I SEMESTER LINEAR ALGEBRA Subject Code - VTU · I SEMESTER LINEAR ALGEBRA Subject Code : 12EC046 IA...

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I SEMESTER LINEAR ALGEBRA Subject Code : 12EC046 IA Marks : 50

No. of Lecture Hours/Week : 04 Exam Marks : 03

Total No. of Lecture Hours : 52 Exam Hours : 100

Linear equations: Fields; system of linear equations, and its solution sets; elementary row operations and echelon forms; matrix operations; invertible matrices, LU-factorization. (Ref.2 Chap.1) Vector Spaces: Vector spaces; subspaces; bases and dimension; coordinates; summary of row-equivalence; computations concerning subspaces. (Ref.1 Chap.2) Linear Transformations: Linear transformations; algebra of linear transformations; isomorphism; representation of transformations by matrices; linear functionals; transpose of a linear transformation. (Ref.2 Chap.3) Canonical Forms: Characteristic values; annihilating polynomials; invariant subspaces; direct-sum decompositions; invariant direct sums; primary decomposition theorem; cyclic bases; Jordan canonical form. Iterative estimates of characteristic values. (Ref.2 Chap.6) Inner Product Spaces: Inner products; inner product spaces; orthogonal sets and projections; Gram-Schmidt process; QR-factorization; least-square problems; unitary operators. (Ref.1 Chap.8) Symmetric Matrices and Quadratic Forms: Digitalization; quadratic forms; constrained optimization; singular value decomposition. (Ref.2 Chap.7) Reference Books:

1.Gilbert Strang, "Linear Algebra and its Applications”, 3rd edition, Thomson Learning Asia, 2003. 2.Kenneth Hoffman and Ray Kunze, "Linear Algebra ," 2nd edition, Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd/ Prentice Hall of India, 2004. 3.David C. Lay, “Linear Algebra and its Applications,” 3rd edition, Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd, 2005. 4.Bernard Kolman and David R. Hill, "Introductory Linear Algebra with Applications," Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd, 7th edition, 2003.

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ANTENNA THEORY & DESIGN

Subject Code : 12EC011 IA Marks : 50

No. of Lecture Hours/Week : 04 Exam Hours : 03

Total No. of Lecture Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

Antenna Fundamentals and Definitions: Radiation mechanism - over view, Electromagnetic Fundamentals, Solution of Maxwell’s Equations for Radiation Problems, Ideal Dipole, Radiation Patterns, Directivity and Gain, Antenna Impedance, Radiation Efficiency. Antenna Polarization Resonant Antennas: Wires and Patches, Dipole ntennas, Yagi - Uda Antennas, Micro strip Antenna. Arrays: Array factor for linear arrays, uniformly excited, equally spaced Linear arrays, pattern multiplication, directivity of linear arrays, non- uniformly excited -equally spaced linear arrays, Mutual coupling, multidimensional arrays, phased arrays, feeding techniques, perspective on arrays. Broad band Antennas: Traveling - wave antennas, Helical antennas, Biconical antennas, sleave antennas, and Principles of frequency - independent Antennas, spiral antennas, and Log - Periodic Antennas. Aperture Antennas: Techniques for evaluating Gain, reflector antennas - Parabolic reflector antenna principles, Axi -symmetric parabolic reflector antenna, offset parabolic reflectors, dual reflector antennas, Gain calculations for reflector antennas, feed antennas for reflectors, field representations, matching the feed to the reflector, general feed model, feed antennas used in practice. Antenna Synthesis: Formulation of the synthesis problem, synthesis principles, line sources shaped beam synthesis, linear array shaped beam synthesis — Fourier Series, Woodward — Lawson sampling method, comparison of shaped beam synthesis methods, low side lobe narrow main beam synthesis methods Dolph Chebyshev linear array, Taylor line source method. Method of Moments : Introduction to method of Moments, Pocklington’s integral equation, integral equations and Kirchoff’s Networking Equations, Source Modeling Weighted residuals formulations and computational consideration, calculation of antenna and scatter characteristics.

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CEM for Antennas : Finite Difference Time Domain Method Geometrical Optics Wedge diffraction theory, ray fixed coordinate system, uniform theory of wedge diffraction, E - Plane analysis of Horn antennas. Cylindrical parabolic antenna, radiation by a slot on a finite ground plane, radiation by a monopole on a finite ground plane, equivalent current concepts, multiple diffraction formulation, by curved surfaces, physical optics, method of stationary phase, Physical theory of diffraction, cylindrical parabolic reflector antennas. REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.C. A. Balanis: “Antenna Theory Analysis and Design”, John Wiley, 2nd Edition, 1997 2.Kraus: “Antennas”, McGraw Hill, TMH, 3rd/4th Edition. 3.Stutzman and Thiele, “Antenna Theory and Design”, 2ndEd, John Wiley and Sons Inc.. 4.Sachidananda et. el, “Antenna and Propagation”, Pearson Edu.

Laboratory Experiments:

1. MATLAB / C Implementation to obtain radiation pattern of an antenna 2. Experimental study of radiation pattern of antenna. 3. Significance of pocklington’s integral equation 4. Measurement techniques of radiation characteristics of antenna. 5. Survey on frequency independent antennas 6. Analysis of E plane and H- plane Horns.

( Any other experiments can be added to supplement the theory)

ADVANCED DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS




Digital Modulation Techniques: Digital Modulation Formats, Coherent Binary Modulation Techniques, Coherent Quadrature –Modulation

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Techniques, NonCoherent Binary Modulation Techniques, Comparison of Binary and Quaternary Modulation Techniques, M-ary Modulation Techniques, Power Spectra, Bandwidth Efficiency, M-ary Modulation formats viewed in the Light of the channel capacity Theorem, Effect of Intersymbol Interference, Bit Versus Symbol Error Probabilities, Synchronisation, Applications.

Coding Techniques: Convolutional Encoding, Convolutional Encoder Representation, Formulation of the Convolutional Decoding Problem, Properties of Convolutional Codes: Distance property of convolutional codes, Systematic and Nonsystematic Convolutional Codes, Performance Bounds for Convolutional Codes, Coding Gain. Other Convolutional Decoding Algorithms: Sequential Decoding, Feedback Decoding,Turbo Codes.

Communication through band limited linear filter channels: Optimum receiver for channels with ISI and AWGN, Linear equalization, Decision-feedback equalization, reduced complexity ML detectors, Iterative equalization and decoding-Turbo equalization.

Adaptive Equalization: Adaptive linear equalizer, adaptive decision feedback equalizer, adaptive equalization of Trellis- coded signals, Recursive least squares algorithms for adaptive equalization, self recovering (blind) equalization.

Spread Spectrum Signals for Digital Communication: Model of Spread Spectrum Digital Communication System, Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals, Frequency-Hopped Spread Spectrum Signals, CDMA, time-hopping SS, Synchronization of SS systems.

Digital Communication Through Fading Multi-Path Channels: Characterization of fading multi-path channels, the effect of signal characteristics on the choice of a channel model, frequency-Nonselective, slowly fading channel, diversity techniques for fading multi-path channels, Digital signal over a frequency-selective, slowly fading channel, coded wave forms for fading channels, multiple antenna systems.

REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. John G. Proakis, ―Digital Communications‖, 4th edition, McGraw Hill, 2001. 2. Bernard Sklar,

―”Digital Communications - Fundamentals and Applications”, 2nd

Edition Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd, 2001. 3. Simon Haykin, ― Digital Communications‖, John Wiley and Sons,

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4. Andrew J. Viterbi, ―CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communications‖, Prentice Hall, USA, 1995. --------------------------------------------------- Advanced Communication Lab List of Experiments:- 1.Measurements of directivity and beamwidth of the following antennae from their Radiation pattern: Pyramidal from ( Waveguide type). Parabola (dish type). 2.Determination of Modes, Transit time, Electronic timing range and sensitivity of Klystron source. 3.Determination of VI charaterstic of GUNN Diode and measurement of guide wavelength, frequency and VSWR. 4.Determination of coupling coefficient and insertion loss of directional coupler and magic tree. 5.Antenna Resonance and Gain Bandwidth measurements.. 6.Generation of bi-phase code from NRZ and vice-versa. 7.Digital modulation of speech signals and demodulation. 8.Gerantion of pseudo-random code using shift register, filtering. 9.Voice and data multiplexing (TDM) using optical fiber. 10.Performance of digital modulation and demodulation of known signals in presence of noise. 11.Study of WGN, computation of its auto-correlation and statistical parameter (MATLBA/SCILAB may used). 12.Discrete version of DPSK modulation & demodulation. 13.ASK, PSK and FSK using CD4051 IC.

Any other experiments may be added to supplement the theory. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PROBOBILITY AND RANDOM PROCESS Subject Code : 12EC124 IA Marks : 50



Introduction to Probability Theory: Experiments, sample space, Events, Axioms, Assigning probabilities, Joint and conditional probabilities, Baye’s Theorem, Independence, Discrete Random Variables, Engg Example.

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Random Variables, Distributions, Density Functions: CDF, PDF, Gaussian random variable, Uniform Exponential, Laplace, Gamma, Erlang, Chi-Square, Raleigh, Rician and Cauchy types of random variables. Operations on a Single R V: Expected value, EV of Random variables, EV of functions of Random variables, Central Moments, Conditional expected values. Characteristic functions, Probability generating functions, Moment generating functions, Engg applications, Scalar quantization, entropy and source coding.

Pairs of Random variables, Joint CDF, joint PDF, Joint probability mass functions, Conditional Distribution, density and mass functions, EV involving pairs of Random variables, Independent Random variables, Complex Random variables, Engg Application. Multiple Random Variables: Joint and conditional PMF, CDF, PDF,.EV involving multiple Random variables, Gaussian Random variable in multiple dimension, Engg application, linear prediction. Random Process: Definition and characterization, Mathematical tools for studying Random Processes, Stationary and Ergodic Random processes, Properties of ACF. Example Processes: Markov processes, Gaussian Processes, Poisson Processes, Engg application, Computer networks, Telephone networks. Reference Books:

1.S L Miller and D C Childers, “Probability and random processes: application to Signal processing and communication”, Academic Press / Elsivier 2004. 2.A. Papoullis and S U Pillai, “Probability, Random variables and stochastic processes” , McGraw Hill 2002 3.Peyton Z Peebles, “Probability, Random variables and Random signal principles”, TMH 4th Edition 2007 4. H Stark and Woods, Probability, random processes and applications”, PHI 2001

ELECTIVE – I

IMAGE AND VIDEO PROCESSING

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Introduction: 2D systems, Mathematical preliminaries – Fourier Transform, Z Transform, Optical & Modulation transfer function, Matrix theory, Random signals, Discrete Random fields, Spectral density function.(Ref.1 Chap.2) Image Perception: Light, Luminance, Brightness, Contrast, MTF of the visual system, Visibility function, Monochrome vision models, Fidelity criteria, Color representation, Chromaticity diagram, Color coordinate systems, Color difference measures, Color vision model, Temporal properties of vision.(Ref.1 Chap.3) Image Sampling and Quantization: Introduction, 2D sampling theory, Limitations in sampling & reconstruction, Quantization, Optimal quantizer, Compander, Visual quantization. (Ref.1 Chap.4) Image Transforms: Introduction, 2D orthogonal & unitary transforms, Properties of unitary transforms, DFT, DCT, DST, Hadamard, Haar, Slant, KLT, SVD transform. (Ref.1 Chap.5) Image Representation by Stochastic Models: Introduction, one-dimensional Causal models, AR models, Non-causal representations, linear prediction in two dimensions. (Ref.1 Chap.6) Image Enhancement: Point operations, Histogram modeling, spatial operations, Transform operations, Multi-spectral image enhancement, false color and Pseudo-color, Color Image enhancement.(Ref.1 Chap.7) Image Filtering & Restoration: Image observation models, Inverse & Wiener filtering, Fourier Domain filters, Smoothing splines and interpolation, Least squares filters, generalized inverse, SVD and Iterative methods, Maximum entropy restoration, Bayesian methods, Coordinate transformation & geometric correction, Blind de-convolution. (Ref.1 Chap.8) Image Analysis & Computer Vision: Spatial feature extraction, Transform features, Edge detection, Boundary Extraction, Boundary representation, Region representation, Moment representation, Structure, Shape features, Texture, Scene matching & detection, Image segmentation, Classification Techniques. (Ref.1 Chap.9)

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Image Reconstruction from Projections: Introduction, Radon Transform, Back projection operator, Projection theorem, Inverse Radon transform, Fourier reconstruction, Fan beam reconstruction, 3D tomography. (Ref.1 Chap.10) Image Data Compression: Introduction, Pixel coding, Predictive techniques, Transform coding, Inter-frame coding, coding of two tone images, Image compression standards. (Ref.1 Chap.11) Video Processing: Fundamental Concepts in Video – Types of video signals, Analog video, Digital video, Color models in video, Video Compression Techniques – Motion compensation, Search for motion vectors, H.261, H.263, MPEG I, MPEG 2, MPEG 4, MPEG 7 and beyond, Content based video indexing. (Ref.4)

Reference Books:

1.K. Jain, “Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing”, Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd./Prentice Hall of India, 2004. 2.Z. Li and M.S. Drew, “Fundamentals of Multimedia”, Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd., 2004. 3.R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, “Digital Image Processing”, 2nd edition, Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd/Prentice Hall of India, 2004. 4.M. Tekalp, “Digital Video Processing”, Prentice Hall, USA, 1995.

MULTIMEDIA COMMUNICATION




Multimedia Communications: multimedia information representation, multimedia networks, multimedia applications, network QoS and application QoS. (Ref.1 Chap. 1) Information Representation: text, images, audio and video, Text and image compression, compression principles, text compression, image compression. Audio and video compression, audio compression, video compression, video compression principles, video compression standards: H.261, H.263, P1.323, MPEG 1, MPEG 2, Other coding formats for text, speech, image and video.(Ref 1 Chap 3 &4)

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Detailed Study of MPEG 4: coding of audiovisual objects, MPEG 4 systems, MPEG 4 audio and video, profiles and levels. MPEG 7 standardization process of multimedia content description, MPEG 21 multimedia framework, Significant features of JPEG 2000, MPEG 4 transport across the Internet. (Ref2. Chap.5) Synchronization: Notion of synchronization, presentation requirements, reference model for synchronization, Synchronization specification. Multimedia operating systems, Resource management, process management techniques. (Ref. 3. Cahp 9 & 11) Multimedia Communication Across Networks: Layered video coding, error resilient video coding techniques, multimedia transport across IP networks and relevant protocols such as RSVP, RTP, RTCP, DVMRP, multimedia in mobile networks, multimedia in broadcast networks. (Ref.2 Chap. 6) Assignments / Practicals can be given on writing the programs to encode and decode the various kinds of data by using the algorithms. Students can collect several papers from journals/conferences/Internet on a specific area of multimedia communications and write a review paper and make a presentation.

REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Fred Halsall, “Multimedia Communications”, Pearson education, 2001 2. K. R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Dragorad A. Milovanovic, “Multimedia Communication Systems”, Pearson education, 2004 3. Raif steinmetz, Klara Nahrstedt, “Multimedia: Computing, Communications and Applications”, Pearson education, 2002

4. John Billamil, Louis Molina, “Multimedia : An Introduction ”, PHI, 2002

DIGITAL SIGNAL COMPRESSION




Introduction: Compression techniques, Modeling & coding, Distortion criteria, Differential Entropy, Rate Distortion Theory, Vector Spaces,

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Information theory, Models for sources, Coding – uniquely decodable codes, Prefix codes, Kraft McMillan Inequality (Ref.1 Chap.2) Quantization: Quantization problem, Uniform Quantizer, Adaptive Quantization, Non-uniform Quantization; Entropy coded Quantization, Vector Quantization, LBG algorithm, Tree structured VQ, Structured VQ, Variations of VQ – Gain shape VQ, Mean removed VQ, Classified VQ, Multistage VQ, Adaptive VQ, Trellis coded quantization. (Ref.1 Chap.9&10) Differential Encoding: Basic algorithm, Prediction in DPCM, Adaptive DPCM, Delta Modulation, Speech coding – G.726, Image coding.(Ref.1 Chap.11) Transform Coding: Transforms – KLT, DCT, DST, DWHT; Quantization and coding of transform coefficients, Application to Image compression – JPEG, Application to audio compression.(Ref.1 Chap.13) Sub-band Coding: Filters, Sub-band coding algorithm, Design of filter banks, Perfect reconstruction using two channel filter banks, M-band QMF filter banks, Poly-phase decomposition, Bit allocation, Speech coding – G.722, Audio coding – MPEG audio, Image compression. (Ref.1 Chap.14) Wavelet Based Compression: Wavelets, Multiresolution analysis & scaling function, Implementation using filters, Image compression – EZW, SPIHT, JPEG 2000. (Ref.4 Chap.8) Analysis/Synthesis Schemes: Speech compression – LPC-10, CELP, MELP, Image Compression – Fractal compression. (Ref.1 Chap.17) Video Compression: Motion compensation, Video signal representation, Algorithms for video conferencing & videophones – H.261, H. 263, Asymmetric applications – MPEG 1, MPEG 2, MPEG 4, MPEG 7, Packet video. (Ref.4 Chap.10.11 & 12) Lossless Coding: Huffman coding, Adaptive Huffman coding, Golomb codes, Rice codes, Tunstall codes, Applications of Huffman coding, Arithmetic coding, Algorithm implementation, Applications of Arithmetic coding, Dictionary techniques – LZ77, LZ78, Applications of LZ78 – JBIG, JBIG2, Predictive coding – Prediction with partial match, Burrows Wheeler Transform, Applications – CALIC, JPEG-LS, Facsimile coding – T.4, T.6.(Ref.1 Chap.3)

REFERENCE BOOKS:

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1.K. Sayood, “ Introduction to Data Compression”, Harcourt India Pvt. Ltd. & Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1996. 2.N. Jayant and P. Noll, “Digital Coding of Waveforms: Principles and Applications to Speech and Video”, Prentice Hall, USA, 1984. 3.D. Salomon,” Data Compression: The Complete Reference”, Springer, 2000. 4.Z. Li and M.S. Drew, “Fundamentals of Multimedia”, Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd., 2004.

SEMESTER -II

WIRELESS COMMUNICATION




Wireless channel: physical modeling for wireless channels, input/output model of wireless channel, time and frequency response, statistical models. (Ref.1 Chap.2) Point to point communication: detection in rayleigh fading channel, time diversity, antenna diversity, frequency diversity, impact of channel uncertainity.(Ref.1 Chap.3) Diversity: Introduction, Microdiversity, Microdiversity and simulcast, Combination of Signals, Error Probability in fading channels with diversity Reception, transmit diversity. (Ref.2 Chap.13) Capacity of wireless channels: AWGN channel capacity, resources of AWGN channel, Linear time invariant gaussian channels, capacity of fading channels. (Ref.1 Chap.5) MIMO Systems: Introduction, Space Diversity and Systems Based on Space Diversity, Smart antenna system and MIMO, MIMO based System architecture, MIMO exploits multipath, Space time Processing, Antenna considerations for MIMO, MIMO channel Modeling, MIMO Channel measurement, MIMO Channel capacity, CDD, Space Time Coding, Advantages and Applications of MIMO, MIMO applications in 3G (Ref.4 Chap.15) MIMO 1 – Spatial multiplexing and channel modeling: multiplexing capability of MIMO channels, physical modeling of MIMO channels, modeling MIMO fading channels. (Ref.1 Chap.7) Multi Antennae Systems: Smart antennas, Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems,(Ref.2 Chap.20) References Books:

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1. David Tse, P. Viswanath, “Fundamentals of wireless communication”, Cambridge, 2006. 2. Andreas Molisch, “Wireless communications”, Wiley, 2009 3.William C Y Lee, “Mobile Communication Engineering Theory and applications”, TMGH, 2008 4. Upen Dalal, “Wireless communication”, Oxford, 2009 5. Mark Ciampa, Jorge Olenwa, “Wireless communications”, Cengage, 2007. ---------------------------------------------------------- Laboratory Experiments: Assignment for the Laboratory work: USE NS2 SIMULATOR (available FREE on the net) 1.Use NS2 simulator to check for the transmission power in the Wireless network. 2. Using NS2 measure the losses in the channel. 3. Using NS2 implement the propagation model both indoor and Out door. 4. Using NS2 measure the performance analysis of different models. 5. Using NS2 implement the CDMA model. 6. Using NS2 measure the Latency, BW and efficiency of the given Wireless model. Any other experiments can be added to supplement the theory. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ MODERN DSP Subject Code : 12EC123 IA Marks : 50



Goal of the course – Advances in Digital Signal Processing involve variable sampling rates and thus the multirate signal processing and hence their applications in communication systems and signal processing. It is intended to introduce a basic course in multirate signal processing especially meant for students of branches eligible for M Tech courses in EC related disciplines. Introduction and Discrete Fourier Transforms: Signals, Systems and Processing, Classification of Signals, The Concept of Frequency in Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals, Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion, Frequency-Domain Sampling: The Discrete Fourier

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Transform, Properties of the DFT, Linear Filtering Methods Based on the DFT. (Ref.1 Chap.1 & 7) Design of Digital Filters: General Considerations, Design of FIR Filters, Design of IIR Filters from Analog Filters, Frequency Transformations. (Ref.1 Chap.10) Multirate Digital Signal Processing: Introduction, Decimation by a factor ‘D’, Interpolation by a factor ‘I’, Sampling rate Conversion by a factor ‘I/D’, implementation of Sampling rate conversion, Multistage implementation of Sampling rate conversion, Sampling rate conversion of Band Pass Signals, Sampling rate conversion by an arbitrary factor, Applications of Multirate Signal Processing, Digital Filter banks, Two Channel Quadrature Mirror Filter banks, M-Channel QMF bank.(Ref.1 Chap.11) Adaptive Filters: Applications of Adaptive Filters, Adaptive Direct Form FIR Filters- The LMS Algorithm, Adaptive Direct Form Filters-RLS Algorithm. (Ref.1 Chap.13) References: 1. Proakis and Manolakis, “Digital Signal Processing”, Prentice Hall 1996. (third edition). 2. Roberto Cristi, “Modern Digital Signal Processing”, Cengage Publishers, India, (erstwhile Thompson Publications), 2003. 3. S.K. Mitra, “Digital Signal Processing: A Computer Based Approach” , III Ed, Tata McGraw Hill, India, 2007. 4. E.C. Ifeachor and B W Jarvis, “Digital Signal Processing, a practitioners approach,” II Edition, Pearson Education, India, 2002 Reprint. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Laboratory Experiments: I. Modern Digital Signal Processing

i. Using MATLAB 1 Question based on response of LTI systems to different inputs A LTI system is defined by the difference equation y[n]=x[n]+x[n-1]+x[n-2]. (a) Determine the impulse response of the system and sketch it. (b) Determine the output y[n] of the system when the input is x[n]=u[n]. (c) Determine the output of the system when the input is a complex exponential (Eg. x[n]=2ej0.2πn).

2.Question on design of simple digital filter using the relationship between

pole and zeros and the frequency response of the system Design a simple digital FIR filter with real co-efficients to remove a narrowband (i.e., sinusoidal) disturbance with frequency F0=50 Hz. Let

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Fs=300 Hz be the sampling frequency. (a) Determine the desired zeros and poles of the filter. (b) Determine the filter coefficients with the gain K=1 (c) Sketch the magnitude of the frequency response. 3 Question on simple digital filtering using the relationship between pole and zeros and the frequency response of the system Design an IIR filter with real co-efficients with same specifications mentioned in Q2 and repeat the steps (a) to (c). 4. Question to understand the effect of time domain windowing Generate a signal with two frequencies x(t)=3cos(2πF1t) + 2cos(2πF2t) sampled at Fs=8 kHz. Let F1=1 kHz and F2=F1+∆ and the overall data length be N=256 points. (a) From theory, determine the minimum value of ∆ necessary to distinguish between the two frequencies. (b) Verify this result experimentally. Using the rectangular window, look at the DFT with several values of ∆ so that you verify the resolution. (c) Repeat part (b) using a Hamming window. How did the resolution change? 5 Comparison of DFT and DCT (in terms of energy compactness) Generate the sequence x[n]=n-64 for n=0,…127. (a) Let X[k]=DFT{x[n]}. For various values of L, set to zero the “high frequency coefficients” X[64-L]=….X[64]=…….=X[64+L]=0 and take the inverse DFT. Plot the results. (b) Let XDCT[k]=DCT(x[n]}. For the same values of L, set to zero the “high frequency coefficients” XDCT[127-L]=…….XDCT[127]. Take the inverse DCT for each case and compare the reconstruction with the previous case. 6 Filter design Design a discrete time low pass filter with the specifications given below: Sampling frequency = 2 kHz. Pass band edge = 260 Hz Stop band edge = 340 Hz Max. pass band attenuation = 0.1 dB Minimum stop band attenuation = 30 dB Use the following design methodologies: Hamming windowing Kaiser windowing Applying bilinear transformation to a suitable, analog Butterworth filter. Compare the obtained filters in terms of performance (accuracy in

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meeting specifications) and computational complexity. ii. Using DSP PROCESSOR 1 Write an ALP to obtain the response of a system using linear convolution whose input and impulse response are specified. 1.Write an ALP to obtain the impulse response of the given system, given the difference equation. . 2.Sampling of an Image. 3.Design of equiripple filters. 4.Application of frequency transformation in filter design. 5.Computation of FFT when N is not a power of 2. 6.Sampling rate conversion and plot of spectrum. 7.Analysis of signals by STFT and WT. 8.Delayed auditory feedback signal using 6713 processor. 9.Record of machinery noise like fan or blower or diesel generator

and obtaining its spectrum. 11. Synthesis of select dual tone multi frequency signals using 6713 processor. 12. Fourier Transform & its inverse Fourier Transform of an image. Any other experiments can be added to supplement the theory. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

RF AND MICROWAVE CIRCUIT DESIGN




Wave Propagation in N/W: Introduction, reasons for using RF/Micro waves, applications, RF waves, RF and Microwave circuit design, introduction to component basics, analysis of simple circuit phasor domain, RF impedance matching, properties of waves, transmission media, micro strip lines, high frequency parameters, formulation of S-parameters, properties, transmission matrix, generalized S-parameters. Passive Circuit design: Introduction, Smith chart, scales, applications of Smith chart, design of matching N/Ws, definition of impedance matching, matching using lumped and distributed elements. Basic consideration in active N/Ws and design of amplifiers, oscillators, and detectors:

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Stability considerations, gain considerations, noise considerations. Linear and non linear design, introduction, types of amplifiers, design of different types of amplifiers, multi stage small signal amplifiers, design of transistor oscillators, detector losses, detector design. Mixers, phase shifters and RF and Microwave IC design: Mixer types, conversion loss for SSB mixers, one diode mixer, phase shifters, digital phase shifters, semiconductor phase shifters, RF and microwave IC design, MICs, MIC materials, types of MICs, hybrid vs monolithic ICs, chip materials. Wave Propagation in Networks: Introduction to RF/Microwave Concepts and applications; RF Electronics Concepts; Fundamental Concepts in Wave Propagation; Circuit Representations of two port RF/MW networks. Passive Circuit Design: The Smith Chart, Application of the Smith Chart in Distributed and lumped element circuit applications, Design of Matching networks. Basic Considerations in Active Networks: Stability Consideration in Active networks, Gain Considerations in Amplifiers, Noise Considerations in Active Networks. Active Networks: Linear and Nonlinear Design: RF/MW Amplifiers Small Signal Design, Large Signal Design, RF/MW Oscillator Design, RF/MW Frequency Conversion Rectifier and Detector Design, Mixer Design, RF/MW Control Circuit Design, RF/MW Integrated circuit design. Reference Books: Text Book:

1. Matthew. M. Radmanesh “RF and microwave electronics illustrated”, Pearson Edn Edition, 2004

Ref Book: 1Reinhold Ludwig and pavel Bretchko “RF circuit design, theory and applications”, Pearson Edn Edition, 2004

WIRELESS AND MOBILE NETWORKS




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Review of fundamentals of wireless communication and networks: Wireless communication channel specifications, wireless communication systems, wireless networks, switching technology, communication problems, wireless network issues and standards. Wireless body area networks (WBAN). Properties, network architecture, components, technologies, design issues, protocols and applications. Wireless personal area networks. Architecture, components, requirements, technologies and protocols, Bluetooth and Zigbee. Wireless LANS. Network components, design requirements, architectures, IEEE 802.11x, WLAN protocols, 802.11 p and applications. WMANs . IEEE 802.16, architectures, components, WiMax mobility support, protocols, broadband networks and applications. WWANs. Cellular networks, Satellite networks, applications. Wireless ad-hoc networks. Mobile adhoc networks, Sensor networks, Mesh networks, VANETs. Research issues in wireless networks. Reference Books: 1. S. S. Manvi, M. S. Kakkasageri, “Wireles and Mobile Network concepts and protocols”, Wiley, First edition, 2010. 2. P. Kaveh, Krishnamurthy, “Principles of wireless networks: Aunified approach”, PHI, 2006. 3. Iti Saha Mishra, “Wireless communication and networks 3G and beyond “, MGH, 2009 4. Ivan Stojmenovic, “Handbook of wireless networks and mobile computing”, Wiley, 2009 5. P. Nicopolitidis, M. S. Obaidat, etal., “Wireless Networks”, Wiley, 2009 6. Yi-Bing Lin, Imrich Chlamtac, “ Wireless and Mobile Network Architectures” , Wiley, 2009. 7. Mullet, ‘Introduction to wireless telecommunication systems & Networks’, Cengage, 2009

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ELECTIVE – II

GSM and UMTS Subject Code : 12EC122 IA Marks : 50



GSM overview, GPRS network architecture, GPRS Air interface, Medium access control layer, radio link control layer, GPRS mobility management. EDGE, modulation and coding. UMTS network architecture: basic structure, access stratum and non access stratum, hierarchical network organization, address and identifiers, service aspects, service classification, QoS architecture, QoS classes. User equipment: components, interfaces, functions, protocols, classification. UMTS access network: entities, interfaces, radio interface protocol architecture, functions, radio interface protocols. Core network: entities CS and PS domain, service specific entities, core network functions. Reference Books: 1. Sumit Kasera, Nishit Narang, A P Priyanaka, “2.5 G Mobile Networks GPRS and EDGE”, TMGH, 2008 2. Sumit Kasera, Nishit Narang, “3G networks architecture protocols and procedures”, TMGH, 2008 3. Nishit Narang, Sumit Kasera. “2 G networks GSM and HSCSD”, TNGH, 2008 4. Freied Helm Hiller brand, “GSM and UMTS” , Wiley, 2009 5. Yi-Bing Lin, Ai-Chun Pang, “Wireless and Mobile All IP networks”, Wiley, 2009. 6. Smith Collins, “3G wireless networks”, TMGH, 2008

DETECTION AND ESTIMATION




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Classical Detection and Estimation Theory: Introduction, simple binary hypothesis tests, M Hypotheses, estimation theory, composite hypotheses, general Gaussian problem, performance bounds and approximations. (Ref.1 Chap.2) Representations of Random Processes: Introduction, orthogonal representations, random process characterization, homogenous integral equations and eigen-functions, periodic processes, spectral decomposition, vector random processes. (Ref.1 Chap.3) Detection of Signals – Estimation of Signal Parameters: Introduction, detection and estimation in white Gaussian noise, detection and estimation in nonwhite Gaussian noise, signals with unwanted parameters, multiple channels and multiple parameter estimation. (Ref.1 Chap.4) Estimation of Continuous Waveforms: Introduction, derivation of estimator equations, a lower bound on the mean-square estimation error, multidimensional waveform estimation, nonrandom waveform estimation. (Ref.1 Chap.5) Linear Estimation: Properties of optimum processors, realizable linear filters, Kalman-Bucy filters, fundamental role of optimum linear filters. (Ref.1 Chap.6) REFERENCE BOOKS:

5.Harry L. Van Trees, “Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory”, Part I, John Wiley & Sons, USA, 2001. 6.M.D. Srinath, P.K. Rajasekaran and R. Viswanathan, "Introduction to Statistical Signal Processing with Applications”, Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd. /Prentice Hall of India, 2003. 7.Steven M. Kay, "Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing", Volume I: "Estimation Theory ", Prentice Hall, USA, 1998; 8.Steven M. Kay, "Fundamentals of Statistical Signal Processing", Volume II: "Detection Theory ," Prentice Hall, USA, 1998. 9.K Sam Shanmugam, Arthur M Breipohl, “Random Signals: Detection, Estimation and Data Analysis”, John Wiley & Sons, 1998

SIMULATION MODELING AND ANALYSIS




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Basic simulation modeling: nature of simulation, system models, discrete event simulation, single server simulation, alternative approaches, other types of simulation.(Ref.1 Chap.1) Building valid, credible and detailed simulation models. Techniques for increasing model validity and credibility, comparing real world observations. (Ref.1 Chap.5) Selecting input probability distributions. Useful probability distributions, assessing sample independence, activity I, II and III. Models of arrival process.(Ref.1 Chap.6) Random numbers generators: linear congruential, other kinds, testing random number generators. Random variate generation: approaches, continuous random variates, discrete random variates, correlated random variates.(Ref.1 Chap.7&8) Output data analysis. Statistical analysis for terminating simulations, analysis for steady state parameters. Comparing alternative system configurations. Confidence intervals. Variance reduction techniques. Antithetic and Control variates.(Ref.1 Chap.9) Reference Books: 1.Averill Law, “Simulation modeling and analysis”, MGH, 4th edition, 2007 2. Jerry Banks, “Discrete event system simulation”, Pearson, 2009. 3. Seila, Ceric, Tadikamalla, “Applied simulation modeling”, Cengage, 2009. 4. George S. Fishman, “Discrete event simulation”, Springer, 2001. 5. Frank L. Severance, “System modeling and simulation”, Wiley, 2009 SEMESTER - III

ERROR CONTROL CODING




Introduction to Algebra: Groups, Fields, Binary Field Arithmetic, Construction of Galois Field GF (2m) and its basic properties, Computation

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using Galois Field GF (2m) Arithmetic, Vector spaces and Matrices.(Ref.1 Chap.2) Linear Block Codes: Generator and Parity check Matrices, Encoding circuits, Syndrome and Error Detection, Minimum Distance Considerations, Error detecting and Error correcting capabilities, Standard array and Syndrome decoding, Decoding circuits, Hamming Codes, Reed – Muller codes, The (24, 12) Golay code, Product codes and Interleaved codes.(Ref.1 Chap.3) Cyclic Codes: Introduction, Generator and Parity check Polynomials, Encoding using Multiplication circuits, Systematic Cyclic codes – Encoding using Feed back shift register circuits, Generator matrix for Cyclic codes, Syndrome computation and Error detection, Meggitt decoder, Error trapping decoding, Cyclic Hamming codes, The (23, 12) Golay code, Shortened cyclic codes.(Ref.1 Chap.5)

BCH Codes: Binary primitive BCH codes, Decoding procedures, Implementation of Galois field Arithmetic, Implementation of Error correction. Non – binary BCH codes: q – ary Linear Block Codes, Primitive BCH codes over GF (q), Reed – Solomon Codes, Decoding of Non – Binary BCH and RS codes: The Berlekamp - Massey Algorithm.(Ref.1 Chap.6) Majority Logic Decodable Codes: One – Step Majority logic decoding, one – step Majority logic decodable Codes, Two – step Majority logic decoding, Multiple – step Majority logic decoding.(Ref.1 Chap.8)

Convolutional Codes: Encoding of Convolutional codes, Structural properties, Distance properties, Viterbi Decoding Algorithm for decoding, Soft – output Viterbi Algorithm, Stack and Fano sequential decoding Algorithms, Majority logic decoding(Ref.1 Chap.11)

Concatenated Codes & Turbo Codes: Single level Concatenated codes, Multilevel Concatenated codes, Soft decision Multistage decoding, Concatenated coding schemes with Convolutional Inner codes, Introduction to Turbo coding and their distance properties, Design of Turbo codes.(Ref.1 Chap.15) Burst – Error – Correcting Codes: Burst and Random error correcting codes, Concept of Inter – leaving, cyclic codes for Burst Error correction – Fire codes, Convolutional codes for Burst Error correction.(Ref.1 Chap.21)

REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.Shu Lin & Daniel J. Costello, Jr. “Error Control Coding ” , Pearson / Prentice Hall, Second Edition, 2004. (Major Reference) 2.Blahut, R.E. “Theory and Practice of Error Control Codes” Addison Wesley, 1984

ELECTIVE – III

AD-HOC WIRELESS NETWORKS

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Ad hoc wireless networks: ,Issues in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Ad Hoc Wireless Internet . Mac protocols for ad hoc wireless networks: Issues in Designing a MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Design Goals of a MAC Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Classification of MAC Protocols, Contention -Based Protocols,Contention-Based Protocols with Reservation Mechanisms. Contention-Based MAC Protocols with Scheduling Mechanisms, MAC Protocol That Use Directional Antennas, Other MAC Protocols. Routing protocols for ad hoc wireless networks: Issues in Designing a Routing Protocol for Ad Hoc Networks, Classification of Routing Protocols, Table-Driven Routing Protocols, On -Demand Routing Protocols, Hybrid Routing Protocols, Routing Protocols with Efficient Flooding Mechanisms,Hierarchical Routing Protocols, Power-Aware Routing Protocols. Multicast routing in ad hoc wireless networks: Issues in Designing a Multicast Routing Protocol,Operation of Multicast Routing Protocols,An Architecture Reference Model for Multicast Routing Protocols, Classification of Multicast Routing Protocols,Tree- Based Multicast Routing Protocols:Multicast Core-Extraction Distributed Ad Hoc Routing, Multicast Ad Hoc- On Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol.Mesh -Based Multicast Routing Protocols:On -Demand Multicast Routing Protocol, Core -Assisted Mesh Protocol. Transport layer protocol for ad hoc wireless networks: Issues in Designing a Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Design Goals of a Transport Layer Protocol for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks,Classification of Transport Layer Solutions. TCP Over Ad Hoc Wireless Networks, Other Transport Layer Protocols for Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Quality of services in ad hoc wireless networks: Issues and Challenges in Provisioning QoS in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks. Classification of QoS Solutions, MAC Layer Solutions, Network Layer Solutions.

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Energy management in ad hoc wireless networks: Need for Energy Management in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks,Classification of Energy Management schemes. Battery Management Schemes, Transmission Power Management Schemes,System Power Management Schemes. Reference Books: 1. C. Siva ram Murthy and B. S. Manoj, “Ad Hoc Wireless Networks Architecture and Protocols”, Pearson, 2005 2. Ozan K, Tonguz, Gianluigi Ferrari, “Ad HoC Wireless Networks A Communication -Theoretic Perspective”, Wiley, 2009 3. George Aggelou, “Mobile ad hoc networks”, TMGH, 2009

RADAR SYSTEMS




Introduction: Range equation, Transmitter and Receiver parameters and model, Types of Radars, Radar Signal Transmission; Transmitted Waveforms (Time and Frequency Domains), Energy, Radar signal analysis using autocorrelation and Hilbert Transform., Pulse Compression, Clutter — Properties, reduction, Coding and Chirp. Radar Antenna-Reflector types , side lobe control; -Arrays;- Array factor and Beam width, Synthetic Aperture, Adaptive Antennas; Propagation Effects- Multipath, Low Altitude, Ionosphere Radar Networks: Matched Filter Response and noise considerations Data Processing: Fast Fourier transform, Digital MTI, tracking, Plot Track, Applications: Secondary Surveillance, Multi static, Over the Horizon, Remote sensing and meteorological radars. REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.M. L Skolnjk; “Radar Handbook” 2.M.J.B.Scanlan; “Modem Radar Techniques”. 3.Peyton Z Peebles, “Radar Principles”, Wiley-Inter science

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STATISTICAL SIGNAL PROCESSING

Subject Code : 12EC076 IA Marks : 50 No. of Lecture Hours /week : 04 Exam Hours : 03 Total no. of Lecture Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

Random Processes: Random variables, random processes, white noise, filtering random processes, spectral factorization, ARMA, AR and MA processes. (Ref.1 Chap.3) Signal Modeling: Least squares method, Padé approximation, Prony's method, finite data records, stochastic models, Levinson-Durbin recursion; Schur recursion; Levinson recursion. (Ref.1 Chap.4&5) Spectrum Estimation: Nonparametric methods, minimum-variance spectrum estimation, maximum entropy method, parametric methods, frequency estimation, principal components spectrum estimation.(Ref.1 Chap.8) Optimal and Adaptive Filtering: FIR and IIR Wiener filters, Discrete Kalman filter, FIR Adaptive filters: Steepest descent, LMS, LMS-based algorithms, adaptive recursive filters, RLS algorithm. (Ref.1 Chap.7&9) Array Processing: Array fundamentals, beam-forming, optimum array processing, performance considerations, adaptive beam-forming, linearly constrained minimum-variance beam-formers, side-lobe cancellers, space-time adaptive processing. (Ref.1 Chap.11) Reference Books:

1.Monson H. Hayes, “Statistical Digital Signal Processing and Modeling”, John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte. Ltd., 2002. 2.Dimitris G. Manolakis, Vinay K. Ingle, and Stephen M. Kogon, "Statistical and Adaptive Signal Processing: Spectral Estimation, Signal Modeling, Adaptive Filtering and Array Processing”, McGraw-Hill International Edition, 2000. 3.Bernard Widrow and Samuel D. Stearns, "Adaptive Signal Processing”, Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd., 2001. 4.Simon Haykin, "Adaptive Filters” , Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd, 4th edition, 2002.

5. J.G. Proakis, C.M. Rader, F. Ling, C.L. Nikias, M. Moonen and I.K. Proudler, "Algorithms for Statistical Signal Processing," Pearson Education (Asia) Ptv. Ltd, 2002.

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ELECTIVE-IV

AUDIO AND PROCESSING Subject Code : 12EC075 IA Marks : 50



INTRODUCTION: The speech signal, signal processing, digital signal processing, digital speech processing, digital transmission and storage of speech, speech synthesis systems, speaker verification and identification, speech recognition systems, aids-to-the-handicapped, enhancement of signal quality (Ref.1 Chap.1) Digital Models for the Speech Signal: Process of speech production, the mechanism of speech production. (Ref.1 Chap.3) Time Domain Models For Speech Processing: Time dependent processing of speech, Short time energy and average magnitude, Short time average zero crossing rate, Speech vs silence discrimination using energy & zero crossings. (Ref.1 Chap.4) Digital Representations of the Speech Waveform: Sampling speech signals, Review of statistical model for speech, Instantaneous quantization, Uniform quantization, Instantaneous companding, quantization for optimum SNR (Ref.1 Chap.5) Short Time Fourier Analysis: Definitions and properties, Fourer transform interpretation, Linear Filtering interpretation, sampling rates, time and frequency, Filter bank summation method, Short time synthesis, Overlap addition method, short time synthesis (Ref.1 Chap.6). Linear Predictive Coding of Speech: Basic principles of linear predictive analysis, autocorrelation method, covariance method, computation of gain (Ref.1 Chap.8) Digital speech processing for man-machine communication by voice: Voice response systems, general considerations in the design of voice response systems, multiple output digital voice response systems, speech

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synthesis by concatenation of formant coded words, typical applications of computer voice response systems, speaker recognition systems, speaker verification systems, speaker identification systems (Ref.1 Chap.9) Audio Processing: Basics of digital audio, digitization of sound, Nyquist theorem, signal to noise ratio, signal to quantization noise ratio, linear and nonlinear quantization, audio filtering, audio quality vs. data rate, synthetic sounds, MIDI, MIDI overview, hardware aspects of MIDI, structure of MIDI messages, general MIDI, MIDI to WAV conversion, quantization and transmission of audio, coding of audio, pulse code modulation, differential coding of audio, lossless predictive coding, DPCM, DM, ADPCM. (Ref.2 Chap.6) REFERENCE BOOKS:

1. L. R. Rabiner and R. W. Schafer, “Digital Processing of Speech Signals", Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd., 2004. 2. D. O’Shaughnessy, “Speech Communications: Human and Machine”, Universities Press, 2001. 3. L. R. Rabiner and B. Juang, “Fundamentals of Speech Recognition”, Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd., 2004.

4. Z. Li and M.S. Drew, “Fundamentals of Multimedia”, Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd., 2004

PROTOCOL ENGINEERING

Subject Code : 12EC125 IA Marks : 50 No. of Lecture Hours /week : 04 Exam Hours : 03 Total no. of Lecture Hours : 52 Exam Marks : 100

Communication Model, software, subsystems, protocol development methods, protocol engineering process; Network Reference Model: services and interfaces, protocol functions, OSI and TCP/IP model, Protocols: Host to network interface protocols, network protocols transport protocols, application protocols; Protocol Specifications: Components of protocol, service specifications, entity specifications, interface and interactions, multimedia protocol specifications, HDLC, ABP and RSVP specifications; SDL: features, communication system using SDL, examples of SDL based protocol specifications, other specification languages;

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Protocol Verification, FSM based verification, validation, design errors, validation approaches, verification and validation of ABP using SDL; Conformance testing, framework, conformance test architectures, test sequence generation methods, TTCN, multimedia testing, MPLS Testing: Performance testing methods, testing of TCP and OSPF, interoperability testing, scalability testing; Protocol Synthesis Algorithms, resynthesis, protocol implementation requirements, methods of implementation, protocol compilers, tools for protocol engineering Assignments / practical can be chosen from the Appendix of the mentioned reference books, particularly –book 1. Reference Books:

1.Pallapa Venkataram, Sunil Kumar Manvi, “Communication Protocol Engineering”, PHI, 2004. 2.G. J. Holtzmann, “Design and validation of Computer protocols”, Prentice hall, 1991 (available on web) 3.K. Tarnay, “Protocol Specification and Testing”, Plenum press,

1991

OPTICAL COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING Subject Code : 12EC059 IA Marks : 50



Introduction: Propagation of signals in optical fiber, different losses, nonlinear effects, solitons, optical sources, detectors. Optical Components: Couplers, isolators, circulators, multiplexers, filters, gratings, interferometers, amplifiers. Modulation — Demodulation: Formats, ideal receivers, Practical detection receivers, Optical preamplifier, Noise considerations, Bit error rates, Coherent detection. Transmission System Engineering: system model, power penalty, Transmitter, Receiver, Different optical amplifiers, Dispersion. Optical Networks: Client layers of optical layer, SONET/SDH, multiplexing, layers, frame structure, ATM functions, adaptation layers, Quality of service and flow control, ESCON, HIPPI.

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WDM Network Elements: Optical line terminal optical line amplifiers, optical cross connectors, WDM network design, cost trade offs, LTD and RWA problems, Routing and wavelength assignment, wavelength conversion, statistical dimensioning model. Control and Management: network management functions, management frame work, Information model, management protocols, layers within optical layer performance and fault management, impact of transparency, BER measurement, optical trace, Alarm management, configuration management. Suitable number of Assignments / Tutorials can be given based on the syllabus REFERENCE BOOKS:

1.John M. Senior, “Optical Fiber Communications”, Pearson edition, 2000. 2.Rajiv Ramswami, N Sivaranjan, “Optical Networks”, M. Kauffman Publishers, 2000. 3.Gerd Keiser, “Optical Fiber Communication”, MGH, 1 991. 4.G. P. Agarawal, “Fiber Optics Communication Systems”, John Wiley NewYork, 1997 5.P.E. Green, “Optical Networks”, Prentice Hall, 1994.

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