I. The Russian Revolution
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I. The Russian Revolution
Vladimir LeninTsar Nicholas II
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A. Russian Civil War1. Russia: largest army in world (1916 ran out of supplies…)
2. Tsar Nicholas II lived in luxury…family eventually executed
3. “February Revolution” (1917): massive strikes & protests
- tsar abdicated throne- “Provisional Government” formed led by Kerensky
4. Marxists emerge: “Bolsheviks” led by V.I. Lenin
- “October Revolution” (1917): Lenin takes power- 1918: Russia leaves WWI (lost 1/3 of territory)
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The Romanov Family
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B. New Economic Policy (N.E.P.)1. 1918: Russian Civil War…by 1921 Communist “Red
Army” wins
2. 1922: creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.)
3. Russian economy in shambles…Lenin’s New Economic Policy: restored production by relaxing government controls (Peace, Land, & Bread)
4. Death of Lenin (1924): struggle for power & Leon Trotsky forced out by Joseph Stalin
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Soviets
National Congress
Committees
Politburo
General Secretary of the Communist Party
Leninism
Politburo
The Russian State from 1918 until 1989
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Joseph Stalin Leon Trotsky
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C. German Civil War?1. brink of civil war in Germany
(1923):
- French occupied Ruhr Valley- severe hyperinflation
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II. China & Japan:
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A. Issues in the Far East
1. Early 1900s China:
– rapid population growth– weakened Qing dynasty– brutal warlords & tax collectors– devastating floods of Yellow River
2. Japan had few natural resources
– expansion…
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B. East Asia1. China:
– landlords– wealthy merchants– peasants– foreigners
2. Japan:
– industrialization aggravated social tensions– urbanites against “traditionalists”– wealthy zaibatsu (large companies) vs. poor farmers
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C. Chinese Revolutions (1900–1918)1. Boxer Rebellion (“Righteous Fists of Harmony”) 1899-
1901: anti-imperialist & anti-Christian movement…China defeated & humiliated
2. Chinese Revolution (1911): revolution to overthrow the Qing by Army mutiny: Sun Yat-sen elected as president of China
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Last Emperor of China: Puyi
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D. Chinese Warlords
1. Paris Peace Conference: Japan controlled German colonies in China
- riots in Beijing
2. China’s regional generals (warlords) plundered & taxed countryside
- treaty ports prospered
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E. Chiang Kai-shek
1. Sun Yat-sen welcomed members of the new Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
2. Sun’s successor Chiang Kai-shek:
– crushes regional warlords (1927)– crushes Communist Party– industrialization & modernization– corrupt administrators– forced to Taiwan