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of respondents is sufficient to assume the results arerepresentative of the common opinion in the basin.Cenranae. selection of the survey results is shown inFigure 2.

Figure 1. Tempe Lake at Sulawesi Island, Indonesia

Picture 1The district is one of the frequently flooded areas in theCenranae.

Picture 2Lives in District Wallennae, The Bugis Tribe, Indonesia

Tabel 1 Actions of residents during floods and preparationbefore the flood

Action

Location

Upstream DownstreamArea without

flooding

Preparationbefore

theflood

1.Plantationresult thatcan pluck

2.Preparingthe boat

1.Preparing theboat,reinforcehome floor,and thefoundation.

2.They setbreakwater atthe door, sowater cantentering tothe house.

Flooding

Agricultureequipmentsaves fromwater (enteredto the boat),and find themuster point.

1.Assemblingbamboo tomake roadand otherfacilities thatbrokenbecause theflood

2.When thewater comestide, evacuatesome items tothe higherplace in thehouse (attic),and they canstay at theattic in theirhouse.

Help theirparents / oldpeoples torescue andhelp otherpeoples tosave theiritems.

(a). Upstream

(b). DownstreamFigure 2. Selection of the survey results

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Floods in this basin occur due to a rise in the water levelof Tempe Lake. In many of the floods, the river waterlevel rises by a few dozen centimeters per day and thetime of water level rising/lowering, as well as theduration of inundation is longer than common floods inJapan. Due to these flood characteristics and absence ofgovernment evacuation procedures, locals monitor thewater level and make the decision on evacuationthemselves. Children and the elderly people offer suffer

during floods if the evacuation timing is too late or whenthey venture out into unsafe conditions.

As shown in Picture 2, most of the houses in this districthave a one-story hall and residential space on the secondfloor. The houses structure enables residents to moveimportant items to the attic of the second floor in the eventof a flood. Many houses are equipped with an evacuationboat on the first floor (Picture 3). In the event of a floodthat requires people to evacuate, the water reaches theheight of roof of the second floor (Picture 4).

Picture 3 Houses structure enables residents to move importantitems to the attic of the second floor in the event of aflood and houses are equipped with an evacuation boaton the first floor.

Picture 4 The water reaches the height of roof of the second

floor.

Many of the respondents were born in this district, and asshown in Figure 2, although the district is a frequentflooding zone, most respond that they are notparticularly conscious of the floods and they see floodsnot as a special thing but as a usual event.Many of them answer to the question regarding theadministrative procedures that they would like to beprovided with bamboo for reconstructing houses and withfood during evacuations. In addition, some respondentsanswered that earthwork should be implemented for theTempe Lake as a countermeasure against flooding.

3.2 DiscussionThe following section describes a comparison with asimilar survey in Japan (Tai et al. 2010) and the lessons forthe future.One of the causes of damage in flood disasters in Japan isthat due to rapid urbanization, levees and dams have

been constructed so that people can live in in areas thatare originally flood prone (Hashimoto et al. 2013). Suchareas are significantly prone to floods of scales greaterthan anticipated in the flood control plan. On the otherhand, many residents have lived in the district forgenerations and their lifestyle is based on theirunderstanding that the district is a frequent flooding zone.The Indonesian survey respondents had lowerexpectations regarding the disaster measuresimplemented by the administration, compared to theexpectations reported in the Japanese survey.Furthermore, residents of Sengkang City, to which peopleevacuate to in the event of a flood, offer protection to theevacuees as a matter of course. This is because of thedeeply rooted concept of SIPAKAIGAT a word from theBugis language, which means, other people's suffering ismy suffering as well. In Japan, where administrativeservices have been developed, people tend to depend onthe administration in many cases including the times of

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emergency and the consciousness of self- and mutual-protection is much less than that of the people RiverCenranae in Indonesia. However, flood disasters due tothe influence of climate change frequently occur in Japan.Enhancement in the personal consciousness of flooding,as exhibited by the people of River Cenranae in Indonesia,would be beneficial, especially in rural areas whereconstruction of large-scale flood control facilities in thefuture is unlikely.

4.

CONCLUSIONS

Oral surveys on the consciousness of flooding have beenconducted with residents in the River Cenranae inIndonesia. The results have been compared with theresults of similar survey conducted by Tai et al. (2010) inJapan. The major results of this study show that:

(1) due to the small contribution of the government todisaster prevention in the River Cenranae and otherfrequent flood zones, consciousness of self- and mutual-help in this region is very strong; and

(2) peoples lifestyle in these areas is based on the premisethat floods occur frequently.

In the future, intensification of disasters due to climatechange is anticipated. This means that disasters beyondcurrent projections may occur in the areas where floodcontrol facilities are developed under the currentstandards. As exemplified in the case of Japan, manypeople living in such areas live their lives on the premisethat they will not suffer from flood damage, and as such,are extremely vulnerable to flood disasters. In addition,costly measures such as flood-control dams are not likelyto be implemented in rural areas in Japan. In these cases,

it will be necessary to alter peoples flood consciousnessand lifestyles, and create communities with a strong in-built resistance to flooding, as described in the results ofthis survey with the residents of River cenranae inIndonesia.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This research was supported by the EnvironmentResearch and Technology Development Fund (S-8) ofthe Ministry of the Environment, Japan.

REFERENCES

Akihiro HASHIMOTO, Akira TAI, Hideo OSHIKAWA,Toshimitsu KOMATSU(2013),Characteristics of flooddisaster and evacuation activities of residents atAmami Oshima Island, Japan,IAHS Publ. Red BookSeries, 357, pp.48-56.

Akira TAI, Akihiro HASHIMOTO, Hideo OSHIKAWA,Toshimitsu KOMATSU, Investigation of flood disasterand evacuation activity of residents in the Sumiyoriver basin in Amami Oshima Island on October 20,2010, Advances in River Engineering, JSCE, Volume17, pp.473-478.(in Japanese).

Ayaka YASUNAGA, Hironori HAYASHI, KazuakiOTSUKI, Tatsuro SATO, Hironobu TATEMICHI and

Yukihiro SHIMATANI, Feature of 20th OCT. 2010Flood and Evacuation Activity in the Amami Island,Advances in River Engineering, JSCE, Volume 18,pp.511-516.(in Japanese).