IAQ Sampling Document a condition or state of the space –Adequate ventilation –Comfort Identify...
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IAQ Sampling
• Document a condition or state of the space– Adequate ventilation– Comfort
• Identify source of contamination– Leakage– Products
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Choice of Instrument
• Depends on the task
• For most applications a simpler, less expensive instrument will suffice
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Types of IAQ Instruments
• Direct Reading or Continuous Instruments– Passive– Active
• Integrated samples– Passive– Active– Grab sample
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Direct reading instruments
• Give an instantaneous value.
• Requires zeroing and calibration or point checking
• Instrument chosen depends on sensitivity required
• Optical instruments require periodic maintenance from manufacturer
• Interferences
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Active vs Passive
• Active instruments use a pump to draw air over the sensor.
• Passive instruments rely on diffusion of air across the sensor.
• Active instruments have lower sensitivity than passive instruments.
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Uses of Instruments
• Instruments are used either to measure a contaminant or a property or condition of the space.
• Particulates, gases, noise, mold, moisture are examples of contaminants
• Temperature, RH, Light, Air Flow are examples of properties
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Isopropyl CPC: Particle size range of 0.01 to >1.0 µm Concentration range of 0 to 100,000 particles/cm3
5x105 particles/cm3
Water-based CPC Detects particles down to 6 nm
Isopropyl P-Trak -Concentration Range 0 to 5 × 105 particles/cm3, Particle Size Range 0.02 to 1 micrometer
UFP Particle Counters
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UFP Particle Counters
• Identify emissions from combustion or indoor chemistry
• Identify changes in ventilation conditions
• Monitor clean rooms
• Identify leakage from processes
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Alcohol CPC W-CPC
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Indoor Chemistry• VOC’s- vapor organic
compounds at typical indoor temperatures
• Ex: formaldehyde, benzene, chloroform, pinene
• Some react with OZONE
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Case Study - Air Cabin
0
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Tim
e
8:33
8:40
8:47
8:54
9:01
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9:15
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9:29
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9:43
9:50
Time MST
Ozo
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PB
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Ati
tutu
de (
ft)
Ult
rafi
ne (
p/cc
)
Ozone ppb
Altitude (ft)
Ultrafine p/cc
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Measures PM1, PM2.5, Respirable, PM10 and TPM simultaneously with no need for
size-selective inlet conditioners.
Aerosol Concentration Range 0.001 to 20 mg/m3 (calibrated to respirablefraction of ISO 12103-1, A1 test dust)Particle Size Range 0.1 to 10 micrometer (μm)Minimum Resolution 0.001 mg/m3
Nephelometers/Particle Counters
0.001 to 400 mg/m3DustTrak
personalDataRam
SidePak
Met One GT-526 Six Channel Particle Counter0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 2.0 and 5.0 um
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Nephelometers
• Measures light scattering
• Converts to mass using an algorithm
• Subject to interferences primarily from size distribution of aerosol and humidity
• Newer models have place for in-line filter to correct against gravimetric value
• More expensive monitors have a filtered are flow sheen to protect optics
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Range0 to 9,999 ft/min (0 to 50 m/s)
0 to 200°F (-18 to 93°C)
Multiputpose IAQ tools• Measure several
parameters with one device.
• CO2 –Passive - NDIR• CO-Passive-
electrochemical• Temp• RH• Pressure• Air flow• etc
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NDIR Sensors
• NDIR sensors are spectroscopic sensors to detect CO2 in a gaseous environment by its characteristic absorption.
• The key components are an infrared source, a light tube, an interference (wavelength) filter, and an infrared detector.
• The gas is pumped or diffuses into the light tube, and the electronics measures the absorption of the characteristic wavelength of light.
• NDIR sensors are most common sensor for measuring carbon dioxide.
• Sensitivities range from 20-50 PPM.
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Electrochemical sensors
• Electrochemical sensors operate by reacting with the gas of interest and producing an electrical signal proportional to the gas concentration.
• Sensing electrode (or working electrode), and a counter electrode separated by athin layer of electrolyte.
• Gas passes through a small capillary-type opening and then diffuses through a hydrophobic barrier in to the electrolyte.
• The gas reacts at the surface of the sensing electrode involving either an oxidation or reduction mechanism. These reactions are catalyzed by the electrode materials specifically developed for the gas of interest.
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MIRAN SapphIRe Portable Ambient Analyzer utilizes infrared spectroscopy to accurately measure many gases with a single instrument.Wavelength coverage permits outstanding single and multi-gas monitoring as well as unknown compound identification.
Portable trace gas detection
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Other Monitors
PID
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Ventilation Assessment
• Air Flow
• Ventilation Rate
• HVAC Balance
• Air currents
• Temperature
• RH
• Air Tightness
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Flow Range30 to 2,000 cfm (15 to 1,000 l/s, 50 to 3,500 m3/hr)Accuracy±5% reading and ±5 cfm (±2.4 l/s, ±8.5 m3/hr)Operating Temperature32 to 140°F (0 to 60°C) 0.25 to 30 m/s (50 to 6,000 ft/min)
Diameter 4 in. (100mm)
Balometer
Air Flow HoodVane anemometer
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Measures differential and static pressure from -15 to +15 in. H2O (-3735 to +3735 Pa)
Micro manometer and pitot tube
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Blower Door
Used to measure infiltration in homes. Estimates effective leakage area
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Heat Stress/Radiant Temperature Monitors
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IR Thermometer
Surface Temperature
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IR Thermometer
• A lens to collect the energy emitted by the target• A detector to convert the energy to an electrical
signal• An emissivity adjustment to match the IRT
calibration to the emitting characteristics of the object being measured
• An ambient temperature compensation circuit to ensure that temperature variations within the IRT, due to ambient changes, are not transferred to the final output.
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Sound Level Meters
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Sound Level Meter
• Sound level meters measure sound pressure level.
• The reading given by a sound level meter does not correlate well to human-perceived loudness
• A-frequency-weighting filter most common referenced in standards
• Other frequency weightings of C and Z (zero) not as common.
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Moisture meters
• measure the percentage of water in a material usually drywall, plaster or wood.
• Identifies if material is unexpectedly wet or dry
• Requires further inspection to identify cause
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UV light meterIncident light meter
Light meters
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TEMP and RH logger
CO2 monitor
Small Data loggers
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Integrated air sampling
Integrated Sampling
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Integrated sampling
• Costly requires analytical services• Requires knowledge of suspected contaminant
to identify sampling media• Requires understanding of expected
concentration to identify sampling flow rate and duration
• Not recommended unless a specific contaminant is suspected
• Requires calibration and specialized sample handling
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Grab Sampling
Grab VOC Sampling
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Passive VOC sampling
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Colorimetric and air current tubes
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Colorimetric and air current tubes
• Each target analyte has a specific tube designed to change color when compound is present.
• Concentrations are estimated by exposing the tube to a known volume of air usually with a bellows pump.
• Air current tubes are used to track air flow patterns.