmtcm ]tZ-i-Øp-\n-∂p-ap≈ BIm-i-Zr-iy-߃ hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. BIm-isØ FhnsS\n∂mWv \mw \nco£n-t°-≠Xv? Ct∏mƒtkm^vSvshb-dn¬ GXp ÿe-amWv Iao-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v Ãm‰kv _mdn¬ \n∂pIs≠-Øq.
sÃt√-dnbw tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ Hcp]tXyI ÿew Iao-I-cn-°p-∂-sX-ß-s\-sb∂v t\m°mw. Sqƒ_m-dn¬ G‰hpw apI-fn-embn ImWp∂ semt°-j≥ Sqƒ (F6)(NnXw 9.1) ¢n°p-sNbvXv semt°-j≥ Pme-I-Øn-se-Ømw. Pme-I-Ønse `q]-S-Øn¬
(NnXw 9.2) Hcp ]tZiw ¢n°p-sNbvXv Ahn-sS-\n-∂p≈ Zriyw Iao-I-cn-°mw.
hnhn[ ÿe-ß-fn¬\n-∂p≈ Bh¿Øn-®p≈ \nco-£-W-Øn\v ÿe-߃semt°-j≥ Pme-I-Øn-epƒs∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. A£mwihpw tcJmw-ihpw D]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wt√m KStar tkm^vSvshbdn¬ Hcp]tXyI ÿew \mw Iao -I -cn -® -X v .sÃt√-dn-b-Ønepw ÿew IaoI-cn-°m≥ ChBh-iy-am-Wv. Ch Fßs\ e`n°pw?A£mw-ihpw tcJmwihpw am¿_nƒtkm^vSvshb-dn¬ \n∂pw Is≠-Øm-sa∂v\mw ap≥¢mkn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. \nß-fpsS ]tZ-i-Øns‚ A£mw-i-˛-tc-Jmw-i-߃ tiJ-cn-°p-I. tiJ-cn® hnh-c-߃Pme-IØn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq. NnXw 9.2 ¬A£mw-iw, tcJmw-iw, ÿe-Øns‚ t]cv,cmPyw XpS-ßnb hnh-c-߃ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn -c n -°p∂Xv i≤n -°p -I. (Altitudet_mIvkn¬ am‰w hcp-tØ-≠-Xn-√). Add toList _´¨ ¢n°p-sN-øp-I. \nß-fpsS ÿewsemt°-j≥ Pme-I-Øn¬ tN¿°-s∏- p-thm?
NnXw 9.1
temIw ssI°pºnfn¬
99
Ãm‰kv _mdn¬ Ct∏mƒ GXv ÿe-amWvtcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Pme-I-Øns‚NphsS ImWp∂ Use as Default t_mIvkvSn°v sNøp-I. \nß-fpsS ÿew Defaultsemt°-j-\mbn Iao-I-cn-°-s∏-´p. C\ntkm^v‰vshb¿ Xpd-°p-tºmƒ Cu ÿe-Øp-\n-∂p≈ Zriy-amhpw \n߃°v ImWm≥Ign-bp-I.
Znh-khpw ka-bhpw Ia-s∏-SpØmw
Hcp ]tXyI Znh-k-Ønse \n›nXka-bsØ BImiw Zriy-am-Im≥ F¥p am‰-ß-fmWv hcp-tØ-≠Xv? tkm^v‰vshb-dnse
Znh-khpw ka-bhpw Ãm‰kv _mdn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈Xv t\m°q. (NnXw 9.4). Znh-khpw ka-bhpw Sqƒ_m-dnse tU‰v/ssSwSqƒ (F5) (Date/Time window) (NnXw 9.3)D]-tbm-Kn®v Iao-I-cn-°mw.
F√m BIm-i-tKm-f-ß-fpw Nen-°p-∂p-≠-t√m. Ch-bpsS ÿm\w `qan-bn¬ \n∂pwhf-sc-b-Ise Bb-Xn-\m¬Øs∂ Zo¿L-t\cw kq£v-a-ambn \nco-£n-®m¬ amXtaAh-bpsS Ne\w a\- n-em-°m-\m-hq. kab-\n-c°v hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-hgn tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ Ah-bpsS Ne\w thK-Øn-em°mw. ka-b-\n-c°v Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-SpØmw?
NnXw 9.2
NnXw 9.3
NnXw 9.4
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
100
Ãm‰kv _mdnse ssSw Sqƒ In‰nseka-b-\n-c°v h¿[n-∏n-°p∂ Sqƒ (IncreaseTime Speed Tool) (NnXw 9.4) D]-tbm-Kn®vka-b-\n-c°v h¿[n-∏n®v \ap°v \£-X-ß-fpsS Ne\w thK-Øn-em-°mw. ssSw SqfnseHmtcm ¢n°nepw ka-b-\n-c°v B\p-]m-Xn-I-ambn h¿[n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°pw. Set TIme toNow Sqƒ ¢n°p-sN-bvXm¬ knÃw ka-b-Øn¬ Xncn-sI-sb-Ømw.
BIm-i-Ønse hc-Iƒ
\£-X-ßsf XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂km¶-ev]n-I-h-c-Iƒ FX at\m-l-c-amb cq]-ß-fmWv Ahbv°v \¬Ip-∂-Xv. \nc¥chpwkq£va-hp-amb hm\-\n-co-£-W-Øn-eqsS\ΩpsS ]nXm-a-l-∑m¿ Is≠-Øn-b-Xm-Wh.
ae-bm-f-am-k-߃°v \£XKW-ß-fpsS cq]-hp -ambn Fs¥-¶nepw _‘-apt≠m? knwl-Øns‚ cq]-ap≈ \£-X-K-WsØ (Leo) I≠n´nt√? Nnßw F∂mWvCu \£X kaqlw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.Nnßw \£X kaq-lsØ tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ Fßs\ Is≠Ømw?
♦ Sqƒ_m-dnse Search hn≥tUm-bn¬ LeoF∂p ssS∏p-sNbvXv Search ¢n°psNøp-I.
♦ Ah Zriy-]-cn-[n°v ]pd-Øm-sW-¶n¬kabw Iao-I-cn®v Ahsb Zriy-]-cn-[n-bn-se-Øn-°mw.
♦ Ãm‰kv Sqƒ_m-dnse 3 Constellation Sqfp-Iƒ (Constellation Line, Label, Art) D]-tbm-Kn®v \£XKW-Ønse \£-X-߃ XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ hc-Iƒ,Ah-bpsS t]cv, Ah-bpsS km¶¬]n-Icq]w F∂nh Zriy-am-°mw. (NnXw 9.5)
♦ ]I¬ kabw BIm-i-Ønse \£-X-߃ Zriy-am-°m≥ Ãm‰kv _mdnseNight Mode, Atmosphere Sqfp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw (NnXw 9.5).
kqcy\pNp‰pw
kqcy-\p-Np-‰p-ap≈ qan-bpsS k©m-c-]m-X-bmWv ]cn-I-a-W-]-Yw. ]cn-I-aW]YwFßs\ tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ømw?
Sqƒ_m-dnse Viewing options (F4)Sm_v ¢n°p -sN-b vXm¬ View Pme-I -ØnseØmw. Markings Sm_n¬ CelestialSphere enÃnse Ecliptical Line ¢n°p-sN-bvXm¬ `qan-bpsS ]cn-I-aW tcJ Zriy-am-Ipw (NnXw 9.6).
NnXw 9.5
temIw ssI°pºnfn¬
101
tU‰v/ssSw Sqƒ (Date/Time Window)D]-tbm-Kn®v amk-߃ hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. Hmtcm amkØnepw ]cnIaW ]Y-Øn¬kqcys‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ImWp∂ \£-X-ßsf \nco-£n-°p-I.
Nnß-Øn-\p-]p-dta GsX√mw \£-X-ß-fmWv ]cn-I-aW ]Y-Øn¬ kqcys‚]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Is≠Øm≥ Ign-bp-I.hyXykvX amk-ßfn¬ kabw Ia-s∏-SpØn
]cn-I-aW]Y-Ønse \£-X-K-W-ßsf(kqcys‚ ]›m-ØeØn¬ ImWp-∂)]´n-I-s∏-Sp-ØpI (NnXw 9.7).
\£-X-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv
\£-X-K-W-ß-fn¬ cq]wsIm≠v \sΩGsd BI¿jn-°p∂ H∂mWv Hmdn-tbm¨(Orion). Hmdn -tbm¨ \£-X-K-WsØIs≠Ømtam?
♦ Search hn≥tUm D]-tbm-Kn®v Hmdn-tbm-Wns\ sXc-bp-I.
♦ tIm¨Ã-te-j≥ Sqfp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v
NnXw 9.6
kucIf¶w
kqcy-\n¬ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ IdpØ AS-bm-f-ß-fmWv kuc-I-f-¶-߃. kqcy-\n¬AXn-i-‡-amb Im¥nI aWvU-e-߃D≈ CS-ß-fn-emWv kuc-I-f-¶-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. i‡-amb Im¥nIaWvU-e-Øns‚ i‡n-sIm≠v cq]wsIm≈p∂hmX-I-Np-gn-bmWv kuc-I-f¶w F∂p]d-bmw. NqSv Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m-emWv kuc-I-f-¶-߃ Ccp≠ \nd-Øn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. 1612˛¬ Keo-entbm Keo-en-bmWvBZy-ambn kuc-I-f-¶-߃ Is≠-Øn-b -X v . kqcy\nte°v kqw sNbvXvkucIf¶ßƒ \nco£n°pI.
NnXw 9.7
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
102
Hmdn-tbm-Wns‚ cq]w Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.
♦ th´-°m-cs‚ cq]w ImWm≥ Ignt™m?
♦ th´-°m-cs‚ IØn-bmbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂aq∂v \£-X-ß-fn¬ a[y-Øn-ep≈\£Xw Zoom sNbvXv \nco-£n-°p-I.
♦ Left Click Hm_vPIvSv Select sNøm\pwRight Click Hm_vPIvS v DeselectsNøm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
♦ Auto Zoom sNøp-∂-Xn\v Hcp Hm_vPIvSvskeIvSv sNbvXv Forward slash (/)_´¨ Aa¿Øp-I.
♦ Zoom out sNøp-∂-Xn\v Back slash (\)Aa¿Øp-I.
♦ Close Zooming \mbn kvtImƒ _´¨D]-tbm-Kn°mw (Ctrl+ Up Arrow).
♦ Zoom sNøs∏Sp∂ Hm_vPIvS vt^m°kv sNøm≥ Ãm‰kv _mdnseCenter on selected object ëSqƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
a‰p \£-X-ß-fn¬ \n∂v CXv Fßs\hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂p?
s\_peIƒ
\£-Xm-¥c BImi-Ønse hmX-I-ta-L-ß-fmWv s\_p-e-Iƒ. Ch-bn¬ \n∂mWv \£X߃ cq]w sIm≈p-I.at‰-sX√mw s\_p-e-IƒIs≠-Øm-\m-Ipw.
Is≠-Ønb s\_p-e-I-fpsS khntij-X-Iƒ tImUo-I-cn-°p-I.
CuKnƒ (Eagle) s\_pe
Kmc¨ (Garren) s\_pe
ssS^n-Uv (Trifid) s\_pe
hgn-Im-´n-bmbn [ph-\-£Xw
]pcmX\ Imew-ap-X¬t° \mhn-I-cpsShgn-Im-´n-bmWv [ph-\-£-Xw. F¥p-sIm-≠mWv [ph-\-£-XsØ Znim-kq-N-I-ambn
IW-°m-°p-∂Xv? Cu \£Xw GXv \£-X-K-W-Øn-emWv?
A¿km ssa\¿ (Ursa minor) F∂\£-X-K-WsØ Is≠-Øq. (Sqƒ_m-dnsesearch window (F3) Sqƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.F¥m-Wn-Xns‚ cq]w? Cu \£-X-K-W-Ønse G‰hpw Xnf-°-ap≈ \£XamWv[ph-\-£Xw (Polaris) (NnXw 9.8). kab\nc°v h¿≤n-∏n®v \£-X-ßsf thK-Øn¬Nen-∏n-°p-I. a‰v \£-X-ßsf At]-£n®v[ph-\-£Xw Hcp ÿm\Øp Xs∂ XpS-cp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂nt√? F√m Znh-khpw HtcÿeØpXs∂ [ph-\-£Xw ImWs∏Sp∂-Xn\v F¥mWv ImcWw?
\ofp∂ ]I¬
[ph-\-£-X-Øns‚ ÿm\w DØ-c
NnXw 9.8
XtamK¿Ø-߃
\£-X-ß-fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-Z-i-bnse A¥y-L- -amWv Xtam-K¿Øw. Cu Ah-ÿ-bn¬AXn-i-‡-amb Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-W-_-e-ap≈ÿe-ambn Ah cq]w sIm≈pw. A\m-h-cWw sNø-t∏-tS≠ Hcp-]mSv \nKq-V-X-Iƒ Xtam-K¿Ø-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-≠v. Xtam-K¿Ø-ß-sf-Ip-dn®p≈ ]T-\-Øn¬ KWy-amb kw`m-h-\-Iƒ \¬Inb ka-Im-eo\]Xn-`-bmWv Ão^≥ tlm°n-Mv.
temIw ssI°pºnfn¬
103
-[p-h-Øn\v apI-fn-em-W-t√m. semt°-j≥Sqfp-]-tbm-Kn®v \nco-£W ÿew DØ-c-[p-h-ambn Iao-I-cn-°p-I (-Sqƒ_m-dnse semt°-j≥ Pme-I-Ønse q]-S-Øn¬ DØ-c-[phw¢n°psNøq.) kab \nc°v h¿≤n-∏n-°p-I.DØ-c-[p-h-Øn¬ Ct∏mƒ ]I-emtWmcmXn-bmtWm? FX-Zn-hkw AXv \o≠p-\n¬°pw? NphsS Ãm‰kv _mdn¬ Znh-k-߃ amdp-∂Xv i≤nt®m? kqcys‚ Ne\wFß-s\-bmWv? Left, Right Btcm IoI-fpsSklm-b-tØmsS kqcy-t\m-Sm∏w Nen-°q.F¥p ]tXy-I-X-bmWv \n߃°v ImWm-\m-bXv? ]I-en -s‚bpw cmXn-bp-sSbpwssZ¿Lyw ]cntim-[n-°p-I.
CetŒmWnIv k¿°o´pIƒ Xbmdm°mw
sshZypXk¿°o´pIƒ Xbmdm°p∂Xn\pw ]h¿Øn∏n°p∂Xn\pw ‘s^‰vk¿°o´ v I¨kvS£≥ In‰ v ’ F∂knaptej≥ tkm^v‰ vsh-b¿ HºXmw¢mkn¬ ]cnNbs∏´t√m? CXpt]mseCetŒmWnIv k¿°o´pIƒ Xbmdm°m\pw,k¿°o´pIfpsS ]h¿Ø\w a\ nem°phm\pw D]Icn°p∂ Hcp tkm^v‰vshbdmWv ‘sI˛-sSIv em_v’ (Ktech lab).
bYm¿Y CetŒmWnIv k¿°o´pIƒD]tbmKn°msX Xs∂ AhbpsS]h¿Ø\ßsf°pdn®v ]Tn°p∂Xn\pwBhiyamb sa®s∏SpØepIƒ hcpØp∂Xn\pw CØcw tkm^v‰vshb-dp -Iƒklmbn°p∂p. ]pXnb k¿°o-´p -IƒXbmdm°n ]co£n°p∂Xn\pw ChD]tbmKn°mw.
sI-˛sSIv em_v D]tbmKn®v \n¿an®c≠v k¿°o´pIfmWv NnXw 9.10 ¬\¬Inbncn°p∂Xv. \nßfpsS imkvX ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Ce-IvtSm-WnIvkv F∂A[ym -b -Øn -ep≈ Cu k¿°o-´p -Iƒ\ap°pw Xbmdm°nbmtem?
`oa\pw Ip≈\pw
\£X \mi-sØ-°p-dn®v ]Ømw-¢m-knse ‘imkvXw- 2’ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse ‘\ΩpsS]]©w’ F∂ A[ym-b-Øn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-®n-´p-≠v. Du¿tPm-Xv]m-Z\w Ipdbp∂-tXmsS\£-X-߃ Nph∂ `oa -\mbn cq]w -am -dp -∂p. tcmlnWn (Aldeberan),Xncp-hm-Xnc (Betelgeuse), tNmXn(Arcturus) F∂o \£-X-߃Nph∂ `oa≥am -cm -Wv. Du¿P-Øns‚ Dd-hnSw ]q¿W-ambn C√m-Xm-Ip-∂-tXmsS Ch-bn¬ Nn-eXvhen∏w Ipd™v ‘sh≈-°p-≈≥’F∂ Ah-ÿ-bn-se-Øp-∂p. ‘andm’(Mira) CXn-s\mcp DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.‘andm’ \£-XsØ tkm^v‰vshb-dn¬ Is≠-Øq. Ime-I-taW ChXWp-Øp-d™v ‘IdpØ Ip≈-’\mbncq]w amdp-∂p.
NnXw 9.9
NnXw 9.10
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
104
bncn°p∂p. Ch D]tbmKn®v c≠vk¿°o´pIfpsSbpw ]h¿Ø\Øns‚khntijXIƒ Xncn®dnbpI.
♦ c≠v k¿°o´pIfn¬ GXnemWv _ƒ_vsXfnbp∂Xv?
♦ Settings → Configure Ktechlab → Ani-mate wires to show current or power flowF∂Xv ASbmfs∏SpØpI. Ct∏mƒGXv k¿°o´nemWv sshZypXn]hln°p∂Xmbn ImWp∂Xv?
♦ sshZypXn ]hln°p∂ k¿°o´n¬UtbmUpw _m‰dnbpw LSn∏n®ncn°p∂Xns‚ ]tXyIX F¥v? CXvGXpXcw _bknwKmWv?
♦ c≠p k¿°o- p-I-fn-sebpw ]tXy-I-X-IƒXmc-Xayw sNbvXv Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°mw.
ItºmW‚n\v t]cp \evImw
\mw Xbmdm°nb k¿°o´nse HmtcmItºmW‚ns‚bpw t\sc Ah GsXms°
Education sa\phn¬ \n∂pw Ktech Lab Xpd∂Xn\ptijw File → New → CircuitsXcs™Sp°pI. OK _´Wn¬ ¢n°p sNbvXm¬ k¿°o´ v \n¿amWØn\p≈ ][m\PmeIw (NnXw 9.11) ZriyamIpw.
♦ ItºmW‚ vkv Sm_n¬\n∂v _m‰dn,knKv\¬emºv (_ƒ_v), UtbmUvF∂nh PmeIØnte°v UmKpsNbvXvshbv°pI.
♦ ItºmW‚pIsf _‘n∏n°p∂eoUpIƒ aukv D]tbmKn®v UmKvsNbvXv NnXØn¬ ImWp∂Xpt]msec≠v k¿°o´pIƒ \n¿an°pI.
♦ GsX¶nepw ItºmW‚ v k¿°o´n¬\n∂pw Hgnhm°m≥ AXns\ selectsNbvXv Delete _´¨ Aa¿Ønbm¬aXn.
♦ ItºmW‚ns‚ hneIfn¬ am‰whcpØm≥ Item Editor ¢n°p sNbvXtijw amt‰≠ ItºmW‚n¬ ¢n°psNøpI.
♦ k¿°o´v Xbmdm°n tkhv sNøpI.
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Is≠Ømw
k¿°o´pIƒ Xbmdm°nbt√m? Cuk¿°o´pIƒ hniIe\w sNøp∂Xn\mhiyamb Nne kqN\Iƒ \¬In
NnXw 9.11
temIw ssI°pºnfn¬
105
bmsW∂v tcJs∏SpØmw. CXn\v DrawSqfn¬\n∂pw Text FSpØv ASbmfs∏SptØ≠ `mKØv ¢n°p sNøpI.At∏mƒ Text F∂v Zriy-am-Ip-∂n-SØvU_nƒ ¢n°p-sN-bvXm¬ Itºm-W‚p-I-fpsSt]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xm-hp-∂-XmWv (NnXw 9.12).
k¿°o´v UbK߃ NnXßfmbn
kq£n°mw
\n߃ Xbmdm°nb Cu k¿°o´pIƒ\nßfpsS tªmKntem sh_vssk‰ntemDƒs∏SpØWsa-∂n -cn -°-s´. AXn\vsI-˛sSIv em_n¬ Xbmdm°nb Ahsb\ap°v NnXßfm°n amt‰≠Xp≠v. apºvsNbvX ]h¿Ø-\-߃ tkhv sNbvXvh®ncn°p∂ k¿°o´pIƒ sI˛ -sSIvem_neqsS Xpd°pI. C\n File → Exportas image F∂v ¢n°p sNbvXv b¬ \maw\¬In Save sNøpI. Ct∏mƒ \mwXbmdm°nb k¿°o v Hcp NnXambn \ap°ve`n®nt√? CXv tªmKnepw sh_vssk‰nepwDƒs∏SpØpat√m?
]h¿Ø\w 1
NnXw 9.13 ¬ ImWp∂Xpt]mseItºmW‚pIƒ LSn∏n®Xn\ptijwHmkntemkvtIm∏n¬ ¢n°p sNbvXvXcwKßsf \nco£n°pI. k¿°o´v Xbm-dm°n AXns\ NnX-ambn tkhv sNøp-I.
Xmsg∏dbp∂ am‰ßƒ Cuk¿°o´n¬ hcpØn \nco£W߃Ipdn®pshbv°pat√m.
♦ Hcp UtbmUv Cu k¿°o´n¬ UtbmUvF∂v ASbmfs∏SpØnbncn°p∂`mKØv _‘n∏n®v XcwKßfn¬
NnXw 9.12
NnXw 9.14
NnXw 9.13
D≠mhp∂ am‰w \nco£n°pI.
♦ AtX UtbmUns\ FXn¿ Znibn¬LSn∏n®v XcwKßfn¬ D≠mhp∂ am‰w\nco£n°pI.
♦ e`n® XcwKßsf ASnÿm\am°nUtbmUv LSn∏n®t∏mƒ D≠mb am‰wlm^v thhv sdŒn^nt°j\mtWmF∂p N¿®sNøpI.
♦ Cu k¿°o-´ns\ FIvkvt]m¿´v sNbvXvNnX-am°n kq£n-°p-I.
]h¿Ø\w 2
NnXØn¬ \¬Inbncn°p∂Xpt]mse Hcp k¿°o´ v Xbmdm°pI.HmkntemkvtIm∏v ]cntim[n®v AXn¬e`n°p∂ Km^ns\ ASnÿm\am°n pƒthhv sdŒn^nt°js\°pdn®v Hcp Ipdn∏vXbmdm°pI. k¿°o-´ns\ FIvkvt]m¿´vsNbvXv Hcp NnX-am-°p-I.
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
106
Ce-IvtSm-WnIv k¿°o-´p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-∂Xpw Ahsb NnX-ß-fm-°p-∂-Xp-sams° a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. C-Xp-t]mse\mw ]Tn-®n-´p≈ k¿°o-´p-Iƒ Xbm-dm°nAh-bpsS ]h¿Ø\£aX \nco-£n-°p-I.Hcp Ce-IvSnIv ˛ Ce-IvtSm-WnIv k¿°o´vXbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv AXv icn-bmb coXn-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-°ptam F∂v Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v sI -sSIv em_n¬ k¿°o v Xbm-dm°n]co-£n-®p-t\m-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. k¿°o-´nseHmtcm Itºm-W‚n-s‚bpw hne-I-fn¬hyXymkw hcpØptºmƒ k¿°o-´ns‚]h¿Ø-\-£-a-X-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-w sI˛-sSIv em_v D]-tbm-Kn-°mw.
hrØßfpw ]mt‰WpIfpw
Hcp sh_vssk‰v \n¿an°p∂XvFßs\ F∂p \mw Ign™ A[ymbØn¬a\ nem°nbt√m. \map≠m°p∂sh_vssk‰pIfn¬ ]et∏mgpw KWnX\n¿anXnIƒ IqSn Dƒs°m≈nt°≠nhcpw.PntbmPn_bn¬ KWnX \n¿anXnIƒXbmdm°m≥ \mw ap≥]p ioen®n´pap≠v.Cßs\ Xbmdm°p∂ \n¿anXnIƒ Hcpsh_vt]Pn¬ Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xv Fßs\bmWv F∂pIqSn \ap°v ]cntim[n°mw.
sh_v t]Pn¬ Dƒs∏SpØp∂Xn\mbn\aps°mcp KWnX \n¿anXn Xbmdm°mw.AXn\mbn Hcp A¿[ hrØw (Semi Circle)hcbv°pI. hrØw hcbv°∂Xn\p≈ Sqƒsk‰v ]cntim[n®p t\m°n BhiyambSqƒ Is≠ØpI.
\mw hc® A¿[ hrØØn¬FhnsSsb¶nepw Hcp _nµp ASbmf
s∏SpØpI. C\n Cu _nµphns\ A¿[hrØw \n¿an°m\p]tbmKn® c≠p AK_nµp°fpambn tbmPn∏n®p t\m°q?Ct∏mƒ D≠mbncn°p∂ tImWns‚ AfhvF¥mWv?
hrØØn¬ as‰mcp _nµp ASbmfs∏SpØn CtX coXnbn¬ tIm¨\n¿an®mtem? F¥v Afhmbncn°pwe`n°pI? ho≠pw Hcp _nµp IqSn?
F¥mWv \ΩpsS \nco-£Ww?
..........................................................................................
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\mw \nco£n® PymanXob ]tXyIXA¿[ hrØØnse F√m _nµp°ƒ°pw_m[IamtWm? CXv Fßs\]cntim[n°mw? A¿[ hrØØnse Hmtcm_nµphnepap≈ tImWpIƒ ]tXyIw hc®v]cntim[nt°≠n hcpw. F∂m¬PntbmPn_ PmeIØnse BZy Sqƒsk‰n¬ \n∂pw move Sqƒ FSpØv tIm¨ASbmfs∏SpØnbncn°p∂ _nµphns\\o°n t\m°q. F√m _nµp°fnepw tIm¨hcbv°msXXs∂ Cu PymanXob]tXyIX a\ nemhp∂nt√?
]h¿Ø\w 3
C\n, A¿[ hrØa√mØ HcpNm]amsW¶ntem? NnXw hc®v \nco£n°pI.
]h¿Ø\w 4
Hcp hrØw hcbv°pI. (tool: Circlewith center and radius). hrØØn¬ aq∂p_nµp°ƒ ASbmfs∏SpØWw. \mw apºpI≠Xpt]mse Xs∂ _nµp°sf tbmPn∏n®m¬ e`n°p∂ Dƒt°m¨ Af°pIbpwthWw. (NnXw 9.16 t\m°pI).
C\n hrØØn\IØv Hcp _nµpASbmfs∏SpØpI. tImWns‚ c≠pAK_nµp°sfbpw Cu _nµphpambn
NnXw 9.15
temIw ssI°pºnfn¬
107
tbmPn∏n°pI. Ct∏mƒ e`n°p∂ tImWpwAf°Ww.
Ct∏mƒ \mw I≠ Cu c≠ptImWfhpIfpw XΩn¬ F¥p _‘amWvD≈Xv? hrØØn\IsØ _nµp \o°nhrØtIµhpambn tN¿Øm¬ F¥mWvtImWfhpIƒ°v kw`hn°p∂Xv?
\n¿anXn tkhp sNøm≥ ad∂n´n√t√m? F¥mWv ^bens‚ X\Xpt^m¿am‰v?
KWnX ]mt‰WpIfpw PntbmPn_bpw
KWnX cq]ßfp]tbmKn®v ]mt‰WpIƒ \n¿an®n´pt≠m? PntbmPn_D]tbmKn®v CØcØnep≈ at\mlcamb]mt‰WpIfpw \n¿an°m≥ km[n°pw.Xmsgbp≈ DZmlcWw t\m°pI.
♦ Hcp hcbp≠m°n AXn¬ Hcp _nµpASbmfs∏SpØpI.
♦ C\n Hcp ss…U¿ \n¿an°mw.ss…Udns‚ hne 0 apX¬ 5hscbmIs´.
♦ hcbnep≈ _nµp tIµhpw,ss…Udp]tbmKn®v \nb¥n°mhp∂Bchpap≈ Hcp hrØw hcbv°pI.
♦ Cu hrØw hcbpambn k‘n°p∂_nµp°fpw ASbmfs∏SpØWw. Tool:Intersect two objects.
NnXw 9.17
NnXw 9.16
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
108
♦ Ct∏mƒ \mw \n¿an® c≠p kwKa_nµp°fpw tIµam°n, \Sphnse_nµphneqsS IS∂pt]mIp∂ a‰p c≠phrØ߃ IqSn \n¿an°pI. NnXw 9.17t\m°pI.
♦ ]pXnb hrØßfn¬ heXp aukv _´≥¢n°p sNbvXp In´p∂ sa\phn¬ \n∂pwTrace On F∂Xv ]h¿Øn∏n°pI.
C\n ss…U¿ \o°n t\m°q.F¥mWv e`n°p∂Xv? ss…Udns‚A\ntaj≥ IqSn ]h¿Øn∏n®mtem?Bhiysa¶n¬ BZy hrØw ad®phbv°pIbpw sNømw.
]h¿Ø\w 5
NnXw 9.18 ¬ sImSpØncn°p∂]mt‰¨ t\m°q. Fßs\bmWnXv\n¿an°pI? Nne kqN\Iƒ XmsgsImSpØncn°p∂p.
♦ XeØn¬ c≠p _nµp°ƒ ASbmfs∏SpØpI. (A, B F∂nhbmsW∂ncn°s´).
♦ A F∂ _nµphn¬ ss…U¿D]tbmKn®v \nb¥n°mhp∂ HcptIm¨ \n¿an°Ww. ss…Udn¬
C≥Insa‚ v 5o Bbn IaoIcn°p∂Xv\√Xmbncn°pw.
♦ tIm¨ \n¿an°s∏Sptºmƒ e`n°p∂_nµp tIµambn, A bn¬ IqSn IS∂pt]mIØ°hn[w Hcp hrØwhcbv°Ww. ss…U¿ \o°ptºmgp≈hrØØns‚ Trace ASbmfs∏SpØpIbpw thWw.
C\n ss…U¿ ]Xps° \o°n t\m°q.hrØw A bn¬ IqSn IS∂p t]mIp∂Xn\p]Icw B bn¬ IqSn IS∂p t]mIp∂Xmbnhc®mtem? as‰mcp ]mt‰Wmbncn°pwe`n°pI. F¥mWv Cu cq]Øns‚ t]cvF∂p I≠p]nSn°mtam?
NnXw 9.18
PntbmPn_bpw Uq]¬ I≠‚v amt\Pvsa‚v tkm v‰vshbdpw
Pmhm t]mKmanßv kwhn[m\ßfp]tbmKn®mWv PntbmPn_ ]h¿Øn°p∂Xv.AXn\m¬ Xs∂ Pmhm t]mKmapIfn¬ Xbmdm°nb A]vse‰pIsf ]n¥pW°p∂Uq]¬ t]mep≈ I≠‚ v amt\Pvsa‚ v tkm^v‰vshbdpIfn¬ NnXw 9.22 ¬ImWn®ncn°p∂ jar ^bepIfpw A]vse‰pIfpsS IqsSbp≠mIWsa∂n√. ]Icw\n¿anXnbpsS t]mKmwtImUpIƒ amXw ]I¿ØnsbSpØm¬ aXnbmIpw.tImUpIƒ ]I¿ØnsbSp°m≥ Xmsg NnXØnep≈ coXn D]tbmKn°mw.
(File: html F∂Xn\p ]IcambnClipboard: html F∂m°n Clip-board tes°SpØv Uq]ente°v ]I¿Ømw). NnXw 9.19
temIw ssI°pºnfn¬
109
PntbmPn_ A]vse‰pIƒ
PntbmPn_ tkm^v‰ vshbdn¬Xbmdm°p∂ \n¿anXnIƒ tkhp sNøp∂X\Xp b¬ t^m¿am‰v .ggb F∂msW∂pI≠t√m. ]t£, sh_vssk‰n¬tN¿°p∂Xn\v Cu \n¿anXnsb Hcp sh_vt]Pnte°v Dƒs∏SpØmhp∂ coXnbn¬.html ^b¬ t^m¿am‰nte°v am‰Ww. Cu
NnXw 9.20
NnXw 9.21
am‰w hcptºmƒ PntbmPn_bn¬ apºve`yambncp∂ kuIcy߃ H∂pw\„s∏SpIbpw sNøcpXv. Hcp ^bens\AXns‚ X\Xp t^m¿am‰√mØas‰m∂nte°v am‰p∂Xns\ FIvkvt]m¿´vsNøpI F∂mWt√m ]dbp∂Xv. AXmbXv\ΩpsS \n¿anXnsb .html BbnFIvkvt]m¿´ v sNøWw. XmsgsImSpØncn°p∂ NnXw t\m°pI.
hnhchn\nab kmt¶XnIhnZy
110
XpS¿ ]-h¿Ø-\-߃
♦ F√m \£-X-߃°pw Htc \nd-amtWm?Xncp -hm -Xnc \£-X-Øns‚ \ndwF¥mWv? tcmln-Wn (Aldebaran) doK¬( rigel), kv]nIm (Spica), tNmXn(arcturus), Xncp-hm-Xn-c (Betelgeuse)XpS-ßnb \£-X-ßsf Is≠Øn
(File → Export → Dynamic worksheet aswebpage).
XpS¿∂v PntbmPn_bpsS Fs¥√mwkwhn[m\߃ IqSn sh_v t]Pmbn \ap°vthWw F∂p IqSn Xocpam\n°Ww.
♦ sh_v t]Pn¬ \n¿anXnbpsS XmsgbpwapIfnepw hniZoIcW߃ FgpXWsa¶n¬ AXv General Sm_n¬ FgpXntN¿°mw (NnXw 9.21)
♦ Advanced Sm_n¬ \ΩpsS \n¿anXn°vA\pkcn®p≈ \ofhpw hoXnbpw a‰pk÷oIcWßfpw sk‰p sNøWw.
^b¬ FIvkvt]m¿´p sNømw.
Cßs\ PntbmPn_bn¬ Xbmdm°nsh_vt]Pnte°v FIvkvt]m¿´v sNbvsX
NnXw 9.22
Sp°p∂ Hcp \n¿anXnsbbmWv PntbmPn_A]vse‰v F∂p hnfn°p∂Xv. PntbmPn_bn¬ \n¿an® Nne ^bepIfpw ChFIvkvt]m¿´p sNbvXt∏mƒ e`n®A]vse‰pIƒ ASßnb sh_v t]PpIfpw,klmbI jar bepIfpw Hcp t^mƒUdn¬IaoIcn®XmWv NnXØn¬ (NnXw 9.22).C\n \nßfpsS sh_vssk‰ns‚ tlmwt]Pn¬ \n∂pw Cu t]PpIfnte°vssl∏¿ en¶pIƒ sImSp°mw.
temIw ssI°pºnfn¬
111
Ahsb \nd-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
♦ semt°-j≥ tIm´bw Bbn Iao-I-cn-°p-I. Znhkw 8/11/2189 Bbpw kabw16.45.54 Bbpw Iao-I-cn-°p-I. KlWw\nco-£n-°p-I. kqcy-\n-te°v zoomsNøp-I. ka-b-\n-c°v hyXym-k-s∏-
SpØn Kl-W-Øns‚ hnhn[ Zriy-߃\nco-£n-°p-I. semt°-j≥ I\ym-Ip-am-cn-bn¬ sk‰v sNøp-I. kqcy-\n-te°vzoom sNbvXv kqcy-K-lWw \nco-£n-°p-I. Kl-߃ Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v Is≠ØpI.