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IAEA Small Quantities Protocol (SQP)Safeguards Policy Course Monterey Institute of International StudiesJune 2012Bill Moore LLNL-PRES-559814This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLCLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#1The Small Quantities Protocol (SQP) allows a NNWS that declares a lack of significant nuclear activity to hold in abeyance the implementation of most safeguards measures provided for in Part II of INFCIRC/153A state is eligible for the SQP if it holds less than the amount of nuclear material that could be exempted from safeguards under Article 37 of INFCIRC/153 and no nuclear facilitiesThe SQP is an addendum to a states Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement (CSA)

What is the Small Quantities Protocol?Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#The purpose of IAEA safeguards was verification of declared nuclear material in declared facilitiesMany NNWS that ratified the NPT had no nuclear material and no nuclear activitiesLimited budget and manpower within the IAEA required the development of a system to prioritize needs and reduce redundancyIncentivize more States to join NPT by making the conclusion of a CSA less burdensome

Motivations for development of the SQP (1971 - 1974)Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#1968 - Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) negotiated and ratifiedArticle III requires NNWS to enter into a safeguards agreement with the IAEA

1971 - Model Safeguards Agreement approved by IAEA Board of Governors (INFCIRC/153)The basis for negotiating Comprehensive Safeguards Agreements (CSA) between IAEA and NNWSHistory of the SQPLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#1974 The Standard Text of Safeguards Agreements in Connection with the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (GOV/INF/276) was agreed upon by the BOGA listing of changes that could be made to standard INFCIRC/153 text.The major substantive change was for NNWS that declare no significant nuclear activities; they could adopt the Small Quantities Protocol (GOV/INF/276 Annex B)History of the SQP (cont.)Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#1991 Discovery of Iraqs clandestine nuclear weapons program drives IAEA towards adopting a strengthened safeguards regime 1997 IAEA adopts the Model Additional Protocol (AP) INFCIRC/540History of the SQP (cont.)

2005 IAEA adopts Modified Small Quantities Protocol (GOV/INF/276/Mod.1)Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#Report nuclear material import / exportProvide design information for any existing nuclear facilityProvide notification to IAEA 6 months in advance of introducing nuclear material into a new facilityAll provisions of Part II of CSA held in abeyance except articles 32, 33, 38, 41 and 90

What are the safeguards obligations for an SQP State?

Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#The initial declaration that a State might provide establishing its eligibility for an SQP may now be 25 years oldIAEA has no ability to verify that this initial declaration, if it exists, was or is still is true.IAEA has no right to conduct inspections in SQP States *IAEA has no easy mechanism to request further informationWhat are the shortcomings to the SQP?

Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#GOV/INF/276/Mod.1 Approved by BOG September, 2005Purpose is to address the identified gaps in the original textBOG agrees to only approve modified SQP going forwardThe Modified Small Quantities Protocol

Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#Provide an initial nuclear materials declarationAnnual reports required Report nuclear material import / exportIncluding pre-34c materialProvide design information for any existing nuclear facilityProvide notification to IAEA as soon as a decision is made to build a nuclear facility As a result of a notification to the IAEA of a decision to build a nuclear facility, Modified SQP immediately ceases to applyHolds in abeyance provisions of Part II of the CSA, with the exception of Articles 32-38, 40, 48, 49, 59, 61, 67, 68, 70, 72-76, 82, 84-90, 94 and 95

The Modified Small Quantities Protocol, whats different?Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#The increased authority of the IAEA to conduct safeguards inspections in Modified SQP States STILL relies on the initial declaration. If the facility and/or material is not declared in the initial declaration, the IAEA has no authority to conduct inspections

EXCEPTION: IAEA holds the ability to conduct a special inspection (INFCIRC/153 Part 1, Article 18)A Reminder!

Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#BarbadosBelizeBhutanBoliviaBrunei DarussalamCambodiaCameroonDominicaEthiopiaGrenadaGuyanaLao P.D.RMaldivesMyanmarNauruNepalOmanPapa New GuineaSt. Kitts & NevisSaint LuciaSt. V. & The GrandinesSamoaSaudi ArabiaSierra LeoneSolomon IslandsSudanSurinameTongaTrinidad & TobagoTuvuluYemen

SQP States (As of 2012)Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#Antigua and BarbadosAzerbaijanThe BahamasBahrainBeninBurkina FassoBurundiCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadComorosCongoCosta RicaCroatiaDjiboutiDominican RepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorGambiaGuatemalaGuineaHoly SeeHondurasIcelandKenyaLebanonLesothoMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritiusMonacoMontenegroMozambiqueNicaraguaPalauPanamaQatarRepublic of MoldovaRwandaSan MarinoSenegalSeychellesSingaporeSwazilandTajikistanThe F.Y.R. of MacedoniaTimor-LesteTogoUgandaUnited Rep. of TanzaniaVanuatuZimbabwe

Modified SQP States (As of 2012)Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#Antigua and BarbadosAzerbaijanThe BahamasBahrainBeninBurkina FassoBurundiCape VerdeCentral African RepublicChadComorosCongoCosta RicaCroatiaDjiboutiDominican RepublicEcuadorEl SalvadorGambiaGuatemalaGuineaHoly SeeHondurasIcelandKenyaLebanonLesothoMadagascarMalawiMaliMauritiusMonacoMontenegroMozambiqueNicaraguaPalauPanamaQatarRepublic of MoldovaRwandaSan MarinoSenegalSeychellesSingaporeSwazilandTajikistanThe F.Y.R. of MacedoniaTimor-LesteTogoUgandaUnited Rep. of TanzaniaVanuatuZimbabwe

Modified SQP States with an Additional Protocol (As of 2012)Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#Since the adoption by the BOG in 2005 of the Modified SQP, the IAEA has exchanged letters with SQP States and held workshops to encourage engagement As of 2012, 53 of 84 SQP NNWS have adopted the modified text

IAEA Outreach to SQP StatesLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#QUESTIONS??Lawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLLNL-PRES-559814#