Biology 2005N Paper 3 Option H

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Prepared by Lawrence KokTutorial on Homologous Series , Functional Groups and Nomenclature

ClassFunctional group/nameSuffixExamplesFormulaalkaneC - CaneethaneCnH2n+2alkeneC = CAlkenyleneetheneCnH2nalkyneC CAlkynylyneethyneCnH2n-2alcoholO-HHydroxylolethanolCnH2n+1OHetherC O - CEtheroxyalkanemethoxymethaneR O -Rketone O C C - CCarbonylonepropanoneCnH2nOorR-CO-RaldehydeC = O HAldehydeanalethanalCnH2nOorR -CHOCarboxylic acid O C O HCarboxyloic acidethanoic acidCnH2n+1COOH

esterO C O C Esteroateethyl ethanoateR COO-RamideCONH2AmideanamidepropanamideamineNH2AmineamineethanaminenitrileC NNitrilenitrilepropanenitrilehalogenoalkaneF, Br, CI, IHalogenochloroethaneR - CI

Functional group H H H H H - C C C C O-H H H H H

Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gpIUPAC nomenclatureSystematic naming organic molecules H CI O H - C C C - OH H H C1 functional gpC2 substituent gp - CI2 chloropropanoic acid

Prefix Stem SuffixPosition and substituentLongest carbon chainFunctional gpOrganic software for 3D model

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H CH3 H H H H - C - C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H - C C C C O-H H H H HHydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp

HydrocarbonAliphaticAromaticSaturated Unsaturatedbenzene alkylbenzene

H H H - C C H H H H H C = C H H Alkane Cycloalkane

CompoundEthaneEthanoic acidEmpirical formulaCH3CH2OMolecular formulaC2H6C2H4O2Full SFCondensed SFCH3CH3CH3COOHStereochemical formula(3D)

H H H - C C H H H H O H - C - C - OH H

Organic Chemistry

Cycloalkene Alkene

IUPAC nomenclatureRing form

Functional groupStructural formula2 chloropropanoic acidno aromatic ringSystematic naming organic moleculesPrefix Stem Suffix

Position and substituentLongest carbon chainFunctional gp H CI O H - C C C - OH H H C1 functional gpC2 substituent gp - CICH3(CH2)3CH3 H H H H H H - C - C C C C H H H H H HUse of parenthesis

Repeat CH2 x 3

CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH3Repeat CH2 x 2CH3 branch H CH3 H CH3 H H - C - C C C C H H H H H H

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3CH3 branch3 2 1benzene ring inside

H CH3 H CH3 H H - C - C C C C H H H H H H H CH3 H H H H - C - C C C C H H H H H H

H H H H - C C C H CI Br H

H CH3 H H H - C C C C H H H H H H CH3 CH3 H H - C C C C H H H H H

IUPAC nomenclature2 chloropropanoic acidSystematic naming organic moleculesPrefix Stem Suffix

Position and substituentLongest carbon chainFunctional gp H CI O H - C C C - OH H H C1 functional gpC2 substituent gp - CICH3(CH2)3CH3 H H H H H H - C - C C C C H H H H H HUse of parenthesis

Repeat CH2 x 3

CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH3Repeat CH2 x 2CH3 branch

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CH3CH3 branchNumber carbonAlkylgpStructure formula1MethylCH3 -2EthylCH3CH2 -3PropylCH3CH2CH2 -4ButylCH3(CH2)2CH2 -5PentylCH3(CH2)3CH2 -6HexylCH3(CH2)4CH2 -7HeptylCH3(CH2)5CH2 -8OctylCH3(CH2)6CH2 -RAlkylR -

Substituents - Gp attach to main carbon chain R - Alkyl gp (carbon branches) H C2H5 H H H H - C C C C C - H H H H H H2 -methylbutane2 - ethylpentane2, 3- dimethylbutane122 3 4 511 2 3 4 H H H H - C C C H CI CI H H H H H - C C C H CI CH3 H 1122 312 31 - chloro-2-bromopropane1, 2 - dichloropropane1-chloro-2-methylpropane C2H5 C2H5 - C H C2H5 H H H H H - C C C C - H H OH H H H H H H H - C C C = C - H H H H H4 3 2 1but 1- enebutan 2- ol12 3 43 - ethylpentane3Start with smallest numberStart with smallest number

Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible number3 2 1substituents attached to main carbon chain

C C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3Nomenclature for Organic MoleculesName the parent (longest unbranched carbon chain)Choose chain which has more alkyl groups attached1 C C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 7 carbon - heptane C C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 7 carbon - heptane2 C C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH34 alkyl gpsNumber from end giving substituent lowest possible number3 C C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH31 2 3 4 5 6 72 or more identical substituent present2 - di , 3- tri , 4 - tetra .2, 4, 5 trimethyl

3 - ethyl4Use comma, to separate numbersUse hyphen to separate number and wordWrite prefix and parent as one word Arrange substituents according alphabetical order C C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH31 2 3 4 5 6 73 -ethyl-2, 4, 5-trimethylheptane

Choose chain which has more alkyl groups attached3 alkyl gps C C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH37 6 5 4 3 2 13, 4, 6 trimethyl

5 - ethyl2, 4, 5 -trimethyl-3-ethylheptane Name the parent (longest unbranched carbon chain)

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5

member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2n+2 end with aneClassFunctional gpSuffixExampleFormulaAlkaneC - C- aneethaneCnH2n+2

Homologous SeriesClassFunctionalSuffixExampleFormulaAlkeneAlkenyl- eneetheneCnH2n

H H H - C C H H H member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2n end with ene H H - C H H H H H H - C C C H H H H H H H H H - C C C C H H H H HNumber carbonWordIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1MethMethaneCH4CH42EthEthaneCH3CH3C2H63PropPropaneCH3CH2CH3C3H84ButButaneCH3(CH2)2CH3C4H105PentPentaneCH3(CH2)3CH3C5H126HexHexaneCH3(CH2)4CH3C6H147HeptHeptaneCH3(CH2)5CH3C7H168OctOctaneCH3(CH2)6CH3C8H189NonNonaneCH3(CH2)7CH3C9H2010DecDecaneCH3(CH2)8CH3C10H22

methane ethane propane butaneSaturated hydrocarbon (C C single bond)Number carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula2EtheneCH2CH2C2H43PropeneCH2=CHCH3C3H64ButeneCH2=CHCH2CH3C4H85PenteneCH2=CH(CH2)2CH3C5H106HexeneCH2=CH(CH2)3CH3C6H127HepteneCH2=CH(CH2)4CH3C7H148OcteneCH2=CH(CH2)5CH3C8H169NoneneCH2=CH(CH2)6CH3C9H1810DeceneCH2=CH(CH2)7CH3C10H20

H H C = C H H H H H C = C C - H H H H H H H C = C C C - H H H HUnsaturated hydrocarbon (C = C double bond) H H H H H C = C C C C - H H H H Hethene propene butene pentene

ClassFunctional group/nameExamplesalkeneC = CAlkenylethenealkyneC CAlkynylethynealcoholOHHydroxylethanoletherC O - CEthermethoxymethaneketone O C C - CCarbonylpropanonealdehydeCHOAldehydeethanalCarboxylic acid COOHCarboxylethanoic acidesterO C O -REsterethyl ethanoateamideOC NH2AmidepropanamideamineNH2AmineethanaminenitrileC NNitrilepropanenitrile

ClassFunctional gpSuffixExampleFormulaAlkaneC - C- aneethaneCnH2n+2

Homologous SeriescarbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formulaBoiling point1MethaneCH4CH4Gas2EthaneCH3CH3C2H6Gas3PropaneCH3CH2CH3C3H8Gas4ButaneCH3(CH2)2CH3C4H10Gas5PentaneCH3(CH2)3CH3C5H12Liquid6HexaneCH3(CH2)4CH3C6H14Liquid

Physical properties Increase RMM / molecular size RMM increase - Van Der Waals forces stronger Melting /boiling point increases (Increasing polarisability ) London dispersion forces/temporary dipole

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10number carbons RMM 150

100

50

0

-50

-100

-150

-200m/p+ b/p increase boiling pointroom temp

gas

liquidHomologous Seriesnumber Carbons / RMM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10boiling point

boiling point increase with increase carbon atoms alcoholalkanealkenealkyne

London dispersion force(temporary dipole)

H2 bondingcarboxylic acid > alkane/alkene/alkyne alcohol

carboxylic acid

member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2n+2 end with aneClassFunctional gpSuffixExampleFormulaAlkaneC - C- aneethaneCnH2n+2

Homologous SeriesClassFunctionalSuffixExampleFormulaAlkeneC = C- eneetheneCnH2n

H H H - C C H H H member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2n end with ene H H - C H H H H H H - C C C H H H H H H H H H - C C C C H H H H HNumber carbonWordIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1MethMethaneCH4CH42EthEthaneCH3CH3C2H63PropPropaneCH3CH2CH3C3H84ButButaneCH3(CH2)2CH3C4H105PentPentaneCH3(CH2)3CH3C5H12

methane ethane propane butaneSaturated hydrocarbonNumber carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula2EtheneCH2=CH2C2H43PropeneCH2=CHCH3C3H64ButeneCH2=CHCH2CH3C4H85PenteneCH2=CH(CH2)2CH3C5H106HexeneCH2=CH(CH2)3CH3C6H12

H H C = C H H H H H C = C C - H H H H H H H C = C C C - H H H HUnsaturated hydrocarbon H H H H H C = C C C C - H H H H Hethene propene butene penteneStructural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2/3D)Structural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2/3D)Display full SFCondensed SFBall /stick modelSpacefilling

ethane CH3CH3 H H H - C C H H H

propene Display full SFCondensed SFBall /stick modelSpacefilling H H H C = C C - H H H CH2=CHCH3

member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2n-2 end with yneClassFunctional gpSuffixExampleFormulaAlkyneC C- yneethyneCnH2n-2

Homologous SeriesClassFunctionalSuffixExampleFormulaAlcoholHydroxyl- olmethanolCnH2n+1OH

H - C C H member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2n+1OH end with ol H H - C C C H H Number carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula2EthyneCHCHC2H23PropyneH-CC-CH3C3H44ButyneH-CC-CH2CH3C4H65PentyneH-CC-(CH2)2CH3C5H86HexyneH-CC-(CH2)3CH3C6H10

ethyne propyne butyneNumber carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1MethanolCH3OHCH3OH2EthanolCH3CH2OHC2H5OH3PropanolCH3CH2CH2OHC3H7OH4ButanolCH3(CH2)2CH2OHC4H9OH5PentanolCH3(CH2)3CH2OHC5H11OH

methanol ethanol propanol butanol H H H - C C C C- H H H H H - C OH H H H H - C C OH H H H H H H - C C C OH H H H H H H H H - C C C C OH H H H HFunctional gpHydrocarbon skeletonHydrocarbon skeleton Functional gpStructural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2D)Ball /stick modelSpacefillingCondensed SFDisplay full SF H H - C C C H H CHC-CH3

propyne

Structural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2D)Display full SFCondensed SFBall /stick modelSpacefilling H H H - C C OH H H CH3CH2OH

ethanol

member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2nO end with oneClassFunctional gpSuffixExampleFormulaKetoneCarbonyl (C=O)- onepropanoneCnH2nO

Homologous SeriesClassFumctionalSuffixExampleFormulaAldeydeAldeyde- almethanalCnH2nO

member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2nO end with alNumber carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula3PropanoneCH3COCH3C3H6O4ButanoneCH3COCH2CH3C4H8O5PentanoneCH3CH2COCH2CH3C5H10O6HexanoneCH3CH2COCH2CH2CH3C6H12O7HeptanoneCH3CH2COCH2CH2CH2CH3C7H14O

propanone butanone pentanoneNumber carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1MethanalHCHOCH2O2EthanalCH3CHOC2H4O3PropanalCH3CH2CHOC3H6O4ButanalCH3(CH2)2CHOC4H8O5PentanalCH3(CH2)3CHOC5H10O

methanal ethanal propanal butanal H - C = O H H H - C C = O H H H H H - C C C = O H H H H H H H - C C C C = O H H H H H O H H - C C C H H H H O H H H - C C C C - H H H H H O H H H H - C C C C C - H H H H HFunctional gp Hydrocarbon skeletonHydrocarbon skeleton Functional gpStructural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2D)Structural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2D)Display full SFCondensed SFBall /stick modelSpacefillingDisplay full SFCondensed SFBall /stick modelSpacefilling H O H H - C C C H H H CH3COCH3

propanone

ethanal

H H - C C = O H H CH3CHO

member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2n+1COOH end with oic acidClassFunctional SuffixExampleFormulaCarboxylic acidCarboxyl- oic acidethanoic acidCnH2n+1COOH

Homologous SeriesClassFunctionalSuffixFormulaEsterEster- oateR COO-R

member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2nO2 end with oate methanoic acid ethanoic acid propanoic acidNumber carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1Methyl methanoateHCOOCH3RCOO-R2Methyl ethanoateCH3COOCH3RCOO-R3Methyl propanoateCH3CH2COOCH3RCOO-R4Methyl butanoateCH3CH2CH2COOCH3RCOO-R

methyl methanoate methyl ethanoate methyl propanoateNumber carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1Methanoic acidHCOOHHCOOH2Ethanoic acidCH3COOHCH3COOH3Propanoic acidCH3CH2COOHC2H5COOH4Butanoic acidCH3(CH2)2COOHC3H7COOH5Pentanoic acidCH3(CH2)3COOHC4H9COOH

O H - C - O H H O H - C - C - OH H H H O H - C C C - OH H H O H H - C O C - H H H O H H - C - C O - C - H H H H H O H H - C C C O - C - H H H HStructural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2D)Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gpDisplay full SFCondensed SFBall /stick modelSpacefilling O H - C - O H

methanoic acid HCOOH

Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gpStructural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2D)Display full SFCondensed SFBall /stick modelSpacefilling O H H - C O C - H H

HCOOCH3

Methyl methanoate

member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2n+1NH2 end with amineClassFunctionalSuffixExampleFormulaAmineNH2- amineethanamineCnH2n+1NH2

Homologous SeriesClassFunctionalSuffixExampleFormulaAmideAmide- amideethanamideCnH2n+1CONH2

H H H H - C C N - H H H member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2n+1CONH2 end with amide H H H - C N - H H H H H H H - C C C N - H H H H Number carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1MethanamineCH3NH2CH3NH22EthanamineCH3CH2NH2C2H5NH23PropanamineCH3CH2CH2NH2C3H7NH24ButanamineCH3(CH2)2CH2NH2C4H9NH25PentanamineCH3(CH2)3CH3NH2C5H11NH2

methanamine ethanamine propanamineNumber carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1MethanamideHCONH2HCONH22EthanamideCH3CONH2CH3CONH23PropanamideCH3CH2CONH2C3H7CONH24ButanamideCH3(CH2)2CONH2C4H9CONH25PentanamideCH3(CH2)3CONH2C5H11CONH2

O H H - C N - H H O H H - C C N - H H H H O H H - C C C N - H H H methanamide ethanamide propanamideStructural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2D)Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gpDisplay full SFCondensed SFBall /stick modelSpacefilling

methanamine H H H - C N - H H CH3NH2

Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gpStructural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2D)Display full SFCondensed SFBall /stick modelSpacefilling

methanamide O H H - C N - H HCONH2

member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2n+1CN end with nitrileClassFunctionalSuffixExampleFormulaNitrileC N- nitrileethanenitrileCnH2n+1CN

Homologous SeriesClassFunctionalSuffixExampleEtherEther -oxyalkanemethoxymethane

H H - C C N H member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula R O - R end with oxyalkane H - C N H H H - C C C N H H Number carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1MethanenitrileHCNHCN2EthanenitrileCH3CNCH3CN3PropanenitrileCH3CH2CNC2H5CN4ButanenitrileCH3(CH2)2CNC3H7CN5PentanenitrileCH3(CH2)3CNC4H9CN

methanenitrile ethanenitrile propanenitrile butanenitrileNumber carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1MethoxymethaneCH3 - O CH3R O -R2MethoxyethaneCH3CH2 - O CH3R O -R3MethoxypropaneCH3CH2CH2 - O CH3R O -R4MethoxybutaneCH3(CH2 )3 - O CH3R O -R5MethoxypentaneCH3(CH2 )4 - O CH3R O -R

methoxymethane methoxyethane methoxypropane H H H H - C C C C N H H H H H H - C O C - H H H H H H H - C - C O - C - H H H H H H H H H - C C C O - C - H H H HStructural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2D)Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gpDisplay full SFCondensed SFBall /stick modelSpacefilling

ethanenitrile H H - C C N H CH3CN

Structural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2D)Display full SFCondensed SFBall /stick modelSpacefilling

methoxymethane H H H - C O C - H H HCH3O CH3

Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gp

H H H - C C CI H H ClassFunctionalPrefixExampleHalogenoalkaneF, CI, Br, I- chlorochloroethane

member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2n-1 XHomologous SeriesClassFunctionalSuffixExampleFormulaAlcoholHydroxyl- olmethanolCnH2n+1OH

member differ by CH2 gp same functional group similar chemical properties chemical formula CnH2n+1OH end with olchloromethane chloroethane chloropropaneNumber carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1MethanolCH3OHCH3OH2EthanolCH3CH2OHC2H5OH3PropanolCH3CH2CH2OHC3H7OH4ButanolCH3(CH2)2CH2OHC4H9OH5PentanolCH3(CH2)3CH2OHC5H11OH

methanol ethanol propanol butanol H H - C OH H H H H - C C OH H H H H H H - C C C OH H H H H H H H H - C C C C OH H H H HHydrocarbon skeleton Functional gpStructural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2D)Ball /stick modelSpacefillingCondensed SFDisplay full SFCH3CIchloromethane

Structural formula arrangement atoms in molecule (2D)Display full SFCondensed SFBall /stick modelSpacefilling H H H - C C OH H H CH3CH2OH

ethanol

H H - C CI H H H H H - C C C CI H H H Hydrocarbon skeleton Functional gpNumber carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1chloromethaneCH3CICH3CI2chloroethaneCH3CH2CIC2H5CI3chloropropaneCH3CH2CH2CIC3H7CI4chlorobutaneCH3(CH2)2CH2CIC4H9CI5chloropentaneCH3(CH2)3CH2CIC5H11CI

H H - C CI H

H CH3 CH3 H H - C - C C = C C H H H H H H CH3 H H H H - C - C C C = C H H H H C C C C C = C CH3 CH3 H H H H H - C C C = C - H H Br H H CH3 H H H C C = C C C - CI H H H1 2 3 4 5

H H H H H CI - C C = C C C H H H H H C2H5 CI C = C C C C C

H H H H - C C = C H CI C2H5 H H C2H5 - C C = C H C2H5 H C2H5 H H H H - C C C = C C - H H H H H CH3 H H - C C C = C H H H H IUPAC nomenclature1 chloropent-2-eneSystematic naming organic moleculesPrefix Stem Suffix

Position and substituentLongest carbon chainFunctional gp H H H H H CI - C C = C C C H H H HCH3(CH2)2CHCH2 H H H H H H - C - C C C = C H H H H

Repeat CH2 x 2

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CHCH2CH3 branch

CH3CH(CH3)CH=C(CH3)CH3CH3 branch3 -methylbut-1-ene4 methylhex-2-ene2-chloro- 4-ethylhex-2-ene 3 2 14 3 2 13 - chloropropene5-chloro-3-methylpent-2-ene3 bromobut-1-ene4 3 2 13, 3-diethylpent-1-eneNumber from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible numberAlkene and NomenclatureCI - substituent

6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 61Double bond Alkene start from 2 carbon - ethene1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 chloropent-2-ene5 chloropent- 4 -eneEthene/propene no numbering needed3, 5 dimethylhex-1-enecarbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula2EtheneCH2=CH2C2H43PropeneCH2=CHCH3C3H64ButeneCH2=CHCH2CH3C4H85PenteneCH2=CH(CH2)2CH3C5H10

4 3 2 1 3 2 1CH3CH(CH3)CHC(CH3)CH3

H CH3 CH3 H H - C - C C = C C H H H H H H CH3 H H H H - C - C C C = C H H H H C C C C C = C CH3 CH3 H CH3 CH3 H H - C C C = C - H H CH3 H H CH3 H H H C C = C C C - F H CH3 H1 2 3 4 5

H H H H H CI - C C = C C C H H H H H C2H5 Br C - C C C C C

CH3 H H CH3 - C C = C H H H CH3 H H - C C = C C H H H HIUPAC nomenclature1 chloropent-2-eneSystematic naming organic moleculesPrefix Stem Suffix

Position and substituentLongest carbon chainFunctional gp H H H H H CI - C C = C C C H H H HCH3(CH2)2CHCH2 H H H H H H - C - C C C = C H H H H

Repeat CH2 x 2

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CHCH2CH3 branch

CH3CH(CH3)CHC(CH3)CH3CH3 branch2- methylbut-2-ene3-methylpent-1-ene2-bromo- 3-ethylhex-1-ene 4 3 2 1 3 2 12, 3 dimethylbut-2-ene5-fluoro-3,4-dimethylpent-2-ene2, 3, 3 trimethylbut-1-ene4 3 2 13-methylbut-1-eneNumber from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible numberAlkene and NomenclatureCI - substituent

6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 61Double bond Alkene start from 2 carbon - ethene1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 chloropent-2-ene5 chloropent- 4 -eneEthene/propene no numbering needed3, 5 dimethylhex-1-enecarbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula2EtheneCH2CH2C2H43PropeneCH2=CHCH3C3H64ButeneCH2=CHCH2CH3C4H85PenteneCH2=CH(CH2)2CH3C5H10

1 2 3 4 CH3 H CH3 - C = C - C H H CH3 1 2 3 4 C C CH3 C C = C 4 5CH3CH(CH3)CH=C(CH3)CH3

H CH3 H CH3 O H - C - C C C C H H H H H H CH3 H H O H - C - C C C C H H H H H C C C C C C C H- C=O

H H O H - C C C H CI CI H H O H - C C C H CI Br C2H5 O C2H5 - C C H C2H5 O C2H5 H H H H - C C C C C - H H H H H H CH3 H O H - C C C C H H H H IUPAC nomenclature2 chloropropanalSystematic naming organic moleculesPrefix Stem Suffix

Position and substituentLongest carbon chainFunctional gp H CI O H - C C C - O H H C1 functional gp (numbering start here)C2 substituent gp - CICH3(CH2)3CHO H H H H O H - C - C C C C H H H H H

Repeat CH2 x 3

CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CHORepeat CH2 x 2CH3 branch

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)CHOCH3 branch3 - methylbutanal2 - ethylpentanal2-ethyl- 4-methylpentanal122 3 4 511123 23 - chloro- 2- bromopropanal2, 3 - dichloropropanal O H H H H - C C C C - H OH H H O H H H H - C C C = C - H H H HBut 3 en-1-al2 -hydroxybutanal12 3 42, 2 - diethylbutanal3Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible numberAldehyde and NomenclaturecarbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1MethanalHCHOCH2O2EthanalCH3CHOC2H4O3PropanalCH3CH2CHOC3H6O4ButanalCH3(CH2)2CHOC4H8O5PentanalCH3(CH2)3CHOC5H10O

4 32 13 2 13 -hydroxypropanalfunctional gp aldehyde at the endOH - substituent3 -aldehydepropanol

1 2 3 42 3 4 51Double bond

(3 butenal) CHO functional gp, not OH

3 2 1 H H O HO - C C C H H H

H CH3 CH3 H H - C - C C C C H H H O H H H CH3 H O H H - C - C C C C H H H H H H O H H H H C C C C = C - H H H H H O H H - C C C C - H H OH H H O H H H H C C C C C - H H H H H1 2 3 4 5

H O H H H CI - C C C C C H H H H H O C2H5 CI C C C C C C

H O H H - C C C H CI H C2H5 O H C2H5 - C C C H C2H5 H H C2H5 O H H H - C C C C C - H H H H H H CH3 O H H - C C C C H H H IUPAC nomenclature1 chloropentan- 2-oneSystematic naming organic moleculesPrefix Stem Suffix

Position and substituentLongest carbon chainFunctional gp H O H H H CI - C C C C C H H H H HCH3(CH2)2COCH3 H H H O H H - C - C C C C H H H H H

Repeat CH2 x 2

CH3CH(CH3)CH2COCH3CH3 branch

CH3CH(CH3)COCH(CH3)CH3CH3 branch3 - methylbutanone4 methylhexan3-one2-chloro- 4-ethylhexan-3-one 3 2 14 3 2 11 - chloropropanonepentan-2-one3 -hydroxybutanone4 3 2 13, 3 diethylpentan-2-oneNumber from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible numberKetone and Nomenclaturefunctional gp ketone inside carbon chainCI - substituent

1 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 61Double bond

Ketone start from 3 carbon - propanonecarbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula3PropanoneCH3COCH3C3H6O4ButanoneCH3COCH2CH3C4H8O5PentanoneCH3CH2COCH2CH3C5H10O6HexanoneCH3CH2COCH2CH2CH3C6H12O

1 2 3 4 51 2 3 4 51 chloropentan- 2 -one5 chloropentan- 4 -onePropanone/Butanone no numbering neededPent-4-en-2-oneCO functional gp, not OH

4 3 2 11 2 3

H OH H H - C C - C H H CH3 H H CH3 H CH3 H H - C - C C - C C H H H OH H H H CH3 H H H H - C - C C C - C OH H H H H H

H H H H H CI - C C C C C OH H H H H H

C C C C = C OH H H H H - C C C H OH H OH H H CH3 H H H C C - C C C - H H OH CH3 H H1 2 3 4 5 CH3 HO C C C C

H H OH H - C C - C H H CH3 H H H H H H H - C C C - C C - OH H CH3 H H H H CH3 H H H - C C C - C H OH H H HIUPAC nomenclature5chloropent-4-ene-1-olSystematic naming organic moleculesPrefix Stem Suffix

Position and substituentLongest carbon chainFunctional gp H H H H H CI - C = C C C C OH H H HCH3(CH2)2CH(OH)CH3 H H H OH H H - C - C C C - C H H H H H H

Repeat CH2 x 2

CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH2OHCH3 branch

CH3CH(CH3)CH(OH)CH(CH3)CH3CH3 branch2- methylbutan-1-ol4 methylpentan-1-ol2- methylbutan--2-ol 3 2 15 4 3 2 12- methylpropan-1-ol3,3 -dimethylpentan-2-olpropane-1,2-diol1 2 3 Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible numberAlcohol and NomenclatureCI - substituent

1 2 3 4 5 2 3 41Double bond 5 4 3 2 15 chloropentan-1-ol1 chloropentan-5-olMethanol/Ethanol no numbering neededpen-4-ene-2-ol 1 2 3 4 3 2 15 4 3 2 1Repeat CH2 x 2carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1MethanolCH3OHCH3OH2EthanolCH3CH2OHC2H5OH3PropanolCH3CH2CH2OHC3H7OH4ButanolCH3(CH2)2CH2OHC4H9OH5PentanolCH3(CH2)3CH2OHC5H11OH

OH functional gp, not alkene

2- methylpropan-2-ol

OH functional gp, not alkene

H CH3 H CH3 H H - C - C C - C C H H H OH H H H CH3 H H H H - C - C C C - C OH H H H H H

H H H H H CI - C C C C C OH H H H H H OH C C C C C = C CH3 CH3 H H H H H - C C C = C - H H OH H H CH3 H H H C C - C C C - CI H OH H H H1 2 3 4 5 OH C2H5 CI C - C C C C C

H H OH H - C C - C H CI H H C2H5 H H C2H5 - C C - C OH C2H5 H C2H5 H H H H - C C C - C C - H H H OH H H H CH3 H H H - C C C - C H l H H OH HIUPAC nomenclature5chloropent-4-ene-1-olSystematic naming organic moleculesPrefix Stem Suffix

Position and substituentLongest carbon chainFunctional gp H H H H H CI - C = C C C C OH H H HCH3(CH2)2CH(OH)CH3 H H H OH H H - C - C C C - C H H H H H H

Repeat CH2 x 2

CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH2OHCH3 branch

CH3CH(CH3)CH(OH)CH(CH3)CH3CH3 branch3 methylbutan-2-ol4 methylhexan-3-ol2-chloro-4-ethylhexan-2-ol 3 2 14 3 2 13 chloropropan-1-ol5-chloro-3-methylpentan-2-olBut-3-ene-2-ol1 2 3 43, 3 diethylpentan-1-olNumber from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible numberAlcohol and NomenclatureCI - substituent

6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 61Double bond 5 4 3 2 15 chloropentan-1-ol1 chloropentan-5-olMethanol/Ethanol no numbering needed3, 5 dimethylhex-1-ene-3-ol 4 3 2 1 3 2 15 4 3 2 1Repeat CH2 x 2carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1MethanolCH3OHCH3OH2EthanolCH3CH2OHC2H5OH3PropanolCH3CH2CH2OHC3H7OH4ButanolCH3(CH2)2CH2OHC4H9OH5PentanolCH3(CH2)3CH2OHC5H11OH

OH functional gp, not alkene

H CH3 H CH3 O H - C - C C C C OH H H H H H CH3 H H O H - C - C C C C OH H H H H C C C C C C C COOH

H H O H - C C C OH CI CI H H O H - C C C OH CI Br C2H5 O C2H5 - C C OH C2H5 O C2H5 H H H HO- C C C C C - H H H H H H CH3 H O H - C C C C OH H H H IUPAC nomenclature2 chloropropanoic acidSystematic naming organic moleculesPrefix Stem Suffix

Position and substituentLongest carbon chainFunctional gpC1 functional gp (numbering start here)C2 substituent gp - CICH3(CH2)3COOH H H H H O H - C - C C C C OH H H H H

Repeat CH2 x 3

CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2COOHRepeat CH2 x 2CH3 branch

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)COOHCH3 branch3-methylbutanoic acid2 -ethylpentanoic acid2-ethyl-4-methylpentanoic acid122 3 4 511123 23 - chloro- 2- bromopropanoic acid2, 3 dichloropropanoic acid O H H H HO- C C C C - H OH H H O H H H HO- C C C = C - H H H HBut -3 enoic acid2 hydroxybutanoic acid12 3 42, 2 diethylbutanoic acid3Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible numberCarboxylic acid and Nomenclature4 32 13 2 13 hydroxypropanoic acidfunctional gp acid at the endOH - substituent

1 2 3 42 3 4 51Double bond

(3 butenoic acid) COOH functional gp, not OH

carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1Methanoic acidHCOOHHCOOH2Ethanoic acidCH3COOHCH3COOH3Propanoic acidCH3CH2COOHC2H5COOH4Butanoic acidCH3(CH2)2COOHC3H7COOH5Pentanoic acidCH3(CH2)3COOHC4H9COOH

3 2 1 H H O HO - C C C OH H H H CI O H - C C C - OH H H

H CH3 H CH3 O H - C - C C C C OH H H H H H CH3 H H O H - C - C C C C OH H H H H C C C C C C C COOH

H H O H - C C C OH Br H H H O H - C C C OH H CH3 CH3 O CH3 - C C C OH CH3 O H H H OH HO- C C C C C - H H H H H H CH3 H O H - C C C C OH H H CH3 IUPAC nomenclature2 chloropropanoic acidSystematic naming organic moleculesPrefix Stem Suffix

Position and substituentLongest carbon chainFunctional gp H CI O H - C C C - OH H H C1 functional gp (numbering start here)C2 substituent gp - CICH3(CH2)3COOH H H H H O H - C - C C C C OH H H H H

Repeat CH2 x 3

CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2COOHRepeat CH2 x 2CH3 branch

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH3)COOHCH3 branch2, 3 -dimethylbutanoic acid5 hydroxypentanoic acid2-ethyl- 4-methylpentanoic acid122 3 4 511123 22- methylpropanoic acid3- bromopropanoic acid O H H O HO- C C C C -OH H H O H H H HO- C C C = C - H H H HBut 3 enoic acidButanedioic acid 1 2 3 43, 3 -dimethylbutanoic acid3Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible numberCarboxylic acid and Nomenclature4 34 3 2 13 2 13 hydroxypropanoic acidfunctional gp acid at the endOH - substituent

1 2 3 42 3 4 51Double bond

(3 butenoic acid) carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1Methanoic acidHCOOHHCOOH2Ethanoic acidCH3COOHCH3COOH3Propanoic acidCH3CH2COOHC2H5COOH4Butanoic acidCH3(CH2)2COOHC3H7COOH5Pentanoic acidCH3(CH2)3COOHC4H9COOH

H H O HO - C C C OH H H (1, 4 butanedioic acid) 3 2 1

H O H H H H - C C O C C C H H H H H H O H H H H - C C O C C C H H H H H H CH3 H H - C - C C O C H H H O H H CH3 H O H H - C - C C C O C H H H H H H O H C C O C C - C C H C H H O H H - C C C O C- H H H H H O H H H C- O C C C H H H H O C C C O C C C C H O H H - C C O - C H H H CH3 O H C2H5 - C C O - C H CH3 H H C2H5 O H H H - C C C O - C C - H H H H H H CH3 O H H - C C C O - C H H H HIUPAC nomenclaturePropyl ethanoateSystematic naming organic molecules Ethanoate Propyl(Ethanoic acid) (Propanol)CH3(CH2)2COOCH3 H H H O H H - C - C C C O C H H H H H

Repeat CH2 x 2

CH3CH(CH3)CH2COOCH3CH3 branch

CH3CH(CH3)COOCH3CH3 branchMethyl 2-methylpropanoateEthyl 2-methylbutanoatePropyl 2-methylpropanoateMethyl ethanoateMethyl propanoate (same structure)Methyl 2,2 dimethylbutanoate Ester and Nomenclature

Ethyl propanoate2-methylbutyl ethanoateIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formulaMethyl methanoateHCOOCH3RCOO-RMethyl ethanoateCH3COOCH3RCOO-RMethyl propanoateCH3CH2COOCH3RCOO-RMethyl butanoateCH3CH2CH2COOCH3RCOO-R

Propyl ethanoate

Ethanoate = AcetatePropyl acetate

H H H H H l H - C C O C C C H l H H H H H H H H H H l H - C C O C C C H l H H H H H H CH3 H H H - C - C C O C H H H H H H CH3 H H H H - C - C C C O C H H H H H H H H C C O C C - C C C H C H H H H H - C C C O C- H H H H H H H H H H C- O C C C H H H H H C C C C O C C C H H H H - C C O - C H H H H CH3 H H C2H5 - C C O - C H CH3 H H H C2H5 H H H H - C C C O - C C - H H H H H H H CH3 H H H - C C C O - C H H H H HIUPAC nomenclatureEthoxy propaneSystematic naming organic molecules Ethoxy Propane (Ethane)CH3(CH2)2CH2OCH3 H H H H H H - C - C C C O C H H H H H H

Repeat CH2 x 2

CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2OCH3CH3 branch

CH3CH(CH3)CH2OCH3CH3 branchMethoxy 2-methylpropaneEthoxy 2-methylbutaneEthoxy 2-methylbutaneMethoxy ethaneMethoxy propane (same structure)Methoxy 2,2-dimethylbutane Ether and Nomenclature

Propoxy ethaneEthoxy 2-methylpentane

Ethyl Propyl etherIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formulaMethoxymethaneCH3 - O CH3R O -RMethoxyethaneCH3CH2 - O CH3R O -RMethoxypropaneCH3CH2CH2 - O CH3R O -RMethoxybutaneCH3(CH2 )3 - O CH3R O -R

Click here, diff naming system etherEthoxy propaneShorter carbon 1st Longer carbon 2nd

H H H CI H H - C - C C C C H l l H H H H H H Br H H - C C - C H H CH3 H H CH3 H CH3 H H - C - C C - C C H H H CI H H H CH3 H H H H - C - C C C - C CI H H H H H

H H H H H CI - C C C C = C H H H H H H

C C C C = C CI H H H H - C C C H CI H CI H H CH3 H H H C C - C C C - H H CI CH3 H H1 2 3 4 5 CH3 CI C C C C H H CI H - C C - C H H CH3 H H H H H H H - C C C - C C - F H CH3 H H H H CH3 H H H - C C C - C H I H H HIUPAC nomenclature2chloropentaneSystematic naming organic moleculesPrefix Stem

Position and functional gpLongest carbon chainCH3(CH2)2CH(CI)CH3 H H H CI H H - C - C C C - C H H H H H H

Repeat CH2 x 2

CH3CH(CH3)(CH2)2CH2CICH3 branch

CH3CH(CH3)CH(CI)CH(CH3)CH3CH3 branch1-iodo-2-methylbutane1-fluoro-4methylpentane2-chloro-2-methylbutane 3 2 15 4 3 2 11-chloro-2-methylpropane2-chloro-3,3-dimethylpentane1,3-dichloropropane1 2 3 Number from end of chain giving substituent lowest possible numberHalogenoalkane and NomenclatureCI - halogen

5 4 3 2 1 2 3 41Double bond 5 4 3 2 15 chloropent- 1-ene1 chloropent-4-ene4-chloropen-1-ene 1 2 3 4 3 2 15 4 3 2 1Repeat CH2 x 22-bromo-2-methylpropane

C=C functional gp, not halogen

carbonIUPAC nameStructure formulaMolecular formula1chloromethaneCH3CICH3CI2chloroethaneCH3CH2CIC2H5CI3chloropropaneCH3CH2CH2CIC3H7CI4chlorobutaneCH3(CH2)2CH2CIC4H9CI5chloropentaneCH3(CH2)3CH2CIC5H11CI

Nomenclature for Organic Molecule (Alkane) C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 4- ethyl-2-methylhexane 1 2 3 4 5 6

3- ethyl- 5-methylhexanewrong C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 6 5 4 3 2 1

Number from end giving substituent lowest possible number

2, 3 -dimethylpentane C C C C C CH3 CH3 1 2 3 4 5

4-ethyl- 2, 3, 6 -trimethyloctane CH2CH3 C C C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH31 2 3 4 5 6 7 8122, 2, 4-trimethylpentane CH3 C C C C C CH3 CH3

5 4 3 2 1 C C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH33 -ethyl-2, 5-dimethylheptane

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 34 H H H H - C C C H H H- C-H H H H H H H H H H-C C C C C C H H H H H- C-H H H H- C- H H- C- H H2-methylpropane

4 -ethylheptane

1 2 3 1 2 3 4 C C C C C C C C C C C4- ethyl -2, 2- dimethylheptane C C C C C C C C C C C C4-ethyl-3, 5- dimethyloctane

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 48 7 6 5

5Give IUPAC names for alkanesCH3CH2CH(CH3)2(CH3)3 C C2H52 methylbutaneCH(C2H5)3CH(C3H7)32,2 - dimethylbutane3-ethylpentane4-propylheptane65

6

7 5 6 7

Nomenclature for Organic Molecule (Alkane) C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 4- ethyl-2-methylhexane 1 2 3 4 5 6

3- ethyl- 5-methylhexanewrong C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 6 5 4 3 2 1

Number from end giving substituent lowest possible number

2, 3 - dimethylpentane C C C C C CH3 CH3 1 2 3 4 5

4 -ethyl- 2, 3, 6 -trimethyloctane CH2CH3 C C C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH31 2 3 4 5 6 7 8122, 2, 4 - trimethylpentane CH3 C C C C C CH3 CH3

5 4 3 2 1 C C C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH33 -ethyl -2, 5- dimethylheptane

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 34Give IUPAC names for following moleculeCH3CH2CH(CH3)22-methylbutane(CH3)3CC2H52,2 - dimethylbutaneCH(C2H5)33-ethylpentaneCH(C3H7)34-propylheptane (CH3 )3C-Br2-bromo-2-methylpropaneCH3CH=C(CH3)22-methylbut-2-ene(CH3)3C-CH=CH23, 3-dimethylbut-1-eneCH2=C(CH3)CH=CH22-methylbut-1,3-dieneCH2=CH-CH=CH2but-1,3-diene(CH3)2CH-CH=CH23-methylbut-1-eneCH2 =C(CH3)22-methylpropeneCH3-CH(CH3)COCH2CH32 -methylpentan-3-oneCH3(CH2)2CH2NH2butanamine3CH3(CH2)2COOCH2CH3ethyl butanoateCH3(CH2)2OCH3methoxypropane

Nomenclature for Organic Molecules (Alkene) C C = C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 4- ethyl-2-methylhex-2-ene 1 2 3 4 5 6

3- ethyl- 5-methylhex-4-enewrong C C = C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 6 5 4 3 2 1

Number from end giving substituent lowest possible number

2, 3 -dimethylpent-2-ene C C = C C C CH3 CH3 1 2 3 4 5

4 -ethyl- 2, 3, 6 -trimethyloct-3-ene CH2CH3 C C C = C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH31 2 3 4 5 6 7 8122, 2, 4 -trimethylpent-1-ene CH3 C C C C = C CH3 CH3

5 4 3 2 1 C C C = C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH33 -ethyl -2, 5- dimethylhept-3-ene

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 34 H H H H - C = C C H H H- C-H H H H H H H H H H-C C C = C C C H H H H H- C-H H H H- C- H H- C- H H2-methylpropene

4 ethylhept-3-ene

1 2 3 4 C C = C C C C C C C C C4- ethyl -2, 2- dimethylhept-1-ene C C C C C C C C = C C C C4-ethyl-3, 5- dimethyloct-3-ene

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 48 7 6 5

5Give IUPAC names for alkenesCH3CH=C(CH3)2(CH3)3C-CH=CH22 methylbut-2-eneCH2=CH-CH=CH23, 3- dimethylbut-1-ene2-methylbut-1,3-dienebut-1,3-diene6No numbering needed1 2 3 4 CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH25 6 7 5

6

7

Nomenclature for Organic Molecules (Alkene) C C = C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 4- ethyl- 2-methylhex-2-ene 1 2 3 4 5 6

3- ethyl- 5-methylhex-4-enewrong C C = C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 6 5 4 3 2 1

Number from end giving substituent lowest possible number

2, 3 -dimethylpent-2-ene C C = C C C CH3 CH3 1 2 3 4 5

4 -ethyl- 2, 3, 6 -trimethyloct-3-ene CH2CH3 C C C = C C C C C CH3 CH2 CH31 2 3 4 5 6 7 8122, 2, 4 -trimethylpent-1-ene CH3 C C C C = C CH3 CH3

5 4 3 2 1 C C C = C C C C CH3 CH2 CH3 CH33 -ethyl -2, 5- dimethylhept-3-ene

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 345Give IUPAC names for following moleculeCH3CHBrCH2CH2OH3- bromobutan-1-olCH3-CH(OH)-CH3propan-2olCH3CH(OH)-CH2CH3butan-2-ol(CH3)2C(OH)CH2CH32-methylbutan-2-ol(CH3)2CHCH2OH2-methylpropan-1-olCH3CH2CH(CH3)OH (CH3 )3C-OH2-methylpropan-2-olCH3-CH2CH(CH3)CHO2-methylbutanal(CH3)2CHCH(CH3)CHO2,3 -dimethylbutanalCH3(CH2)2CH(CH3)COCH33-methylhexan-2-oneCH3CH2CH(CI)CH(CI)COOH2, 3-dichloropentanoic acidCH3(CH2)2COOHbutanoic acidHO-C(CH3)2CH2CH2-COOH4- hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acidCH3(CH2)2CH(CH3)CH(CH3)COOH2, 3-dimethylhexanoic acidCH3-C(CH3)2-CH2CHO3, 3-dimethylbutanal

H H H H H H - C C C - C C F H CH3 H H H

H CH3 CI C C C H CH3 H CH3 H H - C C C Br H CH3 H

H CH3 H H H - C C C - C H I H H H H C C C C C - C CI C CH3 H H - C C C H CI H H CH3 CI C C C H H H CI H - C C - C H H CH3 H Halogenoalkane and Nomenclature H CH3 C CI H Types of halogenoalkanePrimary 1 0 NO alkyl /1 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to halogen H CH3 H H - C C C CI H CH3 H H H - C CI H Secondary 2 0 2 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to halogen H CH3 C CI CH3 H H H H - C C C H H CI H H R C CI R Tertiary 3 0 3 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to halogen CH3 CH3 C CI CH3 H CH3 H H - C C C H H CI H R R C CI R H H H H - C C C H H CI H H CH3 H H - C C C C H CI H CH3 CH3 C CI CH3 C CH3 H H - C C C H H Br H CH3 CI C C C C C Br CH3 C C C C C CH3 CH3 C CI C C C C C C C Primary 1 o

Secondary 2 o

Tertiary 3 o

H H H H - C C - C H H H F H H CH3 H H H C C - C C C - H H CI CH3 H H

H CH3 C CI CH3

CH3 HO C C C C C

H CH3 HO C C C H CH3

H H H H H H - C C C - C C OH H CH3 H H H

H CH3 H H - C C C OH H CH3 H

H CH3 H H H - C C C - C H OH H H H H C C C C C - C OH C CH3 H - C C C H OH H H CH3 HO C C C H H H OH H - C C - C H H CH3 H Alcohol and Nomenclature H CH3 C OH H Types of alcoholPrimary 1 0 NO alkyl /1 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to OH H CH3 H H - C C C OH H CH3 H H H - C OH H Secondary 2 0 2 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to OH H CH3 C OH CH3 H H H H - C C C H H OH H H R C OH R Tertiary 3 0 3 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to OH CH3 CH3 C OH CH3 H CH3 H H - C C C H H OH H R R C OH R H H H H - C C C H H OH H H CH3 H H - C C C C H OH H CH3 CH3 C OH CH3 C CH3 H H - C C C H H OH H OH CH3 C C C C C CH3 CH3 C OH C C C C C C C Primary 1 o

Secondary 2 o

Tertiary 3 o

H H H H - C C - C H H H OH H H CH3 H H H C C - C C C - H H OH CH3 H H

H CH3 C OH CH3

H H H H H H - C C C - C C NH2 H CH3 H H H

H CH3 NH2 C C C H CH3 H CH3 H H - C C C NH2 H CH3 H

H CH3 H H H - C C C - C H NH2 H H H H C C C C C - C NH2 C CH3 H H - C C C H NH2 H H CH3 NH2 C C C H H H NH2 H - C C - C H H CH3 H Amines and Nomenclature H CH3 C NH2 H Types of aminesPrimary 1 0 NO alkyl /1 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to nitrogen H CH3 H H - C C C NH2 H CH3 H H H - C NH2 H Secondary 2 0 2 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to nitrogen H CH3 C NH2 CH3 H H H H - C C C H H NH2 H H R C NH2 R Tertiary 3 0 3 alkyl/R gp bond to C attach to nitrogen CH3 CH3 C NH2 CH3 H CH3 H H - C C C H H NH2 H R R C NH2 R H H H H - C C C H H NH2 H H CH3 H H - C C C C H NH2 H CH3 CH3 C NH2 CH3 C CH3 H H - C C C H H NH2 H CH3 NH2 C C C C C NH2 CH3 C C C C C CH3 CH3 C NH2 C C C C C C C Primary 1 o

Secondary 2 o

Tertiary 3 o

H H H H - C C - C H H H NH2 H H CH3 H H H C C - C C C - H H NH2 CH3 H H

H CH3 C NH2 CH3

Acknowledgements

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Prepared by Lawrence Kok

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