ian Personal Ornaments on the Move

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Universidad de Salamanca Zephyrus, LXIII, enerojunio 2009, 4559

ISSN: 05147336

MAGDALENIAN PERSONAL ORNAMENTS ON THE MOVE:A REVIEW OF THE CURRENT EVIDENCEIN CENTRAL EUROPE

Los objetos de adorno-colgantes magdalenienses en movimiento:una puesta al da de los datos disponibles para Centroeuropa

Esteban LVAREZ-FERNNDEZInstituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistricas de Cantabria. Unidad Asociada al CSIC. Edif. Interfacultativode la Universidad de Cantabria. Av. de los Castros, S/N. 39005 Santander (Espaa). Correo-e: [email protected]

Recepcin: 20081115; Revisin: 20090212; Aceptacin: 20090515

BIBLID [05147336 (2009) LXIII, enerojunio; 4559]

ABSTRACT: The Magdalenian is the period in the Upper Palaeolithic in which the greatest number of beadsand pendants has been documented. Few sites with levels of this period have not provided examples of thistype of artefact. The variety of raw materials used to make them (animals teeth, marine or fossil molluscs,antler, ivory, etc.) and the decoration on some of them, inform us of contacts between regions remote fromeach other.

This paper reviews the different types of pendants that have been recorded from Magdalenian sites, with

the aim of roughly establishing the network of contacts that existed among the groups of huntergatherers inCentral Europe. It studies the context in which these artefacts were found, in well recorded stratigraphies atsites researched in recent decades. The study of certain types (marine shells from Atlantic and Mediterraneansources, certain kinds of perforated objects made in jet, such as discs and Gnnersdorf type schematic femalefigures, reindeer teeth sawn off at the alveoli, or discs made from scapulae) enable us to infer the existence ofcomplex networks of longdistance contacts between human groups in the Late Glacial.

Key words: Personal ornaments. Upper Palaeolithic. Magdalenian. Central Europe.

RESUMEN: El Magdaleniense es el periodo del Paleoltico superior en el que se ha documentado un mayornmero de objetos de adorno. Estn presentes en la mayor parte de los sitios arqueolgicos. Se elaboran en unagran variedad de materias primas (dientes de animales, moluscos recientes o fsiles, asta, marfil, etc.). Algunosaparecen grabados. La presencia de estas decoraciones en yacimientos de diferentes regiones europeas nos hablade contactos intergrupales a larga distancia.

En este artculo se hace un recorrido por los diferentes objetos de adornocolgantes documentados en los

yacimientos magdalenienses, con el fin de realizar una aproximacin a la red de contactos existente entrelos grupos de cazadoresrecolectores en el mbito centroeuropeo. Se estudia el contexto en el que se registranestas piezas dentro de estratigrafas bien conocidas a travs de las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en las ltimasdcadas. El anlisis de determinados tipos de objetos de adornocolgantes (conchas marinas de origen atlnticoy mediterrneo, determinado tipo de piezas perforadas realizadas en azabache, como los rodetes y las representaciones femeninas esquemticas tipo Gnnersdorf, dientes de reno aserrados a la altura de los alvolos orodetes elaborados a partir de escpula) nos permite inferir la existencia de complejas redes de contacto a largadistancia de los grupos humanos durante el Tardiglaciar.

Palabras clave: Objetos de adornocolgantes. Paleoltico superior. Magdaleniense. Centroeuropa.


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1. Introduction

The Magdalenian is without doubt one of themost creative moments in the history of mankind.In comparison with earlier periods, a larger number

of sites has been recorded. This increase can benoted in the middle Magdalenian, but it is especiallyclear in the latefinal Magdalenian. The causes forthis proliferation of sites are found in environmentalfactors. Beginning in the middle Magdalenian, theice sheets progressively withdrew northwards. Thismade it possible for the expansion of animalpopulations, and following this, the colonisation byhuntergatherer groups that until then had occupiedlands further south. However, evidence existsshowing the presence of these huntergatherergroups after the Late Glacial Maximum (Wiesbaden

Igstadt, Munzingen, Maszycka, etc.). In the light ofthe scarce data, and according to the radiocarbondates, this evidence may be the result of short visits,indicating that the more northern territories wereoccupied in a more or less occasional way.

From 14000/13500 BP (c. 15500/13500 calBC)1 onwards, the signs of colonisation by groupsoccupying more northern territories becomes morenoticeable (Housley, 1998). Certain groups can bedefined, settling in the valleys of the Lesse andMeuse, in the Rhine Valley, in the ThringenRegion, in the South of Germany and North ofSwitzerland, in Moravia and in Poland.

The mobility of the Magdalenian huntergatherers in Central Europe can now be proved,thanks to research carried out on the sources oflithic raw materials used for the manufacture ofartefacts (FlbotAugustins, 1997; Floss, 1994;etc). Another kind of evidence for the mobility ofthese groups comes from decorated objects. Oneparticularly interesting form of engraved portableart is found on artefacts made from bone, antlerand ivory. Some of the similar decorations,indicating contacts between Western and CentralEurope, are: the presence ofbaguettes demi-rondes

decorated with tubercular relief, spearthrowerswith sculptured animal heads, and GnnersdorfType engraved and sculptured feminine figurines(Bosinski, 1982).

2. Evidence for Inter-Groupal Contacts inCentral Europe in the Magdalenian: Beadsand Pendants

2.1. Raw materials used in Central European sites

Magdalenian personal adornments were madefrom a wide range of raw materials: shells of recentand fossil molluscs belonging to different species;the different teeth of various kinds of animals;bone, antler and ivory; and mineral materials(lvarezFernndez, 2006; Barge et al., 1990;Taborin, 1993). However, this variety in the typeof raw material used was not an innovation ofthe Magdalenian huntergatherers, as it alreadyoccurred at the start of the Upper Palaeolithic, inthe Aurignacian. Nevertheless, the creation ofcertain forms, the development of certaintechniques, and the engraving of decorative motifsthat did not exist until then, make it possible toconsider the Magdalenian as an original periodregarding the manufacture of pendants (lvarezFernndez, 2006; Barge et al., 1990; Taborin,1990, 2004).

Mollusc shells

At Magdalenian sites in Central Europe, shellbeads made from fossil mollusc shells predominate

over those made from recent molluscs. The fossilmolluscs come from palaeontological deposits moreor less near the archaeological sites. This is the caseof Belgian sites like Verlaine or Trou de Chaleux,with molluscs from the Paris basin (Dewez, 1987;cf. Welter, 20012002). From the Mainz Basin comecertain molluscs, in particular different species likeGlycymerissp., found at Hohlenstien (Kraus, 2001)and Schweizersbild (Nesch, 1902) in SW Germany,or at Kesslerloch (Heierli, 1907) and HollenbergHhle3 (Sedlmeier, 1982) in Switzerland. Themollusc shells from a large number of MoravianMagdalenian sites, such as Klna, Bc Skla, Had,

Adlerova and Pekrna, mainly come from localpalaeontological sites, but also from Miocenesediments in the Carpathian Mountains, as well asfrom the Vienna Basin (Hladilov, 1999). The shellsfrom the Polish site of Maszycka (FissidentaliumbadenseandAnadara sp.) were collected at Korytnica,60 km northeast of the cave (Kozlowski et al., 1993)(Fig. 1).

46 E. lvarez-Fernndez / Magdalenian personal ornaments on the move: a review of the current evidence


1 The dates cited in this paper have been calibrated withthe CalPal2007_HULU curve, using the Program CalPal(Weninger et al., 2007).


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Equally, it is interesting to point out theexamples of perforated Gyraulus trochiformisandGyraulus sulcatusshells found at Magdalenian sitesin Southern Germany, like Petersfels or Felsstlle(Affolter et al., 1994; Rhle, 1987a). These arefossil fresh water snails that come from the middleMiocene deposits in the Tertiary basin ofSteinheim, BadenWrttemberg (Heizmann,1992). These pendants have been recorded at somequite distant sites, e. g. at NeuchtelMonruz,300 km to the southeast of the Steinheim basin(Fig. 2).

Recent molluscs are less frequently present, and

they are mainly found in the more western part ofCentral Europe (at German and Swiss sites). Themost common gastropods are the exclusivelyMediterranean species Cyclopesp. (cf. C. pellucida)and Homalopoma sanguineum. These two snailsappear together at the Rhineland sites ofGnnersdorf and AndernachMartinsberg2, as wellas at Petersfels. Cyclope sp. was also recorded at

Hhle Fels, while Homalopoma sanguineum waspresent at Munzingen and Kohlerhhle. Atlanticgastropods are less common (examples ofNucellalapillusfound at Gnirshhle and Munzingen, andLittorina obtusata at Hhle Fels). Scaphopods havebeen found at a few sites, as recent examples ofAntalissp were recorded at AndernachMartinsberg2 and Gnnersdorf2 (lvarezFernndez, 2001).

Teeth

The teeth most commonly used to make personal

ornaments are the incisors and incisorform caninesof reindeer, nearly all of them sawn off at the alveoleor the incisors. A stone tool was used to saw the

E. lvarez-Fernndez / Magdalenian personal ornaments on the move: a review of the current evidence 47


2A fragment of an unperforated example of the Atlanticbivalve Spisula solidawas found associated with one of thehearths at WeisbadenIgstadt (Terberger, 1998).

FIG. 1. Location of Magdalenian sites in Central Europe with pendants made from mollusc shells.


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Frontal, in Belgium, at Gnnersdorf and Hhle Felsin Germany, at Kesslerloch in Switzerland, and atGudenushhle in Austria (lvarezFernndez, 1999,2006) (Fig. 6).

The teeth of a few other animals are occasionallyfound. In Belgium, the use of horse incisorspredominates, although there are only fourMagdalenian sites with examples of perforated teeth(Verlaine, Goyet, Trou de Chaleux and Trou duFrontal). More unusual objects are horse canines(Trou de Chaleux), wolf canines, premolars andmolars (Petersfels), and the canines of bear (Goyet,Trou de Chaleux), of wild boar (Petersfels), ofglutton (Schweizersbild) and of bovine (Verlaine,Goyet) (lvarezFernndez, 2006).

Other raw materials of animal origin

The other raw materials of animal origin used inCentral Europe during the Magdalenian are bone,antler and ivory (lvarezFernndez, 2006). Quite alarge number of pendants were made out of animalbones. Hollow bones of birds or mammals, such ashares, were used (bone tubes) and these have beenrecorded at sites like AndernachMartinsberg2 andPetersfels. Reindeer vestigial phalanges (Kesslerloch)and sesamoids (Hostim) were also perforated.Other bones that have been found include hyoidbones (Propstfels, Schweizerbild) and discs madefrom scapulae with a central perforation, asrecorded at sites in Germany (Petersfels), Switzerland(Kesslerloch, HhlenbergHhle3) and the CzechRepublic (Kowa, Pekrna).

Only a small number of items were made out ofdeer antler. The most important examples weremade by reusing sagaie points. When the spearheadfractured, the bevelled base was perforated, as hasbeen documented at Belgian (Goyet), German(Petersfels) and Swiss (HhlenbergHhle3) sites.A bone disc found at Nebra and a fragmented object

decorated with schematic horses heads fromPetersfels must also be mentioned.

Personal ornaments made from ivory are equallyrare. The most important examples are the piecesshaped into the form of animals (such as thehedgehog discovered at Hhle Fels (Germany) orthe insect from Coloptre [Belgium]) or some oftheir parts (sea urchin spikes from Freudenthal

[Switzerland]). Discs have been recorded (Nebra andPetersfels [Germany]), and also a perforated sagaiepoint with an anthropormophic figure at Ratirska(Czech Republic), and other objects with complex

decoration (plaques from Jankovich [Hungary] andVerlaine [Belgium]).

Raw materials of mineral origin

Jet was a common raw material for manufacturingpendants in the Magdalenian. A large number of



FIG. 3. Gnnersdorf. Reindeer incisors sawn off at the heightof the alveoles. Experimental reconstruction of anecklace made from sawn off reindeer incisors (Foto:Museum Monrepos).


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Central European sites have yielded very small beads

(in some cases less than 0.5 mm in size), in variousshapes: cylindrical, biconical, spherical, discoid, etc.made out of this organogenic rock. In the case ofthe German site of Gnnersdorf, it was possible toreconstruct the chane opratoireof the manufactureof these beads (lvarezFernndez, 1999). They areequally abundant at sites in the south of Germanyand north of Switzerland, especially in the latefinal Magdalenian (Moosbhl, Petersfels [CzechRepublic]). Much more carefully worked objectssometimes appear with the beads. Some of the moreimportant are the animal figures (Teyjat, Petersfels)and the imitations of sea urchin spikes (Kesslerloch).

Discs and Petersfels type feminine figures havebeen recorded at a group of sites very near eachother in SW Germany and Northern Switzerland.The discs appear at Schweizerswild and Kesslerloch,and also at Ochozska. The Petersfels type femininefigurines come from sites like NeuchtelMonruzand Petersfels (lvarezFernndez, 2006) (Figs. 7and 8).



FIG. 4. Location of Magdalenian sites in Central Europe with pendants made from fox canines.

FIG. 5. Perforated fox premolars from Gnnersdorf and An-dernach-Martinsberg-2.


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This raw material is found in geological deposits

close to the archaeological sites. This is the case ofthe Gnnersdorf artefacts, whose raw materialprobably came from gravel banks in the River Rhine(lvarezFernndez, 1999). The most abundant jetdeposits are located in the south of Germany andthe north of Switzerland (mainly in Hegau andSchaffhausen) (Erisen, 1991).

Among the metamorphic rocks, schist wasused to manufacture discs, like those found atAndernachMartinsberg2 and Gnnersdorf (someof them decorated with nonfigurative motifs). Thisraw material was found in the immediate areaaround the sites. However, their use as personalornaments is doubtful. They may be related withthe construction and preparation of habitationstructures (lvarezFernndez, 1999; Bosinski,1977, 1981; Terberger, 1997).

Hematite is the most important sedimentaryrock to be used. It is found in the form of beads andother pendants which show signs of being scrapedto extract ochre dust or to give them a certain shape.

Examples were found at Gnnersdorf (lvarez

Fernndez, 1999), at Kniegrotte (Hck, 2000) andat Petersfels (Albrecht, 1979). A sandstone disc wasfound at Nebra (Mania, 1999).

2.2. The Context of Pendants in Central Europeduring the Magdalenian

Research into the contexts of beads and pendantsat prehistoric sites, and the elements they areassociated with (stone tools, funerary structures,hearth structures, etc.) allow them to be linked tocertain activities (of the ritual or funerary kind, inrelation with their manufacture, etc.). In order tocarry out this research effectively, it is necessary tohave archaeological information of a very highquality. Most of the Central European Palaeolithicand Mesolithic sites were dug at the end of the 19thcentury and in the first half of the 20th century.The techniques used at this time were not usuallysufficient to record objects of adornmentpendants,



FIG. 6. Location of Magdalenian sites in Central Europe with pendants made from red deer atrophied canines.


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fox, three of them perforated, a fragment of lava

with a hole, and schist discs in different stages of themanufacturing process (one completely perforated,three in the course of being perforated, and oneperforated and broken in prehistoric times). In myopinion, this was a place connected with theproduction of artefacts (lvarezFernndez, 1999,2006).

In Pit 19 in Concentration I, a large number ofartefacts were found in a sediment rich in pulverisedhematite. The pit was 30 cm in diameter and 10 cmdeep and was covered by a large schist slab. Inside itthey found six perforated atrophied canines of reddeer, 38 small beards of different shapes (discoid,

rectangular, biconical, etc.) made out of jet, and twoperforated teeth of arctic fox. All of these had beenused as pendants. This pit has been identified as adeposit in which a necklace had been placed, whichwas later covered by the remains of a Magdalenianoccupation (Bosinski, 1979a: 143). The study of thispieces showed that these items displayed marks ofuse in their perforations (lvarezFernndez, 1999).

This interpretation is equally plausible for some

of the shell beads recorded at AndernachMartinsberg2. At the bottom of pit 12 inConcentration II at this openair site, they found atotal of 46 examples of H. sanguineum and anexample ofCyclopesp. (cf. Cyclope pellucida), as wellas lithic remains and mammal bones (horse and arcticfox) (EickhoffCziesla, 1992; Street, 1993) (Fig. 9).To these items, we can add another two of the firstof the mentioned species that was recovered from theMagdalenian occupation layer, very near the pit. Thishas been interpreted as an intentional container ofobjects (Veil, 1984: 191). Their analysis shows thatthe perforations in these snail shells had become

polished through use (lvarezFernndez, 2006).Another way of obtaining data about the context

of the objects is by studying funerary structures.These give us information about the possible goodsthat accompanied the deceased (their position onthe body, the combinations used when making upa necklace, etc.). Further information is based onthe use of different raw materials, the place or places



FIG. 8. Location of Magdalenian sites in Central Europe with Petersfels type feminine schematic figures.


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where these were collected, the time needed to makethe forms of suspension, the marks of use, etc. Aburial represents a closed context; all the personalornaments in association with it are contemporarywith it. However, in practice, this is not always true.To assess these finds correctly, we must be sure thatpossible postdepositional problems have not beenignored; any factors that might have affected theburial after it had taken place (later secondaryburials, bioturbation, etc.). There are two funerarystructures in Central Europe traditionally ascribedto the Magdalenian: one in the cave of MittlereKlause (Bavaria, Germany) and the other at theopenair site of BonnOberkassel (North Rhine Westphalia, Germany). At the present, the chronologyof both burials is debatable3. Only the one at BonnOberkassel has a single object: a reindeer incisor

with the root sawn off, associated with a vertebra ofone of the bodies.

2.3. Convergences and divergences between Magdalenian

personal ornaments from Western and CentralEurope

The data currently available about personalornaments from Magdalenian sites in CentralEurope indicates that contacts existed with groupslocated in the Southwest of Europe. The clearestevidence for this is the presence of perforated shellsof marine molluscs from the Mediterranean andAtlantic, in areas that are over 600 km from thecoasts. The presence of exclusively Mediterraneanspecies, like C. pellucida or H. sanguineum, has been

noted not only in Central Europe but also atMagdalenian sites in Southwest Europe, in theDordogne, along the Pyrnes and in CantabrianSpain (lvarezFernndez, 2006) (Fig. 10).

The existence of shells of the species L. obtusataand N. lapillus, which are now typically Atlanticspecies, could suggest contacts with both coasts, asboth of these could have colonised the Mediterraneanduring the Late Glacial period. However, these recentmolluscs have so far only been recorded at the morewestern sites within Central Europe, located in thebasins of the Rhine (Gnnersdorf, Munzingen) andthe Upper Danube (Hhle Fels).

The presence of fossil molluscs is more difficultto evaluate, as the same species may appear in severalsedimentary basins. It would be logical to supposethat they were procured at the source nearest to thearchaeological site. Even so, the classification ofthese fossil molluscs suggests that longrangecontacts existed (Affolter et al., 1994; Flbot Augustins, 1997; Floss, 1994; Hladilov, 1999;Kozowski et al., 1993; Lazar, 1974; Rhle, 1983;Sedlmeier, 1982; Welter, 20012002).

As regards the teeth, most of the examples comefrom animals among the species that were hunted

for food, as is the case of the reindeer and horse. Inthe case of the teeth of carnivorous animals, theymay have been collected when they were hunted fortheir skins, or possibly they were taken from theskulls of dead animals. However, red deer is absentfrom the faunal assemblage of most of the sites(Gnnersdorf, AndernachMartinsberg2, etc.) sothe presence of their atrophied canines suggests that



3 No personal ornaments were found associated withthe burial in Mittlere Klause, which was dug by H. Ober

maier at the beginning of the 20 th century. It has beendated directly (UCLA1869: 18200 200 BP: 19948 348 cal BC) (Wller, 1999). The double tomb at BonnOberkassel, discovered in 1914, has been ascribed to theMagdalenian IV in H. Breuils classification because of thepresence of an incomplete contour dcoup(Bosinski, 1982;Wller, 1999). The dates taken from the bodies indicatethat the burials should be ascribed to the Dryas II (Baales,2002).

FIG. 9.Andernach-Martinsberg-2 (Rhineland-Palatinate,Germany). Perforated examples ofH. sanguineumfrom Pit 12 (Foto: Museum Monrepos).


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they were probably procured through contacts withgroups occupying areas further to the south.

There were two main techniques in use to enablethese teeth to be suspended: sawing them andperforating them. Most of the reindeer incisors weresawn off at the alveoles. This way of working theteeth is characteristic of the Magdalenian in Europe,from the middle part of the period onwards, and hasbeen found at numerous archaeological sites (Fig.11), and in the teeth of other animals (bovineincisors, etc.). However, as occurs with the recent

shells, sawn teeth have so far only been found at themore western sites within Central Europe. Most ofthe teeth made into pendants lack decoration,which contrasts with the varied decoration on teethfound at sites in Southwest Europe.

Beads and pendants made out of bone, antlerand ivory are less commonly found in deposits.These materials are suitable for engraving

naturalistic or schematic figures on their surface, orfor sculpting into the shape of animals. Among thistype of objects, the most important are rondellesmade out of bone. This kind of disc with a centralperforation is characteristic of middle Magdaleniandeposits in the Southwest of Europe, whereas theyappear somewhat later (latefinal Magdalenian) inCentral Europe (lvarezFernndez, 2006; Corchnand Rivero, 2008) (Fig. 12).

The most commonly used raw material ofmineral origin was jet. This organogenic rock is very

common in Magdalenian sites in the rest of Europe.As deposits of jet can be found near many Europeanarchaeological sites, this is a local type of rawmaterial. As well as for manufacturing beads, it wasused to make small animal statuettes. The discs withcentral perforation and the Petersfels type offeminine figures are only known in regions ofCentral Europe (lvarezFernndez, 2006) (Fig. 13).



FIG. 10. Distribution of European Magdalenian sites with marine molluscs of exclusively Mediterranean origin, transformedinto pendants.


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FIG. 11. Distribution of Magdalenian sites in Europe with reindeer incisors sawn off at the alveoles.

FIG. 12. Distribution of European Magdalenian sites with rondelles made out of bone.


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3. Final considerations

Most of the personal ornaments recorded atMagdalenian sites in Central Europe come from its

western sector, where the number of known sites isgreater than in the rest of the area. From the middleMagdalenian onwards, the presence of pendants inthis area precisely is clear evidence of contacts withareas in Southwest Europe, where the marinemolluscs of Atlantic or Mediterranean origin weremade into beads. The provenance of the other rawmaterials used to make this objects is almostimpossible to establish, but owing to their small sizeand little weight, they are easy to transport, whichmakes them ideal artefacts to be exchanged withother regions. This is the case of red deer atrophiedcanines, found perforated in Magdalenian deposits

in Central Europe, where there no remains in thefaunal assemblage showing this animal are hadbeen hunted. The presence of artefacts made outof other raw materials could indicate the groupmanufactured them with locally obtained material(perhaps at times imitating the same forms anddecorations as those of their neighbours) or couldbe a result of exchanges with other groups.

In this way, the study of the Magdalenianpersonal ornaments found in Europe suggests theexistence of a quite complex network of contactsbetween different groups of huntergatherers during

this time.

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