ICM- Marine Team Assessment frameworks beyond 2012 MSFD requirements and Slovenian experience

1

ICM- Marine TeamICM- Marine Team

Assessment frameworks beyond 2012

MSFD requirements and Slovenian experience

Prepared by: Monika Peterlin (IWRS)Prepared by: Monika Peterlin (IWRS)

Marine team meetingMarine team meetingOctober 2012, CopenhagenOctober 2012, Copenhagen

2

Background

MS reporting based on MSFD requirements in 2012

Reporting overview (Art.8,9 and 10):

European Commission. July 2012. Guidance for 2012 reporting under the Marine Strategy Framework Directive, using the MSFD database tool. Version 1.0. DG Environment, Brussels. pp164.

2012 reporting includes:

1. Initial assessment

2. GES

3. Targets

Basis – geographic boundaries;

Work in countries – actively going on since 2008

Event/ date: MTM, 15.-16.10.2012Author: Monika Peterlin (IWRS), Marine Team

3

Initial assessmentInitial assessment conceptconcept


4

MSFD reporting 2012 - 1

1. Initial Assessment

• Characteristics (Physical, Habitats, Functional groups, Species, Ecosystems and Non-indigenous species (inventory) )

• Pressures and impacts• Physical loss• Physical damage• Underwater noise• Marine litter• Hydrology• Contaminants• Acute pollution events• Microbial pathogens• Non-indigenous species• Fishing (and other selective extraction)• Acidification

• Economic and Social aspects (Marine activities, ES, CD)


5

GESGES (art.9) (art.9) and Targets (art.10)and Targets (art.10)


6

MSFD reporting 2012 - 2Qualitative descriptors for determining GES (Annex I), basis for target

setting

• Descriptor 1: Biological diversity • Descriptor 2: Non-indigenous species • Descriptor 3: Population of commercial fish / shell fish • Descriptor 4: Elements of marine food webs • Descriptor 5: Eutrophication • Descriptor 6: Sea floor integrity • Descriptor 7: Alteration of hydrographical conditions • Descriptor 8: Contaminants • Descriptor 9: Contaminants in fish and seafood for human consumption • Descriptor 10: Marine litter • Descriptor 11: Introduction of energy, including underwater noise

=

56 criteria, many more indicators


7

Basis - relevant legislation:• EU level: Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD,

2008/56/EC) and other legislation• MAP/Barcelona Convention and its Protocols (ECAP)

Sub-regional activities – Adriatic and Ionian Sea countries

Regional – Mediterranean, Barcelona convention

Several expert institutions involved:Authors of 2012 reports for Slovenia:• Intitute for water of the Republic of Slovenia (Lead): M. Peterlin (Lead), U. Bremec, M. Centa,

B. Bruderman, L. Gosar, M. Kramar, T. Mohorko, A. Palatinus, Š. Petelin, M. Peterlin, G. Urbanič

• Marine Biology station Piran: M. Orlando Bonaca (Lead), L. Lipej, A. Malej, J. Francé, B. Čermelj, O. Bajt, N. Kovač, B. Mavrič, V. Turk, P. Mozetič, A. Ramšak, T. Kogovšek, M. Šiško, V. Flander Putrle, M. Grego, T. Tinta, B. Petelin, M. Vodopivec, M. Jeromel, U. Martinčič , V. Malačič,

• Fisheries Research Institute of Slovenia: B. Marčeta (Lead), P. Pengal• Institute of Occupational Safety: F. Deželak (Lead), J. Jenko

MSFD process in Slovenia

Foto: UNIC-SUB, L. Fonda

Foto: OMEGA STUDIO, A. Primčič




8

Relevant geographic units for the assessmentNational

Sub-reginal and regional

Fisheries speciffic regions Fisheries speciffic regions (GFCM)(GFCM)

Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia


9

Content

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FEATURES

HABITATS – predominant, special (protected)

BIOLOGICAL FEATURES – biological communities associated to predominant habitats, species composition, biomass, population dynamics…., alien species

OTHER FEATURES - contaminants

Initial assessment - Characteristics


Annex III, Table 1


10


Data availability - phy-chem, trends (SI)Data availability - phy-chem, trends (SI)

Data availability Trends

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL FEATURES

Topography and bathymetry of the seabed Ok /

Temperature regime Ok Increasing temp.

Current velocity and wave exposure Insufficient Not determined

Upwelling Insufficient Not determined

Waves (height) and sea level Ok Increasing w. and sl

Mixing characteristics Insufficient Not determined

Transparency Ok High variability

Residence time Insufficient Not determined

Salinity Ok Stabile

Acidification Not assessed x

11


Habitats, biological features assessment (SI)Habitats, biological features assessment (SI)Habitats, species, functional groups-Segrasses, macroalgae, macroinv. (WFD) status, trends, high confidence

- Fish, sea birds (new) status, NO trends known, low confidence

- Mammals, cartilaginous spec., reptilesstatus not assessed (needs larger geographical coverage)

Zooplankton and phytoplankton (WFD)status, trends, medium confidnce

Problem – high variability

12

Environmental status

Trend Level of confidence

CRITERIA 1.4 Habitat distributionIndicator 1.4.1 Distributional rangeBiocoenosis of the upper and of the lower mediolittoral

rocksgood decreasing medium

Biocoenosis of the mediolittoral detritic bottom decreasing mediumInfralittoral and circalittoral rocky bottom stable mediumInfralittoral and circalittoral detritic bottom stable medium

Habitat types in water column stable mediumIndicator 1.4.2 Distributional pattern ney ney neyCRITERIA 1.5 Habitat extentIndicator 1.5.1 Habitat areaBiocoenosis of the upper and of the lower mediolittoral

rocksdecreasing medium

Biocoenosis of the mediolittoral detritic bottom decreasing mediumInfralittoral and circalittoral rocky botom stable mediumInfralittoral and circalittoral detritic botom stable medium

Habitat types in water column stable mediumCRITERIA 1.6 Habitat conditionIndicator 1.6.1 Condition of the typical species and communities

good decreasing medium

All properties are linked to GES descriptorsAll properties are linked to GES descriptorsExample D 1: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYExample D 1: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

Habitat level Habitat level

ney ….not evaluated yet

13




CRITERIA 1.1 Species distributionIndicator 1.1.1 Distributional range

Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) ney ney ney

Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) ney ney ney

Yellow – legged gull (Larus michahellis) good stable mediumCommon tern (Sterna hirundo) good slightly

increasing trend

medium

Little tern (Sternula albifrons) good stable mediumIndicator 1.1.2 Distributional pattern within the latter, where appropriateIndicator 1.1.3 Area covered by the species (for sessile/benthic species)

Mediterranean stony coral (Cladocora caespitosa) ney ney neyNeptune (Poseidon) seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) good decreasing

(Increasing trend in last years)

medium

Little Neptune seagrass (Cymodocea nodosa) good decreasing mediumPen shell (Pinna nobilis) ney ney low

CRITERIA 1.2 Population sizeIndicator 1.2.1 Population abudance and/or biomass, as appropriate

Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) ney ney neyLoggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) ney ney neyYellow – legged gull (Larus michahellis) good Ney - high

oscillationmedium

Common tern (Sterna hirundo) good increasing trend

medium

Little tern (Sternula albifrons) good increasing trend

medium

CRITERIA 1.3 Population conditionIndicator 1.3.1 Population demographic characteristic (e.g. body size or age class structure, sex ratio, fecundity rates, survival/mortality rates)

ney ney ney

Indicator 1.3.2 Population genetic structure, where appropriate ney ney ney

D1: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY - Species and population level D1: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY - Species and population level

14

Example: mass occurrence of zooplankton

From left up to bottom right: Aurelia aurita (foto: V. Bernetič), Chrysaora hysoscella (foto: T. Makovec); Cotylorhiza tuberculata (foto: T. Makovec); spodaj levo Rhizostoma pulmo (foto: V. Bernetič) in spodaj desno Pelagia noctiluca (foto: T. Makovec).

National institute for biology - Marine biology station, PiranMuggiaea atlantica – alien, potentially invasive, not confirmed

Data availability: last 200 years

-In the period 1875-1922, peak 1908-1915; mass occurrence every 8-12 years- After 1970 mass occurrence every <8 years - After 2000: Aurelia in Rhizostoma mass occurrence almost every year

Reasons for increase in mass occurence frequency:-Increase in constructed structures in coastal areea and platforms (reproduction)-Overfishing (empty pelagial habitat)-Climate change (temperature rise)

15

Content

PHYSICAL LOSS OF NATURAL AREAS IN COASTAL ZONE

PHYSICAL DAMAGE OF SEAFLOOR

UNDERWATER NOISE

MARINE LITTER

CONTAMINATION – priority substances

CONTAMINATION – specific pollutants

NURIENT AND ORGANIC MATTER ENRICHMENT

BIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE

Innitial assessment - Pressures and impactsInnitial assessment - Pressures and impacts

Annex III, Table 2

16

34%

Industry and major ports 21%

Marinas - 10%

Urban areas - 5%

Urban areas (tourism) - 31%

Areas of cultural heritage - 10%

% of coastal length

Areas with no constructions

Physical loss (coastal zone)Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia

17

Summary of impacts and evaluation of status

• Loss of natural habitats

• Loss of areas for nesting birds in the coastal area

• Disturbance of migratory ways between land/sea (tortoise)

• Fragmentation of natural living environment to the areas insufficient for survival

• Change in sediment and silt transportation > change of habitats

• Habitat extent of biocenosis in mediolittoral is getting smaller

• Status of habitat types in infralittoral is deteriorating

• Presence of jellyfish in the last 10 years is increasing

Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Physical loss (coastal zone)

Results

18

Physical damagePhysical damage

• Impacts on habitats - not evaluated

• Data: spatial distribution of pressures

Expected pressures identified based on expert opinion:

•Impact on the sea bed (commercial fishing nests, mussels collection)

• Rearrangement of sediment (anchoring of feeder ships),

• Channels dredging on sandy or muddy bottom (anchoring of tourist boats),

• Resuspension of sediments (shipping, boating, commercial fishing with bottom trawling nests),

• Overthrowing of rocks (large vessels anchoring)

Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Physical damage

19

Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Physical damage

20

Underwater noiseUnderwater noise

UDERWATERNOISE

Fisheries

Marine traffic

Motor boatsMilitary vessels

ConstructionExploration of thes ea bottom

Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Underwater noise

•Impulsive noise (general sources: pile driving, seismic survey, explosions)

•Continuous noise (shipping activity, dredging)

First measurements in the Slovenian sea of continuous low frequency sound, results:

• Spreads over 10 km far < UW noisein the area is more expressed due to echo and (bathimetry, characteristics of seabed).

•Noise range of 127 – 137 dB > relatively high levels with possible effects on marine organisms.

•Boats and ships are main sources of underwater noise.

•Especially problematic recreational boats!

21

Possible impacts (marine mammals)

•Behavioural changes,

•Changes in perception (difficult or impossible interspecies communication),

•Temporal or permanent hearing treshold shifts,

•Physical injuries (hematoma, internal bleeding, respiratory system and swim bladders injuries, ...).

• no data on underwater noise impacts on marine biota for the Slovenian sea used in 2012 IA

Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Underwater noise

22

Marine litterMarine litter

foto: M. Kramar

foto: A. Palatinusfoto: A. Palatinus

Data availability in 2012:- beach litter (good coverage), - floating litter and microplastic (floating and in beach sediment) – test data; - data on litter ingestion - Caretta caretta (literature).

• It is estimated that most marine litter end up on the ocean floor (75%) • 15% are found floating in the water column and on the sea surface • 15% are found on the beach.

Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Marine litter

23

Beach litter resultsInstitute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Marine litter

24

Contamination by priority and priority hazardous substances

Inputs :

Emissions from industry

Pesticides from agriculture

Substances in antifouling paints

Storm water runoff

Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Contamination by PS

Major gap – transboundary pollution and atmospheric deposition not addressedSupport of EMODNET network would be helpfull

25


Pesticides from agriculture

Substances in antifouling paints

Storm water runoff

10 years data series from national emission monitoring No. of industrial plant that produce waste waters with PS and PHS is

Analysis on pesticides sold in the area. Includes data on pesticides adsorption and absorption by plants. Correlation with the concentrations of pesticides in the running waters.

Inventory of outflows location of storm water runoffs

(?) In the stage of investigative monitoring

Contamination by priority substances Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia

26

Analisys of PS concentrations in seawater, sediment and mussels Mytilus

galloprovincialis.

• organotin compounds - Tributyltin compounds (TBT),

• Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and

• different metals (cadmium, nickel, lead, mercury)

• TBT exceeded QS for the concentrations in seawater > bad chemical status

> hypotesis: TBT is still in used and released (TBT to DBT half-time is very short)

• Resultes of TBT concentrations in sediment show the highest concentrations in marinas.


Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Contamination by PS

TBT was banned from antifouling paints since 2003 for ships of 400 gross tonage and above or ships of 24m or more

27

Contamination

with specific synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants

Inputs:

Illegal dump sites

Incidental spills

http://www.pd-vrhnika.si/coppermine/displayimage.php?album=29&pos=3http://24ur.com/novice/slovenija/izlitje-nafte-v-kopru.html


Pesticides from

agriculture

Storm water runoff


Contamination by synthetic and non-synthetic pollutants

28

Trends of several pollutants are stable. Trends of some pollutants are decreasing.

Example: Emissions from industry



29

• concentrations of SP and NSP in seawater, sediment and mussels are below QS - good status evaluated


Analysis of SP and NSP concentrations in seawater, sediment and mussels

Mytilus galloprovincialis.

• PCB,

• different metals (antimony, arsenic, zinc, copper, cobalt, molybdenum,

chromium, selenium)

• organic pollutants (pesticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, …)



Major gap – transboundary pollution and atmospheric deposition not addressed

30

Nutrient and organic matter enrichment

Inputs:

Dispersed settlements

Mariculture Agriculture Waste water treatment plants Load from

major rivers in N Adriatic

http://www.rtvslo.si/okolje/zaloska-cistilna-naprava-deluje/

http://www.obala.com/SKRIVNOSTI_SLOVENSKEGA_MORJA/izliv_soce.html


Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Nutrient and organic enrichment

31

General trend – decreasing nutrients input due to: • restriction of phosphate used in detergents in late 80-ies,

• construction of WWTPs – for WWTPs on Slovenian coast in last 10 years, is evident decreasing trend of nitrogen substances in discharges

• strong link between impacts and riverine inflow• flow rate of rivers in the last 10 years is getting lower


It reflects in decreasing eutrophication of Gulf of Trieste (link to chl a)

32

For evaluation of nutrient and organic matter enrichment different criteria were chosen and upgraded.

• concentration of chlorophyll a, • changes in species composition of phytoplankton community • concentration of nutrients in water column • number of opportunistic macroalgae, • Posidonia Oceanica meadow

• Good environmental status – on the basis of current data and knowledge



33

Biological disturbance

Introduction of microbial pathogens

Non-indigenous species

Selective extraction of species

Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Biological disturbance

34

Selective extraction of species

Major fishing pressure on 50 – 75 % of fishing area in slovenian territory.

Landings reach its major peak in 1983 (7.916 tonn) due to new fishing gear - pelagic trawl. It the early 90-es the landings start to decrease and in the 2008 reach its minimum (694 tonn).

Reason: decrease of stocks, especially:• european pilchard (Sardina pilchardus) and• anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus)

Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Selective extraction of species

Major gap – only 3 of cca 80 fish stocks assessed

35

Pressure Env. status

Trend Classcombined

PHYSICAL LOSS OF COASTAL ZONE

deterioration 2

PHYSICAL DAMAGE deterioration 5

UNDERWATER NOISE ney unkown n.a.

MARINE LITTER stable 1

CONTAMINATION – priority substances

stable 4

CONTAMINATION – specific pollutants

stable 1

NURIENT AND ORGANIC MATTER ENRICHMENT

improvement 1

BIOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE unknown 5

Institute for Water of the Republic of Slovenia Overview pressures and impacts

Example

36

Challengeof

GES

NEWDev.

NEWNot dev.

Partial

Partial

Finished

Partial

Partial

Missing

Missing

Missing

Partial

37

Methods available ~45% indicators; Partiall develoment ~30 %; Missing ~25%

Estimation:

Comment: 1 indicators can still include several elements/parameters

Methods availability for monitoring (2012) Methods availability for monitoring (2012)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

D1: Biological diversity

D2: Non-indigenous species

D3: Population of commercial fish / shell fish

D4: Elements of marine food webs

D5: Eutrophication

D6: Sea floor integrity

D7: Alteration of hydrographical conditions

D8: Contaminants

D9: Contaminants in fish and seafood

D10: Marine litter

D11: Introduction of energy, underwater noise

Monitoring Indicators under development Missing indicatorsNo. of indicators


38

Descriptor 4: Descriptor 4: ELEMENTS OF THE MARINE FOOD WEBSELEMENTS OF THE MARINE FOOD WEBS



CRITERIA 4.1 Productivity (production per unit biomass) of key species or trophic groups

Indicator 4.1.1 Performance of key predator species using their production per units biomass (productivity)

ney ney ney

CRITERIA 4.2 Proportion of selected species at the top of food webs

Indicator 4.2.1 Large fish (by weight) ney ney ney

CRITERIA 4.3 Abundance/distribution of key trophic groups/species

Indicator 4.3.1 Abundance trends of functionally important selected group/species: mesozooplankton

good stable high

Indicator 4.3.1 Abundance trends of functionally important selected group/species: jellyfish (Aurelia sp.)

less than good

increasing medium


39



CRITERIA 6.1 Physical damage, having regard to substrate characteristicsIndicator 6.1.1 Type, abundance, biomass and areal extent of relevant biogenic substrate

ney ney ney

Indicator 6.1.2 Extent of the seabed significantly affected by human activities for the different substrate types

bad ney low

CRITERIA 6.2 Condition of benthic communityIndicator 6.2.1 Presence of particularly sensitive and/or tolerant species

ney ney ney

Indicator 6.2.2 Multi-metric indexes assesing benthic community condition and functionality, such as species diversity and richness, proportion of opportunistic to sensitive speciesMacroinvertebrates of soft detritic bottom in depth range 7-

10 mgood ney medium

Macroinvertebrates of soft detritic bottom in circalittoral ney ney neyMacroinvertebrates of rocky bottom in mediolittoral and upper

infralittoral till depth of 2mney ney ney

Macroinvertebrates of soft detritic bottom in mediolittoral and upper infralittoral till depth of 2m

ney ney Ney

Macroalga in the upper infralittoral good ney mediummeadows of Little Neptune seagrass (Cymodocea nodosa) good ney medium

meadow of Neptune (Poseidon) seagrass (Posidonia oceanica ) good ney mediumIndicator 6.2.3 Proportion of biomass or number of individuals in the macrobenthos above some specified lenght/size

ney ney ney

Indicator 6.2.4 Parameters describing the characteristics (shape, slope and intercept) of the size spectrum of the benthic community

ney ney ney

Descriptor 6:Descriptor 6: SEA-FLOOR INTEGRITY SEA-FLOOR INTEGRITY


40

Descriptor 8:Descriptor 8: CONCENTRATION OF CONTAMINANTS CONCENTRATION OF CONTAMINANTSEnvironmental status


CRITERIA 8.1 Concentration of contaminants Indicator 8.1.1 concentration of the contaminants mentioned above, measured in the relevant matrix (such as biota, sediment and water) in a way that ensures comparability with the assesments under Directive 2000/60/EC

bad decreasing medium

CRITERIA 8.2 Effects of contaminantsIndicator 8.2.1 Levels of pollution effects on the ecosystem components concerned, having regard to the selected biological processes and taxonomic groups where a cause/effect relationship has been established and needs to be monitored

Partly evaluated

ney medium

Indicator 8.2.2 Occurrence, origin (where possible), extent of significant acute pollution events (e.g. slicks from oil and oil products) and their impact on biota physically affected by this pollution

Till now no acute contamination



CRITERIA 9.1 Levels, number and frequency of contaminants

Indicator 9.1.1 Actual levels of contaminants that have been detected and number of contaminants which have exceeded maximum regulatory levels

good ney low

Indicator 9.1.2 Frequency of regulatory levels being exceeded ney ney ney

Descriptor 9:Descriptor 9: CONTAMINANTS IN FISH AND OTHER SEAFOOD CONTAMINANTS IN FISH AND OTHER SEAFOOD


41

Links: sectors / PI and descriptors; different geographical levels

Descriptor (D2) Alien species

(D3) Fisher ies (D6) Seafloor integrity

(D5) Eutrophication

(D8) Contamination by HS, (D9) Pollutants in seafood

(D6) Seafloor integrity

(D10) Marine litter

(D11) Underwater noise

Sectors Pressures and imp.

Unit MAD-SI

Alien species

Commercially exploited fish

Nutrients, organic matter enrichment

Contamination -non synthetic

Contamination – synthetic

Incidental releases

Physical loss

Physical damage

Marine litter

Underwater noise

Marine traffic

MS-1 X X X X X

Fisheries MS-1 X X X Tourism AA-11 X X X X X Mariculture AA-111 X X X Ports AA-111 X X X X X Urbanisation

AA-111 X X X

Agriculture AA-111 X X Industry AA-111 X X X Other AA-111 X X Defence AA-111 X Salt extraction

AA-1113, and 1114


42

Links: sectors / PI and descriptors; different geographical levels



(D5) Eutrophication



(D10) Marine litter



Unit MAD-SI

Alien species





Incidental releases

Physical loss

Physical damage

Marine litter

Underwater noise

Marine traffic

MS-1 X X X X X

Fisheries MS-1 X X X

Tourism AA-11 X X X X X

Mariculture AA-111 X X X

Ports AA-111 X X X X X

Urbanisation

AA-111 X X X

Agriculture AA-111 X X

Industry AA-111 X X X

Other AA-111 X X Defence AA-111 X Salt extraction

AA-1113, and 1114


43

Links: sectors / PI and descriptors; relevant assessment areas



(D5) Eutrophication



(D10) Marine litter



Unit MAD-SI

Alien species





Incidental releases

Physical loss

Physical damage

Marine litter

Underwater noise

Marine traffic

MS-1 X X X X X

Fisheries MS-1 X X X Tourism AA-11 X X X X X Mariculture AA-111 X X X Ports AA-111 X X X X X Urbanisation

AA-111 X X X

Agriculture AA-111 X X Industry AA-111 X X X Other AA-111 X X Defence AA-111 X Salt extraction

AA-1113, and 1114


44

MAIN GAPS IDENTIFIED IN SI

• Several methods for monitoring missing, problems in setting limit values (no reference conditions)

• Data – many missing or having low geographical coverage• Short time series for many elements• Regional cooperation on expert level started late, regional

coordination not finished• Transboundary pollution - not assessed• Atmospheric deposition - not assessed• Data on pressures from marine sectors not always complete• Links to pressures not always clear, are difficult to extract due to

multiple stressors• Overall - low confidence in results


45

Thank you for your attention

Foto: UNIC-SUB, L. Fonda




ICM- Marine Team Assessment frameworks beyond 2012 MSFD requirements and Slovenian experience

Documents

Transcript of ICM- Marine Team Assessment frameworks beyond 2012 MSFD requirements and Slovenian experience