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COCOMO II/Chapter 3/Boehm et al. - 1 -

CHAPTER 3

APPLICATION EXAMPLES

3.1 Introd!t"on

Th"# !hapter pro$"de# a #et o% e&amp'e# de#"(ned to #ho) *o ho) to #e

the COCOMO II mode' to de$e'op e#t"mate#+ per%orm trade #td"e# and do other

#e%' )or, #t"%*"n( the pr!ha#e o% #o%t)are too'#+ per%orm"n( r"#, ana'*#"#+

et!.. The %"r#t e&amp'e pdate# the pro0'em #ed to "''#trate mode' %eatre# and

#a(e "n the or"("na' COCOMO te&t p0'"#hed "n 121 Boehm+ 1214. The

#e!ond e&amp'e pro$"de# an "n-depth 'oo, at the "##e# a##o!"ated )"th e#t"mat"n(

re#or!e# #"n( the COCOMO II mode' %or a rea'-t"me #en#or #*#tem. Both

e&amp'e# are #ed to "''#trate mode' #a(e "n the rema"n"n( !hapter# o% the 0oo,.

5 1-6777 8SC Center %or So%t)are En("neer"n(. A'' R"(ht# Re#er$ed 697767:.do!

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Both e&amp'e# are a'#o "n!'ded on the a!!ompan*"n( C; #o that *o !an

e&er!"#e the mode' to (enerate the re#'t# de#!r"0ed a# *o read the 0oo,.

3.6 Tran#a!t"on Pro!e##"n( S*#tem TPS O$er$"e)

Th"# #e!t"on de#!r"0e# a tran#a!t"on pro!e##"n( #*#tem that !an 0e #ed to

"ntera!t"$e'* pro!e## <er"e# and per%orm a $ar"et* o% #er %n!t"on# a!ro## a

net)or,. =e )"'' #e th"# e&amp'e to #ho) ho) to #e the COCOMO II mode'

to de$e'op e#t"mate# %or a $ar"et* o% prpo#e# !o#t the or"("na' #*#tem+ per%orm

tradeo%%#+ et!..

3.6.1 Tran#a!t"on Pro!e##"n( S*#tem TPS ;e#!r"pt"on

The TPS "# a !'"ent-#er$er #*#tem de$e'oped to a''o) #er# to a!!e##

"n%ormat"on o% "ntere#t %rom d"%%erent ho#t# a!ro## )"de0and !ommn"!at"on#

net)or,#. The d"#t"n("#h"n( %eatre# o% the TPS are>

Inpt tran#a!t"on# are (enerated 0* #er# on the"r !'"ent )or,#tat"on# at

n#pe!"%"ed npred"!ta0'e t"me#+

Inpt tran#a!t"on# are pro!e##ed 0* #er$er# a# <"!,'* a# po##"0'e )"th"n

re'at"$e'* #hort t"me per"od# ".e.+ t*p"!a''* (enerate #ome %orm o% re#pon#e "n

#e!ond#+


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8#er# ma* m't"-pro!e## a# the* )a"t %or tran#a!t"on# to 0e pro!e##ed ".e.+ do

other )or, on the"r )or,#tat"on# a# the* )a"t+ and

The amont o% pro!e##"n( "n$o'$ed "n a tran#a!t"on "# not 'ar(e.

The t*pe o% tran#a!t"on# 0e"n( pro!e##ed m"(ht "n$o'$e a"r'"ne

re#er$at"on#+ %"nan!"a' tran#a!t"on# e.(.+ #to!, pr!ha#e#+ a!!ont <er"e#+ '"0rar*

#ear!he#+ and/or remote data0a#e 0ro)#"n(. The te!hn"<e# #ed "n th"# 0oo, to

de$e'op and re%"ne e#t"mate# %or an e&amp'e TPS !o'd perta"n to an* #!h

#*#tem.

?"(re 3-1 "''#trate# the 0a#"! !on%"(rat"on o% the TPS )e )"'' #e a# or

e&amp'e. The 0a#"! node at *or #"te '"n,# %"%t* )or,#tat"on# $"a a Lo!a' Area

Net)or, LAN to a ma!h"ne )ho#e pr"mar* %n!t"on "# to a!t a# a %"'e #er$er.

Other node# that are (eo(raph"!a''* d"#per#ed !an 0e '"n,ed to(ether $"a a

pr"$ate'* o)ned Intranet a# e"ther !'"ent# or #er$er#. @o !an a'#o '"n, to the

Internet to (a"n a!!e## to other #er$er# a%ter pa##"n( thro(h a %"re)a''.

3.6.6 Tran#a!t"on Pro!e##"n( S*#tem TPS So%t)are ?n!t"on#

The #o%t)are %n!t"on# ha$e 0een a''o!ated to !'"ent#/#er$er# "n th"#

!on%"(rat"on a# #ho)n "n Ta0'e 3-1. Both !'"ent# and #er$er# are !onne!ted

to(ether $"a the net)or,. Tran#a!t"on# are !ommn"!ated to/%rom !'"ent# and


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COCOMO II/Chapter 3/Boehm et al. - -

#er$er# $"a the "ntra/"nternet "ntera!t"$e'*. The !'"ent )or,#tat"on re!o(n"e# the

<er*/!ommand and (enerate# a me##a(e to 0e #ent to the appropr"ate

!'"ent/#er$er %or a!t"on. The !ommn"!at"on# %n!t"on determ"ne# the appropr"ate

proto!o' and pa!,a(e# the me##a(e pr"or to "n"t"at"n( tran#m"##"on. Ser$er#

re#pond to !'"ent re<e#t# %or "n%ormat"on 0a#ed pon pre-e#ta0'"#hed proto!o'#

)"th a!,no)'ed(ement#. ?"'e# data+ m't"med"a+ et!. or app'et# o% "n%ormat"on

are tran#m"tted 0a!, #"n( pr"or"t"ed !on$ent"on# e.(.+ a!,no)'ed(e re!e"pt or

retran#m"t. C'"ent# ma* man"p'ate the data re!e"$ed to (enerate a $ar"et* o%

#er-de%"ned or pro(ramma0'e te&ta'/(raph"!a' report# #"n( a $ar"et* o%

#o%t)are app'"!at"on# de$e'oped %or that prpo#e. Report# !an 0e prede%"ned or

de$e'oped 0* the #er "ntera!t"$e'*. 8#er app'"!at"on# ma* 0e '"n,ed "nto the

pro!e## #"n( a $ar"et* o% too'# temp'ate#+ %rame)or,#+ et!. pro$"ded %or that

prpo#e. Both !'"ent and #er$er #*#tem# ha$e athent"!at"on and #e!r"t* !ontro'#

0"'t-"n to prote!t a(a"n#t nathor"ed a!!e##. Both #*#tem# per%orm

#*n!hron"at"on and #tat# mon"tor"n( %n!t"on# "n order to ma,e #re that

re<e#t# %or #er$"!e are hand'ed )"th"n appropr"ate t"me '"m"t#. B"'t-"n te#t

%n!t"on# are per%ormed to d"a(no#e pro0'em# and "#o'ate %a't# to the '"ne

rep'a!ea0'e n"t.

In#ert ?"(re 3.14


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In#ert Ta0'e 3.14

3.6.3 Tran#a!t"on Pro!e##"n( S*#tem TPS So%t)are ;e$e'opment

Or(an"at"on

The or(an"at"on de$e'op"n( #o%t)are %or the TPS "# $er* ta'ented and

pro(re##"$e. The* ha$e a *on(+ ed!ated and mot"$ated #ta%%. Mo#t o% the"r

pro(rammer# ha$e at 'ea#t %or *ear# o% e&per"en!e )"th !'"ent-#er$er app'"!at"on#

and are #,"''ed "n the #e o% the C/C pro(ramm"n( 'an(a(e and the r"!h

pro(ramm"n( en$"ronment *o ha$e pro$"ded them. Dett"n( e<"pment and

#o%t)are too'# %or *or #ta%% "# not a pro0'em 0e!a#e pper mana(ement

nder#tand# the need to !ap"ta'"e #o%t)are. Ea!h pro(rammer a##"(ned to the

proe!t ha# an a$era(e o% 6.3 )or,#tat"on# a$a"'a0'e. Te!hn"!a' tra"n"n( "#

en!ora(ed )"th on-#"te !'a##e# 0e"n( o%%ered "n area# )here ne) #,"''# need to 0e

0"'t a$a+ per#"#tent data0a#e#+ #pe!"a'"ed too'#+ )e0 pro(ramm"n(+ et!..

Mana(ement en!ora(e# te!hn"!a' peop'e to ta,e at 'ea#t t)o )ee,# o% tra"n"n(

dr"n( o%%"!e hor# per *ear. Both n"$er#"t* and "nterna''* ta(ht !'a##e# are

he'd on-#"te and there "# amp'e opportn"t* %or e$er*one to part"!"pate "n them. In

add"t"on+ *or or(an"at"on ha# re!ent'* 'an!hed a 'n!h t"me #em"nar pro(ram

)h"!h "n$"te# e&pert# %rom the 'o!a' !ommn"t* to #pea, on-#"te.


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COCOMO II/Chapter 3/Boehm et al. - : -

The or(an"at"on a'#o monted an a((re##"$e #o%t)are pro!e##

"mpro$ement e%%ort t)o *ear# a(o. Be#t pra!t"!e# #ed "n the pa#t ha$e 0een

!o''e!ted and a repeata0'e pro!e## ha# 0een "n#erted %or e$er*one to #e.

Pro!e##e# and 0e#t pra!t"!e# are a$a"'a0'e on-'"ne a'on( )"th e&amp'e# that are

de#"(ned to #er$e a# mode'# %or ne) #tart#. Mo#t pro(rammer# ha$e 0o(ht "nto

the pro!e## and "t "# 0e"n( #ed e&ten#"$e'* thro(hot mo#t #hop#. Mana(ement

"# prod that the* )ere rated a SEI Le$e' 6 'a#t *ear a!!ord"n( to the So%t)are

En("neer"n( In#t"tteF# So%t)are Capa0"'"t* Matr"t* Mode' CMM. There "# an

"mpro$ement e%%ort nder)a* and the or(an"at"on )"'' rea!h Le$e' 3 0* ne&t

*ear.

A# e&pe!ted+ the or(an"at"on doe# ha$e #ome pro0'em#. It# %"r#t 'e$e'

mana(er# are !ho#en 0a#ed pon the"r te!hn"!a' #,"''# and the re#pe!t #ho)n 0*

the"r peer#. L"tt'e tra"n"n( "n mana(ement "# pro$"ded+ a'tho(h ne) mana(er#

are e&po#ed to (ood mana(ement pra!t"!e# thro(h #!hed'ed pro!e## "n"t"at"$e

tra"n"n(. Man* t"me#+ the#e (ood te!hn"!a' pra!t"t"oner# ha$e d"%%"!'t* "n ma,"n(

the tran#"t"on "nto mana(ement. The pro!e## (rop ha# #((e#ted a ne)

#per$"#or tra"n"n( pro(ram and a mentor re'at"on#h"p. Mana(ement "# de0at"n(

the "##e and ha# *et to %nd e"ther o% the#e tra"n"n( "n"t"at"$e#.

A #e!ond pro0'em ha# emer(ed re'at"$e to the #e o% pro(ramm"n(

'an(a(e. Some o% *or te!hn"!a' 'eader# ar(e %or C/C+ )h"'e other# demand

a$a. 8pper mana(ement doe#nFt ,no) )h"!h a'ternat"$e to pr#e. =or, done


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COCOMO II/Chapter 3/Boehm et al. - G -

#"n( 0oth te!hno'o("e# ha# 0een "mpre##"$e. The !ompan* ha# pr!ha#ed

!omp"'er# and too'# %or 0oth and "# !on$"n!ed that ea!h a'ternat"$e ha#

ad$anta(e#. At th"# t"me+ 0oth 'an(a(e# are 0e"n( #ed 0e!a#e mana(ement

!annot ma,e p the"r m"nd# a0ot a 'an(a(e. Mana(ement ha# a#,ed the pro!e##

(rop to addre## the"r d"'emma 0* #"n( the"r metr"!# data to 0"'d a 0#"ne## !a#e

%or or a(a"n#t a$a/C.

Another pro0'em 0e"n( e&per"en!ed ha# to do )"th e#t"mat"n(. E%%ort and

#!hed'e e#t"mate# (enerated 0* te!hn"!a' team# tend to !ome "n t)o %'a$or#>

o$er'* opt"m"#t"! and o$er'* pe##"m"#t"!. Mana(ement tr"e#+ 0t team# (enerat"n(

e#t"mate# mo#t o%ten 0e'"e$e the o0# )"'' 0e #"mp'er than the* are. The#e #ame

team# are h"(h'* mot"$ated and tr* to de'"$er )hat the* prom"#e. A# a re#'t+ the*

o%ten )or, 'on( hor# and )ee,end# to tr* to !at!h p )hen the* (et "nto tro0'e.

Be!a#e the* !ome !'o#e to 0rnot+ the* tend to o$ere#t"mate the o0 the ne&t

t"me thro(h. Mana(ement "# 0r"n("n( "n e#t"mat"n( too'# and tra"n"n( to tr* to

"mpro$e the #"tat"on. T"me )"'' te'' )hether or not the* )"'' 0e #!!e##%' "n th"#

$entre.

The %"na' pro0'em dea'# )"th metr"!#. There are maor 0att'e# 0e"n(

%o(ht o$er )h"!h metr"!# #ho'd 0e !o''e!ted and )hat the"r de%"n"t"on# are. T)o

!amp# ha$e emer(ed+ the '"ne# o% !ode and the %n!t"on po"nt ad$o!ate#. Both

#"de# ar(e the mer"t# o% the"r !a#e. Both re%#e to #e the other mea#re o% the

)or, "n$o'$ed. Both <ote the e&pert# and are re'"("o# "n the"r 0e'"e%#. A# a


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!on#e<en!e+ e#t"mate# !ome "n #"n( d"%%erent 0a#e#. The pro!e## team "# p#et

0e!a#e the"r e%%ort# to !reate a !on#"#tent !o#t data0a#e #eem #t*m"ed.

3.6. Tran#a!t"on Pro!e##"n( S*#tem TPS So%t)are ;e$e'opment E#t"mate

@o ha$e 0een a#,ed to de$e'op an e#t"mate %or the e%%ort "n$o'$ed "n

de$e'op"n( TPS !'"ent-#"de #o%t)are. Mana(ement ha# #tated that the e%%ort m#t

0e !omp'eted "n 12 month# ma&"mm 0e!a#e o% !omm"tment# the* ha$e made to

!#tomer#. In other )ord#+ the #!hed'e "# a ("$en. @o are '!,* 0e!a#e the

pro!e## (rop ha# de$"#ed the e#t"mat"n( pro!e## "''#trated "n ?"(re 3-6 %or #!h

#e. The pro!e## !a''# %or de$e'op"n( t)o e#t"mate# "ndependent'* and !ompar"n(

them to #ee )here and )h* there are d"%%eren!e#. 8n%ortnate'*+ *o ha$e ne$er

#ed th"# pro!e## 0e%ore. @or %"r#t attempt at de$e'op"n( an e#t"mate )"''

there%ore 0e a 'earn"n( e&per"en!e.

The %"r#t #ta(e "n the pro!e## "n$o'$e# the de$e'opment team )or,"n( )"th

the !'"ent# to determ"ne the mo#t e##ent"a' #o%t)are %n!t"on# needed and the"r

a##o!"ated #"e#. Ta0'e 3-6 #mmar"e# the !omponent# "dent"%"ed 0* the team

a'on( )"th the"r a##o!"ated #"e#. Not"!e that 0oth '"ne# o% !ode and %n!t"on

po"nt# ha$e 0een pro$"ded %or *or #e a# #"e e#t"mate#. @o )"'' ha$e to %"(re

ot ho) to re'ate the t)o a# *o #e *or e#t"mat"n( too'.


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In#ert ?"(re 3.64

In#ert Ta0'e 3.64

A# the #e!ond #ta(e "n the pro!e##+ the #o%t)are de$e'opment team )"''

(enerate a #et o% e#t"mate# %or ea!h o% the"r )or, ta#,# #"n( the #tandard =or,

Brea,do)n Str!tre =BS de$e'oped %or that prpo#e )h"!h "# "''#trated "n

?"(re 3.3. The =BS repre#ent# the %am"'* tree o% the )or, that *or #ta%% m#t

per%orm to "mp'ement *or ta"'ored $er#"on o% *or or(an"at"onF# de%"ned

pro!e##. @or #ta%% )"'' #t"%* the"r ta#, e#t"mate# 0a#ed pon pa#t e&per"en!e

)"th #"m"'ar proe!t# and do!ment the"r a##mpt"on# #"n( )or, #heet#. The*

)"'' a'#o do!ment an* e&!ept"on# that the* need to #at"#%* the !#tomer. The

tota' e%%ort %or the proe!t )"'' 0e the #m o% the "nd"$"da' ta#, e#t"mate#.

In para''e' )"th the teamF# e%%ort+ the pro!e## (rop )"'' de$e'op an

"ndependent e#t"mate #"n( the COCOMO II Po#t-Ar!h"te!tre mode' a# Sta(e 3.

The #tandard =or, Brea,do)n Str!tre to 0e #ed to de$e'op th"# mode'-0a#ed

e#t"mate "# portra*ed "n ?"(re 3.3 and Se!t"on 3.6..3. A##mpt"on# made 0* the

team re'at"$e to mode' parameter# )"'' 0e e&p'a"ned "n #0-para(raph#. @o ha$e

read #e$era' paper# and ha$e pr!ha#ed th"# 0oo, on the COCOMO II mode' and

are an&"o# to #tart #"n( "t. It #ond# '",e "t )"'' he'p *o (et the o0 done )"th

"n!rea#ed a!!ra!*.


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;"%%eren!e# 0et)een e#t"mate# )"'' 0e e&am"ned and ad#tment# %or r"#,

and !#tomer re<"rement# )"'' 0e made dr"n( the %"na' #ta(e o% the pro!e##.

The#e ad#tment# ma* %or!e the e#t"mat"n( team# to (enerate add"t"ona'

e#t"mate# to addre## the )hat-"% <e#t"on# that are t*p"!a''* po#ed a# the

de$e'oper# and !'"ent# re#o'$e tradeo%%#+ addre## d"%%er"n( pr"or"t"e# and attempt to

%"na'"e the"r e#t"mate.

In#ert ?"(re 3.34

Ta0'e 3-3 pro$"de# *o )"th another )a* to 'oo, at the )or, "n!'ded

)"th"n the #!ope o% a COCOMO II e#t"mate. The a!t"$"t"e# '"#ted are "dent"%"ed a#

e"ther )"th"n or ot#"de the #!ope o% the e#t"mate. Th"# "# an "mportant

!on#"derat"on 0e!a#e the e#t"mate need# to re%'e!t the data pon )h"!h the mode'

)a# !a'"0rated. Se$era' COCOMO pa!,a(e# a''o) the #er to e#t"mate the ta#,#

ot#"de the #!ope #"n( a per!enta(e o% the e#t"mated #o%t)are de$e'opment

e%%ort. ?or e&amp'e+ the re<"rement# #*nthe#"# a!t"$"t* !o'd 0e added 0*

a##m"n( a :-17 per!ent de'ta !o#t %or th"# a!t"$"t*.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.34


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=e )ant to %o''o) the #tandard pro!e## to de$e'op or e#t"mate#. LetF#

a(ree to #e the pro!e## "''#trated "n ?"(re 3-6. =e )"'' de$e'op a =BS-0a#ed

and COCOMO e#t"mate a# the 0a#"# o% or %"na' %ore!a#t. Then+ )e )"'' !ompare

the e#t"mate# and tr* to re#o'$e the d"%%eren!e#. On!e th"# "# a!!omp'"#hed+ )e

)"'' #0m"t the e#t"mate and #ee )hat mana(ement #a*# re'at"$e to the

a!!epta0"'"t* o% the !o#t#.

3.6..1 Sta(e 1 - E#t"mate the S"e o% the o0

The %"r#t th"n( )e ha$e to do "# to !he!, the rea#ona0'ene## o% the "n"t"a''*

pro$"ded #"e e#t"mate#. =e a'#o ha$e to !on$ert them "nto e<"$a'ent ne) #or!e

'"ne# o% !ode SLOC #"n( the %orm'a# pro$"ded "n ear'"er Chapter# o% the 0oo,.

LetF# atta!, th"# ta#, 0* !omponent. =e nder#tand that there are the %o''o)"n(

%or t*pe# o% #o%t)are that )e ha$e to de$e'op !on$ent"on# %or and addre## "n

the#e e#t"mate#>

• Ne) • Re#ed

• Mod"%ed • COTS

The #*#tem# #o%t)are !omponent 'oo,# rea#ona0'e. It "# ne"ther 'ar(e "n

#"e nor ent"re'* ne). Lot# o% '"0rar"e# are t"'"ed. Ho)e$er+ )e m#t !on$ert


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the re#ed #o%t)are to e<"$a'ent ne) '"ne#. =e )"'' do th"# #"n( the %o''o)"n(

%orm'a>

AA? J 7.;M 7.3CM 7.3IM

)here

;M J K ;e#"(n Mod"%"ed J 7K

CM J K Code Mod"%"ed J 7K

IM J K Inte(rat"on Mod"%"ed J 97K

Note> IM "# de%"ned a# Per!ent o% Inte(rat"on Re<"red %or Mod"%"ed So%t)are.

It a##me# that "nte(rat"on a!t"$"t"e# are repeated+ not mod"%"ed.

The re#ed '"0rar"e# are $endor-#pp'"ed. The* are ne"ther de#"(n nor

!ode mod"%"ed. Re#ed #o%t)are "# 0* de%"n"t"on de#"(ned to 0e "n#tant"ated

)"thot !han(e Re"%er1+ 1G4. Ho)e$er+ the '"0rar"e# )"'' 0e )rapped and

"nte(rated "nto the #*#tem #o%t)are !omponent and te#ted e&ten#"$e'*. The

'"0rar"e# are e&tenda0'e and the #er )"'' pro0a0'* add %n!t"ona'"t* a# the

#o%t)are "# de$e'oped. An* ne) '"0rar* and ('e #o%t)are )"'' 0e treated a# ne)

!ode. The AA? %or the re#ed #o%t)are "# there%ore !ompted a nm0er 0et)een

7 and 177 a# %o''o)#>


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AA? J 7. 7 7.3 7 7.3 97 J 19

Th"# mean# that ea!h '"ne o% re#ed !ode )"'' 0e treated a# 7.19 '"ne o%

ne) !ode )hen )e !ompte e%%ort. =e are not %"n"#hed. =e m#t %a!tor "n the

e%%ort needed to nder#tand and a##"m"'ate the '"0rar"e# "nto the 0"'d #"n( the

%o''o)"n( %orm'a>

ESLOC J ASLOC AA AA?1 7.76S88N?M 4/177

)hen

AA? 97

Th"# %a!tor add# e%%ort to nder#tand )hat the re#ed #o%t)are doe# and

ho) to "nter%a!e "t to the re#t o% the #*#tem. Some #*#tem# are #e'%-e&p'anator*

)h"'e other# ta,e a 'ot o% e%%ort to !omprehend.

8#"n( ta0'e# pro$"ded ear'"er "n the te&t+ )e #e'e!t the %o''o)"n( $a'e# %or

the #o%t)are nder#tand"n( "n!rement S8+ de(ree o% a##e##ment and a##"m"'at"on

AA+ and 'e$e' o% n%am"'"ar"t* 8N?M>

Parameter a'e ;e#!r"pt"on


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S8 67 H"(h !ohe#"on+ (ood !odeAA K Some mod'e Te#t E$a'at"on+

do!mentat"on8N?M 7.2 Mo#t'* n%am"'"ar

P'(("n( the#e $a'e# and the $a'e o% AA? "nto the ESLOC %orm'a+ )e

de$e'op the %o''o)"n( e<"$a'ent #"e note that S8 "# #et to ero )hen ;M and

CM J 7 per Chapter 6>

ESLOC J 17+777 .7 7.191 7.76 677.74 J 17+777 7.7 7.194

J 17+777 .14 J 1+77 SLOC

The #"e o% the #*#tem #o%t)are !omponent "# there%ore e#t"mated to 0e

1+77 SLOC o% e<"$a'ent ne) !ode 12+777 1+77. A# pre$"o#'* noted+ th"#

#"e e#t"mate "n!'de# ('e !ode de$e'opment and '"0rar* e&ten#"on#.

The #"e o% the ne&t !omponent+ #er app'"!at"on#+ ta,e# #ome re%'e!t"on.

A'tho(h the D8I-0"'der )"'' (enerate tho#and# o% '"ne# o% !ode+ )e )"'' )r"te

on'* 277 '"ne# o% ne) "#a' Ba#"! #!r"pt. ?rom a prod!t"$"t* po"nt o% $"e)+ )e

)"'' '",e to ta,e !red"t %or tho#e '"ne# that )e donFt ha$e to (enerate. Bt+ %rom a

!o#t"n( $"e)po"nt+ a'' )e ha$e to (enerate "# 277 '"ne#.

The #"e o% the %"na' !omponent+ %a't d"a(no#"#+ "# "n %n!t"on po"nt#.

?n!t"on po"nt# are a 'an(a(e "ndependent mea#re that repre#ent# the $o'me o%


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)or, )e ha$e to do to (et the prod!t ot. A# )eF$e #een "n ear'"er !hapter#+ the

COCOMO mode' !on$ert# nad#ted %n!t"on po"nt !ont# to e<"$a'ent ne)

#or!e '"ne# o% !ode #"n( the %o''o)"n( 0a!,%"r"n( e<at"on that a##me# a

#pe!"%"! 'an(a(e or 'an(a(e 'e$e'>

ESLOC J ?P 'an(a(e !on$er#"on %a!tor

A##m"n( an 27 SLOC/?P 'an(a(e !on$er#"on %a!tor ".e.+ )e #e'e!ted

Th"rd Denerat"on 'an(a(e 0e!a#e "t repre#ented the m"d-po"nt %or the 0a!,%"r"n(

!on$er#"onQ ".e.+ 0et)een 93 to 162+ or 2+777 %n!t"on po"nt# !on$ert# to

:7+777 #or!e '"ne# o% !ode. Th"# doe#nFt #eem rea#ona0'e. The e#t"mator m#t

ha$e made a m"#ta,e "n !ont"n(. =e m#t a#, the e#t"mator to 'oo, the e#t"mate

o$er to !on%"rm that the #"e "# a# 'ar(e a# he th"n,# "t "# (o"n( to 0e.

A%ter !he!,"n( )"th the e#t"mator+ *o 'earn that he d"d not !ont %n!t"on

po"nt# proper'*. In#tead o% !ont"n( ea!h repeat "npt and otpt one t"me+ he

!onted them e$er* t"me. In a d"a(no#"# #*#tem+ there are a 'ot o% repeat

operat"on# e#pe!"a''* )hen dea'"n( )"th nera' net#. The#e nera' net)or,#

remote'* <er* the #*#tem to determ"ne )hether !omponent# are e&h"0"t"n(

potent"a' %a"'re pattern# ".e.+ remote %a"'re d"a(no#"# $"a 'o!a' d"a(no#t"!# at the

!omponent 'e$e'. I% the* do+ the nera' net)or,# tr"((er an a'arm+ ma,e repa"r#


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COCOMO II/Chapter 3/Boehm et al. - 1: -

and/or "dent"%* potent"a' repa"r a!t"on# ".e.+ "% repa"r# !annot 0e made+ %"&e# are

#((e#ted on the ma"ntenan!e !on#o'e. Man* a'arm# are t*p"!a''* (enerated.

Ea!h o% the#e )a# !onted "n#tead o% ea!h !'a## o% a'arm. A%ter re!ont"n( #"n(

the proper !ont"n( !on$ent"on#+ the e#t"mator !ome# p )"th a tota' !ont o% 377

%n!t"on po"nt#. 8#"n( the #ame 'an(a(e !on$er#"on %a!tor+ th"# e<ate# to

6+777 e<"$a'ent #or!e '"ne# o% !ode. Th"# !ont #eem# m!h more rea#ona0'e.

@o ha$e #ed a m"&tre o% %n!t"on po"nt# and SLOC to de$e'op *or

#"e e#t"mate. Th"# "#nFt 0ad. COCOMO "# a SLOC-0a#ed mode'. ?n!t"on

po"nt# are !on$erted to SLOC #"n( the 0a!,%"r"n( ta0'e#. A%ter #ome de0ate+

0oth metr"!# )"'' 0e !arr"ed %or)ard 0e!a#e other# ha$e %ond "t #e%' to ,eep

%n!t"on po"nt# to tra!, the"r prod!t"$"t* and to ,eep SLOC to tra!, the"r e%%ort

and !o#t#.

3.6..6 Sta(e 6 - E#t"mate E%%ort 8#"n( the =BS Approa!h

No) that )e ha$e #"ed the o0+ 'etF# 'oo, at de$e'op"n( or %"r#t !o#t

e#t"mate %or the !'"ent #"de #o%t)are. To do th"#+ )e )"'' e#t"mate the !o#t o% ea!h

o% the ta#,# "n the =or, Brea,do)n Str!tre =BS #ho)n "n ?"(re 3-3 and

#m them a!ro## a'' o% the '"ne "tem# Re"%er6+ 1G4. The re#'t# are #mmar"ed

"n Ta0'e 3-.


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COCOMO II/Chapter 3/Boehm et al. - 1G -

In#ert Ta0'e 3.4

Ta#, 1 - ;e%"ne #o%t)are re<"rement#

There are #e$era' )a*# )e !o'd !o#t the re<"rement# e%%ort. The

#"mp'e#t approa!h "# one )here )e #e or e&per"en!e to determ"ne ho) 'on( "t

)o'd ta,e a team !ompo#ed o% !'"ent-#"de e&pert# to %"rm p the re<"rement#.

?or e&amp'e+ 'etF# a##me that an Inte(rated Prod!t Team !ompo#ed o% three

%''-t"me peop'e and #e$era' part-t"mer# o$er a per"od o% 16 )ee,# a!!omp'"#hed

the e%%ort. To <ant"%* the e%%ort "n$o'$ed+ )e )o'd ha$e to ma,e nmero#

a##mpt"on#. ?or e&amp'e+ )e m"(ht a##me that a rap"d #er "nter%a!e protot*pe

)o'd 0e de$e'oped %or #e a# a too' to (et the #er# to pt the"r tho(ht# on the

#!reen "nter%a!e# to paper. =e )o'd a'#o ha$e to a##me that the r"(ht e&pert#

)o'd 0e a$a"'a0'e )hen )e need them to %a!"'"tate de$e'opment o% the

re<"rement#. Ba#ed pon the#e a##mpt"on#+ )e )o'd e#t"mate the e%%ort at

1+:27 hor# a##m"n( that *o needed 3.9 peop'e %or the 16 )ee,#.

A# an opt"on+ )e m"(ht #e r'e# o% thm0 de$e'oped 0a#ed pon pre$"o#

e&per"en!e to de$e'op or e%%ort e#t"mate. ?or e&amp'e+ )e m"(ht e#t"mate that

there )ere 677 re<"rement#. Ba#ed pon e&per"en!e+ )e m"(ht e#t"mate the

e%%ort 0a#ed pon #ome her"#t"! '",e "t ta,e# on a$era(e 2 hor#/re<"rement to

de$e'op an a!!epta0'e )or, prod!t.F The re#'t"n( e#t"mate %or th"# ta#, )o'd


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then 0e 1+:77 hor#. The ad$anta(e# o% th"# approa!h are that "t "# #"mp'e and *o

!o'd ar(e %or add"t"ona' 0d(et e$er* t"me there )a# (ro)th "n the

re<"rement#. I% there "# $o'at"'"t*+ *o !o'd ad#t the her"#t"! %or 0rea,a(e or

$o'at"'"t* 0a#ed pon #ome e&pe!ted/a##med per!enta(e o% re)or, ".e.+ 1.6 2

hor#/re<"rement to a!!ont %or an e#t"mated 67K re)or, %a!tor.

A# a %"na' a'ternat"$e+ *o !o'd e#t"mate the e%%ort a##o!"ated )"th

re<"rement# #"n( #ome per!enta(e o% the #o%t)are de$e'opment e%%ort that *o

)"'' der"$e %or ta#, 6. Ba#ed pon *or e&per"en!e+ *o m"(ht add %rom #"& to

t)e'$e per!ent o% th"# e%%ort "n hor# to !ompen#ate %or the add"t"ona' hor#

needed to de$e'op a #ta0'e #et o% re<"rement#. ?or e&amp'e+ *o m"(ht add

#e$en per!ent )hen #"n( the )ater%a'' mode' %or th"# a!t"$"t*.

=hen #"n( MBASE/R8P mode'+ *o m"(ht add #"& per!ent "n the

In!ept"on Pha#e to hand'e the re<"rement# ta#, ".e.+ a# noted "n ear'"er !hapter#+

the amont o% e%%ort "n MBASE )"'' $ar* a# a %n!t"on o% pha#e/a!t"$"t*

d"#tr"0t"on.

=hen #"n( Inte(rated Prod!t Team# to de%"ne re<"rement#+ *o #ho'd

"n!rea#e the teamF# e%%ort to ten or t)e'$e per!ent to !o$er the part"!"pat"on o%

other d"#!"p'"ne# "n the a!t"$"t*. Ten to t)e'$e per!ent m"(ht e$en 0e 'o) )hen

re<"rement# are $a(e and a (reat dea' o% d"#!o$er* ha# to 0e per%ormed to %"(re

ot )hat "t "# the #er tr'* )ant# %rom the #*#tem.


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Ta#, 6 - ;e$e'op #o%t)are

To <ant"%* the e%%ort a##o!"ated )"th de$e'op"n( #o%t)are+ *o )"'' need

#ome mea#re o% the #"e o% the o0 and #ome 0a#"# o% e#t"mate. ?or e&amp'e+ )e

m"(ht de$e'op or e#t"mate 0a#ed pon a nm0er o% #tandard 0"'d"n( 0'o!,# or

mod'e#. =e !o'd 0rea, ea!h !omponent "nto a nm0er o% part# and e#t"mate

ea!h part 0a#ed pon #ome #tandard metr"!. ?or e&amp'e+ )e !o'd a##me the

d"a(no#t"! !omponent had 1: part# and ea!h part too, 177 hor# to de#"(n+

de$e'op and te#t. The re#'t"n( e#t"mate )o'd 0e 1+:77 hor# %or the %a't

d"a(no#"# !omponent. The e#t"mate #!ope a##med )o'd t*p"!a''* 0e %rom the

re<"rement# re$"e) nt"' !omp'et"on o% #o%t)are a!!eptan!e te#t"n(. The e%%ort

en!ompa##ed )"th"n th"# #!ope m"(ht "n!'de a'' o% the pro(ramm"n( e%%ort

needed to (et the prod!t ot o% the door a##m"n( that 0e#t !ommer!"a' pra!t"!e#

)ere #ed.

To de$e'op *or e#t"mate #"n( th"# approa!h+ *o )o'd 0rea, the !'"ent

#"de !omponent# "nto the"r root-'e$e' !omponent#. Then+ #"n( h"#tor"!a''* 0a#ed

metr"!# the* !o'd d"%%er 0* !omponent+ *o )o'd then de$e'op an e#t"mate %or

the tota' o0.

A# an a'ternat"$e+ )e !o'd #e a prod!t"$"t* %"(re '",e 6 #or!e '"ne# o%

!ode/#ta%% hor or 97/de'"$era0'e #or!e '"ne o% !ode a# the 0a#"# o% or e#t"mate.

8#"n( the #or!e '"ne# o% !ode #"e e#t"mate# )eF$e pre$"o#'* der"$ed+ )e )o'd


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#m the #or!e '"ne# o% !ode %or the three !omponent# %or or !'"ent #"de #*#tem to

e#ta0'"#h or 0a#"# o% e#t"mate a# +G77 e<"$a'ent ne) SLOC. Or e#t"mate

)o'd then 0e !ompted a# %o''o)#>

+G77 SLOC/6 SLOC/#ta%% hor J 66+397 #ta%% hor#

Independent o% the approa!h )e ta,e+ the ,e* to de$e'op"n( an a!!rate

e#t"mate "# nder#tand"n( )hat e%%ort "t "n!'de# and )hat "t doe#nFt. Norma''*+

#!h de!"#"on# are %ramed 0* the a!!ont"n( #*#tem# *o #e to 0ond *or

h"#tor* and prod!t"$"t* %"(re# o% mer"t. 8nder mo#t a!!ont"n( #*#tem#+ mo#t

en("neer"n( !o#t# !har(ed d"re!t'* to pa#t o0# are "n!'ded 0a#ed pon #ome

,no)n #tart and #top po"nt "n the pro!e##. Some mana(ement !o#t# are a'#o

"n!'ded and #ome arenFt. En("neer"n( do!mentat"on "# norma''* "n!'ded+

mar,et"n( and #a'e# '"teratre "# not. A# a re#'t+ the !o#t# that are part o% *or

h"#tor* !an $ar* and !an e#ta0'"#h d"%%erent 0a#e# %or *or prod!t"$"t* %"(re#.

Ta#, 3 - Per%orm proe!t mana(ement

Somet"me#+ mana(ement "# "n!'ded a# part o% or #o%t)are de$e'opment

#!ope. Somet"me#+ "t "# not. I% "t )ere not+ then *o )o'd pro0a0'* e#t"mate the

e%%ort re<"red to mana(e the #o%t)are team# and pro$"de ta#, d"re!t"on a# a 'e$e'


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o% e%%ort ta#,. Th"# !o'd 0e done 0* a##m"n( there "# one mana(er per #o man*

peop'e a##"(ned to the o0 or 0* #"n( #ome #r!har(e. Norma''*+ man* add a 17

per!ent #r!har(e to a!!ont %or the 'a0or "n$o'$ed "n ta#, mana(ement dr"n(

#o%t)are de$e'opment. Th"# a##mpt"on "# pred"!ated on the h*pothe#"# that the

%"r#t '"ne #per$"#or 0oth mana(e# and te!hn"!a''* !ontr"0te# to the o0. Ba#ed

pon !"r!m#tan!e#+ th"# !o'd 0e h"(her or 'o)er. ?or e&amp'e+ "nternat"ona'

team# m"(ht ta,e more e%%ort to mana(e than the norma'. In %'at or(an"at"on#

)here the ta#, 'eader "# a'#o a##"(ned de$e'opment re#pon#"0"'"t"e#+ the e%%ort

m"(ht 0e 'e##.

?or the prpo#e o% th"# e#t"mate+ )e )"'' add ten per!ent to a!!ont %or the

mana(ement e%%ort per%ormed 0* ta#, 'eader#. Th"# )"'' pro$"de them )"th the

hor# ne!e##ar* to p'an+ !ontro'+ mot"$ate and d"re!t per#onne' nder the"r d"re!t

#per$"#"on.

Ta#, - Ma"nta"n !on%"(rat"on !ontro'

L",e ta#, mana(ement+ !on%"(rat"on !ontro' "# #omet"me# "n!'ded a#

part o% the #o%t)are de$e'opment #!ope. Somet"me#+ on'* part o% the e%%ort ".e.+

$er#"on+ not re'ea#e and d"#tr"0t"on !ontro' "# "n!'ded. ?or the !a#e )here "t "#

not "n!'ded+ *o !o'd a(a"n e#t"mate the e%%ort "n$o'$ed #"n( e"ther #ome %"&ed

nm0er o% peop'e or a# a per!enta(e 'e$e' o% e%%ort. T*p"!a''*+ a %or to #"&


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per!ent #r!har(e "# added %or the 'a0or "n$o'$ed dr"n( #o%t)are de$e'opment+

e#pe!"a''* on 'ar(e proe!t#. A(a"n+ th"# e#t"mate !o'd $ar* 0a#ed pon

!"r!m#tan!e#. ?or e&amp'e+ more e%%ort m"(ht 0e needed to mana(e !han(e# to

re#a0'e #o%t)are !omponent# that are #hared a!ro## prod!t %am"'"e# and prod!t

'"ne# ".e.+ there are more peop'e "mpa!ted 0* the !han(e#.

?or the prpo#e# o% th"# e#t"mate+ )e )"'' a##me that )e ded"!ate one

per#on to the %n!t"on ha'% t"me thro(hot the e"(hteen month# o% the proe!t.

=e )"'' a'#o a##me that th"# per#on adm"n"#ter# the #o%t)are '"0rar* and a!t# a#

#*#tem adm"n"#trator %or !omptat"ona' re#or!e# %or the proe!t.

Ta#, 9 - Per%orm #o%t)are <a'"t* a##ran!e

The %"na' ta#, "n or =BS "# #o%t)are <a'"t* a##ran!e. Th"# %n!t"on

pro$"de# needed !he!,# and 0a'an!e# to en#re #tandard# are 0e"n( adhered to and

that the prod!t# (enerated are o% the h"(he#t <a'"t*. =hen th"# "# done 0* an

or(an"at"on ot#"de the (rop+ "t "# norma''* not "n!'ded a# part o% the #o%t)are

de$e'opment e#t"mate. 8nder #!h !"r!m#tan!e#+ )e e#t"mate the e%%ort "n$o'$ed

#"n( e"ther a %"&ed nm0er o% peop'e or per!enta(e 'e$e' o% e%%ort. T*p"!a''*+ the

ran(e o% the e#t"mate !an 0e 0et)een %or and e"(ht per!ent dependent on the

)or, per%ormed.


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a'"t* a##ran!e per#onne' at the 'o) end o% th"# ran(e per%orm ad"t# to

en#re #o%t)are de$e'oper# are adher"n( to the"r #tandard# and the or(an"at"onF#

de%"ned #o%t)are pro!e##. At the h"(h end+ the#e #ame per#onne' ta,e on man*

more re#pon#"0"'"t"e# and (et more "n$o'$ed "n the de$e'opment. ?or e&amp'e+

the* %a!"'"tate "n#pe!t"on# and de$e'op !he!,'"#t# o% !ommon de%e!t# %or #e

dr"n( the"r !ond!t. The* ta,e the metr"!# data 0e"n( (enerated and do root

!a#e ana'*#"#. The* e$a'ate prod!t# 0a#ed pon prede%"ned mea#re# o%

(oodne## and determ"ne the"r <a'"t*. Added e%%ort on the"r part #ho'd re#'t "n

"n!rea#ed <a'"t*.

?or the prpo#e o% th"# e#t"mate+ )e )"'' a##me that one per#on "#

ded"!ated ha'% t"me to the %n!t"on %or the 12 month# o% the proe!t. =e )"''

pre#ent th"# a##mpt"on and or !orre#pond"n( tra!, re!ord o% de'"$era0'e <a'"t*

to the !'"ent# to #ee "% the* )"#h to o,a* a h"(her pr"!e %or more <a'"t* a##ran!e

per#onne'.

3.3 Sta(e 3 - ;e$e'op a COCOMO II E#t"mate

=e )"'' no) #e the COCOMO II.6777 Po#t-Ar!h"te!tre mode' a# the

0a#"# o% or #e!ond e#t"mate per the #!enar"o #ho)n "n ?"(re 3-. Step 1 "n the

%"(re+ E#t"mate S"e+ ha# a'read* 0een done dr"n( Sta(e 1 o% the e#t"mat"n(

pro!e## a# "''#trated "n ?"(re 3-6. ?or #tep 6+ )e )o'd rate the 9 #!a'e and 1G


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e%%ort m't"p'"er %a!tor# !o#t dr"$er#. S!a'e %a!tor# !an 0e rated at the proe!t

'e$e'+ )h"'e e%%ort m't"p'"er# !an 0e rated at e"ther the proe!t or !omponent 'e$e'.

=e )o'd a'#o a(ree )"th the a##mpt"on# pon )h"!h the Po#t-Ar!h"te!tre

mode' e#t"mate# are 0a#ed. The#e "n!'de that the re<"rement# are #ta0'e and that

the proe!t "# )e'' mana(ed.

In#ert ?"(re 3.4

Start"n( )"th the #!a'e %a!tor#+ )e ha$e #mmar"ed or rat"n(# and the

rat"ona'e 0eh"nd them "n Ta0'e 3-9. A# *o !an #ee+ )e ha$e made a 'ot o%

a##mpt"on# 0a#ed pon the '"m"ted "n%ormat"on that )a# pro$"ded )"th the !a#e.

Th"# "# the norma' !a#e. To de$e'op an e#t"mate+ *o m#t ,no) #ometh"n( a0ot

the o0+ the peop'e+ the p'at%orm and the or(an"at"on that )"'' 0e ta#,ed to

(enerate the prod!t. On!e nder#tood+ )e )"'' pre## on to rate the !o#t dr"$er#

that !ompr"#e the e%%ort m't"p'"er.

The rat"n( and rat"ona'e %or ea!h o% the mode'F# !o#t dr"$er# "# #mmar"ed

"n Ta0'e# 3-:+ 3-G+ 3-2 and 3- nder the head"n(#> prod!t+ per#onne'+ p'at%orm+

and proe!t %a!tor#. =e ha$e e'e!ted to rate the e%%ort m't"p'"er# at the proe!t

'e$e' 0e!a#e )e )anted to de$e'op or %"r#t e#t"mate <"!, and d"rt*. =e

!o'd ha$e #t a# )e'' done th"# at the !omponent 'e$e'. ;e$e'op"n( #!h rat"n(#


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"# re'at"$e'* ea#* a%ter the %a!t 0e!a#e a'' *o ha$e to do "# !han(e tho#e %a!tor#

that are d"%%erent ".e.+ the other %a!tor# rema"n a# the de%a't $a'e. Ho)e$er+ )e

de!"ded to )a"t and #ee "% there )a# an* maor d"%%eren!e 0et)een the COCOMO

and the =BS e#t"mate#. I% there "#+ )e )"'' pro0a0'* re%"ne 0oth e#t"mate# and

e'"m"nate the #hort!t# )eF$e ta,en. LetF# mo$e ahead and #tart de$e'op"n( or

e#t"mate.

In order to rate ea!h o% the %a!tor# "n th"# and the other ta0'e#+ )e ha$e to

ma,e a##mpt"on#. Ma,"n( a##mpt"on# "# a natra' part o% *or o0 )hen

de$e'op"n( an e#t"mate a# not a'' o% the "n%ormat"on that "# needed )"'' 0e ,no)n.

=e re!ommend ta,"n( a pe##"m"#t"! "n#tead o% opt"m"#t"! $"e). Th"# )"'' 'ead to

or d"#!repan!"e# on the h"(h #"de. S!h error# )"'' pro$"de # )"th #ome mar("n

#ho'd th"n(# (o a)r* and the* pro0a0'* )"''. The #!a'e %a!tor entr"e# are prett*

#tra"(ht%or)ard. The* a##me )e )"'' 0e "n !ontro' o% the #"tat"on and mana(e

the proe!t )e''. Man* o% the rat"n(# re%er *o 0a!, to the de#!r"pt"on# a0ot the

or(an"at"on and "t# 'e$e' o% pro!e## matr"t* that )e pro$"ded ear'"er "n the

!hapter. The COCOMO II.6777 Po#t-Ar!h"te!tre mode' "# !a'"0rated 'ar(e'*

0a#ed pon ma,"n( #!h a##mpt"on#. A(a"n+ )e )arn *o not to 0e o$er'*

opt"m"#t"! )hen *o ma,e the#e entr"e#.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.94


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A# )e 'oo, at the prod!t %a!tor#+ )e #ee #e$era' !o#t dr"$er# )e donFt

,no) an*th"n( a0ot. ?or e&amp'e+ )e donFt ,no) the re'"a0"'"t*+ REL@+ or ho)

!omp'e& the app'"!at"on )"'' 0e+ CPLX. Ba#ed pon or e&per"en!e )"th #"m"'ar

app'"!at"on#+ )e !o'd ma,e an ed!ated (e##. Ho)e$er+ )e are re'!tant to do

#o )"thot ha$"n( %rther ,no)'ed(e o% the #pe!"%"!# that )"'' on'* !ome a%ter )e

(et #tarted )"th the de$e'opment. =e re!ommend #e'e!t"n( a nom"na' rat"n(

nder #!h !"r!m#tan!e# 0e!a#e th"# repre#ent# )hat mo#t e&pert# and or data

%rom pa#t proe!t# portra* a# the norm %or the %a!tor. =e !an e"ther !on#'t other

part# o% th"# 0oo, or the COCOMO II Mode' Re%eren!e Mana' to determ"ne

rat"n(#. L!,"'*+ )e !an do th"# $"a he'p "n the pa!,a(e 0e!a#e "n$o,"n( th"#

!ommand pro$"de# "mmed"ate on-'"ne a!!e## to the e&!erpt# %rom the mana' that

)e need to !omp'ete or ta#,. 8#"n( th"# %eatre+ "t "# re'at"$e'* #"mp'e to re$"e)

the ("de'"ne# and ma,e a #e'e!t"on.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.:4

To rate the p'at%orm !o#t dr"$er#+ )e ha$e to ma,e #ome a##mpt"on#

a0ot t"m"n( and #tora(e !on#tra"nt#. Norma''*+ #!h %a!tor# are not '"m"tat"on# "n

!'"ent-#er$er #*#tem# 0e!a#e )e !an add more pro!e##or# and memor* )hen )e

en!onter pro0'em#. =e !o'd a'#o rep'a!e pro!e##or# )"th one# that are more


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po)er%' )hen per%orman!e 0e!ome# a pro0'em. =e !o'd a'#o add

!ommn"!at"on# !hanne'# #ho'd 0and)"dth 0e!ome a '"m"tat"on.

=e a'#o ha$e to ma,e #ome a##mpt"on# a0ot the operat"n( en$"ronment.

?or th"# %a!tor+ )e #e'e!t nom"na' 0e!a#e th"# re%'e!t# the norma' #tate o% a%%a"r#.

Later+ )e !an ad#t the e#t"mate "% the operat"n( #*#tem and en$"ronment

!on#tra"nt# are "dent"%"ed dr"n( the pro!e## 0* the team de%"n"n( the

re<"rement#.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.G4

Per#onne' %a!tor# are e&treme'* tr"!,* to rate. Man* mana(er# a##me

the* )"'' (et the 0e#t peop'e. 8n%ortnate'*+ #!h a##mpt"on# rare'* !ome tre

0e!a#e the rea''* (ood peop'e are e&treme'* 0#* and tend to 0e !on#med on

other o0#. =e !an a##me "n mo#t %"rm# that mo#t ana'*#t# a##"(ned to a proe!t

are !apa0'e. A%ter a''+ on'* a %e) are needed to (et the o0 done and tho#e )ho

are "n!apa0'e ha$e pro0a0'* 0een mot"$ated to #ee, emp'o*ment e'#e)here.

Ho)e$er+ )e #ho'd !he!, th"# and other per#onne' a##mpt"on# )"th re#pe!t to

other proe!t#F demand# %or #ta%%. A'#o+ )e !annot ma,e #!h an a##mpt"on

)hen "t !ome# to pro(rammer#. =e m#t a##me a nom"na' m"& to 0e

!on#er$at"$e.


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=e m#t a'#o e#t"mate potent"a' trno$er o% per#onne'. ?rom a proe!t

$"e)po"nt+ th"# "n!'de# peop'e )ho are a##"(ned to other proe!t# pr"or to

!omp'et"n( the"r ta#,#. L!,"'*+ #!h #tat"#t"!# are read"'* a$a"'a0'e "n mo#t %"rm#.

=hen rat"n( per#onne' %a!tor#+ remem0er that the #e'e!t"on #ho'd

repre#ent the a$era(e %or the team. ?or e&amp'e+ a team )"th t)o e&per"en!ed

and t)o no$"!e pra!t"t"oner# #ho'd pro0a0'* 0e rated nom"na'.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.24

The 'a#t #et# o% %a!tor# )e )"'' rate perta"n to the proe!t. Be!a#e )e

ha$e a 'ar(e !ap"ta' 0d(et %or too'# and ne) )or,#tat"on#+ )e )"'' a##me that

)e )"'' ha$e a $er* !apa0'e #o%t)are en$"ronment e"ther %or a$a or %or C/C.

Ho)e$er+ o%%"!e #pa!e "# at a prem"m. =e are %"(ht"n( to pt or per#onne' at the

de$e'opment #"te "n the #ame area. Bt+ the #"tat"on "# $o'at"'e and (ett"n(

!omm"tment# %or #pa!e "# d"%%"!'t. =e rea''* donFt ha$e an* "n#"(ht "nto )hether

or not )e )"'' 0e #!!e##%'. In re#pon#e+ )e ha$e rated th"# dr"$er 'o).

In#ert Ta0'e 3.4

The %"na' !o#t dr"$er "# SCE;. Per the pro!e## #ho)n "n ?"(re 3-9+ )e

%"r#t )"'' (enerate or e%%ort and drat"on e#t"mate#. Then+ )e )"'' ad#t the


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SCE; dr"$er to re%'e!t the de#"red #!hed'e. ?or e&amp'e+ th"# )o'd ad#t the

e%%ort "% tar(et de'"$er* date %or the re'ea#e o% the #o%t)are "# 12 month# $er## 'et#

#a* e"ther a 16 month or a 6 month e#t"mate %rom the mode'. On!e a'' the #!a'e

%a!tor# and e%%ort m't"p'"er# are rated+ )e !an (enerate an "n"t"a' e%%ort and

drat"on e#t"mate. =e do th"# 0* p'(("n( or #"e e#t"mate# and the #!a'e %a!tor#

and !o#t dr"$er rat"n(# )eF$e de$e'oped "nto the Po#t-Ar!h"te!tre mode' that "#

part o% the 8SC COCOMO II pa!,a(e. Samp'e# that "''#trate the mode'F# otpt

%or the nom"na' and #!hed'e !on#tra"ned !a#e# are #ho)n a# ?"(re# 3-9 and 3-:.

A# the#e #!reen# "''#trate+ the mo#t pro0a0'e e%%ort and drat"on e#t"mate# der"$ed

$"a the mode' are 6. per#on-month# and 1.G month#. To a!!e'erate the

#!hed'e to #at"#%* mana(ementF# de#"re to #horten the #!hed'e to 16 month#+ )e

m#t add a0ot 13.7 per#on-month#+ !orre#pond"n( to a SCE; rat"n( o% L. The

e%%ort e#t"mate tran#'ate# to 1+7.2 hor# o% e%%ort #"n( a !on$er#"on %a!tor o%

196 hor#/per#on-month.

3.6.. Sta(e -Compare the E#t"mate# and Re#o'$e the ;"%%eren!e#

There "# <"te a d"%%eren!e 0et)een the t)o e#t"mate#. The =BS e#t"mate

a##med )e !an do the TPS o0 "n 12 month# %or 6+7:9 hor# o% 'a0or a''o!ated

a# #mmar"ed "n Ta0'e 3-3. Ho)e$er+ the COCOMO II mode' #((e#t# that the

o0 !an 0e done "n %"$e-#"&th# the t"me 19 month# %or a0ot ha'% the e%%ort


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1+79 #ta%% hor#. =h* "# there #!h a 'ar(e d"%%eren!eU =h"!h approa!h "#

!orre!tU Can I tr#t e"ther e#t"mateU =h"!h one o% the e#t"mate# "# r"(htU

There are a nm0er o% #"mp'e e&p'anat"on# to the d"'emma. ?"r#t+ the #!ope o% the

t)o e#t"mate# !o'd 0e d"%%erent. Se!ond+ the #"mp'"%*"n( a##mpt"on# )e made

%or e"ther the =BS e#t"mate or the COCOMO rn !o'd ha$e !a#ed a )"de

$ar"at"on. Th"rd+ the d"%%eren!e !o'd "nd"!ate that )e m"(ht ha$e to !on#"der

other %a!tor#. LetF# "n$e#t"(ate the #"tat"on.

The %"r#t pro0'em that "# read"'* apparent "# that the t)o e#t"mate# ha$e

d"%%erent #!ope#. The =BS e#t"mate )e de$e'oped "n!'ded re<"rement#

de%"n"t"on+ #o%t)are de$e'opment+ mana(ement+ !on%"(rat"on mana(ement and

<a'"t* a##ran!e ta#,#. COCOMO 0* de%"n"t"on doe# not "n!'de the e%%ort to

de%"ne the re<"rement#+ a'tho(h "t doe# "n!'de the other#. There%ore+ the =BS

e#t"mate m#t 0e red!ed 0* 1+:77 hor# to 6G+:9 hor# to ha$e a !ompara0'e

#!ope )"th the COCOMO. In add"t"on+ the nom"na' 12 month #!hed'e need# to

0e red!ed 0* the amont o% t"me *o 0e'"e$e "# needed to der"$e the

re<"rement#. S!h a de%"n"t"on ta#, !o'd ea#"'* ta,e to : month# to

a!!omp'"#h.

In#ert ?"(re 3.94


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In#ert ?"(re 3.:4

A# a 0"t o% ad$"!e+ *o m"(ht #e the COCOMO II pha#e/a!t"$"t*

d"#tr"0t"on# to pro$"de the #pe!"%"! deta"'# o% the a''o!at"on#. To do th"#+ *o )"''

ha$e to de!"de )hether to #e the )ater%a''+ #p"ra'+ "n!rementa' de$e'opment or

MBASE/R8P mode' or #ome a'ternat"$e. Then+ *o )o'd #e the pha#e

d"#tr"0t"on# %rom the mode' that *o #e'e!ted to a''o!ate the e#t"mated e%%ort to

the pre#!r"0ed #!hed'e.

The #e!ond pro0'em dea'# )"th the #"mp'"%*"n( a##mpt"on# )e made a#

)e ran the mode'. There "# no do0t that #*#tem #o%t)are "# more d"%%"!'t than

D8I or %a't d"a(no#"# #o%t)are ".e.+ )"th the e&!ept"on o% the nera' net

a'(or"thm# that are ne) and d"%%"!'t. In add"t"on+ the re'at"$e e&per"en!e and

!apa0"'"t"e# o% the #ta%% pro0a0'* norma''* $ar"e# a# a d"re!t %n!t"on o% the t*pe o%

#o%t)are 0e"n( de$e'oped. #t !han("n( the #*#tem #o%t)are to re%'e!t "t#

"n!rea#ed !omp'e&"t* to H"(h and ad#t"n( the ana'*#t/pro(rammer e&per"en!e

and !apa0"'"t"e# to Nom"na' "n!rea#e# the e#t"mate to 1G+9G1.6 #ta%% hor# o%

e%%ort ".e.+ 119.: #ta%% month# and 19.G month#. Th"# <"!,'* narro)# the (ap

0et)een the t)o e#t"mate#. Th"n(# are #tart"n( to 'oo, 0etter.

=e pro0a0'* #ho'd ta,e a '"tt'e more pe##"m"#t"! $"e) o% or #"tat"on.

A%ter a''+ that "# the norm and that "# )hat the r'e# o% thm0 )e #ed %or or

=BS e#t"mate are 0a#ed pon. LetF# a##me the ar!h"te!tre r"#,# are not a# )e''


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!ontro''ed a# )e "n"t"a''* tho(ht and that there "# #ome n!erta"nt* a##o!"ated

)"th ho) )e )o'd hand'e the re<"rement#. =e rea''* )ant to ha$e or

%ore!a#t# re$o'$e arond the mo#t '",e'* rather than the 0e#t !a#e. To re%'e!t th"#

)or#ened #tate o% a%%a"r#+ )e #ho'd #et a'' o% the #!a'e %a!tor# to nom"na'. Or

e#t"mate )o'd then 0e!ome 61+33.: #ta%% month# ".e.+ 1.3 #ta%% month# and

ha$e 1G.2 month# drat"on.

The th"rd #et o% pro0'em# dea'# )"th other %a!tor# that m"(ht "n%'en!e or

e#t"mate. ?or e&amp'e+ )e a##med that the #ta%% )or,# 196 e%%e!t"$e hor# a

month. S!h an a##mpt"on ta,e# $a!at"on+ #"!, 'ea$e and non-prod!t"$e t"me

"nto a!!ont. Ho)e$er+ man* #o%t)are pro%e##"ona'# o%ten pt "n 97 to :7 hor# a

)ee,. The* do )hate$er "# ne!e##ar* to (et the o0 done. 8nder #!h

!"r!m#tan!e#+ )e ma* )ant to ta,e th"# n!ompen#ated o$ert"me "nto a!!ont.

Ho)e$er+ th"# o$ert"me )"'' not a%%e!t the e%%ort e#t"mate#. @or peop'e #t"'' )"''

)or, the #ame nm0er o% hor# "ndependent o% )hether or not *o !aptre the

n!ompen#ated o$ert"me !har(e#. The re<"red e%%ort doe#nFt !han(e.

The "mportant th"n( that de$e'op"n( t)o e#t"mate# ha# %or!ed *o to do "#

<e#t"on *or a##mpt"on#. =hether *o are opt"m"#t"! or pe##"m"#t"! "n *or

e#t"mate# rea''* doe#nFt matter #o 'on( a# *o ma,e #!h de!"#"on# !on#!"o#'*.

#t #"n( a mode' '",e COCOMO to !hrn ot nm0er# "# not )hat e#t"mat"n( "#

a'' a0ot. E#t"mat"n( "# a0ot ma,"n( !ho"!e#+ a##e##"n( r"#,# and 'oo,"n( at the


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"mpa!t o% the man* %a!tor# that ha$e the potent"a' to "n%'en!e *or !o#t# and

#!hed'e#. The#e are the top"!# that %o''o) "n the rema"nder o% th"# Chapter.

3.6.9 Bond"n( R"#,

@o !an do a 'ot o% #e%' th"n(# )"th the mode' on!e *o ha$e %"n"#hed

)"th *or e#t"mate#. ?or e&amp'e+ *o !an <ant"%* the "mpa!t o% an* r"#,# *o

ma* ha$e "dent"%"ed dr"n( the pro!e## #"n( the !o#t and drat"on e#t"mate# *o

ha$e de$e'oped. 8#"n( the#e nm0er# a# *or 0a#"#+ *o !an then pr"or"t"e *or

r"#,# and de$e'op *or r"#, m"t"(at"on p'an#.

LetF# a##me that )e ha$e de$e'oped the r"#, matr"& %or the proe!t that

appear# a# Ta0'e 3-17 a# part o% or p'ann"n( pro!e##. Th"# !onta"n# *or Top 17

'"#t.V A# *o !an #ee+ man* o% the %a!t# that )e d"#!##ed ear'* "n the !hapter

appear a# r"#, "tem# "n the ta0'e. In add"t"on+ )e ha$e added #e$era' other "tem#

that are o%ten !on#"dered r"#,# %or #o%t)are proe!t# '",e th"# one.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.174

No) !ome# the d"%%"!'t <e#t"on> =h"!h o% the#e "tem# "n Ta0'e 3-17 are

the 0"( #)"n(er#U LetF# 'oo, at ho) )e )o'd #e the COCOMO II mode' to

de$e'op an an#)er #"n( the "n%ormat"on "n the ta0'e to #tart )"th.


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1. Mana(er# are te!h"e# - The COCOMO mode' a##me# that *or proe!t "#

)e'' mana(ed. The mode' doe# not ta,e #"tat"on# '",e ha$"n( (ood

te!hn"!a' peop'e promoted to mana(er"a' po#"t"on# "nto a!!ont norma''*.

Ho)e$er+ *o !o'd ta,e "nto a!!ont the "mpa!t o% th"# pro0'em "% *o )ere

o$er'* !on!erned a0ot "t 0* ad#t"n( the ACAP+ PCAP and TEAM rat"n(#.

ACAP and PCAP addre## de$e'oper-!#tomer team a# )e'' a# "nd"$"da'

!apa0"'"t"e#. ?or e&amp'e+ *o !o'd do)n rate TEAM %rom the er* H"(h

rat"n( )e (a$e "t to Nom"na' to a##e## the r"#, o% de(rad"n( the !rrent

de$e'oper-!#tomer re'at"on#h"p. B* 'oo,"n( at the nm0er#+ *o )"'' #ee

that #!h a do)n rat"n( )o'd !a#e *or !o#t to (o p 0* a0ot ten per!ent.

6. Ne) pro(ramm"n( 'an(a(e - A# noted "n the ta0'e+ ne) pro(ramm"n(

'an(a(e# a%%e!t e%%ort and drat"on e#t"mate# "n a nm0er o% )a*#. ?"r#t+ *o

m#t a##e## the e%%e!t o% the 'earn"n( !r$e. In COCOMO II+ th"# "# ea#"'*

done thro(h the #e o% the !o#t dr"$er LTEX. ?or a pro(ramm"n( 'an(a(e

that "# ne) %or *or peop'e '",e a$a+ *o )o'd rate *or e&per"en!e 'o)er

than %or 'an(a(e# that *or #ta%% had a 'ot o% e&per"en!e )"th. Se!ond+ *o

!o'd ad#t the TOOL and POL to a##e## the "mpa!t o% re'ated "mmatre

!omp"'er# and the a!!ompan*"n( 'e## po)er%' rn-t"me #pport p'at%orm#.

=e )o'd re!ommend that *o $ar* the #ett"n(# o% the#e three !o#t dr"$er#


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"n!rementa''* to <ant"%* the re'at"$e "mpa!t o% th"# r"#, %a!tor. ar* the

#ett"n(# and 'oo, at the !om0"ned e%%e!t on e%%ort and drat"on thro(hot the

ent"re 'en(th o% the proe!t.

3. Ne) pro!e##e# - A'tho(h ne) pro!e##e# ha$e a po#"t"$e 'on(-term e%%e!t on

!o#t and prod!t"$"t*+ there !an 0e #ome trmo"' "n the #hort-term. The )a*

to <ant"%* th"# tran#"ent e%%e!t "# thro(h the #!a'e %a!tor PMAT and the !o#t

dr"$er ;OC8. A(a"n+ *o !an a##e## the re'at"$e "mpa!t 0* 'oo,"n( at

d"%%erent rat"n(# %or the#e %a!tor#. @o m"(ht a'#o "n!'de RESL "n the "mpa!t

ana'*#"# "% *o )ere #"n( ne) r"#, mana(ement pro!e##e# %or the %"r#t t"me.

Rea'"e that *o are 'oo,"n( at the !om0"ned e%%e!t o% the#e %a!tor# a!ro## the

%'' 'en(th o% the proe!t. There%ore+ #"n( a m"dd'e o% the road rat"n( %or

ea!h #!a'e %a!tor and !o#t dr"$er )o'd pro0a0'* re%'e!t the #"tat"on *oF'' 0e

e&po#ed to 0e#t.

. La!, o% !red"0'e e#t"mate# - The on'* )a* to "mpro$e the !red"0"'"t* o% *or

e#t"mate# "# to !han(e per!ept"on#. 8#"n( a de%"ned e#t"mat"n( pro!e## and a

!a'"0rated !o#t mode' #!h a# COCOMO II )"'' "mpro$e *or e#t"mat"n(

a!!ra!* tremendo#'* "n the %tre. Ho)e$er+ "t )onFt !han(e op"n"on#

de$e'oped thro(h pa#t a!!ra!* pro0'em#. The on'* )a* to !han(e the#e

per!ept"on# "# to (enerate 0etter re#'t#. =hat *o !o'd do to a##e## the


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0" J the 'ar(e#t po##"0'e #"e o% the #o%t)are !omponent.

Φ" J the e#t"mated #tandard de$"at"on

?or e&amp'e+ 0e!a#e o% the potent"a' r"#,+ *o m"(ht )ant to 0ond *or

potent"a' #"e (ro)th %or the %a't d"a(no#"# !omponent a# %o''o)# #"n( or

#er de%"ned SLOC/%n!t"on po"nt !on$er#"on %a!tor o% 27>

S"e J 66+77 6+777 62+777/: J 6+77 SLOC

=here a J 627 %n!t"on po"nt# 66+77 SLOC

m J 377 %n!t"on po"nt# 6+777 SLOC

0 J 397 %n!t"on po"nt# 62+777 SLOC

@o !o'd then a##e## the "mpa!t 0* #"n( the e%%e!t"$e #"e "n the COCOMO

II mode' a# the 0a#"# %or !ompt"n( the de'ta !o#t and drat"on de to the

(ro)th o% the re<"rement#. A# an a'ternat"$e+ *o !o'd #e the RESL %a!tor

to e#t"mate th"# %a!tor d"re!t'*.

G. Per#onne' trno$er - L!,"'*+ the COCOMO II mode' ha# a !o#t dr"$er+

Per#onne' Cont"n"t* or PCON+ )h"!h ta,e# anna' per#onne' trno$er "nto

a!!ont. The "mpa!t o% "n!rea#ed trno$er !an 0e !ompted 0* ad#t"n( the


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rat"n( %or th"# %a!tor. Ho)e$er+ #t 'oo,"n( at th"# one %a!tor a'one ma* not

0e #%%"!"ent. @o pro0a0'* #ho'd ad#t the re'at"$e e&per"en!e %a!tor

rat"n(#+ APEX+ PLEX and LTEX+ to a##e## the e%%ort and drat"on "mpa!t# de

to rep'a!"n( e&per"en!ed )"th 'e## e&per"en!ed per#onne'--".e.+ PCON a##me#

the rep'a!ement# ha$e !ompara0'e 0a!,(rond and e&per"en!e--more

rea'"#t"!a''*.

2. Ne) method# and too'# - The or"("na' COCOMO mode' had t)o parameter#+

MO;P and TOOL+ )h"!h *o !o'd ad#t to 'oo, at the potent"a' "mpa!t# o%

#e'e!ted method# and too' approa!he# on e%%ort and drat"on. Ho)e$er+ the

COCOMO II mode' ha# rep'a!ed MO;P 0* Pro!e## Matr"t*+ PMAT+ and

re$amped the TOOL !o#t dr"$er to re%'e!t 17W# te!hno'o(*. Ho) do *o

'oo, at the !om0"ned e%%e!t#U Th"n, a0ot )hat ne) rea''* mean# "n term#

o% the mode'F# #a(e. A'' "t rea''* mean# "# that the 'earn"n( !r$e and

e%%e!t"$e !apa0"'"t* o% the p'at%orm too'# and method# are "mportant %a!tor#.

A# a'read* noted+ there are !o#t dr"$er# that dea' d"re!t'* )"th the#e %a!tor# "n

COCOMO II. ?or e&amp'e+ *o !an a##e## the "mpa!t o% d"%%erent too'

e&per"en!e 'e$e'# 0* $ar*"n( the #ett"n(# o% LTEX. The TOOL rat"n(

#ome)hat addre##e# the de(ree o% "nte(rat"on and #pport %or the too'# ".e.+

)e are de%"n"n( "nd"$"da' rat"n( #!a'e# %or too'-#et !apa0"'"t"e#+ "nte(rat"on

and matr"t* and #pport. Bt+ )here do *o treat *or e&per"en!e )"th and


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the matr"t* o% *or method#U Th"# "# one maor d"%%eren!e 0et)een the

!rrent and pa#t COCOMO mode'#. In COCOMO II+ *o )o'd addre##

methodo'o(* a# part o% *or pro!e## matr"t* #!a'e %a!tor rat"n(+ PMAT. Th"#

"# 'o("!a' 0e!a#e more matre or(an"at"on# "n#t"tt"ona'"e the"r method#---

0oth te!hn"!a' and mana(er"a'---#*#temat"!a''*. The* tra"n the"r peop'e "n

the#e method# and pro$"de ("de'"ne# and e&amp'e# #o that the* are ea#* to

#e.

. o'at"'e re<"rement# - COCOMO II #e# a ne) %a!tor !a''ed Re<"rement#

E$o't"on and o'at"'*+ REL+ to ad#t the e%%e!t"$e #"e o% *or prod!t to

re%'e!t the per!enta(e o% !ode *o )"'' ha$e to thro) a)a* de to

re<"rement# "n#ta0"'"t*. In or e&amp'e+ *o )o'd !ompen#ate %or r"#, "%

*o )ere !on!erned a0ot %a't d"a(no#"# re<"rement# that #eemed to 0e

!on#tant'* !han("n( de to ne) and "nno$at"$e nera' net a'(or"thm#.

Be!a#e the#e a'(or"thm# )ere 0e"n( de#"(ned a# *o )ere de$e'op"n( *or

!ode+ *o m"(ht add 67 per!ent to the #"e REL J67 to ad#t the e%%e!t"$e

#"e to pro$"de !o$era(e %or (ro)th and $o'at"'"t*. @o !o'd then a##e## the

"mpa!t 0* #"n( the "n!rea#ed #"e "n the COCOMO II mode' a# the 0a#"# %or

!ompt"n( the de'ta e%%ort and drat"on de to the $o'at"'"t* o% the

re<"rement#. @o #ho'd note that *o m"(ht ha$e a'read* ta,en th"# r"#,

"nto a!!ont "% *o #ed the PERT #""n( %orm'a to de$e'op e&pe!ted #"e


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e#t"mate# that re%'e!t (ro)th a# )e #((e#ted "n "tem :. It "# p to *o to

de!"de )hether or not #!h do0'e !ont"n( ma* or ma* not 0e appropr"ate.

17. A((re##"$e #!hed'e# - A# "t# "n"t"a' otpt+ the COCOMO mode' ("$e# *o

the mo#t '",e'* drat"on. A# *o #a) "n ear'"er !hapter#+ e%%e!t"$e #e o% the

COCOMO mode' re<"re# *o to ad#t the #!hed'e+ SCE;+ to re%'e!t the

de#"red end po"nt. ;onFt 0e !on%#ed 0* )hat "# meant 0* the#e #tatement#.

O%ten+ *o are a#,ed to e#t"mate the e%%ort to (et a o0 done )"th"n a #pe!"%"!

t"me per"od. Th"# de#"red drat"on m"(ht d"%%er (reat'* %rom the mo#t '",e'*

e#t"mate that the COCOMO mode' (enerate#. To !ompen#ate %or #hortened

t"me per"od#+ *o m#t add e%%ort. @o do th"# #"n( the SCE; !o#t dr"$er 0*

add"n( e%%ort 0a#ed pon the per!enta(e o% t"me *o need to #horten the

#!hed'e re'at"$e to the or"("na' e#t"mate. 8nder !erta"n !"r!m#tan!e#+ the

SCE; !o#t dr"$er a'#o te''# *o that "t "# not %ea#"0'e to #horten the #!hed'e

e$en %rther. In other )ord#+ "t pro$e# Broo,#F 'a) )h"!h #((e#t# that #t

0e!a#e a )oman !an ha$e a 0a0* "n n"ne month# doe#nFt mean that n"ne

)omen !an ("$e 0"rth to the #ame 0a0* "n one month. @o m#t rea'"e that

there are '"m"tat"on# to )hat !an 0e done. There%ore+ *o m#t !he!, the

rea#ona0'ene## o% the e#t"mate 0e%ore *o p0'"#h the nm0er#.

To per%orm *or r"#, ana'*#"#+ *o !an per%orm the parametr"! #td"e# )e


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ha$e #((e#ted e"ther #"n('* or "n !om0"nat"on. The re#'t# !an then 0e #ed to

pr"or"t"e *or r"#, mana(ement p'an. Tho#e "tem# that ha$e the (reate#t !o#t and

#!hed'e "mpa!t# #ho'd 0e addre##ed %"r#t. @o !an a'#o (o to mana(ement )"th

the re#'t# to #ee, re'"e% %rom nrea#ona0'e e&pe!tat"on#. ?or e&amp'e+ *o !an

#ho) them that !ompre##"n( #!hed'e# dr"$e# the !o#t p non-'"near'*. @o !o'd

#((e#t a #p"ra' de'"$er* approa!h )h"!h 'et# *o red!e r"#, 0* "n!rementa''*

de'"$er"n( 0"'d# )"th d"%%er"n( !apa0"'"t"e#. In other )ord#+ *o !an #ho) them

ho) to meet the"r !#tomerF# e&pe!tat"on# "n )a*# that red!e r"#,.

A')a*# repre#ent the re#'t# o% a r"#, ana'*#"# a# a ran(e o% nm0er#.

=hen mana(ement a#,# ho) to rea'"e the 'o)er end o% the ran(e+ (et them to

0* "nto *or r"#, mana(ement p'an.

3.6.: Cond!t"n( Trade Std"e#

@o !an a'#o per%orm a 'ot o% #e%' trade #td"e# on!e *o ha$e %"n"#hed

)"th *or e#t"mate#. ?or e&amp'e+ *o !o'd 'oo, at the "mpa!t o% #"n( COTS

#o%t)are pa!,a(e#+ d"%%erent 'an(a(e# or d"%%erent de$e'opment parad"(m# on

*or e#t"mated !o#t# or #!hed'e#. LetF# 'oo, at ho) )e )o'd per%orm the#e

three trade #td"e# #"n( the COCOMO II mode' e#t"mate# a# or 0a#"#>


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3.6.:.1 COTS #o%t)are trade #td"e#

8#e o% COTS #o%t)are "# attra!t"$e to mo#t de$e'oper# 0e!a#e o% the

apparent !o#t and #!hed'e 'e$era(e. A# noted "n ear'"er !hapter#+ COTS #o%t)are

"# #o%t)are that e&"#t# and "# #ed a#-"# to per%orm %n!t"on# "n *or app'"!at"on.

@o donFt ha$e to ma"nta"n COTS 0e!a#e "t "# pro$"ded 0* #ome th"rd part*.

In#tead+ *or e%%ort# !an 0e %o!#ed on %"(r"n( ot ho) to "nte(rate the pa!,a(e

"nto *or app'"!at"on and te#t "t. I% *o re<"re enhan!ement#+ *o )"'' ha$e to

pa* the $endor to ma,e them. Th"# !an 0e done a# part o% the #tandard re'ea#e

pro!e## or "n a #eparate !#tom"ed $er#"on o% the prod!t. 8n%ortnate'*+ *o

'o#e man* o% the ad$anta(e# )hen *o ha$e to mod"%* COTS. @o a'#o ha$e

'"tt'e !ontro' o$er the de#t"n* o% the pa!,a(e or "t# e$o't"on. To a##e## the

re'at"$e !o#t/0ene%"t# a##o!"ated )"th the #e o% COTS+ *o m"(ht !on#tr!t a

#pread#heet '",e the one that %o''o)# %or or !a#e #td*>

In#ert Ta0'e 3.114

LetF# 'oo, at ho) the nm0er# %or COTS )ere der"$ed and )hat the*

mean. A# noted a0o$e+ the nm0er# a##me that *o )o'd ha$e to 0* a one-

t"me '"!en#e that a''o)# *o to #e the COTS #o%t)are a# part o% *or prod!t. It

a'#o pro$"de# *o )"th 97 rn-t"me '"!en#e# that perm"t *o to d"#tr"0te the

der"$ed prod!t to *or !'"ent# on a ma!h"ne 0* ma!h"ne '"!en#e 0a#"# ".e.+ 97


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#!h '"!en#e# pr"!ed at 1+777 ea!h. =e a'#o a##med that the "nte(rat"on and

te#t !o#t# o% COTS )ere 67 per!ent o% the ne) de$e'opment. Th"# !o'd 0e 'o) "%

the COTS d"d not #pport *or #tandard App'"!at"on Pro(ram Inter%a!e API and

the amont o% ('e !ode needed )a# 'ar(er than e&pe!ted. ?"na''*+ )e a##med

that a# anna' $er#"on# o% the COTS )ere re'ea#ed *o )o'd ha$e to pdate the

('e that 0ond the #o%t)are to *or prod!t# and rete#t "t.

Th"# trade #td* #ho)# that "t )o'd 0e 0ene%"!"a' to #e COTS "% the

%o''o)"n( a##mpt"on# ho'd tre>

The ma&"mm nm0er o% rn-t"me '"!en#e# d"d not e&!eed %"%t*. I% "t d"d+ the

0ene%"t# o% COTS )o'd d"m"n"#h <"!,'* a# the nm0er o% '"!en#e# re<"red

"n!rea#e#.

@o donFt need to mod"%* the COTS to pro$"de add"t"ona' %n!t"ona'"t* or to

#at"#%* an* n"<e API or other "nter%a!e re<"rement.

The !ompan* that #o'd *o the COTS "# #ta0'e+ pro$"de# *o ade<ate #pport

and #ta*# #o'$ent. I% not+ *o ma* ha$e to ta,e o$er ma"ntenan!e o% the

COTS pa!,a(e to !ont"ne #pport"n( *or !'"ent# th"# a##me# that *o

ha$e pt a !op* o% the #or!e !ode "n e#!ro) to (ard a(a"n#t th"#


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!ont"n(en!*. Th"# )o'd <"!,'* ne(ate the ad$anta(e o% #"n( COTS. A#

part o% *or COTS '"!en#"n( pra!t"!e#+ *o #ho'd ma,e #re that the $endor#

*o h"re are (o"n( to 0e arond %or the 'on( rn.

Th"# trade #td* 'oo,# at 0oth the ad$anta(e# and d"#ad$anta(e# o% #"n(

COTS a# part o% *or prod!t de$e'opment. A# d"#!##ed "n Chapter 9+ the

COCOMO II proe!t "# a!t"$e'* "n$o'$ed "n de$e'op"n( a mode' !a''ed COCOTS

that perm"t# *o to 'oo, at the man* !o#t dr"$er# that "n%'en!e th"# de!"#"on.

=hat )a# pro$"ded here )a# a 0r"e% d"#!##"on o% #ome o% the man* %a!tor# that

*o m"(ht )ant to !on#"der a# *o per%orm *or ana'*#"#. A# noted+ '"!en#"n(

pra!t"!e# ma* ha$e a 'ar(e "mpa!t on )hat #e'e!t"on *o )"'' ma,e. =e there%ore

#((e#t that *o ha$e *or 'e(a' department re$"e) *or COTS '"!en#e

a(reement# !are%''* #o *o ,no) )hat !o#t# *o )"'' 0e he'd '"a0'e on!e *o

pr!ha#e the prod!t.

3.6.:.6 Lan(a(e trade #td"e#

Lan(a(e# "mpa!t 0oth prod!t"$"t* and the amont o% !ode that )"'' 0e

(enerated. ?or e&amp'e+ *o !an )r"te the #ame app'"!at"on "n a %orth (enerat"on

'an(a(e )"th m!h 'e## !ode than )"th a th"rd (enerat"on 'an(a(e. An ea#*

)a* to !ompare the re'at"$e prod!t"$"t* o% #"n( d"%%erent pro(ramm"n(


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'an(a(e# "# 0* 'oo,"n( at %n!t"on po"nt 'an(a(e e&pan#"on %a!tor# ".e.+ the

nm0er o% SLOC (enerated per %n!t"on po"nt "n that 'an(a(e. ?or the !a#e o%

C $er## C+ a rat"o o% 6/162 or a0ot 7.63 e&"#t# per the ta0'e. Th"# mean# that

*o !o'd )r"te the e<"$a'ent %n!t"ona'"t* o% pro(ram# or"("na''* e&pre##ed "n

the C pro(ramm"n( 'an(a(e )"th a0ot a GGK de!rea#e "n e%%ort nder the

a##mpt"on that *o ha$e e<"$a'ent #,"'' and e&per"en!e "n the 'an(a(e. I% th"#

a##mpt"on )ere not tre+ *o )o'd ha$e to e#t"mate the !o#t o% de$e'op"n( the#e

#,"''# and %a!tor that "nto the #td*. ?or e&amp'e+ a #pread#heet repre#ent"n( the

trade# that *o 'oo,ed at m"(ht appear a# %o''o)# %or or !a#e #td*>

In#ert Ta0'e 3.164

8nder'*"n( the GGK #a$"n(# "# the a##mpt"on that *or app'"!at"on and

pro(rammer# )"'' ma,e e&ten#"$e #e o% the po)er%' %eatre# o% C. In other

)ord#+ #t #"n( a C #0#et o% C )"'' not re#'t "n a de!rea#e "n e%%ort.

LetF# 'oo, at ho) the#e nm0er# )ere der"$ed and )hat the* mean. ?"r#t+

the nm0er# %or C repre#ent the de'ta !o#t# ".e.+ tho#e "n add"t"on to that )h"!h

)o'd ha$e had to 0e #pent an*)a* "% the C pro(ramm"n( 'an(a(e )ere #ed.

In other )ord#+ tra"n"n( !o#t# %or C )o'd 0e 97+777 more than that )h"!h

)o'd ha$e 0een #pent "% the C 'an(a(e had 0een #e'e!ted %or #e. Se!ond+ the


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(a"n "n prod!t"$"t* de to #e'e!t"on o% the C 'an(a(e )a# !ompted a#

%o''o)#>

Co#t red!t"on J

K o% '"%e !*!'e a%%e!tedprod!t"$"t* (a"nnm0er o% hor#!o#t/hor

J 7.37.969+77797

J 12G+977

=e made the %o''o)"n( $er* !on#er$at"$e a##mpt"on# to per%orm or

ana'*#"#>

The (a"n# a##o!"ated )"th the #e o% a pro(ramm"n( 'an(a(e# )ere !on%"ned

to the !ode and n"t te#t port"on o% the '"%e !*!'e+

The re'at"$e prod!t"$"t* (a"n o% C o$er C )a# on'* 97K ".e.+ not the G7K

the %n!t"on po"nt 'an(a(e e&pan#"on %a!tor# #((e#t+

The !o#t o% de$e'op"n( or app'"!at"on "# 69+777 hor# #ome)hat 0et)een

or COCOMO and =BS e#t"mate#+ and

The !o#t per hor "# 97 ".e.+ doe# not "n!'de o$erhead and pro%"t.


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Th"# trade #td* #ho)# that "t )o'd 0e 0ene%"!"a' to mo$e to the C

pro(ramm"n( 'an(a(e "% )e !o'd a%%ord the t"me needed to 0r"n( the #ta%% p to

#peed on the e%%e!t"$e #e o% the 'an(a(e and the method# "t depend# on to

rea'"e "t# potent"a'.

3.6.:.3 Parad"(m trade #td"e#

A# or 'a#t trade #td*+ 'etF# 'oo, at the d"%%eren!e# "n !o#t 0et)een

de$e'op"n( or prod!t "n!rementa''* $er## a #"n('e 0"'d. A# )e noted "n or

treatment o% r"#,+ one o% the mo#t !ommon approa!he# #ed to addre## a((re##"$e

#!hed'e r"#, "# "n!rementa' de$e'opment. Here+ )e 0rea, the #o%t)are

de$e'opment do)n "nto #e$era' de'"$era0'e# ea!h )"th part"a' %n!t"ona'"t*. S!h

de'"$er"e# !an 0e (enerated "n man* )a*#. T)o o% the more pop'ar o% the#e are

"n!rementa' de'"$er* or "n!rementa' de$e'opment. ?or "n!rementa' de'"$er*+

!apa0"'"t* 0"'d# are de$e'oped+ te#ted and de'"$ered a# #tand-a'one ent"t"e#. ?or

th"# !a#e+ the !o#t o% te#t"n( and pa!,a("n( o% ea!h 0"'d %or de'"$er* m#t 0e

"n!'ded "n the e#t"mate. ?or "n!rementa' de$e'opment+ the %'' te#t"n( !an 0e

de'a*ed nt"' the %"na' de'"$er* enter# "nte(rat"on and te#t. Both approa!he#

pro$"de part"a' prod!t#. Ho)e$er+ "n!rementa' de$e'opment "# norma''* !heaper


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0e!a#e "t !t# do)n the t"me and e%%ort needed %or te#t and pa!,a("n( %or

de'"$er*.

LetF# 'oo, at the added t"me and e%%ort needed %or ea!h "n!rementa'

de$e'opment approa!h #"n( or TPS !a#e #td* a# or 0a#"#. The #"e o% ea!h

"n!rement )"'' ha$e to 0e e#t"mated #"n( %n!t"ona'"t* a''o!ated to the 0"'d a# "t#

%ondat"on. ?or #"mp'"!"t*+ 'etF# 0rea, the #"e a# %o''o)# "nto t)o 0"'d#+ one %or

#*#tem# #o%t)are and the other %or app'"!at"on#.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.134

@o #ho'd ha$e not"!ed that )e ha$e "n!'ded B"'d 1 a# part o% or

B"'d 6. Th"# "# ne!e##ar* 0e!a#e the #*#tem# #o%t)are )"'' 0e #ed a# the 0a#"#

%or (enerat"n( B"'d 6. Th"# #o%t)are )"'' 0e "nte(rated and te#ted and perhap#

mod"%"ed a# the %n!t"ona'"t* needed to "mp'ement or app'"!at"on# "# de$e'oped

a# part o% the #e!ond "n!rement )e de$e'op #"n( e"ther the "n!rementa'

de$e'opment or de'"$er* parad"(m.

?or 0oth "n!rementa' parad"(m#+ )e )"'' treat or t)o de'"$er"e# a# t)o

#eparate #0proe!t#. Ba#ed pon the e#t"mate# pre#ented at the #tart o% th"#

Chapter+ the e%%e!t"$e #"e o% %"r#t #0proe!t )o'd 0e 1+77 SLOC. =e )o'd

e#t"mate the #"e o% B"'d 6 a# %o''o)#>


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E%%e!t"$e #"e J S"e 7.K;M 7.3KCM 7.3KIM

J 1+77 7..67 7.3.37 7.3.37

J 1+77 7.6: J 9+1G SLOC

S"e B"'d 6 J 9+1G 277 63+177

J 6+7G SLOC

=here>

K;M J per!enta(e de#"(n mod"%"ed

KCM J per!ent !ode mod"%"ed

KIM J per!ent "nte(rat"on mod"%"ed

The d"%%eren!e 0et)een the t)o parad"(m# )o'd 0e a!!onted %or "n the

%a!tor# )e #e to !ompte the per!ent mod"%"ed. Be!a#e "n!rementa' de'"$er*

enta"'# more te#t"n(+ the per!enta(e# a##med )o'd ndo0ted'* 0e 0"((er. =e

)o'd then #e the COCOMO II mode' to !ompte the e%%ort and drat"on %or

ea!h o% or t)o 0"'d# #"n( the d"%%erent #"e e#t"mate# to dr"$e the otpt o% or

mode'#. Or e#t"mate %or the tota' o0 )o'd 0e the #m o% the t)o 0"'d

e#t"mate#. =h"'e the tota' e#t"mate %or "n!rementa' de$e'opment )o'd 0e h"(her

than %or a one #hot "mp'ementat"on+ "t )o'd mo#t '",e'* re#'t "n an ear'"er In"t"a'


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Operat"ona' Capa0"'"t* 0e!a#e the %"r#t 0"'d !o'd 0e dep'o*ed a# the #e!ond

0"'d )a# )or,ed on "n para''e'.

The#e three trade #td"e# #er$e a# e&amp'e# o% ho) *o )o'd #e a !o#t

mode' to a##e## the !o#t/0ene%"t# o% a'ternat"$e#. A# "''#trated+ *o !an !ond!t a

#"mp'e parametr"! tradeo%% 0* $ar*"n( the parametr"! #ett"n(# %or e"ther *or #!a'e

%a!tor# or !o#t dr"$er#. @o !an (et more #oph"#t"!ated and per%orm more

e'a0orate ana'*#"# #"n( one or more o% the en!'o#ed 8SC COCOMO II pa!,a(eF#

man* !apa0"'"t"e#. A# )e #mmar"ed "n ?"(re 3-G and e'#e)here "n the 0oo,+

the#e !apa0"'"t"e# "n!'de+ 0t are not '"m"ted to+ the %o''o)"n(>

Re#or!e e#t"mat"on - the 0a#e COCOMO II mode' (enerate# e%%ort and

drat"on e#t"mate# nder three #!enar"o#> app'"!at"on !ompo#"t"on+ ear'*

de#"(n+ and po#t-ar!h"te!tre. The nder'*"n( a##mpt"on "# that *or a"m "#

to red!e the r"#, a# *o (o thro(h a #p"ra' de$e'opment pro!e##.

E<"$a'ent #"e e#t"mat"on - the 8SC COCOMO II pa!,a(e !on$ert# %n!t"on

po"nt# to #or!e '"ne# o% !ode #"n( 'an(a(e e&pan#"on %a!tor# that appear "n

ear'"er !hapter# o% th"# 0oo,. It a'#o perm"t# *o to !ompte e<"$a'ent '"ne#

o% !ode #"n( the per!enta(e-mod"%"ed %orm'a# that )e !o$ered ear'"er "n th"#

!hapter.


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Re#e "mpa!t a##e##ment - the COCOMO pa!,a(e no) !onta"n# a ne) #et o%

%orm'a# %or re#e )h"!h perm"t *o to ta,e e%%ort needed %or #o%t)are

nder#tand"n(+ a##e##ment and a##"m"'at"on+ and n%am"'"ar"t* "nto a!!ont.

Re-en("neer"n( or !on$er#"on e#t"mat"on - the COCOMO pa!,a(e !onta"n# a

#et o% %orm'a# that *o !an #e to addre## re-en("neer"n( and !on$er#"on

ad#tment#. The#e %orm'a# #e an atomated tran#'at"on prod!t"$"t* rate a#

the"r 0a#"#.

Ma"ntenan!e e#t"mat"on - %"na''*+ the pa!,a(e "n!'de# ne) mathemat"!a'

%orm'a# to e#t"mate the e%%ort re<"red to ma"nta"n the pa!,a(e. The#e

%orm'a# #e the !ode %ra(ment #0e!ted to !han(e to !ompte the re'at"$e

!o#t to pdate the #o%t)are. L"%e !*!'e !o#t# e<a' the de$e'opment !o#t# p'#

)hate$er e%%ort "# needed to ma"nta"n the #o%t)are a!ro## "t# proe!ted '"%e

#pan. Ma"ntenan!e addre##e# on'* the e%%ort needed to add or !han(e the 0a#e

#or!e !ode a!ro## the '"%e o% the proe!t ".e.+ no e&tra e%%ort "# e#t"mated %or

de'et"n( !ode per ("de'"ne# pro$"ded 0* the So%t)are En("neer"n( In#t"tte.

@o !an e$en !ond!t !o#t-0ene%"t ana'*#"# 0* rnn"n( the mode' to !ompte

0oth the "n$e#tment and operat"n( !o#t# and the tan("0'e and "ntan("0'e 0ene%"t#.


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=e )"'' per%orm #!h an ana'*#"# "n the ne&t para(raph a# )e a##e## '"%e !*!'e

!o#t#.

3.6.G A##e##"n( L"%e C*!'e Co#t#

The %"na' th"n( *o !an #e a !o#t mode' '",e COCOMO II to per%orm "#

'"%e !*!'e !o#t ana'*#"#. A# a'read* noted+ '"%e !*!'e !o#t# "n!'de+ a# a m"n"mm+

0oth the !o#t# o% de$e'opment and ma"ntenan!e. The 8SC COCOMO II pa!,a(e

pro$"de# a ma"ntenan!e mode' that !an 0e #ed to e#t"mate the !o#t# a##o!"ated

)"th ,eep"n( a #o%t)are prod!t p to date a%ter "t "# de'"$ered and de!'ared

operat"ona'. The ma"ntenan!e mode' %or COCOMO II "# ne) and "mpro$ed. It

a##me# that the amont o% !ode added or !han(ed "# more than 67 per!ent o% the

ne) !ode 0e"n( de$e'oped. E'#e+ )e re!ommend that *o #e the re#e mode' to

e#t"mate the !o#t o% the ne) $er#"on. It# 0a#"! %orm'a "# o% the %orm>

1G

PMM J AS"eMB Π(EM" "J1

=here>

S"eM J Ba#eCodeS"eMC?4MA?

MA? J 1 S8/1778N?M4

MC? J S"eAdded S"eMod"%"edBa#eCode S"e


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The !on#tant# A and B ha$e the #ame %orm a# the COCOMO II

de$e'opment mode'. The e%%ort m't"p'"er#+ EMI+ are the #ame e&!ept %or REL@+

re<"red re'"a0"'"t*. Lo)er re'"a0"'"t* #o%t)are )"'' 0e more e&pen#"$e rather than

'e## e&pen#"$e to ma"nta"n. In add"t"on+ the RE8SE !o#t dr"$er and SCE; are

"(nored "n the ma"ntenan!e !omptat"on.

A# the %orm'a "''#trate#+ the COCOMO II ma"ntenan!e mode' e#t"mate#

e%%ort 0* 'oo,"n( at the per!enta(e o% the !ode that !han(e#. The %orm'a a'#o

#((e#t# that *o #ho'd mod"%* *or e%%ort m't"p'"er# and #!a'e %a!tor# to re%'e!t

*or ma"ntenan!e #"tat"on. ?or e&amp'e+ *o m"(ht rate #ome o% the per#onne'

%a!tor# d"%%erent'* "% the team a##"(ned to ma"nta"n the #o%t)are had d"##"m"'ar

!hara!ter"#t"!# %rom the de$e'opment team.

In#ert ?"(re 3.G4

In#ert ?"(re 3.24

Ho) )o'd *o per%orm a '"%e !*!'e ana'*#"#U I# "t a# #"mp'e a# add"n(

the de$e'opment and anna' ma"ntenan!e !o#t# a!ro## the '"%e #pan o% the


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#o%t)areU Somet"me# "t "#. Ho)e$er+ there are !a#e# )here a m!h more deta"'ed

ana'*#"# ma* 0e "n order. LetF# ta,e the COTS #o%t)are !a#e that )e d"#!##ed

ear'"er "n th"# Chapter. The #pread#heet )e #ed to !ompare !o#t# )a# a# %o''o)#>

In#ert Ta0'e 3.14

LetF# #e the #pread#heet that appear# a# ?"(re 3.2 to !he!, to #ee "% )e

0onded a'' the !o#t# o% #"n( COTS $er## de$e'op"n( the #o%t)are ane) o$er "t#

'"%e !*!'e. A%ter a <"!, 'oo,+ )e !an #ee that the ana'*#"# )e !ond!ted ear'"er

)a# not rea''* $er* !omprehen#"$e. =e %a"'ed to ta,e the %o''o)"n( maor !o#t#

"nto a!!ont>

In#ert Ta0'e 3.194

The !o#t d"%%erent"a' 0et)een the t)o opt"on# "# rap"d'* narro)"n( a# )e

'oo, "nto the %tre. The de!"#"on )"'' no) ha$e to 0e made #"n( r"#, and

"ntan("0'e %a!tor#. ?or e&amp'e+ *o m"(ht opt to de$e'op the app'"!at"on *or#e'%

"% the $endorF# hea'th )a# ##pe!t or "% the app'"!at"on )a# one re'ated to one o%

*or !ore !ompeten!"e#. @o m"(ht opt %or COTS "% *o )ere %o!#ed on

red!"n( *or t"me to mar,et or "n!rea#"n( mar,et penetrat"on. The more

thoro(h *or ana'*#"#+ the 0etter *or de!"#"on#. Th"# !omp'ete# th"# e&amp'e.


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In #mmar*+ "t #ho)ed *o the $a'e o% #"n( mode'# '",e COCOMO II to

per%orm a'' #ort# o% trade #td"e# and e!onom"! ana'*#"#.

3.3 A"r0orne Radar S*#tem ARS O$er$"e)

Th"# #e!t"on pro$"de# #e$era' #o%t)are !o#t e#t"mate# %or a 'ar(e+ !omp'e&

rea'-t"me em0edded #*#tem that "n$o'$e# !on!rrent de$e'opment o% ne)

hard)are. The #*#tem "# 0"'t #"n( an e$o't"onar* pro!e##+ and th"# e&amp'e

)"'' #ho) a'' three #0-mode'# o% COCOMO 0e"n( #ed "n tandem )"th "terat"$e

!*!'e# o% the #p"ra' pro!e##. The prod!t "# a maor p(rade to an e&"#t"n( #*#tem

0e"n( #ed on m"'"tar* a"r!ra%t and )"'' 0e !on#tr!ted )"th #0#tant"a' re#e and

atomat"! tran#'at"on. The ARS t*p"%"e# the #*#tem# "nte(rat"on proe!t# o% man*

aero#pa!e !ompan"e# and+ "n!rea#"n('*+ !ommer!"a' and e<"pment

man%a!trer#.

The App'"!at"on# Compo#"t"on mode' )"'' 0e #ed to e#t"mate the "n"t"a'

protot*p"n( that demon#trate# a ne) #er "nter%a!e %or "mpro$ed radar pro!e##"n(

!apa0"'"t"e# #"n( #"m'ated radar "npt. Th"# !o$er# the maor e%%ort "n$o'$ed "n

the MBASE/R8P #p"ra' !*!'e# !o$er"n( the In!ept"on pha#e and !'m"nat"n( "n

the L"%e C*!'e O0e!t"$e# LCO an!hor po"nt m"'e#tone. Note that the

App'"!at"on# Compo#"t"on mode' "# not !omp'ete'* !a'"0rated a# o% th"# )r"t"n(+ #o

the#e !a'!'at"on# on'* #er$e a# an e&amp'e #ee Chapter : %or th"# emer("n(


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e&ten#"on. The Ear'* ;e#"(n mode' )"'' 0e #ed %or the E'a0orat"on pha#e )h"!h

)"'' de$e'op a )or,"n( 0read0oard #*#tem )"th a #0#et o% radar #*#tem

!apa0"'"t"e# and a %''* de%"ned #o%t)are ar!h"te!tre. The E'a0orat"on pha#e

!'m"nate# "n the L"%e C*!'e Ar!h"te!tre LCA m"'e#tone. ?"na''*+ the Po#t-

Ar!h"te!tre mode' )"'' 0e #ed %or the Con#tr!t"on pha#e %or a!ta' %'"(ht #a(e

!'m"nat"n( "n the In"t"a' Operat"ona' Capa0"'"t* IOC.

Th"# e&amp'e demon#trate# e#t"mat"n( a proe!t )"th $ar*"n( 'e$e'# o%

deta"'+ hand'"n( o0e!t-or"ented de$e'opment "n the SLOC %orm'a#+ e#t"mat"n(

re#e+ and !o#t"n( re-en("neer"n( done $"a atomat"! 'an(a(e tran#'at"on. The

Po#t-Ar!h"te!tre e&er!"#e "n th"# #e!t"on )"'' a'#o "ntrod!e a #"mp'e and

!on$en"ent method o% re!ord"n( !o#t dr"$er rat"n(# "n an or(an"at"on.

3.3.1 ARS ;e#!r"pt"on

The Me(a#pa!e Corporat"on "# de$e'op"n( the ARS. The ARS #e# a

!entra' a"r0orne !ompter+ a radar n"t+ other #en#or# and a d"#p'a* !on#o'e a''

!onta"ned on0oard a m"'"tar* et. It "# a hard rea'-t"me #*#tem )"th $er* #tr"n(ent

t"m"n( !on#tra"nt#. The o$era'' !omp'e&"t* "# $er* h"(h de to m't"-thread"n(

and m't"-mode rea'-t"me pro!e##"n(. A'' the hard)are "# 0e"n( de$e'oped %rom

#!rat!h. The !entra' !ompter pro$"de# radar hard)are !ommand#+ pro!e##e#

radar "npt+ and mana(e# radar and tra!, data. The propr"etar* d"#p'a* !on#o'e


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ha# a h"(h-re#o't"on !o'or d"#p'a* and a %'' #"te o% "npt de$"!e# "n!'d"n( a

tra!,0a''+ pro(ramma0'e to!h pane'# and %"&ed %n!t"on ,e*#.

A h"(h 'e$e' dep"!t"on o% the #*#tem "# #ho)n "n ?"(re 3-. A'' #*#tem

!omponent# are ph*#"!a''* re#"dent on the a"r!ra%t.

In#ert ?"(re 3.4

Ta0'e 3-19 '"#t# the h"(h-'e$e' #o%t)are !omponent# "n the ARS.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.1:4

3.3.6 Protot*pe ;emon#trat"on In!ept"on Pha#e

The 8.S. Na$* !#tomer )"'' )"tne## the protot*pe demon#trat"on+ and

there "# on'* : )ee,# t"me to de$e'op "t. Me(a#pa!e ha# #pent !on#"dera0'e e%%ort

!on!e"$"n( the #*#tem p(rade+ and "t "# $"ta''* "mportant that the demo #ho)#

ad$an!ement# to the Na$*. A (ood dea' o% the %n!t"ona'"t* )"'' 0e !anned )"th

#"m'ated data+ 0t the Radar Item Pro!e##"n( #o%t)are )"'' demon#trate #ome

ne) a'(or"thm#. There )"'' 0e no a!ta' radar hard)are and radar data )"'' 0e

#"m'ated+ 0t there )"'' 0e #ome #t0# to re!e"$e and "n#trment #"m'ated radar

!ommand#. There )"'' 0e a #ma'' #0#et o% d"#p'a* !apa0"'"t"e# #ho)n that )"''


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demon#trate the ne) a'(or"thm#. No B"'t In Te#t #o%t)are )"'' 0e "n the "n"t"a'

protot*pe. The protot*pe )"'' 0e mana(ed )"th a V!t and rnV approa!h+

)here0* no maor re<"rement# !han(e# )"'' 0e "n!orporated the re<"rement#

e$o't"on and $o'at"'"t* )"'' 0e e##ent"a''* ero.

S"n!e the protot*pe "# 'ar(e'* (raph"! #!reen# )"th '"tt'e radar data

pro!e##"n(+ the App'"!at"on# Compo#"t"on mode' #ee Chapter 9+ #e!t"on 9.1 )"''

0e #ed. The protot*pe )"'' 0e #"ed #"n( app'"!at"on po"nt#. Man* o% the

#!reen# )"'' 0e !omp'e& 0"t-mapped d"#p'a*# that are rated a# d"%%"!'t "n the

app'"!at"on po"nt pro!edre. Note there "# on'* one report "n the protot*pe #*#tem

(enerated 0* Radar Item Pro!e##"n( a t"me h"#tor* o% "tem# tra!,ed )"th the

radar demon#trat"n( a #!!e##%' thread o% the #o%t)are. There "# no B"'t In Te#t

#o%t)are %or the protot*pe.

A%ter a !op'e o% meet"n(# )"th the #*#tem ar!h"te!t# to a##e## the

protot*pe %n!t"ona'"t*+ the nm0er and !omp'e&"t* o% #!reen#+ report# and 3DL

!omponent# )ere e#t"mated a# #ho)n "n Ta0'e 3-1G. The nm0er o% e'ement#

!o'd ha$e a'#o 0een der"$ed #"n( a more %orma' )"de0and ;e'ph" approa!h.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.1G4

8#"n( the app'"!at"on po"nt pro!edre+ the %o''o)"n( #"e# #ho)n "n Ta0'e

3-12 )ere der"$ed 0a#ed on the e'ement# "n Ta0'e 3-1G.


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In#ert Ta0'e 3.124

There "# a poo' o% %"$e #en"or de$e'oper# that !o'd 0e made a$a"'a0'e to

)or, on the proe!t+ 0t the* are a'#o !r"t"!a' to on(o"n( proe!t#. The* )o'd

!o''e!t"$e'* and "nd"$"da''* rate a# Vh"(hV on the de$e'oper ICASE e&per"en!e

#!a'e. A'#o+ the ICASE too'#et rate# h"(h. Can the protot*pe 0e done "n the

re<"red : )ee,#+ and ho) man* de$e'oper# #ho'd 0e de$oted to the proe!tU

="th a h"(h prod!t"$"t* o% 69 NAP/PM per the app'"!at"on po"nt

pro!edre "n #e!t"on 9.1+ the e#t"mated protot*pe e%%ort %or 13:.3 NAP )o'd 0e>

PM J NAP/PRO; J 13:.3/69 J 9.9 PM or 63.: per#on-)ee,#.

Th"# )o'd re<"re an a$era(e o% 63.9 per#on-)ee,#/: )ee,#J3. %''-

t"me per#onne' %or the #"& )ee, per"od+ or o% the 9 a$a"'a0'e de$e'oper#.

3.3.3 Bread0oard S*#tem E'a0orat"on Pha#e

The 0read0oard #*#tem "# p'anned to demon#trate a de%"ned #o%t)are

ar!h"te!tre )"th ad$an!ement# "n ne)'* de$e'oped hard)are. It )"'' 0e

e&ten#"$e'* te#ted operat"ona''* 0e%ore !omm"tt"n( to %"na' de$e'opment. There


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COCOMO II/Chapter 3/Boehm et al. - :7 -

are #t"'' a (ood nm0er o% n,no)n# at th"# #ta(e. Tho(h the de$e'opment

p'at%orm "# !ho#en+ '"tt'e "# ,no)n a0ot the %"na' !omponent #"e#+ the per#onne'

a$a"'a0'e+ the rea'-t"me per%orman!e o% the ne) ar!h"te!tre+ or the pro!e## to 0e

#ed "n the %"na' de$e'opment there are #e$era' maor pro!e## !han(e# o!!rr"n(

a# part o% the #o%t)are pro!e## "mpro$ement pro(ram. ?or the#e rea#on#+ the

!oar#e-(ra"ned Ear'* ;e#"(n mode' )"'' 0e #ed.

At th"# re'at"$e'* ear'* proe!t #ta(e+ the amont o% %n!t"ona'"t* !an 0e

<ant"%"ed ea#"er than the '"ne# o% !ode. Bt #"n!e d"%%erent de#"(ner# hand'e the

d"%%erent !omponent#+ the e#t"mated #"e# are a m"&ed 0a( o% %n!t"on po"nt# and

SLOC. The nad#ted %n!t"on po"nt# )"'' 0e !on$erted to SLOC %or the

COCOMO e<at"on#.

The 0read0oard de$e'opment )"'' a'#o 0e #ed a# a $eh"!'e to !o''e!t !o#t-

re'ated data. The atomated tran#'at"on prod!t"$"t* )"'' 0e mea#red %or the

?ORTRAN to Ada re-en("neered port"on "n the Radar Item Pro!e##"n( #o%t)are.

Add"t"ona''*+ the o0e!t-or"ented de$e'opment "n the Radar Item Pro!e##"n( and

Radar ;ata0a#e )"'' 0e #ed to (et repre#entat"$e #"e# on o0e!t#. Th"# o0e!t

data )"'' 0e #ed 'ater "n %'' de$e'opment to !on$ert the rema"n"n( o0e!t# to 0e

de$e'oped to '"ne# o% !ode %or the po#t-ar!h"te!tre mode'.

Me(a#pa!e ha# a'#o de!"ded to "mp'ement Inte(rated Prod!t Team# %or

the 0read0oard and %'' de$e'opment. There "# re<"red re#e a!ro## a )ho'e

prod!t '"ne+ the per#onne' are h"(h'* !apa0'e+ 0t #ome o% the #ta%% "# ne) to the


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doma"n. Ta0'e# 3-12 and 3-1 '"#t the #!a'e dr"$er and !o#t dr"$er rat"n(# )"th

a##o!"ated rat"ona'e %or the 0read0oard de$e'opment.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.14

In#ert Ta0'e 3.674

Ta0'e 3-61 #ho)# the #"e !a'!'at"on# %or the 0read0oard de$e'opment. It

"mp'ement# the e<"$a'ent #"e !a'!'at"on# de#!r"0ed "n Chapter 6. Note that a

!omponent !an 0e 0ro,en p 0a#ed on #0-!omponent#+ d"%%erent 'an(a(e#+

and/or (roped 0* d"%%erent or"("n# e.(. ne)+ re#ed+ mod"%"ed or COTS. The

data "n Ta0'e 3-61 "# a((re(ated on a !omponent 0a#"#. The (ran'ar"t* o% the

!omponent# )"'' 0e d"!tated 0* the proe!t natre. In (enera'+ %"ner 0rea,do)n "#

ad$anta(eo# #"n!e "t 'ead# to 0etter #*#tem nder#tand"n(. The #ame method# o%

ro''"n( p #"e# app'* "n a'' !a#e#. Note a'#o that the re#e parameter her"#t"!# "n

Ta0'e 6.2 ha$e 0een %o''o)ed e.(. re#ed !ode "mp'"e# ;MJ7+ CMJ7+ and

S8/8N?M donWt app'*. An* #o%t)are reta"ned a# "# %rom the protot*pe "#

!on#"dered re#ed. So%t)are !han(ed %rom the protot*pe "# !on#"dered

mod"%"ed.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.614


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Some <a'"%"!at"on# are ne!e##ar* re(ard"n( the COTS data. Sor!e !ode

#"e# %or COTS are o%ten n,no)a0'e #"n!e pa!,a(e# are "n#'ar+ and #or!e "# not

e$en pro$"ded "n man* !a#e#. COTS #"e "# a'#o "rre'e$ant "n #"tat"on# )hen "t#

#a(e "# e##ent"a''* tran#parent. O%ten on'* a #ma'' part o% the pa!,a(e "# #ed a#

)e''. It "# the "nter%a!e# that matter+ and the de$e'opment o% ('e !ode that

re<"re# e%%ort. COTS m#t 0e hand'ed "n #ome %a#h"on nt"' the COCOTS mode'

"# %''* a$a"'a0'e #ee Chapter 9+ #e!t"on 9..

In th"# app'"!at"on+ there "# a!!e## to the COTS #or!e !ode. It ha# 0een

"nte(rated )"th the re#t o% the app'"!at"on and do)n'oaded "nto the em0edded

pro!e##or#. Th# there "# !omp'ete $"#"0"'"t* "nto the #or!e !ode+ "n!'d"n( ho)

to mod"%* "t.

Tho(h the Ear'* ;e#"(n mode' !an hand'e %n!t"on po"nt#+ the #"e# "n

Ta0'e 3-61 are #mmar"ed "n SLOC. The #"e# o% Radar Item Pro!e##"n( and

Radar ;ata0a#e ha$e 0een !on$erted %rom %n!t"on po"nt# a# %o''o)# #"n( the

!on$er#"on# "n Ta0'e 6. %or Ada 9.

Radar Item Pro!e##"n(> 37 ?P Y SLOC/?P J 1+117 SLOCRadar ;ata0a#e> 162 ?P Y SLOC/?P J :+6G6 SLOC.

In th"# and #0#e<ent e&amp'e#+ re<"rement# e$o't"on and $o'at"'"t*

REL "# a##med !on#tant )"th"n a !omponent re(ard'e## o% )hether "tF# ne) or


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adapted a'tho(h "t doe#nFt a')a*# ha$e to 0e the !a#e. The 'a#t !o'mn "n the

ta0'e mar,ed E<"$a'ent S"e ad#t# %or the adaptat"on parameter# and add# on

the #pe!"%"ed per!enta(e o% re<"rement# e$o't"on and $o'at"'"t*. Th"# "# the #"e

#ed "n the COCOMO e#t"mat"n( e<at"on#.

E<"$a'ent #"e !a'!'at"on# are not per%ormed %or atomat"!a''* tran#'ated

!ode. The o$era'' e%%ort "# !a'!'ated )"th E<at"on 6.11+ )"th a #eparate term %or

atomat"! tran#'at"on. The e%%ort %or tran#'at"n( ?ortran "nto Ada "# done

#eparate'* per E<at"on 6.:+ )here the tran#'at"on e%%ort "# added to the #tandard

COCOMO e%%ort e<at"on. At th"# #ta(e+ atomat"! tran#'at"on prod!t"$"t* "# not

)e''-,no)n+ #o 277 SLOC/per#on-month )"'' 0e #ed 0a#ed on pre'"m"nar* data

%rom another pro(ram. Another a##mpt"on "# that 7K o% the Radar Item

Pro!e##"n( 69+97 SLOC !an 0e atomat"!a''* tran#'ated+ 0a#ed on $endor

"n%ormat"on. The rema"n"n( 17K "# de$e'oped ane)+ and #ho)# p a# part o% the

1+177 ne) SLOC %or the !omponent. 8#"n( the 69+97 SLOC port"on that )"''

0e !on$erted to Ada+ the atomat"! tran#'at"on e%%ort a'one "#>

PMM J ASLOC AT/177 / ATPRO;J 69+97 ASLOC Y . / 277 SLOC/per#on-monthJ 62.: per#on-month#.

Ptt"n( the e<"$a'ent #"e %rom Ta0'e 3-61 "nto the Ear'* ;e#"(n mode'

e%%ort %orm'a e<at"on 6.11 ("$e#>


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PM J #ho) %orm'a J 39.G per#on-month#.

The o$era'' e%%ort "# then 62.: p'# 39.G J 6. per#on-month#.

The o$era'' #!hed'e "# !a'!'ated )"th e<at"on 6.1+ not "n!'d"n( the

#eparate atomated tran#'at"on e%%ort )h"!h "# a##med o%% the !r"t"!a' path>

T;E J #ho) %orm'a J 63.: month#.

?"(re 3-17 #ho)# the 8SC COCOMO otpt %or th"# e#t"mate #"n( the

Ear'* ;e#"(n mode'. In th"# !a#e #"n!e the !o#t dr"$er# app'* to a'' !omponent#+

the o$era'' e<"$a'ent #"e %or the #*#tem )a# "npt. It a'read* ta,e# "nto a!!ont

the adaptat"on and REL ad#tment# !a'!'ated "n Ta0'e 3-61. A #er doe# not

need to prod!e a #eparate ta0'e '",e that "n Ta0'e 3-61+ #"n!e "t )a# %or

demon#trat"on on'*. Norma''* a !o#t e#t"mat"on too' )"'' do the #"e !a'!'at"on#.

In#ert ?"(re 3.174

3.3. ?'' ;e$e'opment - Top Le$e' E#t"mate


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Se$era' re%"nement# to the #*#tem )ere re<"red a%ter te#t and e$a'at"on

o% the 0read0oard #*#tem. The re-en("neered Radar Item Pro!e##"n( #o%t)are

re<"red mod"%"!at"on# to #ome rea'-t"me %"'ter"n( mod'e#+ #"n!e the atomat"!

tran#'at"on d"dnWt opt"m"e %or rea'-t"me per%orman!e. Add"t"ona''*+ the

0read0oard hard)are per%ormed #'"(ht'* d"%%erent'* than ant"!"pated+ #o the radar

!ontro' #o%t)are re<"red #ome t)ea,"n(. A (rop o% mo#t'* e&per"en!ed

per#onne' ha# a'#o 0een tran#%erred to the proe!t.

A# pre$"o#'* ment"oned+ the 0read0oard e&per"en!e )a# a'#o #ed to

re%"ne #ome !o#t a##mpt"on#. The prod!t"$"t* o% atomat"! tran#'at"on mea#red

"n the 0read0oard )"'' 0e #ed to e#t"mate the tran#'at"on e%%ort "n the %''

de$e'opment. A'#o+ the #0#et o% the o0e!t-or"ented de#"(n de$e'oped "n the

0read0oard )a# #ed to <ant"%* the #"e# o% o0e!t# "n '"ne# o% !ode. The

rema"n"n( o0e!t# to 0e de$e'oped are !on$erted to '"ne# o% !ode 0a#ed on

repre#entat"$e o0e!t #amp'e# mea#red "n the 0read0oard. It "# "mportant to note

that COCOMO II ma* e$enta''* 0e %orm'ated 0a#ed on o0e!t-or"ented #"e

mea#re# #!h a# tho#e "n the 8n"%"ed Mode'"n( Lan(a(e 8ML+ and tho#e "n

o0e!t-or"ented 'an(a(e# #!h a# Ada 9+ C and a$a.

Th"# 'a#t e&er!"#e %or %'' de$e'opment o% the ARS )"'' "ntrod!e the

h"#tor"!a' rat"n(# pro%"'e )h"!h "# #ed to a##"#t "n rat"n( ne) proe!t#. One o% the

d"%%"!'t"e# o% "mp'ement"n( COCOMO or other !o#t mode'# "# rat"n( !o#t dr"$er#

"n a !on#"#tent and o0e!t"$e %a#h"on a!ro## an or(an"at"on. To #pport


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COCOMO II/Chapter 3/Boehm et al. - :: -

!on#"#tent rat"n( o% !o#t dr"$er# amon( "nd"$"da'# and proe!t#+ a !o#t dr"$er

rat"n(# pro%"'e ha# 0een de$e'oped. The rat"n(# pro%"'e a# part o% a de%"ned !o#t

e#t"mat"on pro!e## "# !on#"#tent )"th SEI CMM ("de'"ne#+ and "# adn!t to other

!a'"0rat"on data.

The !o#t dr"$er rat"n(# pro%"'e "# a (raph"!a' dep"!t"on o% the o0e!t"$e

rat"n( !r"ter"a and h"#tor"!a' rat"n(# %rom pa#t proe!t# to 0e #ed a# a re%eren!e

0a#e'"ne )hen per%orm"n( e#t"mate#. It "# #ed "n !onn!t"on )"th a COCOMO

e#t"mat"on too'+ #o that ne) or propo#ed proe!t# !an 0e ea#"'* (a(ed a(a"n#t pa#t

one# "n an o0e!t"$e manner. S"n!e an e#t"mator need# to )or, !'o#e'* )"th

proe!t en("neer# and ar!h"te!t# to a##e## !o#t dr"$er#+ "t "# (enera''* ea#"er %or

proe!t per#onne' )ho arenFt COCOMO e&pert# to per%orm re'at"$e a##e##ment#

a(a"n#t ,no)n proe!t# rather than #tart"n( )"th a 0'an, #'ate.

A )"de0and ;e'ph" te!hn"<e Boehm 214 "# #ed a'on( )"th the rat"n(#

pro%"'e to rea!h !on#en## "n the or(an"at"on "n order to determ"ne the proe!tF#

!o#t dr"$er rat"n(#. There ma* o%ten 0e #eparate pro%"'e# %or d"%%erent prod!t

'"ne#.

?"(re 3-11 #ho)# the %"r#t t)o pa(e# o% an e&amp'e Me(a#pa!e rat"n(#

pro%"'e #ee the C;-ROM %or an ent"re pro%"'e. The %o''o)"n( proe!t de#!r"pt"on

"# #ed "n !onn!t"on )"th the pro%"'e to e#t"mate the e%%ort and #!hed'e %or the

%"na' !*!'e o% de$e'opment. ?"r#t )e per%orm a top 'e$e' e#t"mate )h"!h a##me#

a'' !omponent# are rated the #ame.


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COCOMO II/Chapter 3/Boehm et al. - :G -

In#ert ?"(re 3.114

The proe!t "# #"m"'ar to the h"#tor"!a' proe!t BST-6 another maor p(rade

to an e&"#t"n( #*#tem e&!ept %or the %o''o)"n( d"%%eren!e#>

• Mo#t o% the #ame #ta%% )"'' de$e'op the #*#tem+ e&!ept the* no) ha$e t)o

more *ear# o% e&per"en!e re'at"$e to the"r BST-6 rat"n(#. ;e#p"te the ne)

hard)are+ a##me that the p'at%orm appear# $er* #"m"'ar to the one #ed "n

BST-6.

• The #p"ra' de$e'opment approa!h ha# red!ed the nm0er o% n#pe!"%"ed

"nter%a!e# and rema"n"n( maor r"#,# to on'* 17K.

• There )"'' 0e a ne) operat"n( #*#tem #ed %or de$e'opment. In the pa#t *ear

o% "t# #e+ there ha$e 0een 9 maor !han(e# to the OS.

• The proe!t ha# a'#o "n$e#ted "n an "nte(rated #o%t)are en("neer"n(

en$"ronment that #pport# a'' '"%e-!*!'e pha#e#+ and "# mandated %or #e 0* the

de$e'oper#.


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• The data0a#e #"e proport"on )"'' 0e $er* #"m"'ar to the MINZ proe!t.

• Pro!e## "mpro$ement a!t"$"t"e# ha$e re#'ted "n an SEI CMM Le$e' 3 rat"n(.

• Same re<"red re#ea0"'"t* a# the 0read0oard de$e'opment+ ".e. "t m#t 0e

de#"(ned %or re#e.

8#"n( the a0o$e de#!r"pt"on# "n !onn!t"on )"th the BST-6 and MINZ

rat"n(#+ the #!a'e and !o#t dr"$er rat"n(# "n Ta0'e# 3-66 and 3-63 are o0ta"ned.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.664

In#ert Ta0'e 3.634

?or the Radar 8n"t Contro' !omponent+ the e#t"mate o% ne) !ode

de$e'opment "# 3+619 SLOC o% Ada+ )"th 977 SLOC 0e"n( mod"%"ed %rom the

0read0oard 0a#e'"ne. It "# e#t"mated that a0ot 37K o% the de#"(n )"'' ha$e to 0e

mod"%"ed )"th !on#"dera0'e te#t and e$a'at"on o% the mod"%"ed !omponent# to


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a##e## them. It "# tho(ht that the !ode to 0e mod"%"ed "# %a"r'* )e''-#tr!tred+

0t ha# '"tt'e !orre'at"on 0et)een pro(ram and app'"!at"on $"e)#. There "# a

med"m amont o% do!mentat"on a##o!"ated )"th the !ode.

The Radar Item Pro!e##"n( #o%t)are !an 0e #0-d"$"ded "nto ne)+

mod"%"ed %rom the 0read0oard and atomat"!a''* tran#'ated. In the mod"%"ed

port"on o% 11+977 SLOC+ on'* 9K o% the de#"(n need# to 0e !han(ed+ 1K o% the

!ode )"'' 0e mod"%"ed+ and 177K re-te#t"n( )"'' 0e re<"red. The 0read0oard

de$e'opment prod!ed e&!e''ent do!mentat"on %or the o0e!t-or"ented Ada 9

port"on#. The de#"(n and !ode )a# made to 0e re#ed and re<"re# no a##e##ment.

An e#t"mated 13+G19 SLOC )"'' 0e de$e'oped ne).

The Radar ;ata0a#e !omponent )"'' ha$e 16+677 ne) SLOC+ and the re#t

"# re#ed.

The ;"#p'a* Mana(er #o%t)are re<"re# 19+77 ne) SLOC+ and the re#t

)"'' 0e re#ed %rom the 0read0oard.

The ;"#p'a* Con#o'e #o%t)are "# e#t"mated a# 13+677 ne) SLOC and $er*

'"tt'e mod"%"!at"on %rom the 0read0oard. On'* 1+277 SLOC )"'' 0e mod"%"ed 0*

67K %or de#"(n and !ode.

?"na''*+ the B"'t In Te#t #o%t)are need# 1:+777 SLOC o% ne) #o%t)are+

and the e&"#t"n( 0a#e "# !omp'ete'* re#ed. It atomat"!a''* d"a(no#e# %a't# and

"dent"%"e# pro0'em# at the hard)are rep'a!ea0'e n"t 'e$e'. It a'#o #pport# %a't

to'eran!e #"n!e the #*#tem m#t 0e h"(h'* re'"a0'e.


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COCOMO II/Chapter 3/Boehm et al. - G7 -

One ha'% o% the #ta%% )a# pre#ent dr"n( the 0read0oard de$e'opment+ and

the other ha'% "# ne). The a$era(e %am"'"ar"t* )"th the e&"#t"n( #o%t)are "#

#ome)hat %am"'"ar a##me th"# ho'd# %or a'' !omponent#. ?or a'' mod"%"ed

#o%t)are+ a##me the #ame #o%t)are nder#tand"n( parameter# ho'd a# %or Radar

8n"t Contro'.

Ta0'e 3-6 #ho)# the #"e !a'!'at"on# 0a#ed on the#e de#!r"pt"on#. S"n!e

there "# more proe!t deta"' ,no)n !ompared to the 0read0oard #*#tem+ the

!omponent data "# more deta"'ed than the 0read0oard e#t"mate. Note that the

COTS !ode "# treated a# re#ed !ode. The e<"$a'ent #"e !a'!'at"on# are #ho)n

to "''#trate the method+ #"n!e mo#t COCOMO too'# atomate the !a'!'at"on#

0a#ed on "npt re#e parameter#.

8n'e## #tated other)"#e+ the A##e##ment and A##"m"'at"on "n!rement "# 7

%or re#ed !ode+ and 6 %or mod"%"ed !ode.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.64

A# "n the 0read0oard #*#tem+ e<"$a'ent #"e !a'!'at"on# are not

per%ormed %or atomat"!a''* tran#'ated !ode. ?or the ARS+ atomat"! tran#'at"on

prod!t"$"t* )a# mea#red dr"n( the 0read0oard de$e'opment a# 1+197

SLOC/per#on-month. It )a# a'#o %ond that on'* G9K o% the or"("na' radar "tem


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pro!e##"n( !ode !o'd 0e #!!e##%''* tran#'ated 0* too'#. The rema"n"n( port"on

to 0e !on$erted to Ada "# 92+367 SLOC. The atomat"! tran#'at"on e%%ort a'one "#>

PMM J ASLOC AT/177 / ATPRO;J 92+367 ASLOC Y .G9/1+197 SLOC/per#on-monthJ 32.7 per#on-month#.

Note that #!hed'e !on#tra"nt e%%e!t# are not app'"ed to the atomat"!

tran#'at"on e%%ort. The rema"n"n( e%%ort %or the re#t o% the #*#tem "# e#t"mated a#>

PM J #ho) %orm'a J 9 per#on-month#.

The o$era'' e%%ort "# then 9 32 J G per#on-month#.

The o$era'' #!hed'e "# !a'!'ated )"th e<at"on 6.1 a(a"n e&!'d"n( the

atomated tran#'at"on e%%ort>

T;E J #ho) %orm'a J 1:.2 month#.

E$en tho(h the e%%ort "# 'ar(er than the 0read0oard de$e'opment+ the

#!hed'e t"me "# 'e##.

?"(re 3-16 #ho)# the 8SC COCOMO otpt #!reen %or th"# !a#e+ and

?"(re 3-13 #ho)# the !o#t dr"$er rat"n(#. S"n!e th"# )a# a top 'e$e' e#t"mate+ the


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#*#tem )a# treated a# a #"n('e !omponent )"th the tota' e<"$a'ent SLOC.

A'ternat"$e'*+ !omponent #"e "n%ormat"on !o'd ha$e 0een "npt )"th ea!h

!omponent ha$"n( the #ame !o#t dr"$er rat"n(#.

In#ert ?"(re 3.164

In#ert ?"(re 3.134

3.3.9 ?'' ;e$e'opment - ;eta"'ed Component E#t"mate

The pre$"o# e&er!"#e demon#trated a top-'e$e' e#t"mate+ )here0* a'' the

!omponent# )ere treated "n a((re(ate. Th"# e&er!"#e )"'' "n#tead a!!ont %or

d"%%eren!e# "n the !omponent !o#t dr"$er rat"n(#. The #!a'e dr"$er# #ta* the #ame

#"n!e the* app'* to the proe!t a# a )ho'e.

Ta0'e# 3-69 thro(h 3-37 #ho) the deta"'ed !o#t dr"$er rat"n(# and

rat"ona'e that d"%%er %rom the top-'e$e' e#t"mate. Mo#t o% the !omponent !o#t

dr"$er# rema"n the #ame a# the a((re(ate one#+ #o on'* the !han(ed one# are '"#ted

%or !on$en"en!e1. ;"%%eren!e# 0et)een !omponent# are de pr"mar"'* to d"%%erent

1 Some e#t"mat"on too'# pro$"de h"erar!h"!a' "nher"tan!e o% de%a't !o#t dr"$er#ett"n(# to m"n"m"e #er "npt# "n #!h a #"tat"on.


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%n!t"ona' #pe!"%"!at"on#+ d"%%erent team#+ or $ar*"n( de$e'opment en$"ronment#.

?or e&amp'e+ the B"'t In Te#t TOOL rat"n( "# 'o)er #"n!e #tandard too'# donWt

!o$er the more !omp'e& and 'o)-'e$e' hard)are te#t"n( en$"ronment. The

de$e'opment and te#t"n( re<"re more pr"m"t"$e operat"on#.

In#ert Ta0'e 3.694

In#ert Ta0'e 3.6:4

In#ert Ta0'e 3.6G4

In#ert Ta0'e 3.624

In#ert Ta0'e 3.64

In#ert Ta0'e 3.374

A# "n the pre$"o# top 'e$e' e#t"mate+ atomat"! tran#'at"on e%%ort "#

!a'!'ated a'one to 0e 32 per#on-month#. 8#"n( the deta"'ed !omponent data+ the

rema"n"n( e%%ort %or the re#t o% the #*#tem "# e#t"mated a#>


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PM J #ho) %orm'a J :67 per#on-month#.

The o$era'' e%%ort "# then :67 32 J :92 per#on-month#.

The o$era'' #!hed'e "# !a'!'ated )"th e<at"on 6.1>

T;E J #ho) %orm'a J 1G. month#.

?"(re 3-1 #ho)# the 8SC COCOMO otpt. The 'a#t !o'mn 'a0e'ed RISZ

#ho)# a top-'e$e' a##e##ment o% proe!t r"#, 0a#ed on !o#t dr"$er rat"n(#. The E&pert

COCOMO r"#, a##e##ment #!heme "# o$er$"e)ed "n !hapter 9 Emer("n( E&ten#"on#+

#e!t"on 9.G and deta"'ed "n Mada!h* G4.

In#ert ?"(re 3.14

Re%"n"n( an e#t"mate "n deta"' #!h a# th"# #er$e# to reth"n, a##mpt"on#

and #a''* !on$er(e# to)ard a 0etter e#t"mate. In th"# !a#e+ a more deta"'ed 'oo,

prod!e# an e#t"mate %or 1:1 PM more e%%ort and an e&tra month o% #!hed'e t"me

!ompared to the top 'e$e' e#t"mate. The e&tra deta"' "# a'#o e##ent"a' %or 'ar(e-

proe!t p'ann"n( and !ontro' "n#trment# #!h a# =or, Brea,do)n Str!tre# and

earned-$a'e tra!,"n( #*#tem#.


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3.3.: In!rementa' ;e$e'opment E&amp'e

Th"# #e!t"on app'"e# COCOMO II to "n!rementa' de$e'opment+ )h"!h "# a

!ommon'* #ed '"%e!*!'e approa!h. The %orm'a# %or "n!rementa' COCOMO

#ed "n th"# e&amp'e are de#!r"0ed "n Append"& B. Th"# e&amp'e #eparate# the

pre$"o# #"n('e-#hot de$e'opment #ho)n "n Se!t"on 3.3.9 "nto three t"me-pha#ed

"n!rement#+ or "nd"$"da''* de'"$ered 0"'d# o% #o%t)are.

In!rementa' de$e'opment red!e# r"#, 0* pro$"d"n( red!ed-#!a'e

"n!rement# o% "n!rea#"n( %n!t"ona'"t*. It tend# to !reate a %'atter #ta%%"n( pro%"'e

!ompared to a #"n('e-#hot )ater%a'' approa!h+ 0t "n!rea#e# #!hed'e t"me

#ome)hat SEE pp. 1-4. The de$e'opment pro!e## de#!r"0ed here "# a'#o

!a''ed an "n!rementa' )ater%a''+ #"n!e re<"rement# and pre'"m"nar* de#"(n are

!ond!ted %"r#t %or a'' "n!rement# 0e%ore "nd"$"da' "n!rement# are de$e'oped.

Imp'ementat"on o% #eparate "n!rement# "# !are%''* #!hed'ed "n t"me+ and

norma''* there "# #ome para''e' )or, 0e"n( done on more than one "n!rement

#"m'taneo#'*.

The 8SC COCOMO too' #ed th# %ar "# 0a#ed on )ater%a'' '"%e!*!'e

a!t"$"t"e# a #"n('e #e<en!e o% re<"rement#+ de#"(n+ !ode/n"t te#t+ "nte(rat"on

and te#t"n( )"th no e&p'"!"t t"'"t"e# %or e#t"mat"n( m't"p'e "n!rement#. In order

to e#t"mate "n!rementa' de$e'opment )"th 8SC COCOMO+ #e$era' rn# )o'd 0e

made )"th mana' ad#tment# to e%%ort and #!hed'e+ and then the re#'t# )o'd


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COCOMO II/Chapter 3/Boehm et al. - G: -

ha$e to 0e !om0"ned. The !ommer!"a' too' Co#tar pro$"de# a !omprehen#"$e

"mp'ementat"on o% "n!rementa' COCOMO !on#"#tent )"th the Append"& B

de%"n"t"on+ and )"'' 0e #ed "n th"# e&amp'e.

=hen p'ann"n( "n!rementa' 0"'d#+ de!"d"n( )h"!h %n!t"on# to de'"$er )hen

depend# on #pe!"%"! proe!t %a!tor#. In th"# !a#e o% the radar #*#tem+ the %o''o)"n(

!on#tra"nt# )"'' ("de the pha#"n( o% "n!rementa' %n!t"ona'"t*>

• A 'ar(e port"on o% the ;"#p'a* #o%t)are "# )anted ear'* %or #er "nter%a!e and

#!enar"o e$a'at"on+ and the rema"nder )"'' 0e #p'"t amon( the 'ater t)o

0"'d#. Near'* the ent"re #et o% (raph"! pr"m"t"$e# "# needed %"r#t to ena0'e the

#oph"#t"!ated d"#p'a*#+ and %or (enera' per%orman!e te#t"n( o% the (raph"!#

en("ne and hman-ma!h"ne "nter%a!e.

• There "# an r(ent need %or a #0#et o% the Radar Item Pro!e##"n( and Radar

;ata0a#e #o%t)are ded"!ated to #pe!"%"! $eh"!'e# "n$o'$ed "n a !rrent m"'"tar*

#"tat"on+ #o "tF# !r"t"!a' that th"# #o%t)are "# de'"$ered "n the %"r#t "n!rement.

To ena0'e <"!,e#t de'"$er* o% th"# !apa0"'"t*+ a'' other radar "tem# )"'' 0e

de%erred nt"' 'ater 0"'d#.

• Mo#t o% the Radar 8n"t Contro' %n!t"ona'"t* )"'' 0e pre#ent "n the %"r#t

"n!rement+ #"n!e the "nter%a!e and 0a#"! operat"n( parameter# are )e''-,no)n


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COCOMO II/Chapter 3/Boehm et al. - GG -

%rom pre$"o# e&per"en!e. Ho)e$er+ the radar hard)are "# ne) and there are

#ome ne) !apa0"'"t"e# p'anned %or the 'atter t)o "n!rement#.

• The B"'t In Te#t #o%t)are re<"re# the %"na' radar "tem hard)are %or mo#t o%

"t# operat"on#+ #o on'* a #he'' pro!e## )"'' e&"#t nt"' the %"na' 0"'d )hen the

hard)are )"'' 0e read*.

D"$en the#e !on#tra"nt#+ the %o''o)"n( port"on# o% #o%t)are are p'anned per

"n!rement>

In!rement 1

97K o% ;"#p'a* Mana(er

27K o% ;"#p'a* Con#o'e

69K o% Radar Item Pro!e##"n( and Radar ;ata0a#e

9K o% B"'t In Te#t

G7K o% Radar 8n"t Contro'

In!rement 6




17K o% B"'t In Te#t


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19K o% Radar 8n"t Contro'

In!rement 3




29K o% B"'t In Te#t

19K o% Radar 8n"t Contro'

Increment Volatility

There "# a nom"na' amont o% re<"rement# e$o't"on and $o'at"'"t*

e&pe!ted. Spe!"%"!at"on# %or the ne) radar "tem# are $o'at"'e #"n!e "nte''"(en!e

"n%ormat"on "# #t"'' 0e"n( (athered+ #o 37K re<"rement# e$o't"on and $o'at"'"t* "#

e&pe!ted %or In!rement 1 "n the Radar Item Pro!e##"n( and Radar ;ata0a#e area#.

The re<"rement# e$o't"on and $o'at"'"t* "n the#e area# "# e#t"mated to 0e on'*

67K and 19K %or the 'a#t "n!rement#. E&per"en!e )"th In!rement 1 d"#p'a*# )"''

'",e'* !a#e a '"tt'e $o'at"'"t* dr"n( the 'atter "n!rement#+ #o 17K )"'' 0e a##med

%or the 'atter "n!rement# %or 0oth ;"#p'a* Mana(er and ;"#p'a* Con#o'e. On'*

17K re<"rement# e$o't"on and $o'at"'"t* o% the %"r#t "n!rement o% Radar 8n"t

Contro' "# e&pe!ted+ 0t 67K %or the 'a#t t)o #"n!e tho#e repre#ent ntr"ed


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!apa0"'"t"e#. Mo#t o% the !han(e# to B"'t In Te#t )"'' o!!r a%ter %"e'd te#t"n(+ and

doe# not #ho) p "n th"# e#t"mate.

The per#onne' e&per"en!e %a!tor# )"'' "mpro$e #'"(ht'* 0et)een

"n!rement# to repre#ent the #ta%% e&per"en!e (a"n# o$er the proe!t drat"on "tF#

e&pe!ted that mo#t peop'e )"'' #ta* on the proe!t+ and there )"'' 0e '"tt'e

attr"t"on. A %e) o% the prod!t %a!tor# )"'' a'#o $ar* 0et)een "n!rement# %or a

("$en !omponent+ to de#!r"0e the port"on o% #o%t)are 0e"n( )or,ed at d"%%erent

t"me#.

The !ho#en "n!rementa' pha#"n( mode' determ"ne# the 0e("nn"n( o% ea!h

"n!rement re'at"$e to prede!e##or "n!rement#. In th"# e&amp'e+ the #tart"n( po"nt#

%or "n!rement# 6 and 3 are the Pre'"m"nar* ;e#"(n =a',thro(h P;=

m"'e#tone# o% the pre$"o# "n!rement#.

Smmar* Co#tar report# are #ho)n "n the %o''o)"n( %"(re#. ?"(re 3-19

#ho)# the h"erar!h"!a' #tr!tre o% the #o%t)are !omponent# )"th the"r re#pe!t"$e

e<"$a'ent #"e#. Note that the three 0"'d# #er$e a# h"erar!h* 0ran!he# !onta"n"n(

the"r #o%t)are !omponent# a# 'ea$e#. One d"%%eren!e )"th #"e ta0'e# #ho)n

ear'"er "n th"# #e!t"on and ?"(re 3-19 "# that a !omponent "n Co#tar ha# 0oth ne)

and adapted port"on#Q th# ne) and mod"%"ed or ne) and re#ed part# o% a

!omponent are '"#ted a# a #"n('e !omponent #"n( the Co#tar too'.

In#ert ?"(re 3.194


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?"(re 3-1: #ho)# "n!rement t"me pha#"n( a##mpt"on#+ "n!'d"n( the #tart

po"nt o% ea!h "n!rement and an* pha#"n( de'a*#. Note the !on$ent"on that

re<"rement# )or, "# done on!e %or a'' "n!rement#+ and that de$e'opment o% the

"nd"$"da' "n!rement# "n!'de# pre'"m"nar* de#"(n thro(h te#t"n(. ?"(re 3-1G

#ho)# "n!rement #mmar* "n%ormat"on. There are nmero# other #!reen# and

deta"'ed (raph"!a' or ta0'ar report# a$a"'a0'e "n Co#tar.

In#ert ?"(re 3.1:4

In#ert ?"(re 3.1G4

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