Computational Come to IBM and helpt . a develop new applications

Physicists: for large-scaledata processing systems.Here at IBM in the Los Angeles area,we need Physicists to work on newscientific systems designed to solvecomplex problems having extremelylarge computational loads. Loadsthat are found in problems such asweather forecasting, radiation burstetfects, or signal processing.We are now located in Beverly Hillsbut will soon move to Westlakein the Conejo Valley.Imaginative new concepts.Advanced concepts in systemarchitecture are being explored toachieve exceptionally high dataprocessing rates.You would help develop newapplications for large-scale systemils,influence their design, andrecommend changes in theirstructure to cover other significantuInsolved scientific problems.Ultimately, you would assistcustomers in the application ofthese systems toward solvingtheir problems.You should have experience inlarge-scale scientific application anda Ph.D. degree or equivalent.Grow with IBM.This long-range developmentprogram is just one of the manysve have at IBM's FederalSystems Division.For example, we are c'eeply involvedwith the manned space program.Working on systems to analyzedelicate seismological disturbances.And designing new real-time, on-line

- - information systems.Calor write.

fXl Learn more details. Calll W. C. Klackner at (301) 921-7718 any

weekday between 9 a.m. and 4.30p.m. Or, if you prefer, send a briefresume to him at IBM Corp., Dept.CB1024, Federal Systems Division,

l ii-i 18100 Frederick Pike, Gaithersburg,Maryland 20760.An Equal Opportunity Employer

ILUE IBMa

pared for violence, filth, vermicrowded living, battered babies, a

drulg uise. A doctor would not be stto Brazil without teaching him sonthing about tropical diseases but omedical schools aIssUrme a doctor cbe sent into this very strantge woithat exists in the city without tellior showing hinm about life there.One of the things that behaviot

science can contribuLte to medicine amledical eduLcation, and maybe the m(imiportiant contribtution it can mlake.to tuLrn its attention to who goes inmedicine and what qutalities they shoLthave. It may be that not all medicstuLdents should have the saime medicschool experience. The nmedical schohas evolved so that it is no longerschool hLut it is of itself a universitAnd no one really expects gyraduato t a uLniversity to have the sanme kitof experiences.

There is the comLlpanion problemiprofessional identification for peopwho go into the behavioral sciences, tlkind of politics tha-t goes along wixprotessionalisnm. If the field of hehalioral sciences is to be viable in the metical setting, it muLst keep in totuch \Nitthe primary motivaition of studenigoing into medical training. narmelN tVca re of patients.

The role of behavioral sciencesthe mledical school, uLp to now, has beca speciallizecd role, carrying oLut bhavioral science instruction in the nmeicall setting or training researchershehasvioral sciences in the medlicsetting, or the training of people tf(service in specialist roles. But the qtuetion is \vhether behaxioral scienc,have a role in the general medical edtication of students and whether thhehav ioral sciences, alonm, with hichenmistrv .and physiology, will he paof the basic training of all mledticstudents. Behavioral sciences in ImiedicedLtcation are important becaLse th(proide a nmeans hy which medicircan respond better to the contemporatpItblic issUes in the health field. \\has e accepted the principle that Unevrsities and medical edUcatitiOi a

sUpposed to respontd to public nieedthe trite basis of a ptlblic in.stituLtioIn order for this response to be etfTetis e in contemporar\ atlairs the hbha ioral sciences milulSt he an inteor.

Balrt .l3eh.as ior. both prersotil.tI (1td socia

is an important coImlpotietit of the liioof an individual, ss hether well or siciIts apprais.al and assessment at the tillot tlie first contact hetsseen patient ar

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physician. in the formation of the di-agnosis, and in the planning of treatmentis most important. As treatment goeson and as follow-up treatment ensues,the assessment of behavior and plansfor its adjustment and integration inthe family and community shift fromthe intrapersonal to the interpersonalor social-group level.We must develop programs to en-

hance the understanding by physiciansand behavioral scientists of the doctor-patient relationship and the interactionbetween the patient and his social en-vironment. At the same time it is tobe emphasized that this will providea unique opportunity to expose be-havioral scientists, especially graduatestudents in behavioral science, to thebehavioral and social problems inher-ent in the field of medicine.

J. H. U. BROWNNationial Itnstitlite of General MedicalSc'ienlc'es, Nationial Inistitiutes of Health,Bethesd1a, Maryland 20014

Laser Scattering

Approximately 1 30 scientists attendeda symposium on la.ser scattering inhonor of the late Peter J. W. Debyeheld at Cornell University, 24 to 26 June1968, under the auspices of the Physi-cal Chemistry Division of the AmericanChemical Society and the ChemicalPhysics Division of the American Physi-cal Society. F. A. Long (Cornell Uni-versity) delivered the opening remarks.Attending the banquet on 25 June werethree generations of the Debye family.A. M. Bueche (General Electric), aformer student of Debye's. was theafter-dinner speaker.

Ptarticipants at the conferenice con-sidercd problemns related to laser spec-troscopy in chemistry and physics withemphasis on techniques which take ad-vantage of the coherent properties oflasers. Speakers drew aIttention to the*use of lasers in physical science; how-ever, they also discuissed increasing po-tential of lasers for research in physicsand chemistry as well as in engineeringaind biology.

Lbaser research and development haveproliferated at a great pace in the lastfew ylears. The design and tuse of' lasersdraw on experience and knowledge infields related to physics, suLch as quLCan-tum electrodynamics, electronics, andoptics. ConsequLently, the symposiumnot only provided opportuLnities for theexchange of ideas among experts, but

28 FEBRUARY 1969

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I Even a minor molecular rearrangement can have a dramatic effecton chemical activity. These profiles" recorded by a Durrum-Gibson Stopped-Flow Spectrophotometer reveal a 40-fold differ-ence in azide-hemoglobin reaction rates. One reaction is withnormal hemoglobin, the other with a mutant containing alpha-chain tyrosine residues in place of the usual proximal histidines.

Equilibrium constants would not have hinted at this difference;only kinetic tests with the Durrum-Gibson instrument permit theuse of this new technique for classifying mutant types.

The Stopped-Flow Spectrophotometer is a versatile, general-purpose system that is widely used to determine the kineticcharacteristics of reactions with half-times in the 5-millisecondto 50-second range. A temperature-jump accessory is availablefor studies involving even faster reactions, down to 10 micro-seconds or less. The accessory is uniquely designed to allowcombination T-Jump/stopped-flow studies of pseudo-equilibriumreactions.For complete information on the D-100 Series Stopped-FlowSpectrophotometer and its applications, contact.. DurrumInstrument Corporation, 3950 Fabian Way, Palo Alto,California 94303, Phone (415) 321-6302.

L

DURRUM

967

Nomal Hemioglobini

:HEMOGLOBIN4TAINS THE

NT SUBUNIT?

VS RI P(MTED ItY HENRY F. Ell'."ITIIN AND Ll BI'At ','I MA."It IN V(.[A'ME :i2 1.;,, ()F 'I'llF. .14WIC"'Al, 01.

variety of acdsorbentshon flexi-ble sheets that make it easierto select the proper adsorbenttype for your specific TLCseparations. The Kit containsfive each of four differentBAKER-FLEX TLC f4exiblesheets that you can use in theexamination of your existingseparation programs and forthe development of new ones.The BAKER-FLEX sheets in-cluded in the Kit are: SilicaGel IB-F, Aluminum OxideIB-F, Cellulose and Poly-amide 6. (The Silica Gel IB-:Fand Aluminum Oxide IB-Fsheets can' be chArrd.)There's also a booklet withhelpful information 0on sub-jects such as solvent systems,adsorbent types andovisual-ization techniques. The Kitsells for $10.00. To order yourBAKER-FLEX TLC SelectorKit #1, contact your localdistributor of quality J. T.Baker products today. He hasthe Kit in stock.

J. T. BAKER CHEMICAL COMPANYPHILLIPSBURG, NEW JERSEY 08865

more importantly, it also allowed thenovice to learn various aspects of laserscattering from the most able investiga-tors. In order to encourage informalpresentations and discussions, it wasdecided that no proceedings would bepublished for this conference.

S. H. Bauer (Cornell University) andW. R. Bennett, Jr. (Yale University)reviewed molecular excitations leadingto nonequilibrium distributions and therelaxation processes of excited states inatoms; J. R. Airey (Avco) reported onchemical lasers pumped by reactionsbetween halogen atoms and halogenhalides. A. Javan (M.I.T.) discussedstudies of molecular vibrational relaxa-tion and processes of energy transfer incarbon dioxide.

Stimulated effects resulting from theuse of pulsed lasers were discussed byD. H. Rank (Pennsylvania State Uni-versity) and R. Y. Chiao (Universityof California, Berkeley). P. D. Maker(Ford Motor Company) reported oninelastic harmonic light-scattering spec-troscopy. Ingenious experiments onmolecular vibrational and rotational re-laxation processes by means of lightptulses in the picosecond range, as re-ported by J. A. Giordmaine (Bell Lab-oratories) and P. M. Rentzepis (BellLaboratories), demonstrate techniquesof great importance and sophisticationfor very fast relaxation processes.

Laser Raman spectroscopy was re-viewed by S. P. S. Porto (University ofSouthern California). The advantagesof laser over conventional light sourcesincltude its monochromaticity and powerdensity. A renaissance in Raman spec-troscopy is inevitable, since lasers en-able us to study polarized Raman spec-tra as well as line shapes (R. Gordon,Harvard University; A. D. May, Uni-versity of Toronto). C. K. N. Patel(Bell Laboratories) discussed the ex-tension of visible laser spectroscopy tothe infrared region by the use of CO.,lasers and nonlinear optics.

J. B. Lastovka (M.I.T.) explainedand compared the heterodyne and self-beating techniques in optical mixingspectroscopy. Spectrometers which in-corporate featuLres from radio-frequencyand microwave spectroscopy have re-solving powers of about 1014, exceedingthe best optical interferometers by afactor of at least 1 million. Such ex-tremely high resolutions allow obser-vations of small energy changes in thedomain of thermal motions of mole-cules. The time-dependent behavior ofcollective systems can thus be measturedand interpreted with Van Hove's time-

968

dependent correlation functions. Ap-plications include localized velocity offluid flow, time-dependent fluctuationsof density and concentration (G. B.Benedek, M.I.T.; B. Chu, State Univer-sity of New York at Stony Brook) ofsystems near the critical point, andtransport properties of macromoleculesin solution (R. Pecora, Stanford Uni-versity).By utilizing relatively high-power

densities of continuous wave helium-neon lasers, R. S. Stein (University ofMassachusetts) was able to film time-dependent structural changes in stretch-ing polyethylene films. Brillouin spec-tra of solids (H. Z. Cummins, JohnsHopkins University), liquids (T. A.Litovitz, Catholic University of Amer-ica; D. P. Eastman, Pennsylvania StateUniversity), and gases (N. Ford, Uni-versity of Massachusetts), as well asshear waves in liquids (B. P. Stoicheff,University of Toronto), demonstratethe tremendous potential of lasers forthe study of photon-phonon interac-tions by means of inelastic light scat-tering. By the use of single-modelasers, Fabry-Perot interferometers,and photon-counting techniques, Bril-louin spectroscopy has overcome themajor experimental difficulties andshould flourish within the foreseeablefuture.

Using the hydrodynamic theory oflight scattering from a chemically re-active fluid, Z. W. Salsburg (Rice Uni-versity) showed the feasibility of mea-sturing extremely fast reaction kineticsby means of laser scattering; this tech-nique makes it possible to bridge relax-ation-time capabilities from the ultra-sonic range to the 10-13 secondregion in which inelastic scattering ofslow neutrons occurs. This approachwas demonstrated by a measurementof the relaxation times of hydrationof zinc sulfate in aqueous solutions byY. Yeh (Lawrence Radiation Labora-tory, University of California. Liver-more).The final talk by P. A. Egelstaff

(Harwell, England) emphasized thelimitations of lasers as probes andstressed the advantages of combininglaser scattering with neutron scattering,a technique still in its infancy. Thedelay is partly due to the need fornuclear reactors of very high flux asneutron sources, an investment whichfew countries can afford.

BEN CHUDepartment of Chemistry, StateUniversity of New York,Stoniy Brook 11790

SCIENCE, VOL. 163