IB Chemistry on Free Radical Substitution, Nucleophilic Substitution and Addition Reaction
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Transcript of IB Chemistry on Free Radical Substitution, Nucleophilic Substitution and Addition Reaction
http://lawrencekok.blogspot.com
Prepared by Lawrence Kok
Tutorial on Free Radical Substitution, Nucleophilic Substitution, Oxidation and Addition reaction.
Reaction of Alkanes
Reactivity for Alkanes• Low reactivity - Strong stable bond between C - C, C - H • Low reactivity - Low polarity of C - H bonds• Saturated hydrocarbons – Non polar bondsReactions for Alkanes • Combustion reaction• Free Radical Substitution reaction
Complete combustion – produces CO2 + H2O• C2H6 + 7/2O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O• Incomplete combustion – produces C, CO, CO2, H2O• 2C3H8 + 7O2 → 2C + 2CO + 8H2O + 2CO2
Free radical Substitution• CH3CH3 + CI2 → CH3CH2CI + HCI
Combustion reaction Substitution reaction
Reactions for Alkanes
Reaction of Alkanes
Reactivity for Alkanes• Low reactivity - Strong stable bond between C - C, C - H • Low reactivity - Low polarity of C - H bonds• Saturated hydrocarbons – Non polar bondsReactions for Alkanes • Combustion reaction• Free Radical Substitution reaction
Complete combustion – produces CO2 + H2O• C2H6 + 7/2O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O• Incomplete combustion – produces C, CO, CO2, H2O• 2C3H8 + 7O2 → 2C + 2CO + 8H2O + 2CO2
Free radical Substitution• CH3CH3 + CI2 → CH3CH2CI + HCI
Initiation• Homolytic fission- bond breaking by radical formation. Covalent bond split and each atom obtain an electron (unpaired electrons)• UV radiation needed CI – CI → CI● + CI●
Combustion reaction Substitution reaction
Free Radical Substitution Mechanism• Initiation, Propagation and Termination
CH4 + CI2 → CH3CI + HCI
Propagation• Radical reacting with molecule CI● + H-CH3 → CI-H + CH3●CH3● + CI - CI → CH3CI + CI●
Termination• Radical reacting with radical forming molecule CI● + CI● → CI-CICI● + CH3● → CH3CI CH3● + CH3● → CH3-CH3
Reactions for Alkanes
UV
CH4 + CI2 → CH3CI + HCI
Free radical Substitution Reaction Mechanism
Initiation, Propagation and Termination
UV
CH4 + CI2 → CH3CI + HCI
Free radical Substitution Reaction Mechanism
Initiation, Propagation and Termination
Reaction Mechanism
UV
CH4 + CI2 → CH3CI + HCI
If excess CH4 used - CI● radical form react with CH4 - Chloromethane formed
Free radical Substitution Reaction Mechanism
Initiation, Propagation and Termination
Reaction Mechanism
UV
CH4 + CI● -> CH3CI
CH4 + CI2 → CH3CI + HCI
If excess CH4 used - CI● radical form react with CH4 - Chloromethane formed
Free radical Substitution Reaction Mechanism
Initiation, Propagation and Termination
Reaction Mechanism
UV
If limited CH4 used – CI● radical react with product chloromethane - Dichloromethane formed
CH4 + CI● -> CH3CI CH3CI + CI● -> CH2CI2
Addition reactionCH2=CH2 + Br2 → CH2Br–CH2BrCH2=CH2 + CI2 → CH2CI–CH2CICH2=CH2 + HCI → CH3–CH2CICH2=CH2 + H2O → CH3–CH2OH catalyst nickel, H3PO4 at 300C
H H │ │ C = C │ │ H H
H H │ │ H- C - C - H │ │ Br Br
H H │ │ H- C - C -H │ │ CI CI
H H │ │ H - C - C -H │ │ H CI
H H │ │ H - C - C - H │ │ H OH
Reaction of Alkenes
Reactivity for Alkenes• High reactivity - Unstable bond between C = C • High reactivity – Weak pi bond overlap between p orbitals• Unsaturated hydrocarbons – pi bond, weak p orbital overlapReactions for Alkenes • Combustion reaction• Addition reaction
Complete combustion – produces CO2 + H2OC2H4 + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 2H2O• Incomplete combustion – produces C, CO, CO2, H2O2C2H4 + 7/2O2 → 2C + CO + 4H2O + CO2
Combustion reaction Addition reaction
Addition CI2 Addition Br2
Addition HCI Addition H2O catalyst nickel, H3PO4 at 300C
Reactions for Alkanes
H │ CH3 - C – OH │ H
Types of alcoholPrimary alcohol 1 0 – One alkyl gp on C attached to OH group
Secondary alcohol 2 o – Two alkyl gp on C attached to OH group
Tertiary alcohol 3 o – Three alkyl gp on C attached to OH group
CH3 │ CH3 - C – OH │
H CH3
│ CH3 - C – OH │ CH3
Primary alcohol 10
Secondary alcohol 20
Tertiary alcohol 30
Reactions of Alcohols• Functional group hydroxyl (OH)Production of ethanol by • Yeast sugar fermentation C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
• Hydration of ethene with steam C2H4 + H2O → C2H5OHReaction for alcohol• Combustion reaction• Oxidation reaction
Reaction of Alcohol
• Complete combustion excess oxygen – produces CO2 + H2O
C2H6OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O• Incomplete combustion – produces C, CO, CO2,
+ H2O2C2H5OH + 4O2 → C + 2CO + 6H2O + CO2
Combustion reaction
Primary alcohol (1o) – Oxidised to aldehyde to carboxylic acidSecondary alcohol (2o) – Oxidised to ketoneTertiary alcohol (3o) – Cannot be oxidised
Oxidation reaction
Reactions for Alcohols
Reaction of Alcohol Oxidation of alcohol
Primary alcohol (1o) – Oxidised to aldehyde to carboxylic acidSecondary alcohol (2o) – Oxidised to ketoneTertiary alcohol (3o) – Cannot be oxidised
Types of alcoholPrimary alcohol 10 – Two Oxidisable Hydrogen Secondary alcohol 2o – One Oxidisable HydrogenTertiary alcohol 3o – No Oxidisable Hydrogen
H H │ │CH3-C-O-H + [O] CH3- C=O + H2O │ H
K2Cr2O7/H+
MnO4- /H
+
Reaction of Alcohol
H OH │ │CH3- C= O + [O] CH3-C=O
Oxidation of alcohol Primary alcohol (1o) – Oxidised to aldehyde to carboxylic acidSecondary alcohol (2o) – Oxidised to ketoneTertiary alcohol (3o) – Cannot be oxidised
Types of alcoholPrimary alcohol 10 – Two Oxidisable Hydrogen Secondary alcohol 2o – One Oxidisable HydrogenTertiary alcohol 3o – No Oxidisable Hydrogen
Primary alcohol 10 - Oxidised to Aldehyde
K2Cr2O7/H+
MnO4- /H
+
Aldehyde oxidised to Ethanoic acid
H H │ │CH3-C-O-H + [O] CH3- C=O + H2O │ H
K2Cr2O7/H+
MnO4- /H
+
Reaction of Alcohol
CH3 CH3
│ │CH3-C –O H + [O] CH3- C= O + H2O │ H
H OH │ │CH3- C= O + [O] CH3-C=O
MnO4- /H
+
K2Cr2O7/H+
Oxidation of alcohol Primary alcohol (1o) – Oxidised to aldehyde to carboxylic acidSecondary alcohol (2o) – Oxidised to ketoneTertiary alcohol (3o) – Cannot be oxidised
Types of alcoholPrimary alcohol 10 – Two Oxidisable Hydrogen Secondary alcohol 2o – One Oxidisable HydrogenTertiary alcohol 3o – No Oxidisable Hydrogen
Primary alcohol 10 - Oxidised to Aldehyde
K2Cr2O7/H+
MnO4- /H
+
Secondary alcohol 20 - Oxidised to Ketone
Aldehyde oxidised to Ethanoic acid
H H │ │CH3-C-O-H + [O] CH3- C=O + H2O │ H
K2Cr2O7/H+
MnO4- /H
+
Reaction of Alcohol
CH3 CH3
│ │CH3-C –O H + [O] CH3- C= O + H2O │ H
H OH │ │CH3- C= O + [O] CH3-C=O
MnO4- /H
+
K2Cr2O7/H+
CH3
│ CH3-C – OH + [O] │ CH3
X
Oxidation of alcohol Primary alcohol (1o) – Oxidised to aldehyde to carboxylic acidSecondary alcohol (2o) – Oxidised to ketoneTertiary alcohol (3o) – Cannot be oxidised
Types of alcoholPrimary alcohol 10 – Two Oxidisable Hydrogen Secondary alcohol 2o – One Oxidisable HydrogenTertiary alcohol 3o – No Oxidisable Hydrogen
Primary alcohol 10 - Oxidised to Aldehyde
K2Cr2O7/H+
MnO4- /H
+
Secondary alcohol 20 - Oxidised to Ketone
Tertiary alcohol 30 - Cannot be Oxidise
Aldehyde oxidised to Ethanoic acid
Oxidising agent permanganate(VII) / dichromate(VI) • Ethanol oxidised to Aldehyde• MnO4
- reduces from purple (Mn7+) to pink (Mn2+)• Cr2O7
2- reduces from orange (Cr6+) to green (Cr3+)
Reaction of Alcohol
Primary alcohol (1o) – Oxidised to aldehyde to carboxylic acidSecondary alcohol (2o) – Oxidised to ketoneTertiary alcohol (3o) – Cannot be oxidised
Oxidation of alcohol
Ethanol to Ethanal (Distillation)1. Ethanol + acidified dichromate(VI)/permanganate(VII) and warm it 2. Collect ethanal/distillate (Distillation)
Oxidation of alcohol using oxidising agent
Distillation
CH3CH2OH + MnO4- → CH3CHO + Mn2+
distillation
Oxidising agent permanganate(VII) / dichromate(VI) • Ethanol oxidised to Aldehyde• MnO4
- reduces from purple (Mn7+) to pink (Mn2+)• Cr2O7
2- reduces from orange (Cr6+) to green (Cr3+)
Reaction of Alcohol
Primary alcohol (1o) – Oxidised to aldehyde to carboxylic acidSecondary alcohol (2o) – Oxidised to ketoneTertiary alcohol (3o) – Cannot be oxidised
Oxidation of alcohol
Ethanol to Ethanal (Distillation)1. Ethanol + acidified dichromate(VI)/permanganate(VII) and warm it 2. Collect ethanal/distillate (Distillation)
Oxidation of alcohol using oxidising agent
Ethanol to Ethanoic acid (Reflux)1. Ethanol + acidified dichromate(VI)/permanganate(VII) and warm it 2. Collect ethanoic acid/distillate using reflux
Distillation
Reflux
CH3CH2OH + MnO4- → CH3CHO + Mn2+
CH3CH2OH + MnO4- → CH3COOH + Mn2+
Oxidising agent permanganate(VII) / dichromate(VI) • Ethanol oxidised to Etanoic acid• MnO4
- reduces from purple (Mn7+) to pink (Mn2+)• Cr2O7
2- reduces from orange (Cr6+) to green (Cr3+)
distillation
reflux
Reaction of Halogenoalkanes
Reactivity for halogenoalkanes• Carbon bonded to halogen group – F, CI, Br, I• High electronegativity on halogen group• High reactivity – due to polarity of C+- CI -, C+-Br -
• Nucleophile – species with lone pair electron – donate to carbon center
• Reaction for Halogenoalkanes• Substitution reactionTypes of halogenoalkanePrimary 10 – One or NO alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpSecondary 2o – Two alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpTertiary 3o – Three alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gp
H │ CH3 - C – Br │ H
H │ H - C – Br │ H
Reaction of Halogenoalkanes
Reactivity for halogenoalkanes• Carbon bonded to halogen group – F, CI, Br, I• High electronegativity on halogen group• High reactivity – due to polarity of C+- CI -, C+-Br -
• Nucleophile – species with lone pair electron – donate to carbon center
• Reaction for Halogenoalkanes• Substitution reactionTypes of halogenoalkanePrimary 10 – One or NO alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpSecondary 2o – Two alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpTertiary 3o – Three alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gp
H │ CH3 - C – Br │ H
H │ H - C – Br │ H
Primary halogenoalkane 10 - SN2
Single Step
Nucleophilic Substitution SN2• Undergo SN2 mechanism, Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution
CH3CH2Br + OH- → CH3CH2OH + Br-
• Single step mechanism – Bond breaking and Bond making in transition state• Involve collision between 2 molecules• Rate is dependent on concentration of CH3CH2Br and OH-
• Molecularity = 2• Experimentally rate expression = k [CH3CH2Br][OH-]
CH3CH2Br + OH- → CH3CH2OH + Br-
SN2
Reaction of Halogenoalkanes
Reactivity for halogenoalkanes• Carbon bonded to halogen group – F, CI, Br, I• High electronegativity on halogen group• High reactivity – due to polarity of C+- CI -, C+-Br -
• Nucleophile – species with lone pair electron – donate to carbon center
• Reaction for Halogenoalkanes• Substitution reactionTypes of halogenoalkanePrimary 10 – One or NO alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpSecondary 2o – Two alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpTertiary 3o – Three alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gp
H │ CH3 - C – Br │ H
H │ H - C – Br │ H
Primary halogenoalkane 10 - SN2
Single Step
Nucleophilic Substitution SN2• Undergo SN2 mechanism, Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution
CH3CH2Br + OH- → CH3CH2OH + Br-
• Single step mechanism – Bond breaking and Bond making in transition state• Involve collision between 2 molecules• Rate is dependent on concentration of CH3CH2Br and OH-
• Molecularity = 2• Experimentally rate expression = k [CH3CH2Br][OH-]
Transition state
Bond making and bond breaking
Nucleophile OH attack
Br2 leaving group
Single step
OH- + CH3CH2Br → [ HO---CH2(CH3)---Br ] → CH3CH2OH + Br-
CH3CH2Br + OH- → CH3CH2OH + Br-
SN2
Reaction of Halogenoalkanes
Types of halogenoalkanePrimary 10 – One or NO alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpSecondary 2o –Two alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpTertiary 3o – Three alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gp
CH3
│ CH3 - C – Br │ CH3
Reactivity for halogenoalkanes• Carbon bonded to halogen group – F, CI, Br, I• High electronegativity on halogen group• High reactivity – due to polarity of C+- CI -, C+-Br -
• Nucleophile – species with lone pair electron – donate to carbon center
• Reaction for Halogenoalkanes• Substitution reaction
Reaction of Halogenoalkanes
Types of halogenoalkanePrimary 10 – One or NO alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpSecondary 2o –Two alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpTertiary 3o – Three alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gp
Tertiary halogenoalkane 30 – SN1
Nucleophilic Substitution SN1• Undergo SN1 mechanism, Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution(CH3)3CBr + OH- → (CH3)3COH + Br-
• Two steps mechanism 1st step – slow step, rate determining step, formation of carbocation by heterolysis(CH3)3CBr → (CH3)3C
+ + Br-
2nd step – fast step, OH- reacting with carbocation forming product(CH3)3C
+ + OH- → (CH3)3COH • Rate is dependent on concentration of (CH3)3CBr • Molecularity = 1• Experimentally rate expression = k [(CH3)3CBr]
CH3
│ CH3 - C – Br │ CH3
Reactivity for halogenoalkanes• Carbon bonded to halogen group – F, CI, Br, I• High electronegativity on halogen group• High reactivity – due to polarity of C+- CI -, C+-Br -
• Nucleophile – species with lone pair electron – donate to carbon center
• Reaction for Halogenoalkanes• Substitution reaction
(CH3)3CBr + OH- → (CH3)3COH + Br-
SN1
Reaction of Halogenoalkanes
Types of halogenoalkanePrimary 10 – One or NO alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpSecondary 2o –Two alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpTertiary 3o – Three alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gp
Tertiary halogenoalkane 30 – SN1
Nucleophilic Substitution SN1• Undergo SN1 mechanism, Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution(CH3)3CBr + OH- → (CH3)3COH + Br-
• Two steps mechanism 1st step – slow step, rate determining step, formation of carbocation by heterolysis(CH3)3CBr → (CH3)3C
+ + Br-
2nd step – fast step, OH- reacting with carbocation forming product(CH3)3C
+ + OH- → (CH3)3COH • Rate is dependent on concentration of (CH3)3CBr • Molecularity = 1• Experimentally rate expression = k [(CH3)3CBr]
CH3
│ CH3 - C – Br │ CH3
(CH3)3CBr → (CH3)3C+ + Br- 1st step (slow)
(CH3)3C+ + OH- → (CH3)3COH 2nd step (fast)
Reactivity for halogenoalkanes• Carbon bonded to halogen group – F, CI, Br, I• High electronegativity on halogen group• High reactivity – due to polarity of C+- CI -, C+-Br -
• Nucleophile – species with lone pair electron – donate to carbon center
• Reaction for Halogenoalkanes• Substitution reaction
(CH3)3CBr + OH- → (CH3)3COH + Br-
SN1
Reaction of Halogenoalkanes
Types of halogenoalkanePrimary 10 – One or NO alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpSecondary 2o –Two alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpTertiary 3o – Three alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gp
CH3 │ CH3 - C – Br │
H
Reactivity for halogenoalkanes• Carbon bonded to halogen group – F, CI, Br, I• High electronegativity on halogen group• High reactivity – due to polarity of C+- CI -, C+-Br -
• Nucleophile – species with lone pair electron – donate to carbon center
• Reaction for Halogenoalkanes• Substitution reaction
Reaction of Halogenoalkanes
Types of halogenoalkanePrimary 10 – One or NO alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpSecondary 2o –Two alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpTertiary 3o – Three alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gp
Secondary halogenoalkane 20 -SN1 and SN2
Nucleophilic Substitution SN2• Undergo SN2 mechanism, Bimolecular Nucleophilic SubstitutionCH3CH(CH3)Br + OH- → CH3CH(CH3)OH + Br-
• Single step mechanism – Bond breaking and Bond making in transition state• Involve collision of 2 molecules• Rate is dependent on concentration of CH3CH(CH3)Br and OH-
• Molecularity = 2• Experimentally rate expression = k [CH3CH(CH3)Br][OH-]
CH3 │ CH3 - C – Br │
H
Reactivity for halogenoalkanes• Carbon bonded to halogen group – F, CI, Br, I• High electronegativity on halogen group• High reactivity – due to polarity of C+- CI -, C+-Br -
• Nucleophile – species with lone pair electron – donate to carbon center
• Reaction for Halogenoalkanes• Substitution reaction
CH3CH(CH3)Br + OH- -> CH3CH(CH3)OH + Br-
SN2
Reaction of Halogenoalkanes
Types of halogenoalkanePrimary 10 – One or NO alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpSecondary 2o –Two alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gpTertiary 3o – Three alkyl gp on C attach to halogen gp
Secondary halogenoalkane 20 -SN1 and SN2
Nucleophilic Substitution SN2• Undergo SN2 mechanism, Bimolecular Nucleophilic SubstitutionCH3CH(CH3)Br + OH- → CH3CH(CH3)OH + Br-
• Single step mechanism – Bond breaking and Bond making in transition state• Involve collision of 2 molecules• Rate is dependent on concentration of CH3CH(CH3)Br and OH-
• Molecularity = 2• Experimentally rate expression = k [CH3CH(CH3)Br][OH-]
CH3 │ CH3 - C – Br │
H
Nucleophilic Substitution SN1• Undergo SN1 mechanism, Unimolecular Nucleophilic SubstitutionCH3CH(CH3)Br + OH- → CH3CH(CH3)OH + Br-
• Two steps mechanism 1st step – slow step, rate determining step, formation of carbocation by heterolysis CH3CH(CH3)Br → CH3CH(CH3)
+ + Br-
2nd step – fast step, OH- reacting with carbocation forming productCH3CH(CH3)
+ + OH- → CH3CH(CH3)OH • Rate is dependent on concentration of CH3CH(CH3)Br• Molecularity = 1• Experimentally rate expression = k [CH3CH(CH3)Br]
Reactivity for halogenoalkanes• Carbon bonded to halogen group – F, CI, Br, I• High electronegativity on halogen group• High reactivity – due to polarity of C+- CI -, C+-Br -
• Nucleophile – species with lone pair electron – donate to carbon center
• Reaction for Halogenoalkanes• Substitution reaction
AND
CH3CH(CH3)Br + OH- -> CH3CH(CH3)OH + Br-
SN1
SN2
H H │ │CH3 CH2- C- Br + OH- CH3 CH2-C –OH + Br - │ │ H H
Questions on Nucleophilic Substitution
Primary halogenoalkane 10 - SN2
Single step mechanism - Bond breaking + Bond making in transition state
OHOHSN2
SN2
H H │ │CH3 CH2- C- Br + OH- CH3 CH2-C –OH + Br - │ │ H H
CH3 CH3 │ │CH3 C-Br + OH-
CH3 C-OH │ │ CH3
CH3
Questions on Nucleophilic Substitution
Primary halogenoalkane 10 - SN2
Tertiary halogenoalkane 30 - SN1
Single step mechanism - Bond breaking + Bond making in transition state
Two step mechanism – Formation of carbocation
OH
OH
OH
OH
SN1
SN2SN2
SN1
H H │ │CH3 CH2- C- Br + OH- CH3 CH2-C –OH + Br - │ │ H H
CH3 CH3 │ │CH3 C-Br + OH-
CH3 C-OH │ │ CH3
CH3
CH3 CH3 │ │ CH3 C- Br + OH- CH3 C- OH │ │ H H
Questions on Nucleophilic Substitution
Primary halogenoalkane 10 - SN2
Tertiary halogenoalkane 30 - SN1
Secondary halogenoalkane 20 - SN2 and SN1
Single step mechanism - Bond breaking + Bond making in transition state
Two step mechanism – Formation of carbocation
OH
OH
OH
OH
Single step mechanism - Bond breaking + Bond making in transition state
Two step mechanism - Formation of carbocation
OHOH
OHOH
SN1
SN2
SN1
SN2
SN2
SN1
H │ CH3 CH- C-O-H + [O] │ │ CH3 H
Oxidation of 2-Methylpropan-1-ol
Oxidation of 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
CH3 CH-CH2CH3 + [O] │ OH
Questions on Oxidation Reaction
CH3
│ CH3-C – OH + [O] │ CH3
Oxidation of Butan-2-ol
Primary alcohol 10
Tertiary alcohol 30
Secondary alcohol 20
H H │ │ CH3 CH- C-O-H + [O] CH3 CH-C=O │ │ │ CH3 H CH3
Oxidation of 2-Methylpropan-1-ol to 2-Methylpropanal
Oxidation of 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
CH3 CH-CH2CH3 + [O] CH3 CH CH2CH3 │ ║ OH O
Questions on Oxidation Reaction
CH3
│ CH3-C – OH + [O] │ CH3
MnO4- /H
+
K2Cr2O7/H+
K2Cr2O7/H+
MnO4- /H
+
Oxidation of Butan-2-ol to Butanone
Primary alcohol 10
Tertiary alcohol 30
Secondary alcohol 20
X
Aldehyde
Ketone
X
H H O │ │ ║CH3 CH- C-O-H + [O] CH3 CH-C=O CH3CH – C OH │ │ │ │ CH3 H CH3
CH3
Oxidation of 2-Methylpropan-1-ol to 2-Methylpropanal to 2-Methylpropanoic acid
Oxidation of 2-Methylpropan-2-ol
CH3 CH-CH2CH3 + [O] CH3 CH CH2CH3 │ ║ OH O
Questions on Oxidation Reaction
CH3
│ CH3-C – OH + [O] │ CH3
MnO4- /H
+
K2Cr2O7/H+
K2Cr2O7/H+
MnO4- /H
+
Oxidation of Butan-2-ol to Butanone
K2Cr2O7/H+
MnO4- /H
+
Primary alcohol 10
Tertiary alcohol 30
Secondary alcohol 20
X
Aldehyde
Ketone
Carboxylic acid
X
Acknowledgements
Thanks to source of pictures and video used in this presentation
Thanks to Creative Commons for excellent contribution on licenseshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/
Prepared by Lawrence Kok
Check out more video tutorials from my site and hope you enjoy this tutorialhttp://lawrencekok.blogspot.com