ICAR- Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute

ICAR- Indian Grassland and Fodder Research InstituteJhansi-284 003 (UP) India

Website : Phone : 0510-2730666, Fax : 0510-2730833, E-mail : [email protected] us : @ icarigfri Jhansi igfri.jhansi.56 IGFRI Youtube Channel

Kisan Call Centre : 0510-2730241An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institute

Sardar Patel Award for Outstanding ICAR Institute (Large) for 2015

http://www.igfri.res.in

ICAR- Indian Grassland and Fodder Research InstituteJhansi-284 003 (UP) India

Website : Phone : 0510-2730666, Fax : 0510-2730833, E-mail : [email protected] us : @ icarigfri Jhansi igfri.jhansi.56 IGFRI Youtube Channel

Kisan Call Centre : 0510-2730241An ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institute

Sardar Patel Award for Outstanding ICAR Institute (Large) for 2015

http://www.igfri.res.in

Printed at :Darpan Printers & Lamination, Agra (U.P.) 7007122381, 9415113108

Technical Bulletin: 06/2021

Citation:

Published on:

Published by:

ICAR-IGFRI (2021). ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi.

March, 2021

DirectorICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research InstituteJhansi- 284003, Uttar Pradesh, India.

© 2021 All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system without the permission in writing from the Director, ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi.

It gives me immense pleasure to learn that the State specific "Fodder Resources Development Plan" has been developed by the ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, for the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir in consultation with all the stakeholders. Livestock plays vital role in the economic development of the region and forms an integral part of agriculture. The region is facing shortage of green as well as dry fodder. The region has precious wealth of different types of livestock. The region is covered with three climatic regimes of Asia i.e., the monsoon zone of Punjab, plateau of Tibet and eastern limits of Mediterranean climatic region. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt suitable strategies to produce adequate fodder for better livestock productivity. The fodder plan provides the suitable technologies to increase the fodder production. I am confident that this document will serve as a guide to plan and fodder development activities in the State.

I appreciate the efforts made by ICAR-IGFRI in bringing out this important document.

MESSAGE

(T. Mohapatra)thDate: 24 March 2021

Place: New Delhi-110 001

f=ykspu egkik=] ih,p-Mh-lfpo ,oa egkfuns'kdTRILOCHAN MOHAPATRA, Ph.D.SECRETARY & DIRECTOR GENERAL

Hkkjr ljdkjd̀f"k vuqla/kku vkSj f'k{kk foHkkx ,oa

Hkkjrh; d̀f"k vuqla/kku ifj"knÑf"k ,oa fdlku dY;k.k ea=ky;] Ñf"k Hkou] ubZ fnYyh 110 001

GOVERNMENT OF INDIADEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH & EDUCATION

ANDINDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCHMINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & FARMERS WELFARE

KRISHI BHAVAN, NEW DELHI-110 001Tel.: 23382629, 23386711 Fax: 91-11-23384773

E-mail: [email protected]

Printed at :Darpan Printers & Lamination, Agra (U.P.) 7007122381, 9415113108

Technical Bulletin: 06/2021

Citation:

Published on:

Published by:

ICAR-IGFRI (2021). ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi.

March, 2021

DirectorICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research InstituteJhansi- 284003, Uttar Pradesh, India.

© 2021 All right reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system without the permission in writing from the Director, ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi.

It gives me immense pleasure to learn that the State specific "Fodder Resources Development Plan" has been developed by the ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, for the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir in consultation with all the stakeholders. Livestock plays vital role in the economic development of the region and forms an integral part of agriculture. The region is facing shortage of green as well as dry fodder. The region has precious wealth of different types of livestock. The region is covered with three climatic regimes of Asia i.e., the monsoon zone of Punjab, plateau of Tibet and eastern limits of Mediterranean climatic region. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt suitable strategies to produce adequate fodder for better livestock productivity. The fodder plan provides the suitable technologies to increase the fodder production. I am confident that this document will serve as a guide to plan and fodder development activities in the State.

I appreciate the efforts made by ICAR-IGFRI in bringing out this important document.

MESSAGE

(T. Mohapatra)thDate: 24 March 2021

Place: New Delhi-110 001

f=ykspu egkik=] ih,p-Mh-lfpo ,oa egkfuns'kdTRILOCHAN MOHAPATRA, Ph.D.SECRETARY & DIRECTOR GENERAL

Hkkjr ljdkjd̀f"k vuqla/kku vkSj f'k{kk foHkkx ,oa

Hkkjrh; d̀f"k vuqla/kku ifj"knÑf"k ,oa fdlku dY;k.k ea=ky;] Ñf"k Hkou] ubZ fnYyh 110 001

GOVERNMENT OF INDIADEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH & EDUCATION

ANDINDIAN COUNCIL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCHMINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & FARMERS WELFARE

KRISHI BHAVAN, NEW DELHI-110 001Tel.: 23382629, 23386711 Fax: 91-11-23384773

E-mail: [email protected]

Fodder Resources Development Plan prepared as a part ofNational Initiative for Accelerating Fodder Technology

Adoption (NIAFTA)ICAR - Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi

· Developing State Fodder Resources Development Plan· Disseminating fodder production technologies for enhanced productivity

and improved management.· Promoting alternate land usage· Focusing fodder based rationing· Utilizing fodder processing technologies for value addition.

·Dr VK Yadav, Director Chairman·Dr Purushottam Sharma, PS Nodal Officer

·Dr. AK Roy, Project Coordinator, AICRP on FC&U·Dr. AK Mishra, Head, Plant Animal Relationship Division·Dr. Sunil Kumar, Head, Crop Production Division·Dr. RV Kumar, Head, Grassland & Silvipasture Management Division·Dr. PK Pathak, Head, FMPHT Division·Dr. Khem Chand, Head, Social Science Division·Dr. Shahid Ahmad, Head, Crop Improvement Division

·Dr VK Yadav, Coordinator·Dr Purushottam Sharma, Chairman·Dr Sudesh Radotra, Member·Dr Suheel Ahmad, Member·Dr SR Kantwa, Member·Dr Tejveer Singh, Member·Dr Maneet Rana, Member·Dr Kamini, Member·Dr Sheeraz Saleem Bhat·Dr Sunil Kumar

Mr. KP Rao, Chief Technical Officer

Themes of NIAFTA

Coordination Team

Members

J & K State Fodder Resources Development Plan Committee

Document Formatting and Cover Design

Fodder Resources Development Plan prepared as a part ofNational Initiative for Accelerating Fodder Technology

Adoption (NIAFTA)ICAR - Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi

· Developing State Fodder Resources Development Plan· Disseminating fodder production technologies for enhanced productivity

and improved management.· Promoting alternate land usage· Focusing fodder based rationing· Utilizing fodder processing technologies for value addition.

·Dr VK Yadav, Director Chairman·Dr Purushottam Sharma, PS Nodal Officer

·Dr. AK Roy, Project Coordinator, AICRP on FC&U·Dr. AK Mishra, Head, Plant Animal Relationship Division·Dr. Sunil Kumar, Head, Crop Production Division·Dr. RV Kumar, Head, Grassland & Silvipasture Management Division·Dr. PK Pathak, Head, FMPHT Division·Dr. Khem Chand, Head, Social Science Division·Dr. Shahid Ahmad, Head, Crop Improvement Division

·Dr VK Yadav, Coordinator·Dr Purushottam Sharma, Chairman·Dr Sudesh Radotra, Member·Dr Suheel Ahmad, Member·Dr SR Kantwa, Member·Dr Tejveer Singh, Member·Dr Maneet Rana, Member·Dr Kamini, Member·Dr Sheeraz Saleem Bhat·Dr Sunil Kumar

Mr. KP Rao, Chief Technical Officer

Themes of NIAFTA

Coordination Team

Members

J & K State Fodder Resources Development Plan Committee

Document Formatting and Cover Design

Present document 'Fodder Resource Development Plan for UT of J&K is prepared to provide an area specific strategy to be adopted to overcome deficiency of green and dry fodder in the state and also draw an executable plan for the state government and other agencies which are involved in livestock related policy and planning. The fodder resource development plan provides technological options available for enhancing production, conservation and value addition of fodder resources of the state. Looking into shortage of green and dry fodder of the country, the idea and vision of the state wise fodder development plan for different states of the country was envisaged by Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra, Hon'ble Secretary DARE and Director General, ICAR. During his visit to ICAR-IGFRI-SRRS, Dharwad on 17th June 2019, advised to develop the state wise fodder resource development plan addressing fodder self-sufficiency of the state. We are highly grateful to him for his insight, guidance, encouragement, continuous support and suggestions made while preparation of this document. We are also thankful to Deputy Director General (Crop Science), ADG (FFC) and other officers of the ICAR who had extended all his support during the development of fodder plan for UT of J&K.We are highly thankful to Government of J&K, especially to Dr. Nazeer Ahmad, Honourable VC, SKUAST-K, inaugurated and chaired the interactive workshop held

thonline 20 June, 2020 and also gave his valuable suggestions for fodder resource development in the state. We are highly thankful to directors of line departments, like, agriculture, sheep and animal husbandry, livestock development board, forest department, scientists from SKUAST-K and SKUAST-J and ICAR-IGFRI for their support in organizing interactive workshop and showing keen interest in the developing plan for boosting forage and livestock sector in the state. The efforts made by our team from ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi specially Dr. Suheel Ahmad, OIC, IGFRI-RRS Srinagar in preparation of fodder plan for the UT of J&K and organizing interactive workshop are praise worthy. This fodder plan is prepared as a part of the activities of our programme 'National Initiatives on Accelerating Fodder Technology Adoption (NIAFTA)'. A note of special appreciation is being deserved by the entire team of the programme and Nodal Officer, Dr. Purshottam Sharma, Principal Scientist.

Acknowledgement

(Vijay K Yadav)Director (Acting)

ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi

Present document 'Fodder Resource Development Plan for UT of J&K is prepared to provide an area specific strategy to be adopted to overcome deficiency of green and dry fodder in the state and also draw an executable plan for the state government and other agencies which are involved in livestock related policy and planning. The fodder resource development plan provides technological options available for enhancing production, conservation and value addition of fodder resources of the state. Looking into shortage of green and dry fodder of the country, the idea and vision of the state wise fodder development plan for different states of the country was envisaged by Dr. Trilochan Mohapatra, Hon'ble Secretary DARE and Director General, ICAR. During his visit to ICAR-IGFRI-SRRS, Dharwad on 17th June 2019, advised to develop the state wise fodder resource development plan addressing fodder self-sufficiency of the state. We are highly grateful to him for his insight, guidance, encouragement, continuous support and suggestions made while preparation of this document. We are also thankful to Deputy Director General (Crop Science), ADG (FFC) and other officers of the ICAR who had extended all his support during the development of fodder plan for UT of J&K.We are highly thankful to Government of J&K, especially to Dr. Nazeer Ahmad, Honourable VC, SKUAST-K, inaugurated and chaired the interactive workshop held

thonline 20 June, 2020 and also gave his valuable suggestions for fodder resource development in the state. We are highly thankful to directors of line departments, like, agriculture, sheep and animal husbandry, livestock development board, forest department, scientists from SKUAST-K and SKUAST-J and ICAR-IGFRI for their support in organizing interactive workshop and showing keen interest in the developing plan for boosting forage and livestock sector in the state. The efforts made by our team from ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi specially Dr. Suheel Ahmad, OIC, IGFRI-RRS Srinagar in preparation of fodder plan for the UT of J&K and organizing interactive workshop are praise worthy. This fodder plan is prepared as a part of the activities of our programme 'National Initiatives on Accelerating Fodder Technology Adoption (NIAFTA)'. A note of special appreciation is being deserved by the entire team of the programme and Nodal Officer, Dr. Purshottam Sharma, Principal Scientist.

Acknowledgement

(Vijay K Yadav)Director (Acting)

ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi

Contents

S.No. Topic Page No.National Initiative for Accelerating Fodder Technology Adoption (NIAFTA)Acknowledgement

1 ICAR-IGFRI : A Profile 12 Part-I :Agriculture, Livestock and Fodder Scenario 5

A. Introduction 5B. Agro-climatic zones 7C. Interactive Workshop-IGFRI and State Department 9D. Livestock scenario 10E. Fodder scenario 11

3 PART-II : Fodder Resource Development Plan 15A. Cultivated fodder resources 15B. 18C. Fodder production from permanent pasture/grazing lands 21D. Fodder on non-competitive lands 33E. Alternative fodder resources 33F. Crop residue quality enhancement 36G. Fodder conservation technologies - Hay, bales, silage and feed block 37H. Custom hiring centre 38

4 PART-III : Brief Action Plan 405 PART-IV : Road Map 446 PART-V : Implementation of Pilot Programme 457 PART-VI : Modalities 508 Annexure-I : Proceedings and Recommendations of Interactive 51

Fodder workshop9 Annexure-II : List of participants in workshop 5310 Annexure-III : Developed Fodder Crop Varieties from ICAR-IGFRI, 55

Jhansi

Fodder production in fruit orchards through Horti-pasture

Contents

S.No. Topic Page No.National Initiative for Accelerating Fodder Technology Adoption (NIAFTA)Acknowledgement

1 ICAR-IGFRI : A Profile 12 Part-I :Agriculture, Livestock and Fodder Scenario 5

A. Introduction 5B. Agro-climatic zones 7C. Interactive Workshop-IGFRI and State Department 9D. Livestock scenario 10E. Fodder scenario 11

3 PART-II : Fodder Resource Development Plan 15A. Cultivated fodder resources 15B. 18C. Fodder production from permanent pasture/grazing lands 21D. Fodder on non-competitive lands 33E. Alternative fodder resources 33F. Crop residue quality enhancement 36G. Fodder conservation technologies - Hay, bales, silage and feed block 37H. Custom hiring centre 38

4 PART-III : Brief Action Plan 405 PART-IV : Road Map 446 PART-V : Implementation of Pilot Programme 457 PART-VI : Modalities 508 Annexure-I : Proceedings and Recommendations of Interactive 51

Fodder workshop9 Annexure-II : List of participants in workshop 5310 Annexure-III : Developed Fodder Crop Varieties from ICAR-IGFRI, 55

Jhansi

Fodder production in fruit orchards through Horti-pasture

Organogram

DIRECTOR

ScientificDivisions

RegionalResearchStations

AICRP onFC & U

(22 Centres)Administration

PlantAnimal

Relationship

Grassland &SilvipastureManagement

CropProduction

CropImprovement

Seed Technology

Farm Machinery &Post Harvest Technology

SocialSciences

Srinagar(Jammu & Kashmir)

Avikanagar(Rajasthan)

Dharwad(Karnataka)

Fodder Resources Development Plan for Jammu & KashmirFodder Resources Development Plan for Jammu & Kashmir

ICAR-IGFRI - A Profile

1Fodder Resources Development Plan for Jammu & KashmirFodder Resources Development Plan for Jammu & Kashmir

ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (U.P) IndiaThe ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (ICAR-IGFRI), Jhansi, was established in 1962 to conduct organized scientific research on grasslands and fodder production, conservation and their utilization. On 1 April, 1966, it became part of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Subsequently All India Coordinated Research Project on Forage Crops and Utilization was started in 1972 with ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi as head quarter for multi-location testing of forage varieties and technologies in different agro climatic zones of the country through 23 coordinating centers and 15 as volunteer centre's at various State Agricultural Universities/NGO/ICAR under the National Agricultural Research System. The institute consists of seven multi-disciplinary division viz., Crop Improvement, Crop Production, Farm Machinery and Post-Harvest Technology, Seed Technology, Social Science, Grassland and Silvipasture Management and Plant Animal Relationship. It also has five units viz., PME, HRD, ATIC, ITMU and AKMU and facilities like Library, Central Research Farm, Dairy and Central Instrumentation Lab. The institute has three regional stations located in Avikanagar (Rajasthan), Dharwad (Karnataka) and Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) to conduct focused forage research on arid, semi-arid and temperate climatic conditions, respectively and a grassland center at Palampur (Himachal Pradesh).

vBasic strategic and adaptive research on improvement, production and utilization of fodder crops and grasslands.

vCoordination of research on forages and grasslands for enhancing productivity and quality for enhancing livestock productivity.

vTechnology dissemination and human resource development.The institute has successfully served the country for 58 years achieving several milestones in generation of fodder technologies. Institute was conferred with “Sardar Patel Outstanding ICAR Institution Award in the year 2015” for his remarkable progress and contributions in the field of forage research, capacity building and infrastructure development. Institute is an ISO 9001: 2015 certified institute. The institute is endeavoring in basic and applied research in both cultivated as well as range species in the fields of intensive fodder production systems, alternative fodder sources, grasslands, silvi and horti-pasture systems, seed production technology, farm mechanization, post-harvest conservation and utilization, livestock feeding and

Mandate

Organogram

DIRECTOR

ScientificDivisions

RegionalResearchStations

AICRP onFC & U

(22 Centres)Administration

PlantAnimal

Relationship

Grassland &SilvipastureManagement

CropProduction

CropImprovement

Seed Technology

Farm Machinery &Post Harvest Technology

SocialSciences

Srinagar(Jammu & Kashmir)

Avikanagar(Rajasthan)

Dharwad(Karnataka)

Fodder Resources Development Plan for Jammu & KashmirFodder Resources Development Plan for Jammu & Kashmir

ICAR-IGFRI - A Profile

ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi (U.P) IndiaThe ICAR-Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (ICAR-IGFRI), Jhansi, was established in 1962 to conduct organized scientific research on grasslands and fodder production, conservation and their utilization. On 1 April, 1966, it became part of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Subsequently All India Coordinated Research Project on Forage Crops and Utilization was started in 1972 with ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi as head quarter for multi-location testing of forage varieties and technologies in different agro climatic zones of the country through 23 coordinating centers and 15 as volunteer centre's at various State Agricultural Universities/NGO/ICAR under the National Agricultural Research System. The institute consists of seven multi-disciplinary division viz., Crop Improvement, Crop Production, Farm Machinery and Post-Harvest Technology, Seed Technology, Social Science, Grassland and Silvipasture Management and Plant Animal Relationship. It also has five units viz., PME, HRD, ATIC, ITMU and AKMU and facilities like Library, Central Research Farm, Dairy and Central Instrumentation Lab. The institute has three regional stations located in Avikanagar (Rajasthan), Dharwad (Karnataka) and Srinagar (Jammu & Kashmir) to conduct focused forage research on arid, semi-arid and temperate climatic conditions, respectively and a grassland center at Palampur (Himachal Pradesh).

vBasic strategic and adaptive research on improvement, production and utilization of fodder crops and grasslands.

vCoordination of research on forages and grasslands for enhancing productivity and quality for enhancing livestock productivity.

vTechnology dissemination and human resource development.The institute has successfully served the country for 58 years achieving several milestones in generation of fodder technologies. Institute was conferred with “Sardar Patel Outstanding ICAR Institution Award in the year 2015” for his remarkable progress and contributions in the field of forage research, capacity building and infrastructure development. Institute is an ISO 9001: 2015 certified institute. The institute is endeavoring in basic and applied research in both cultivated as well as range species in the fields of intensive fodder production systems, alternative fodder sources, grasslands, silvi and horti-pasture systems, seed production technology, farm mechanization, post-harvest conservation and utilization, livestock feeding and

Mandate

2 Fodder Resources Development Plan for Jammu & KashmirFodder Resources Development Plan for Jammu & Kashmir

management, etc. Institute is striving through numerous research projects at various levels like institute, inter-institute, externally funded national and international collaborative projects to address the persistent problems of fodder shortage and lack of quality forages. The institute is undertaking several new initiatives in forage research in new frontier areas.

vNo. of forage varieties released: >300 vClimate resilient forage production systems under rainfed situationvRound the year fodder production system (Irrigated situation)vRound the year fodder production system (Rainfed situation)vFodder on Field boundary/Bunds/ChannelsvAlternate land use systemsvSilvo-pasture model for highly degraded/ waste landsvHorti-pastoral model for higher income in rainfed ecosystem

vSilage for sustenance of livestock productionvCommunity pastureland developmentvFodder production in mango orchardsvImproved varieties of grasses and cultivated foddervSeed production technology for all important foragesvSeed quality and field standards of forage cropsvDUS guidelines for forage crops.

Transferring knowledge and skills are the essential component required for execution and implementation of resource conservation based projects in the country. The institute is organizing training and skill development programmes regularly of varying duration for farmers, students, state government officials, field functionaries in the field of soil and water conservation The research institutes has signed MoUs with more than 20 Gaushalas for transfer fodder production technologies. Field demonstration on validated technologies for resource conservation and productivity enhancement in red soils of Bundelkhand region are operating at full fledge. Several outreach programmes such as Adarsh Chara Gram A cluster of three villages, Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav (MGMG), National Initiative on Fodder Technology Demonstration (NIFTD), Network Project on Bhadawari Buffaloes, Participatory Fodder Production in Mango Orchards, Farmers FIRST Programme, NICRA, TSP, SCSP, NEH, DFI-Kisan Mitra and NIAFTA have been initiated and implemented.

Proven Technologies of Institute

Accelerating Fodder Technology adoption

vAzolla as supplement feed for livestock

ICAR has established in institute the Agri-Business Incubation Centre (ABIC) to provide technical knowhow to farmers, educated rural youth and develop entrepreneur.

Institute has initiated “National Initiative for Fodder Technologies Adoption (NIAFTA)” to formulate an implementable fodder resource development plan for each state/UT of the country suitable to specific niches which can utilize the potential of available resources to achieve self-sufficiency in fodder production and utilization. NIAFTA also aims for extension of latest research findings/technologies with the policy planners, management personnel and field level functionaries for enhancing country's fodder productivity, capacity building and skill enhancement of the fodder producers and livestock keepers on emerging technologies and also provide opportunity to interact with scientists and managers and impact assessment on fodder supply and farmers livelihood.

NIAFTA: New Initiatives

management, etc. Institute is striving through numerous research projects at various levels like institute, inter-institute, externally funded national and international collaborative projects to address the persistent problems of fodder shortage and lack of quality forages. The institute is undertaking several new initiatives in forage research in new frontier areas.

vNo. of forage varieties released: >300 vClimate resilient forage production systems under rainfed situationvRound the year fodder production system (Irrigated situation)vRound the year fodder production system (Rainfed situation)vFodder on Field boundary/Bunds/ChannelsvAlternate land use systemsvSilvo-pasture model for highly degraded/ waste landsvHorti-pastoral model for higher income in rainfed ecosystem

vSilage for sustenance of livestock productionvCommunity pastureland developmentvFodder production in mango orchardsvImproved varieties of grasses and cultivated foddervSeed production technology for all important foragesvSeed quality and field standards of forage cropsvDUS guidelines for forage crops.

Transferring knowledge and skills are the essential component required for execution and implementation of resource conservation based projects in the country. The institute is organizing training and skill development programmes regularly of varying duration for farmers, students, state government officials, field functionaries in the field of soil and water conservation The research institutes has signed MoUs with more than 20 Gaushalas for transfer fodder production technologies. Field demonstration on validated technologies for resource conservation and productivity enhancement in red soils of Bundelkhand region are operating at full fledge. Several outreach programmes such as Adarsh Chara Gram A cluster of three villages, Mera Gaon Mera Gaurav (MGMG), National Initiative on Fodder Technology Demonstration (NIFTD), Network Project on Bhadawari Buffaloes, Participatory Fodder Production in Mango Orchards, Farmers FIRST Programme, NICRA, TSP, SCSP, NEH, DFI-Kisan Mitra and NIAFTA have been initiated and implemented.

Proven Technologies of Institute

Accelerating Fodder Technology adoption

vAzolla as supplement feed for livestock

ICAR has established in institute the Agri-Business Incubation Centre (ABIC) to provide technical knowhow to farmers, educated rural youth and develop entrepreneur.

Institute has initiated “National Initiative for Fodder Technologies Adoption (NIAFTA)” to formulate an implementable fodder resource development plan for each state/UT of the country suitable to specific niches which can utilize the potential of available resources to achieve self-sufficiency in fodder production and utilization. NIAFTA also aims for extension of latest research findings/technologies with the policy planners, management personnel and field level functionaries for enhancing country's fodder productivity, capacity building and skill enhancement of the fodder producers and livestock keepers on emerging technologies and also provide opportunity to interact with scientists and managers and impact assessment on fodder supply and farmers livelihood.

NIAFTA: New Initiatives

A. IntroductionThe Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir forms part of North western Himalayan region, and lies to the north of states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and to the west of UT of Ladakh with an area of 42,241

2km . As per census 2011, the population of J & K is 10.22 million accounting to 1.03% of India's population. The rural and urban populations constitute 72.62% and 27.38% respectively. Tribal population is 10.91% of the UT's population. The average population density of J & K is 240 persons per sq km, which is lower than the national average (464 per sq km).This region is located almost in the middle of three climatic regimes of Asia. In its south border, lies the weak monsoon zone of Punjab. On the northeast, it is bordered by the vast arid plateau of Tibet while the North-west border areas face the eastern limits of Mediterranean climatic region. This geographical position, coupled with the varied physiography, provides the region a wide climatic variation. It comprises of two main physical regions viz. provides the region a wide climatic variation. It comprises two main physical regions viz. outer-Himalaya (Shiwaliks) facing with sub-tropical and intermediate type of climate (Jammu region) and Kashmir Himalaya or temperate zone (Kashmir region). The region has been divided into three broad macro-climatic zones (i) sub-tropical (ii) valley temperate (iii) intermediate/sub-temperate. The livestock production system is mainly extensive in Jammu and semi-intensive in Kashmir. The UT has a precious wealth of livestock in the form of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, horses/mules etc. The cattle and sheep amongst all the livestock are considered the most important tool for the development of the rural economy. The agricultural sector (including livestock) contributes 16 percent to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of UT at constant prices. The livestock sector alone contributes 11 percent of the GSDP which is about 40 percent of the contribution of the agricultural and allied sector.

2Total geographical area of the erstwhile state of J & K was 2,22,240 km out of which 278,114 km (35.15%) area lies under the illegal occupation of Pakistan, and 42,735 km

(19.23%) under the illegal occupation of China (including the area handed over illegally

Figure 1. Map of Jammu & Kashmir

Part-I : Agriculture, Livestock and Fodder Scenario

A. IntroductionThe Union Territory of Jammu & Kashmir forms part of North western Himalayan region, and lies to the north of states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab and to the west of UT of Ladakh with an area of 42,241

2km . As per census 2011, the population of J & K is 10.22 million accounting to 1.03% of India's population. The rural and urban populations constitute 72.62% and 27.38% respectively. Tribal population is 10.91% of the UT's population. The average population density of J & K is 240 persons per sq km, which is lower than the national average (464 per sq km).This region is located almost in the middle of three climatic regimes of Asia. In its south border, lies the weak monsoon zone of Punjab. On the northeast, it is bordered by the vast arid plateau of Tibet while the North-west border areas face the eastern limits of Mediterranean climatic region. This geographical position, coupled with the varied physiography, provides the region a wide climatic variation. It comprises of two main physical regions viz. provides the region a wide climatic variation. It comprises two main physical regions viz. outer-Himalaya (Shiwaliks) facing with sub-tropical and intermediate type of climate (Jammu region) and Kashmir Himalaya or temperate zone (Kashmir region). The region has been divided into three broad macro-climatic zones (i) sub-tropical (ii) valley temperate (iii) intermediate/sub-temperate. The livestock production system is mainly extensive in Jammu and semi-intensive in Kashmir. The UT has a precious wealth of livestock in the form of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, horses/mules etc. The cattle and sheep amongst all the livestock are considered the most important tool for the development of the rural economy. The agricultural sector (including livestock) contributes 16 percent to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) of UT at constant prices. The livestock sector alone contributes 11 percent of the GSDP which is about 40 percent of the contribution of the agricultural and allied sector.

2Total geographical area of the erstwhile state of J & K was 2,22,240 km out of which 278,114 km (35.15%) area lies under the illegal occupation of Pakistan, and 42,735 km

(19.23%) under the illegal occupation of China (including the area handed over illegally

Figure 1. Map of Jammu & Kashmir

Part-I : Agriculture, Livestock and Fodder Scenario

by Pakistan to China). Recently, owing to reorganization, the region is left with an area of 42,241 km² only.

The climate of the region is determined by altitudinal gradient, the elevation ranges from 247 m in Jammu to about 7135 m in Kashmir Himalaya. With increase in the elevation, rainfall decreases from 1052 mm in Jammu to 662 mm in Srinagar with mean

0 0annual temperature of 24.5 C in Jammu and 13.3 C in Srinagar, giving rise to sub-tropics and temperate climates. The length of the crop growing season also decreases as we proceed from south to north. In Jammu, the crop can be grown round the year while in Kashmir valley double cropping is possible. Regular snowfall is witnessed at higher altitudes during winter, chilling subzero temperature is also recorded at higher peaks. Like other hill ecosystems, climate is also determined not only by altitude but also by slope and aspects of hills.

The Government of India vide notification dated 31.10.2019 has carved out two union territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh from the erstwhile State of Jammu & Kashmir. Situated in the northern most part of the country, Jammu & Kashmir (UT) covers an area of 42,241 sq km, which is 6.76% of the geographical area of the country. The UT of Jammu & Kashmir is bordered by Pakistan in the west; UT of Ladakh is situated on the northern and eastern side and the States of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab lie South to the UT of Jammu & Kashmir. The average annual rainfall varies from about 600 mm to about 800 mm and the average annual temperature from sub-zero to 40°C. The UT is drained by a number of rivers viz Jhelum, Chenab, Indus, Ravi, Tawi etc. All the 20 districts of UT of Jammu & Kashmir are hill districts. The land use scenario of the Union territory is presented in the table 1. Maximum area is under forest (49.5%) and net sown area is about 18.69% of the total area.

Climate

Land use scenario

Table 1. Land use pattern of Jammu & Kashmir ('000 hectares) Land Use Types J & K

Area (in 000' ha) PercentageGeographical Area 42,241Reporting area for land utilization 4,058 100.00Forests 2,019 49.5Land not available for cultivation 571 14.08Permanent pastures and other grazing lands 123 3.39Land under misc. tree crops and groves 57 1.39

Cultivable wasteland 139 3.44Fallow land other than current fallows 15 0.37Current fallows 106 2.61Net area sown 758 18.69

B. Agro-climatic zones The region is blessed with varied agro-climatic zones, producing in a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural produce, some of them are unique to the region. Jammu region is home to high quality 'Basmati', 'Rajmash', Black Caraway ('zeera') etc. While, Kashmir region is known for high quality Saffron, 'Zeera', fresh and dry temperate fruits and commercial floriculture. Enormous potential exists for bio-diversification due to varied agro-climatic and soil conditions. The region has three different agro-climatic zones depending on altitude, slope, aspect, precipitation and soil type. Details of agro-climatic zones and farming situations are presented in table 2.

Table 2. Important characteristics of agro-climatic zones of Jammu & KashmirS.No. Particulars Jammu Kashmir

JK-1 JK-2 JK-3(sub-tropical) (Intermediate) (Temperate)

1. Geographical Jammu district, All outer hills All ten districts distribution lower parts of of Jammu Division of Kashmir valley

Udhampur, and parts of viz., Anantnag, Samba, Rajouri, Poonch, Rajouri, Pulwama, Srinagar, Kathua, Poonch Udhampur and Budgam, Baramulla

districts Kathua and Kupwara, Doda,parts of Kahua

2. Principal crops Paddy, maize, Maize, wheat, Paddy, maize, wheat, oats barley, paddy, oilseeds, oats,

oats, oilseeds temperate fruits almond, saffron

3. Vegetables Tomato, French Potato, tomato, Cabbage and bean, okra, ginger, peas, beans cauliflower, brinjal, cucumber, cabbage and potatoes,

onion, pea, knol-khol, cauliflower, beans and peas. cauliflower, garlic, capsicum, Exotic: vegetables exotic vegetables pea, garlic, and herbs such

cucumber as broccoli, lettuce, celery and parsley

4. Fruits Mango, litchi, Pomegranate, Apple, pear, guava, citrus, olive, stone almond, walnut,

papaya, fruits (peach, cherry, apricotplum, apricot,

walnut, almond)

by Pakistan to China). Recently, owing to reorganization, the region is left with an area of 42,241 km² only.

The climate of the region is determined by altitudinal gradient, the elevation ranges from 247 m in Jammu to about 7135 m in Kashmir Himalaya. With increase in the elevation, rainfall decreases from 1052 mm in Jammu to 662 mm in Srinagar with mean

0 0annual temperature of 24.5 C in Jammu and 13.3 C in Srinagar, giving rise to sub-tropics and temperate climates. The length of the crop growing season also decreases as we proceed from south to north. In Jammu, the crop can be grown round the year while in Kashmir valley double cropping is possible. Regular snowfall is witnessed at higher altitudes during winter, chilling subzero temperature is also recorded at higher peaks. Like other hill ecosystems, climate is also determined not only by altitude but also by slope and aspects of hills.

The Government of India vide notification dated 31.10.2019 has carved out two union territories of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh from the erstwhile State of Jammu & Kashmir. Situated in the northern most part of the country, Jammu & Kashmir (UT) covers an area of 42,241 sq km, which is 6.76% of the geographical area of the country. The UT of Jammu & Kashmir is bordered by Pakistan in the west; UT of Ladakh is situated on the northern and eastern side and the States of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab lie South to the UT of Jammu & Kashmir. The average annual rainfall varies from about 600 mm to about 800 mm and the average annual temperature from sub-zero to 40°C. The UT is drained by a number of rivers viz Jhelum, Chenab, Indus, Ravi, Tawi etc. All the 20 districts of UT of Jammu & Kashmir are hill districts. The land use scenario of the Union territory is presented in the table 1. Maximum area is under forest (49.5%) and net sown area is about 18.69% of the total area.

Climate

Land use scenario

Table 1. Land use pattern of Jammu & Kashmir ('000 hectares) Land Use Types J & K

Area (in 000' ha) PercentageGeographical Area 42,241Reporting area for land utilization 4,058 100.00Forests 2,019 49.5Land not available for cultivation 571 14.08Permanent pastures and other grazing lands 123 3.39Land under misc. tree crops and groves 57 1.39

Cultivable wasteland 139 3.44Fallow land other than current fallows 15 0.37Current fallows 106 2.61Net area sown 758 18.69

B. Agro-climatic zones The region is blessed with varied agro-climatic zones, producing in a wide variety of agricultural and horticultural produce, some of them are unique to the region. Jammu region is home to high quality 'Basmati', 'Rajmash', Black Caraway ('zeera') etc. While, Kashmir region is known for high quality Saffron, 'Zeera', fresh and dry temperate fruits and commercial floriculture. Enormous potential exists for bio-diversification due to varied agro-climatic and soil conditions. The region has three different agro-climatic zones depending on altitude, slope, aspect, precipitation and soil type. Details of agro-climatic zones and farming situations are presented in table 2.

Table 2. Important characteristics of agro-climatic zones of Jammu & KashmirS.No. Particulars Jammu Kashmir

JK-1 JK-2 JK-3(sub-tropical) (Intermediate) (Temperate)

1. Geographical Jammu district, All outer hills All ten districts distribution lower parts of of Jammu Division of Kashmir valley

Udhampur, and parts of viz., Anantnag, Samba, Rajouri, Poonch, Rajouri, Pulwama, Srinagar, Kathua, Poonch Udhampur and Budgam, Baramulla

districts Kathua and Kupwara, Doda,parts of Kahua

2. Principal crops Paddy, maize, Maize, wheat, Paddy, maize, wheat, oats barley, paddy, oilseeds, oats,

oats, oilseeds temperate fruits almond, saffron

3. Vegetables Tomato, French Potato, tomato, Cabbage and bean, okra, ginger, peas, beans cauliflower, brinjal, cucumber, cabbage and potatoes,

onion, pea, knol-khol, cauliflower, beans and peas. cauliflower, garlic, capsicum, Exotic: vegetables exotic vegetables pea, garlic, and herbs such

cucumber as broccoli, lettuce, celery and parsley

4. Fruits Mango, litchi, Pomegranate, Apple, pear, guava, citrus, olive, stone almond, walnut,

papaya, fruits (peach, cherry, apricotplum, apricot,

walnut, almond)

Agriculture scenarioAgriculture is the main source of income in rural areas of J&K. Agriculture has dominance of female workforce as percentage of female cultivators to total workers is >50% which is otherwise 28.8% at country level. Main crops are rice, maize, wheat, potato, barley, pulses and lentil. Agriculture is mostly rainfed with only 42% irrigated area in Jammu & Kashmir. More than 80% farmers are small and marginal with an average land holding size of 0.5 ha in the Jammu & Kashmir which is below than country average (1.57 ha) (table 3).

Table 3. Agricultural scenario in UT of Jammu & KashmirParticular Jammu Kashmir J&K IndiaNet sown area (mha) 0.41 0.32 0.74 141.02Gross sown area (mha) 0.75 0.41 1.154 195.22Cropping intensity% 181 126.08 156.79 138.43Avg. holding size (ha) 0.81 (16 kanals) 0.44 (9 kanals) 0.63 (12.5 kanals) 1.15Irrigated area (%) 29.89 59.63 68.94 44.84Rainfed area (%) 70.11 40.37 31.06 55.16The food grain production is around 1768.9 (Metric tonnes); fruit production is 2125.59 (Thousand metric tonnes) and vegetable production is 1539.587 (thousand Metric tonne) (year 2018-19). The cropping intensity in Jammu division is reported to be 181%, whereas Kashmir closely follows with the levels of 126.08%. In Kashmir regions, high cropping intensity is typically constrained by the incidence of moisture stress at the sowing time in October-November, inundation of fields in low lying areas after winter, harsh winters and short growing season.

5. Major livestock Cattle, buffalo, Cattle, buffalo, Cattle, sheep, buffalogoat and sheep goat and sheep,

horses/mules6. Average land 0.99 0.93 0.53

holdings (ha)7. Net irrigated area (%) 36 10 628. Major rivers Ravi, Tawi Chenab Jhelum9. Altitude (m amsl range)300-1350 800-2000 1500-350010. Average annual 1200 1059 750

rainfall (mm)OTemperature ( C)

11. Maximum 32.1 31.4 24.512. Minimum 13.6 11.5 1.213. Thermal index Mild Mild Very Cold14. Hydric index Humid Sub-Humid and Dry Sub-Humid and Dry

Horticulture scenario:Horticulture is not only a means of employment but also forms integral part of food and nutritional security and important source of economic security. Horticulture is gaining momentum by its growing contribution to agriculture and GSDP. Fruit production in J & K is around 2125.58 (thousand metric tonnes) (year 2018-19). The horticulture sector occupies an important position in the farming system of the region. It has several agro-climatic conditions: sub-tropical, temperate and cold arid. Each agro-climatic region has its own potential to grow specific fruits (Table 4).Table 4. Area under major horticulture crops (ha)District Apple Pear Apricot Peach Plum Cherry Citrus Mango Ber Others TotalAnantnag 16539 1057 337 239 375 199 0 0 0 242 18988Kulgam 16766 894 124 125 206 72 0 0 0 218 18405Pulwama 11425 687 87 43 59 45 0 0 0 12 12358Shopian 21625 396 24 6 6 745 0 0 0 97 22899Srinagar 3089 353 160 76 249 1254 0 0 0 450 5631Ganderbal 5716 312 108 92 149 804 0 0 0 244 7425Budgam 14649 1784 62 51 953 185 0 0 0 594 18278Baramulla 24661 645 120 56 0 207 19 0 0 263 25971Bandipora 5605 115 60 14 24 74 0 0 0 0 5892Kupwara 18942 433 54 37 41 104 3 0 0 18 19632Jammu 0 1 0 19 5 0 2166 4749 2783 2125 11848Samba 0 10 0 9 5 0 1604 1482 3421 1166 7697Udhampur 1063 720 250 280 113 0 1663 974 223 981 6268Reasi 930 307 65 129 80 0 1712 840 118 733 4914Doda 5314 1399 332 149 109 9 50 0 0 589 7951Kishtwar 2309 200 650 158 207 10 9 0 0 39 3582Ramban 3322 492 283 124 88 10 34 0 0 458 4811Kathua 877 650 36 84 68 0 2795 3820 744 2657 11731Rajouri 1227 1595 416 265 549 0 3464 633 615 1699 10463Poonch 2082 1623 892 607 1322 0 363 0 0 1508 8397Total J&K 156141 13673 4059 2563 4608 3718 13882 12498 7904 14093 233140

C. Interactive workshop: IGFRI and State Department The institute organized one day online workshop on “Fodder Resource Development Plan : UT of J &K” with the officers of animal husbandry and agriculture department related to animal husbandry/fodder production of state and researchers of SKUAST, J&K on June 20, 2020. Dr. Nazeer Ahmad, Honourable VC, SKUAST-K, chaired the workshop. In his opening remarks, he congratulated ICAR-IGFRI for conducting the workshop and highlighted the importance of livestock sector in the region and various challenges and issues this sector is facing, particularly with respect to forage production. He stressed on the establishment of hortipastures and rehabilitation of grasslands for increased fodder production.

Agriculture scenarioAgriculture is the main source of income in rural areas of J&K. Agriculture has dominance of female workforce as percentage of female cultivators to total workers is >50% which is otherwise 28.8% at country level. Main crops are rice, maize, wheat, potato, barley, pulses and lentil. Agriculture is mostly rainfed with only 42% irrigated area in Jammu & Kashmir. More than 80% farmers are small and marginal with an average land holding size of 0.5 ha in the Jammu & Kashmir which is below than country average (1.57 ha) (table 3).

Table 3. Agricultural scenario in UT of Jammu & KashmirParticular Jammu Kashmir J&K IndiaNet sown area (mha) 0.41 0.32 0.74 141.02Gross sown area (mha) 0.75 0.41 1.154 195.22Cropping intensity% 181 126.08 156.79 138.43Avg. holding size (ha) 0.81 (16 kanals) 0.44 (9 kanals) 0.63 (12.5 kanals) 1.15Irrigated area (%) 29.89 59.63 68.94 44.84Rainfed area (%) 70.11 40.37 31.06 55.16The food grain production is around 1768.9 (Metric tonnes); fruit production is 2125.59 (Thousand metric tonnes) and vegetable production is 1539.587 (thousand Metric tonne) (year 2018-19). The cropping intensity in Jammu division is reported to be 181%, whereas Kashmir closely follows with the levels of 126.08%. In Kashmir regions, high cropping intensity is typically constrained by the incidence of moisture stress at the sowing time in October-November, inundation of fields in low lying areas after winter, harsh winters and short growing season.

5. Major livestock Cattle, buffalo, Cattle, buffalo, Cattle, sheep, buffalogoat and sheep goat and sheep,

horses/mules6. Average land 0.99 0.93 0.53

holdings (ha)7. Net irrigated area (%) 36 10 628. Major rivers Ravi, Tawi Chenab Jhelum9. Altitude (m amsl range)300-1350 800-2000 1500-350010. Average annual 1200 1059 750

rainfall (mm)OTemperature ( C)

11. Maximum 32.1 31.4 24.512. Minimum 13.6 11.5 1.213. Thermal index Mild Mild Very Cold14. Hydric index Humid Sub-Humid and Dry Sub-Humid and Dry

Horticulture scenario:Horticulture is not only a means of employment but also forms integral part of food and nutritional security and important source of economic security. Horticulture is gaining momentum by its growing contribution to agriculture and GSDP. Fruit production in J & K is around 2125.58 (thousand metric tonnes) (year 2018-19). The horticulture sector occupies an important position in the farming system of the region. It has several agro-climatic conditions: sub-tropical, temperate and cold arid. Each agro-climatic region has its own potential to grow specific fruits (Table 4).Table 4. Area under major horticulture crops (ha)District Apple Pear Apricot Peach Plum Cherry Citrus Mango Ber Others TotalAnantnag 16539 1057 337 239 375 199 0 0 0 242 18988Kulgam 16766 894 124 125 206 72 0 0 0 218 18405Pulwama 11425 687 87 43 59 45 0 0 0 12 12358Shopian 21625 396 24 6 6 745 0 0 0 97 22899Srinagar 3089 353 160 76 249 1254 0 0 0 450 5631Ganderbal 5716 312 108 92 149 804 0 0 0 244 7425Budgam 14649 1784 62 51 953 185 0 0 0 594 18278Baramulla 24661 645 120 56 0 207 19 0 0 263 25971Bandipora 5605 115 60 14 24 74 0 0 0 0 5892Kupwara 18942 433 54 37 41 104 3 0 0 18 19632Jammu 0 1 0 19 5 0 2166 4749 2783 2125 11848Samba 0 10 0 9 5 0 1604 1482 3421 1166 7697Udhampur 1063 720 250 280 113 0 1663 974 223 981 6268Reasi 930 307 65 129 80 0 1712 840 118 733 4914Doda 5314 1399 332 149 109 9 50 0 0 589 7951Kishtwar 2309 200 650 158 207 10 9 0 0 39 3582Ramban 3322 492 283 124 88 10 34 0 0 458 4811Kathua 877 650 36 84 68 0 2795 3820 744 2657 11731Rajouri 1227 1595 416 265 549 0 3464 633 615 1699 10463Poonch 2082 1623 892 607 1322 0 363 0 0 1508 8397Total J&K 156141 13673 4059 2563 4608 3718 13882 12498 7904 14093 233140

C. Interactive workshop: IGFRI and State Department The institute organized one day online workshop on “Fodder Resource Development Plan : UT of J &K” with the officers of animal husbandry and agriculture department related to animal husbandry/fodder production of state and researchers of SKUAST, J&K on June 20, 2020. Dr. Nazeer Ahmad, Honourable VC, SKUAST-K, chaired the workshop. In his opening remarks, he congratulated ICAR-IGFRI for conducting the workshop and highlighted the importance of livestock sector in the region and various challenges and issues this sector is facing, particularly with respect to forage production. He stressed on the establishment of hortipastures and rehabilitation of grasslands for increased fodder production.

Dr. Vijay Kumar Yadav, Director, ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi welcomed all the dignitaries and gave an eloborate perspective of the fodder plan. He also briefed about the research/extension activities carried out by ICAR-IGFRI vis-à-vis fodder production, utilization and conservation.Dr Suheel Ahmad, OIC, RRS Srinagar presented a detailed fodder plan of UT of Jammu and Kashmir, including road map, implementation, stakeholder responsibilities, budgetary requirements and modalities.Dr A K Roy, PC, AICRP-FC, presented various forage production/protection technologies suitable for UT of J & K.Dr R V Kumar gave a detailed account of technologies for grassland and silvopasture management for enhancing production.Dr Sheeraz Saleem Bhat, scientist, RRS Srinagar presented the technologies for hortipasture development for augmenting forage availability. The workshop was attended by various directors of line departments, like, agriculture, sheep and animal husbandry, livestock development board, forest department, scientists from SKUAST-K and SKUAST-J and ICAR-IGFRI. Dr. Purushottam Sharma, PS, IGFRI, presented vote of thanks (Annexure I).

The state has a precious wealth of livestock in form of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry, etc. The cattle and poultry amongst all the livestock are considered the most important tool for the development of the rural economy. The production of Pashmina shawls and other animal products like carpets, shawls and blankets of Kashmir earn handsome foreign exchange for the nation. Therefore livestock industry in the state has vast scope for development rendering quick economic returns and has been identified as critical to the overall economic and social development.

thAs, per 20 livestock census (2019), total livestock population is 8318.70 thousand in Jammu & Kashmir including Ladakh. Total livestock population has declined in

thcomparison to the 19 livestock census of 2012 (Table 5). Declining population of cattle could be due to decreasing fodder supply, degrading pasture lands and

thmovement of rural people towards urban areas. The Jammu & Kashmir holds 6 stposition with regard to sheep population and 1 place in respect of the yak

population in the country. The milk production in J &K is 2540.11 (000 tone) and per thcapita milk availability is 401 g/day in Jammu & Kashmir (20 livestock census of

2019) (Table 6). Livestock sector is constantly facing shortage of green as well dry fodder as there is gap in supply of green fodder and dry fodder as there is around 49.17% fodder shortage in Jammu & Kashmir.

D. Livestock scenario

Figure 2 Glimpses of interactive workshop

thTable 6. Production of livestock products in Jammu & Kashmir (20 Livestock Census, 2019)

State Jammu & KashmirWool production (000 kg) 7629.28Meat production (000 tonnes) 91.61Milk production (000 tonnes) 2540.11Per capita milk availability (g/day) 401

thTable 5. Livestock population of Jammu & Kashmir including Ladakh (20 Livestock Census, 2019)

State Jammu & Kashmir (thousands)Cattle 2532.62Buffaloes 690.83Sheep 3247.50Goats 1730.22Pigs 1.22Horses/Ponies 63.34Mules 16.72Donkeys 9.56Camels 0.47Yaks 26.22Mithun 0.01Total Livestock 8318.70Total Livestock population 19th census (2012) 9200.842Decrease in Total livestock population -882.142

E. Fodder scenario Livestock sector is constantly facing shortage of green as well dry fodder as there is gap in supply of green fodder and dry fodder as there is around 49.17% fodder shortage in Jammu & Kashmir. The region produces around 64 lakh MT of green fodder and 35 lakh MT of dry fodder. However the requirement of green fodder is 139.13 lakh MT and dry fodder is 58.53 lakh MT. Therefore, increased production of fodder is essential to meet the nutritional requirements of the livestock. Further, the agro-climatic conditions of the major portion of the region also warrants the need of cultivating even additional fodder that can be dried to hay or stored as silage for lean periods. Because of the predominant non-vegetarian food habits, the region is

Dr. Vijay Kumar Yadav, Director, ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi welcomed all the dignitaries and gave an eloborate perspective of the fodder plan. He also briefed about the research/extension activities carried out by ICAR-IGFRI vis-à-vis fodder production, utilization and conservation.Dr Suheel Ahmad, OIC, RRS Srinagar presented a detailed fodder plan of UT of Jammu and Kashmir, including road map, implementation, stakeholder responsibilities, budgetary requirements and modalities.Dr A K Roy, PC, AICRP-FC, presented various forage production/protection technologies suitable for UT of J & K.Dr R V Kumar gave a detailed account of technologies for grassland and silvopasture management for enhancing production.Dr Sheeraz Saleem Bhat, scientist, RRS Srinagar presented the technologies for hortipasture development for augmenting forage availability. The workshop was attended by various directors of line departments, like, agriculture, sheep and animal husbandry, livestock development board, forest department, scientists from SKUAST-K and SKUAST-J and ICAR-IGFRI. Dr. Purushottam Sharma, PS, IGFRI, presented vote of thanks (Annexure I).

The state has a precious wealth of livestock in form of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, poultry, etc. The cattle and poultry amongst all the livestock are considered the most important tool for the development of the rural economy. The production of Pashmina shawls and other animal products like carpets, shawls and blankets of Kashmir earn handsome foreign exchange for the nation. Therefore livestock industry in the state has vast scope for development rendering quick economic returns and has been identified as critical to the overall economic and social development.

thAs, per 20 livestock census (2019), total livestock population is 8318.70 thousand in Jammu & Kashmir including Ladakh. Total livestock population has declined in

thcomparison to the 19 livestock census of 2012 (Table 5). Declining population of cattle could be due to decreasing fodder supply, degrading pasture lands and

thmovement of rural people towards urban areas. The Jammu & Kashmir holds 6 stposition with regard to sheep population and 1 place in respect of the yak

population in the country. The milk production in J &K is 2540.11 (000 tone) and per thcapita milk availability is 401 g/day in Jammu & Kashmir (20 livestock census of

2019) (Table 6). Livestock sector is constantly facing shortage of green as well dry fodder as there is gap in supply of green fodder and dry fodder as there is around 49.17% fodder shortage in Jammu & Kashmir.

D. Livestock scenario

Figure 2 Glimpses of interactive workshop

thTable 6. Production of livestock products in Jammu & Kashmir (20 Livestock Census, 2019)

State Jammu & KashmirWool production (000 kg) 7629.28Meat production (000 tonnes) 91.61Milk production (000 tonnes) 2540.11Per capita milk availability (g/day) 401

thTable 5. Livestock population of Jammu & Kashmir including Ladakh (20 Livestock Census, 2019)

State Jammu & Kashmir (thousands)Cattle 2532.62Buffaloes 690.83Sheep 3247.50Goats 1730.22Pigs 1.22Horses/Ponies 63.34Mules 16.72Donkeys 9.56Camels 0.47Yaks 26.22Mithun 0.01Total Livestock 8318.70Total Livestock population 19th census (2012) 9200.842Decrease in Total livestock population -882.142

E. Fodder scenario Livestock sector is constantly facing shortage of green as well dry fodder as there is gap in supply of green fodder and dry fodder as there is around 49.17% fodder shortage in Jammu & Kashmir. The region produces around 64 lakh MT of green fodder and 35 lakh MT of dry fodder. However the requirement of green fodder is 139.13 lakh MT and dry fodder is 58.53 lakh MT. Therefore, increased production of fodder is essential to meet the nutritional requirements of the livestock. Further, the agro-climatic conditions of the major portion of the region also warrants the need of cultivating even additional fodder that can be dried to hay or stored as silage for lean periods. Because of the predominant non-vegetarian food habits, the region is

Table 7. Area under fodder crops and pastures/grazing lands in Jammu & Kashmir

Source: ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology, GBPIHED, 2015

Year Fodder crops Permanent pastures and other grazing lands ('000 ha) ('000 ha)

2005-06 53 1282007-08 61 1262008-09 54 1282009-10 52 1202010-11 53 119

Available feed resources from cultivated lands can be classified into four important groups, viz. (i) cultivated fodder (most commonly jowar, oats, berseem and alfalfa) (ii) straw-I (residues from leguminous crops including pulses), (iii) straw-II (residues from coarse grain crops including maize and millets), and (iv) straw-III (residues from fine grain crops like paddy, wheat and barley). Severe scarcity months are April-June in Jammu sub-tropical zone and from December- April in temperate and sub-temperate zones. As per estimate, about 40.93% deficit exists for fodder in Jammu & Kashmir, where in deficit is more acute in Kashmir division (48.63%) than Jammu division (32.27%) (Table 8 & 9).

acutely short in animal protein requirements with a total availability of 256 lakh kg of meat against a huge requirement of 1200 lakh kg as per the minimum requirements of MCI (Anon., 2015). Crop residues, tree leaves, sub-alpine & alpine pastures and forests are the mainstay of animal feeding requirements in Jammu & Kashmir. Fodder production is primarily a land-use activity and depends on multiple factors like climate, irrigation, livestock number and type besides cropping pattern. Fodder resources are derived from both cultivated as well as uncultivated lands. The uncultivated lands, as a source of fodder include common properties resources and private lands (table 7).

Table 8. Fodder balance sheet on dry matter basis ('000 tonnes)

Figures in parenthesis represent percentage (Source: Wani et al., 2014)

Region Availability Requirement DeficitJammu 5545.58 8188.00 2642.42 (32.27)Kashmir 1866.49 3635.00 1768.51 (48.65)Total 7411.49 111823 4410.93 (40.93)

The livestock sector represents around a third of agricultural GDP in most countries. Low productivity of livestock owing to fodder deficit (accounts for 50-60%), genetic improvement, health management. The limited land endowments make it difficult for the farmer to earmark adequate land for fodder cultivation.

Table 9. Availability of fodder on dry matter basis for J & K ('000 tonnes)Group Availability/production of fodder from Jammu Kashmir J & K

land under resource* division divisionI Uncultivated fodder availability from common support lands

Forests (village papers) 978.72 7.85 986.57Barren and un-cultivated land 229.12 29.13 258.25Non-Agricultural land 227.22 56.45 284.75Cultivated wasteland 163.60 50.25 213.85Permanent pastures 248.82 133.20 382.27Land under tree group 28.18 4.73 32.91Total 1875.66 281.61 2157.27

II Uncultivated fodder availability from private support landsFallow land 74.72 100.54 175.26Orchard 2.84 83.78 86.62Fodder from bunds in paddy fields 29.20 35.20 64.40(5% of total paddy land)Total 106.76 219.52 326.28

III Cultivated fodder/crop-residues- straws, stoversFodder crops 186.16 71.36 257.52Rice 701 845 1546Maize 1014 403 1417Pulses 76 40 116Millet 82 2 84Wheat 1363 4 1371Barley 41 - 41Total 3463.16 1365.36 4828.52Grand total 5445.58 1866.49 7312.07

IV Forests 1809.90 1219.20 3029.1Source: Wani et al, 2014

SWOT analysis of fodder cultivation in Jammu & Kashmir:The UT of Jammu & Kashmir is unique in terms of its diverse agro-climatic situation with majority of population dependent on agriculture, which provides immense opportunities and challenges to utilize this demographic dividend for sustainable agricultural development of the region. Jammu & Kashmir is ideally suited for livestock rearing owing to rich forage resources, varied agro-climatic conditions and a very strong institutional mechanism in the form of line departments and other R & D institutions. The SWOT analysis of various aspects of fodder cultivation in Jammu & Kashmir has been presented in Table 10. This in-depth analysis shall be very useful in the formulation of a comprehensive fodder resource development plan for the UT of Jammu & Kashmir.