Ice Sheet on Ellesmere Island, Canada Photo from: Geological Survey of Canada
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Ice Sheet on Ellesmere Island, Canada Photo from: Geological Survey of Canada
I. Continental Ice Sheets
Greenland Ice SheetSatellite Image from NASA.gov
GLACIAL-INTERGLACIAL TIMESCALES
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Alaskan Glacier, USGS photoII. Alpine Glaciers
Medial Moraine
Lateral Moraine
U-shaped Valley
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Boggs. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. 4th Edition, p 279.
U-shapedValley
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Alaskan Glacier, USGS photo
Cirque
Arete
Meltwater Lake
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Alaskan Glacier, USGS photo
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M7.9 Earthquake on Denali Fault, November 3, 2002 / Stitched 2022_2023Photos by R. March and D. Trabant, USGS Glaciology, Fairbanks, AK11/7/2002
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Boggs. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. 4th Edition, p 277.
Glacial Environments and Timescales
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Boggs. Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy. 4th Edition, p 282.
Till Mt. Ranier, WA
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U.S. Geological Survey photo by Bruce Molnia
Kettles: form during Glacial Retreat as block of ice are stranded in surrounding outwash and then melt.
Often associated with Kames: piles of sediment that accumulate in a depression on a retreating glacier, that then melts.
Isolated Blocks of Glacial Ice
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Esker in Northern Manitoba. A Natural Resources Canada image
Drumlin near Calgary
Ice Flow Direction
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Ice Flow Direction
Image created by Dr. Richard AllmendingerEarth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University
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Glacial/Interglacial TimescalesOrbital Variations
(Ruddiman, 2001)
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“Milankovitch cycles”
Variations every 20,000 to 100,000 years
(aka “orbital cycles”)
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From: http://geochange.er.usgs.gov/pub/data/sea_level/
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From: www.gfdl.noaa.gov
1 meter rise 2 meter rise
4 meter rise 8 meter rise
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From: http://www.mvd.usace.army.mil/mrc/images/p1_new.jpg
From: http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC202Notes/GLACgeog.HTM
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(Van Diver, 1987)
Glacial Processes in New Hampshire
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• Drumlins• Kame Terraces• Moraines• Outwash Deposits• Erratics• Striations• Kames and Kettles
(Van Diver, 1987)
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(Van Diver, 1987)
Mountain Scale
Roche moutonnée, northern Abitibi, Québec, from Geological Survey of Canada
Sheepback or Roche moutonnée
Outcrop Scale
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(Van Diver, 1987)
Erratics
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(Van Diver, 1987)
Glacial Lakes
Marine Submersion
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(Van Diver, 1987)