i r i n e J v a n i a `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari ... · mdgomareobs, rom adamiani misTvis...

1

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti

i r i n e J v a n i a

`mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebis

kvleva da maTze moqmedi faqtorebi

fsiqologiaSi filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtoris

akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad wardgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

naSromi Sesrulebulia iv.javaxiSvilis sax.

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi

samecniero xelmZRvaneli:

fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati

dali farjanaZe

Tbilisi

2008

2

Sinaarsi

Sesavali 4

Tavi I: `me~-s problema fsiqologiaSi

1.1. pirovnebis cneba fsiqologiaSi 14

1.2. `me~-s cneba fsiqologiaSi 24

1.3. ra aris `me _ koncefcia~ 38

Tavi II: TviTSefasebis sakiTxi fsiqologiaSi

2.1 TviTSefasebis raoba 41

2.2. `realuri~ da `idealuri~ me 49

Tavi III: `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdariKkonsensusis~

efeqtebis kvleva

3.1. sakiTxis dasma (I seria) 52

3.2. meTodikisa da kvlevis proceduris aRwera 59

3.3 Sedegebis analizi 61

Tavi IV: pirovnuli niSnebis `sxvebSi~ gavrcelebulobis tendencia

4.1 sakiTxis dasma (II seria) 65

4.2. kvlevis III seria 70

Tavi V: `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~

efeqtebis kavSiri TviTSefasebasTan

5.1. kvlevis IV seria 74

5. 2. meTodikisa da kvlevis proceduris aRwera 75

5. 3. Sedegebis analizi 77

Tavi VI miRebuli Sedegebis ganxilva

6. 1. kvlevis I seriis Sedegebis ganxilva 101

6. 2. kvlevis II da III seriis Sedegebis ganxilva 103

6. 3. kvlevis IV seriis Sedegebis ganxilva 104

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saboloo daskvnebi 103

gamoyenebuli literatura 109

4

Sesavali

pirovnebis kvlevas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. mecnierebi ukve didi

xania cdiloben gascen pasuxi pirovnebis bunebasTan, adamianis Sinagan

samyarosTan, mis ganviTarebasa da qcevasTan dakavSirebul kiTxvebs.

miuxedavad amisa, pirovnebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebis kvleva

dResac aqtiurad mimdinareobs da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sfero

amouwuravia.

wlebis manZilzePpirovnebis kvlevis sxvadasxva midgoma yalibdeba

da gamomdinare avtorTa mosazrebebidan pirovnebis gansxvavebuli

aspeqtebia win wamoweuli. mTeli rigi arsebuli Teoriebisa SeiZleba or

did jgufad daiyos: 1. Teoriebi, romlis mixedviTac Sinagan Zalebs,

konstituciur pirobebs, struqturul simyares, garemos zemoqmedebidan

SedarebiT damoukideblobas eniWeba upiratesoba da pirovneba gagebulia,

rogorc SedarebiT stabiluri organizacia (kontinenturi Teoriebi); 2.

es Teoriebs aqcenti gadaaqvT garegan gamovlinebebze; qcevis motorul

komponentebsa da interpersonalur urTierTobebze. pirovneba gagebulia,

rogorc SedarebiT labiluri organizacia (anglosaqsur Teoriebi).

unda iTqvas, rom Cveni kvelva swored orive mosazrebas aerTianebs

da gulisxmobs, rogorc Rrma Sinagani aspeqtebs, aseve am aspeqtebis

saSualebiT sxvebTan mimarTebis damyarebas.

adamianis, rogorc mTlianobis fsiqikuri kanonzomierebis kvleva

gvibiZgebs am mTlianobis centris `me~-s Seswavlisken. `me~-s, romelic

rTul sistemas warmoadgens, adamianis arsebobasa da funqcionirebaSi

centraluri adgili uWiravs. `me~ moicavs, upirveles yovlisa, sakuTari

pirovnebis Sesaxeb codnas (me-koncefcias) da sakuTari pirovnebis

Sefasebas (TviTSefasebas).

didi mniSvneloba eniWeba imis garkvevas, Tu pirovnebis

TviTSefasebisas ra rols asrulebs sakuTari Tvisebebisa da

Sexedulebebis obieqtivacia. magram unda aRiniSnos, rom mxolod es ar

aris sakmarisi da isic dadgenilia, rom TviTSefasebis CamoyalibebaSi

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sakuTari Tavis obieqtivaciis garda socialuri garemo da

interpersonaluri urTierTobebi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben;

TviTSefasebis bevri meTodi sakuTari pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis

SefasebaSi sxvebis Tvalsazrisis gaTvaliswinebas gulisxmobs.

Aamave dros, bolo wlebSi dadgenilma kanonzomierebebma

gamoavlina kidev erTi Sre, erTi apeqti, romelic moicavs TviTSefasebas,

da romelic Rirebuli informaciis matarebeli unda iyos TviTSefasebis

arsis dadgenisaTvis.

rogorc aRmoCnda, adamians aqvs tendencia Seiqmnas da SeinarCunos

sakuTari Tavis unikalurobis gancda. anu, rodesac adamians unda, rom

xazi gausvas Tavis gamorCeulobas – unikalurobas, maSin igi axdens am

maxasiaTeblebis matarebeli `sxvebis~ ricxvis Seufaseblobas. mas

urCevnia ifiqros, rom misTvis damaxasiTebeli dadebiTi Tvisebebi,

misaRebi an efeqturi qceva naklebad aris sazogadoebaSi gavcelebuli.

sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, am avtorTa monacemebis mixedviT, mcirea im

adamianTa ricxvi, romelic analogiuri Tvisebebisa da unarebis

matarebelia; sazogadoebaSi mcirea im adamianTa raodenoba, romelic

iseTive efeqtur qcevas anxorcielebs. dRes, fsiqologiaSi es tendencia

cnobilia `mcdari unkilarurobis efeqtis~ saxeliT (goetlandi da

sxvebi, 1991). [68]

meores mxriv, arsebobs sxvebis `gadafasebis~ tendenciac. 1977

wels rosma, grinma da housma gamoaqveynes gamokvlevaTa seria, ramac

saTave daudo e.w. `mcdari konsensusis efeqtis~ kvlevas [62]. socialuri

mikerZoebis es tendencia vlindeba admianis mier im faqtis gadafasebaSi,

rom `sxvebic~ mis msgavsad iqcevian (magram is qceva, romelic met-

naklebad sasurvelia) an fiqroben. anu adamians urCevnia ifiqros, rom

misi Sexeduleba sakmaod gavrcelebulia da bevri iziarebs (krugeri&

klementi, 1994; marks&mileri, 1987); im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac misTvis

damaxasiaTebelia naklebad sasurveli qceva Tvlis, rom didia im

adamianTa ricxvi, romelic analogiurad iqceva. Aam SemTxvevaSi adgili

aqvs `mcdari konsensusis efeqts~, anu tendencias, romelic sxvebSi

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naklebad sasurveli qcevisa Tu Sexedulebebis, sakuTari poziciebis

gavrcelebas gulisxmobs.

amrigad, fsiqologiur literaturaSi Semovida ori cneba `mcdari

unikalurobis efeqti~ da `mcdari konsensusis efeqti~, romelic

uSualod aris dakavSirebuli pirovnebis fsiqologiis iseT

mniSvnelovan sferosTan, rogoric aris `me-koncefcia~ da TviTSefaseba.

Cveni azriT, Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT am efeqtebis kvleva

mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac SesaZleblobas iZleva damatebiTi

informacia iqnas miRebuli `me-koncefciisa~ da TviTSefasebaze moqmedi

faqtorebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gamokveTen im dafarul tendenciebs, rac

TviTSefasebas axlavs Tan da romelTa gamovlena da Seswavla am

efeqtebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe garTuldeba. Sesabamisad, `mcdari

unikalurobisa” da `mcdari knsensusis” efeqtebis gamovlena da

gaTvaliswineba, Cveni azriT, xels Seuwyobs TviTSefasebisa da `me-

koncefciis~ Sesaxeb axali monacemebis mopovebas. Aamdenad, es ori

movlena gulisxmobs ara mxolod sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas, aramed

sakuTari pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis, Tu pirovnuli poziciebis

(Sexeduleba) mixedviT sxvaTa Sefasebas da maTSi am parametrebis

aRmoCenas an ver danaxvas.

miuxedavda am movlenisadmi arsebuli didi interesisa da

warmoebuli kvlevebisa, Cveni azriT, sakiTxi ar aris bolomde

Seswavlili da gaanalizebuli. Aaq sirTules warmoadgens TviTSefasebis

struqtura, romelSic gadxlarTuli da integrirebulia rogorc

zogadi, ise socialur da diferencialur fsiqologiuri aspeqtebi da

mimarTebebi.

am mxriv didi mniSvneloba hqonda leon festingeris `socialuri

Sedarebis Teorias~, romelmac Sefasebis procesSi xazi gausva

interpersonalur urTierTobebs.

aseve aRsaniSnavia da xazgasasmelia frans haideris (1944)

atribuciis Teoria. haideri miiCnevs, rom kauzaluri atribuciis

procesis ragvarobam SeiZleba gavlena iqonios daSvebebze konkretuli

7

qcevis Cveulebrivobaze, anu `mcdar konsensusze~. avtori aRniSnavs, rom

Tu subieqti konkretuli qcevis mizezs miawers situacias, mosalodnelia

am dros konsensusis maRali done davinaxoT. xolo Tu qcevis mizezi

pirovnul dispoziciebs miewereba, maSin naklebad aris mosalodneli me-

sa da sxvebs Soris reaqciaTa msgavsebis Sesaxeb varaudi. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom es aris mcdeloba `mcdari konsensusis efqtis~ axsnisa,

magram sxva kuTxiT ganxiluli, romelic mizezebze akeTebs aqcents da

Sefaseba mizezebiT aris ganpirobebuli. (garegani Tu Sinagani mizezebi)

[29] [68].

sainteresoa orive am efeqtis ganxilva sakuTar dispoziciebTan

(am SemTxvevaSi sakuTari Tavisadmi arsebuli damokidebulebis,

TviTSefasebis) mimarTebaSi da am mimarTebis gafarToebis, gavrcobisa da

sxvaSi gadatanis kuTxiT, romelic gulisxmobs sxvadasxva faqtoris

zemoqmedebas.

`mcdari unikalobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebi SeiZleba

ganvixiloT rogorc TviTSefasebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani ganzomileba.

vfiqrobT, rom misi gamovlenis SesaZlebloba, agreTve intensivoba da

xasiaTi damokidebuli unda iyos mTeli rigi faqtorebis zemoqmedebaze,

maT Soris, ara mxolod TviTSefasebis konkretul pirovnul

maxasiaTebelze (Sexeduleba, pirovnuli niSani, qceva) aseve

TviTSefasebis xasiaTze (maRali-dabali) da TviT am pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblis afeqturobis TvalsazrisiT Sefasebaze.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am kuTxiT TviTSefasebis kvlevas

literaturaSi ver vxdebiT.

Aam faqtorebis moqmedebis Seswavla SesaZleblobas mogvcems

avxsnaT am efeqtebis gamovlenis iterindividualuri gansxvavebani.

rogorc aRvniSneT, `mcdari unikalurobis efeqtis~ arsi imaSi

mdgomareobs, rom adamiani misTvis damaxasiaTebel sasurvel da efeqtur

qcevas unikalurad miiCnevs (aseve es dadasturebulia dadebiTi niSnebis

SemTxvevaSic) (marqsi, 1984); [56]. xolo `mcdari konsensusis efeqti~ ki

gulisxmobs, rom adamianis pirovnuli pozicia da misTvis

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damaxasiaTebeli araefeqturi qceva sakmaod gavrcelebulia. am

tendenciasTan mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva avtorebTan ganxilulia

Sexedulebis; arasasurveli da araefqturi qcevis gavrceleba-

aragvrcelebulobis sakiTxi. xolo Cven davayaneT ara zogadad

arasasurveli qcevis problema, aramed uaryofiTi pirovnuli niSnebis

gavrcelebulobis sakiTxi da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqti am kuTxiTac

vikvlieT.

gamomdinare am movlenebis bunebidan da mniSvnelobidan dgeba

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb Tu ramdenad aris am efeqtebis arseboba zogadi da

universaluri kannzomierebebi, Tu kulturaze damokidebulia. Aanu,

arsebobs Tu ara am mxriv kulturaTa Soris gansxvaveba. am sakiTxis

gadsawyvetad, mniSvnelovania qarTul populaciaze misi Seswavla.

sakiTxis Seswavla TviTSefasebis process efuZneba. Mmiuxedavad

TviTSefasebis SedarebiT farTod Seswavlisa da misi gansxvavebuli

formebis arsebobisa, literaturaSi naklebad gvxvdeba TviTSefasebis

obieqtad am saxis TviTSfaseba, anu rodesac adamiani ara mxolod

sakuTar Tavs afasebs ama Tu im niSnis, Tu Sexedulebis safuZvelze,

aramed afasebs mis gavrcelebulobasac sxvebSi; Aanu, sxvebSi mis

arseboba-ararsebobas.

aseve, SromaSi ganxilulia im faqtorTa moqmedebac, romelTac

SeuZliaT ganapirobon, rogorc sakuTari Tavisadmi metad Tu naklebad

miwera ama Tu im pirovnuli niSnisa, aseve sxvebSi am niSnebis metad Tu

naklebad gadatana. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, SesaZlebelia arsebobdes

faqtorebi, romelTac garkveuli gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT `mcdari

unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebze. vfiqrobT, rom erT-

erT aseTi faqtori SeiZleba iyos swored TviTSefasebis foremebi.

magaliTad, TviTSefasebis maRali an dabali done, romeliTac adamianebi

erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian.

amrigad, naSromis aqtualobas ganszaRvravs is garemoeba, rom

TviTSefasebis procesSi `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcadri

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konsensusis~ efeqtebis moqmedebis universalobis sakiTxi wydeba da

Seiswavleba masze moqmedi zemoTaRniSnuli faqtorebi..

miuxedavad imisa, rom fsiqologiaSi `me~ da misi es aspeqti

(TviTSefaseba) farTod aris Seswavlili, am kuTxiT TviTSefasebis

ganxilva siaxles warmoadgens da amdenad aqtualuria.

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kvlevis mizani da amocanebi

pirovnebis qcevisa da misi Sinagani dinamikis ganviTarebisaTvis

didi mniSvneloba aqvs sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas, anu TviTSefasebas.

adamiani Tavis Tavs sworad an arasworad afasebs. Tvisebebs, romelsac

Cven sakuTar Tavs mivawerT xSirad ar aris obieqturi da mas sxvebi ar

eTanxmebian. xSirad adamianebi cdiloben sakuTar Tavs raime

gansakuTrebuli Tviseba an unari miaweron, romelic maT gamoarCevs

sxvebisagan.

Cveni Sroma, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, adamianis mier sakuTari

Tavis Sefasebasa da misTvis damaxasiTebeli niSnebis, misi Sexedulebebis

gavrcelebulobis sakiTxs eZRvneba.

winamdebare kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda pirovnebi gansxvavebul

maxasiaTebelTa mimarT `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~

efeqtebis, rogorc zogadi kanonzomierebebis kvleva, anu sakuTari

pirovnuli Tvisebis/Sexedulebis Sefasebasa da am Tvisebis/Sexedulebis,

igive pirovnebis TvalsazrisiT, sxvebSi gavrcelebulobis

urTierTkavSiris kvleva.

Aaseve, gvainteresebda dagvedgina vlindeba Tu ara yvela

arasasurveli pirovnuli maxsiaTeblis mimarT `mcdari konsensusis

efeqti”, anu gvainteresebda gvenaxa sakuTari Tavis uaryofiTi Tvisebebis

mixedviT Sefasebisas, moqmedebs Tu ara `mcdari konsensusis efeqti~.

Dda bolos, im faqtorebis dadgena, romlebic gavlenas axdenen

`mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebze, anu im

faqtorTa moqmedebis Seswavla, romelTac SeuZlia Secvalos mimarTeba

sakuTar Tvisebebis da igive Tvisebebis sxvebSi gavrcelebulobas Soris.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gvainteresebda gvenaxa, Tu ra gavlenas axdens

TviTSefasebis forma (TviTSefasebis maRali/dabali done) `mcdari

unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebze.

es mizani dakonkretda Semdegi ZiriTadi amocanebis saxiT:

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sakuTari dadebiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT sxvebis Sefasebisas

`mcdari unikalurobis efqetis~ moqmedebis dadgena;

sakuTari Sexdulebebis gavrcelebulobis tedenciis

gansazRvra;

sakuTari uaryofiTi pirovnuli niSnis mixedviT sxvebis

Sefasebisas `mcdari konsensusis efeqtis~ dadgena;

`mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebze

TviTSefasebis donis gavlenis kvleva;

pirovnuli niSnebis valentobis (+/_) siZlieris mixedviT

Tvisebebis identificireba da aRniSnul efeqtebze maTi gavlenis

Seswavla.

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naSomis siaxle

Catarebulma kvlevam gamoavlina, rom qarTul populaciaSic

TviTSefasebis procesSi adgili aqvs `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari

konsensusis~ efeqtebis moqmedebas. Aanu, xdeba sakuTari dadebiTi

Tvisebebis sxvebisadmi naklebad miwera; xolo sakuTari uaryofiTi

Tvisebebisa da pirovnuli poziciis sxvebSi gavrceleba.

aseve gamovlinda TviTSefasebis donis, rogorc faqtoris,

zemoqmedeba `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebze

da romelic ganapirobebs an ar ganapirobebs am faqtorTa moqmedebis

siZlieris xarisxiss. rac ufro maRalia TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro

Zlierad aris gamoxatuli `mcdari unikalurobis efeqti~, xolo `mcadri

konsensusis efeqtze~ TviTSefasebis done ar axdens pirdapir gavlenas.

HhipoTezebi

`mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~

efeqtebi pirovnebis Sefasebis zogadi tendenciaa, romelic

SeiZleba Seicvalos sxvadasxva faqtorTa zemoqmedebiT;

sakuTari uryofiTi niSnis mixedviT sxvebis Sefasebisas

adgili aqvs `mcdari konsensusis efeqts~;

arsebobs kavSiri TviTSefasebasa da `mcdari

unikalurobisa da mcdari konsensusis efeqtebs” Soris, anu maRali

TviTSefaseba aZlierebs aRniSnul efeqtebs;

pirovnuli niSnis valentobis (+/_) siZliere gavlenas

unda axdendes `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~

efeqtebis mimdinareobaze.

13

naSromis Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvneloba

naSromi `me~-s fsiqologiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovan aspeqts

TviTSefasebas exeba. Tumca, TviTSefaseba yovelTvis iyo pirovnebis

fsiqologiis yuradRebis centrSi. arsebobs sakiTxebi, romelic ar aris

Seswavlili, miuxedavad maTi mniSvnelobisa `me-koncefciisa~ da misi

SefasebisaTvis. ganxiluli mimarTeba, romelsac adamiani sakuTari Tavis

Sefasebisas amyarebs sxvebTan da am mimarTebas sakuTari `me~-s Sefasebis

indikatorad iyenebs, moiTxovs rogorc zogadfsiqologiuri,

socialurfsiqologiuri da diferencialurfsiqologiuri

gaTvaliswinebas da erT mTlianobaSi ganxilvas.

amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom naSromis mTavr Teoriul

Rirebulebas ganapirobebs is, rom nacadia pirovnebis struqturis

zogadfsiqologiuri aspeqtebis Serwyma socialuri fsiqologiis

debulebebTan da kanonzomierebebTan. dadgenilia `mcdari

unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebis damokidebuleba

sxvadasxva pirovnul maxasiaTebelTan. Aaseve, gamovlenilia faqtorebi,

romelTa gavlenac aZlierebs aRniSnul efeqtebs. kvlevis Sedegad

dadgenilia kanonzomierebebis asaxsnelad gamoyenebulia dacviTi

meqanizmebi.

naSromis praqtikuli Rirebuleba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom

nebismier sferoSi momuSave praqtikos fsiqologs SesaZlebloba eZleva

gaecnos pirovnebis TviTSefasebaze moqmed empiriulad dadasturebul

da dasabuTebul kanonzomierebebs da gaiTvaliswinos maTi moqmedeba

fsiqodiagnostikis, rekomendaciebis Tu raime sxva saxiT.

14

Tavi I

`me~-s problema fsiqologiaSi

1.1. pirovnebis cneba fsiqologiaSi

pirovnebis kvleva fsiqologiis centraluri sakiTxia. mecnierebi

ukve didixania cdiloben gascen pasuxebi pirovnebis bunebasTan,

adamianis Sinagan samyarosTan, mis ganviTarebasa da qcevasTan

dakavSirebul kiTxvebs.

pirovnebis cneba fsiqologiaSi dResac sakamaToa. fsiqologebi

pirovnebis cnebas mravalnairad gansazRvraven. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

ramdeni Teoriacaa imdeni pirovnebis gansazRvreba arsebobs. maTSi

adamianebis sruliad gansxvavebuli aspeqtebia warmodgenili. pirovnebis

sxvadasxva Teoria arsebobs. am Teoriebis avtorebs pirovnebisadmi

sxvadsxava midgoma aqvT, Sesabamisad _ gansxvavebuli amosavali

wertilebi da monacemTa wyaroebi. avtorebis erTi jgufi

dainteresebulia pirovnebis struqturiT; meore ki – imiT, Tu rogor

viTardeba da izrdeba pirovneba; ra gancdebi aqvT sakuTar TavTan

mimarTebaSi da a.S. Mmagram, unda AaRiniSnos, rom pirovnebis nebismieri

gansazRvrebisaTvis saerToa ori ZriTadi aspeqti: unikaluroba da

damaxasiaTebeli qcevis paternebi. pirovneba aris fsiqologiuri

Taviseburebebis mqone rTuli erToblioba, romelic gavlenas axdens

individis Camoyalibebasa da qcevaze. (zimbardo)

erT-erTma pirvelma Ppirovnebis Teoriebis klasifikacia scada

gordon olportma. olporti pirovnebis Sesaxeb fsiqologiur Teoriebs

or did jgufad, or mimarTulebad yofs. es aris anglosaqsuri

(biosocialuri) da kontinenturi (biofizikuri) Teoriebi. gansxvaveba

TeoriaTa am or klass Soris ukve maT filosofiur wanamZRvrebSia [33].

anglosaqsuri Teoriebis msoflmxedvelobaze gavlena moaxdina

lokis filosofiam, xolo kontineturma Teoriebma ki laibnicis da

kantis filosofiis gavlena ganicada. lokis mixedviT suli aris

15

neitraluri mediumi, tabula rasa _ sufTa dafa, romelzec garemos

gamRizianeblebi moqmedebs. adamiani, misi suli reaqtiulia, qceva

yovelTvis mxolod pasuxia gamRizianebelze da Sinagani, Tandayolili

araferi mosdevs. laibnici da kanti ki amis sawinaaRmdegod miuTiTeben

adamianis sulis aqtiur spontanurobaze; aqtioba da ara reaqtiuloba

aris kontinentur TeoriaTa ZiriTadi niSani. sulis spontanurobis

aRiarebas mivyevarT am Teoriebis mier nasaxebis, konstituciis,

memkvidreobiTobis aRiarebamde. yovelive es ki am Teoriebis mixedviT

pirovnebisTvis umniSvnelovanes faqtorebs warmoadgens.

biosocialuri gansazRvrebebi ufro garegan gamovlinebebze,

qcevaze da socialur garemozea orientirebuli. am Teoriis

warmomadgenlebi pirovnebis Sesaxeb misi qcevis, obieqturad mocemuli

gare gamovlinebebis mixedviT msjeloben, imis mixedviT, Tu ra gavlenas

axdens es pirovneba sazogadoebaze, rogor aRiqvamen irgvliv myofni mas.

es Tvalsazrisi Zalian axloa personis cnebis ciceroniseul niRbis

mniSvnelobasTan. (iungis pirovnebis sistemaSic vxvdebiT niRbis

konvecionalur gagebas: niRabi koleqtiuri sulisa, niRabi, romelic

malavs individualobas). biosocialuri TeoriebisTvis tipiuria meis

(May) mier mowodebuli pirovnebis gansazRvreba - pirovneba aris

socialuri gamRizianebeli, Cveni pirovneba iseTia, rogoradac gvxedaven

sxvebi. Cveni pirovneba mxolod sxvebis msjelobidan xdeba gasagebi. sxva

kriteriumi pirovnebis Sesacnobad, Tu ara is, Tu rogorebad veCvenebiT

sxvas, Tu ara socialuri azri, dafuZnebuli obieqtur gamovlinebebze,

ar arsebobs. yvela biosocialurad orientirebuli TeoriisaTvis da

Sesabamisi pirovnebis gansazRvrebebisTvis saerToa gamomxatveli

moZraobebis (rogorc vitaluri, ise socialurad gansazRvruli),

metyvelebis saSualebiT gamoxatuli azrebis da saerTod, imis, rac

sxvisTvis TvalsaCinoa, xazgasma da pirovnebis Seswavlis ZiriTad

obieqtad aRiareba. amrigad, am Teoriis warmomadgenlebisaTvis

pirovnebebs Soris gansxvavebis ZiriTadi mizezi sxvebze gavlenaSi

mdgomareobs da ara subieqtis Sinagan wesrigsa Tu struqturaSi.

16

niukombis [39] gansazRvrebis mixedviT, pirovneba aris is Cvevebi da

qcevebi, romelic gavlenas axdens sxva adamianebze. olporti aRniSnavs,

rom am gansazRvrebis mixedviT adamianis gegmebi, survilebi,

pativmoyvareoba, romelic SeiZleba ar gamovlindes da sxvebisTvis ar

gaxdes misawvdomi ar miekuTvneba pirovnebas. garda amisa, Tu pirovnebis

erTaderT kriteriumad sxvaze gavlenas miviCnevT, maSin robinzon kruzo

(yovel SemTxvevaSi, paraskevas gamoCenamde) pirovnebad ar unda

CavTvaloT?

biofizikur TeoriebSi, biosocialurisgan gansxvavebiT,

xasgasmulia subieqtis Sinagani wesrigi, Sinagani struqturis

mniSvneloba da pirovnebis gagebisTvis misi gaTvaliswinebis

aucilebloba. pirovneba, am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, realurad arsebobs,

igi realobaa, iseve, rogorc nebismieri movlena, magaliTad, Tevzi, xe Tu

varsklavi. miuxedavad imisa, Tu es ukanasknelni rogor gveZlevian

mcdari aRqmebis Tu msjelobis Sedegad (veSapi, rogorc Tevzi, xe-orjer

ufro didi, vidre sinamdvileSia, varskvlavi, rogorc pawawina naTura),

maT realuri, namdvili buneba amiT ar icvleba. asevea pirovnebac.

pirovnebas Tavisi Sinagani struqtura, Tavisi kanonzomierebani gaaCnia.

fsiqologiam, olportis azriT, TviT pirovnebaSi mimdinare procesebi -

aRqma, inteleqti, gamocdileba, motivebi unda Seiswavlos da ara is,

rasac biosociualuri midgoma gvTavazobs. am ukanasknelis mixedviT

pirovnebis Seswavla am pirovnebis garSemomyofTa aRqmebis, reaqciebis da

sxva fsiqikuri procesebis Seswavlas niSnavso - ironiulad dasZens

olporti [46].

pirovnebis fsiqologiur gansazRvrebebSi, sadac biofizikurad

orientirebuli Teoriebi sWarbobs, olporti ramdenime jgufs

gamohyofs. [41] [42].

1. krebiTi gansazRvrebebi. am jgufisTvis tipuri gansazRvreba

iwyeba ase: pirovneba aris krebadoba da Semdeg CamoTvlilia is niSnebi,

romelic avtors pirovnebis gagebisTvis arsebiTad miaCnia. krebadobis

nacvlad SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes agregati, konstelacia, kompoziti,

17

ansambli. am midgomam, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sinagan fsiqikur niSnebze

miuTiTebda mecnierebas bevri veraferi SesZina, radgan maTi

maorganizebeli, gamamTlianebeli struqtura yuradRebis gareSe darCa.

xolo niSnebis ubralo CamoTvla ki am SemTxvevaSi igivea, rac mxolod

im asoebis CamoTvla, risganac leqsi Sedgeba.

2. mTlianobiTi gansazRvrebebi. es aris integraluri da

konfiguraciuli gansazRbrebebi. tipuri gansazRvreba uorenis da

kermaiklis Semdegia: pirovneba aris adamianis zogadi struqtura

(wesrigi) misi ganviTarebis yovel stadiaze. mak kandis individualobac

ar aviwydeba am mTlianobaSi: pirovneba aris interesTa mTlianoba,

romelic organizmis qcevas gansakuTrebul individualobas aZlevs. es

midgoma pirovnebis mTlianobas, misi nawilebis integracias gamokveTs.

3. ierarqiuli gansazRvrebebi. am tipis gansazRvrebebisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia integrirebul mTelSi safexurebis gamoyofa.

pirovnebis amgvari gansazRvreba pirvelad jemsma mogvca. man pirovnebaSi

oTxi done gamoyo. jemsis pirovneba Signidan aris danaxuli,

introspeqciulia. jemsisTvis pirveli done aris `materialuri me~,

sxeulis, ojaxis, mdgomareobis da saukeTeso megobris gaTvaliswinebiT.

Semdegia _ `socialuri me~, romelic gansazRvrulia mis garSemo myof

adamianTa SemecnebiT. am safexuris mimarT jemsis cnobili gamoTqma

arsebobs: `adamians imdeni `me~ aqvs, ramdeni socialuri jgufic

arsebobs, romelTa azrsac misTvis mniSvneloba aqvs~. mesame safexuri

aris `sulieri me~, romelic adamianis gansxvavebul tendenciebs

aerTianes, da bolos, meoTxe _ `wminda me~, postulirdeba sxvadasxva

filosofiuri sistemebiT da arsebiTad, mesame safexurisgan ar

gansxvavdeba.

4. diskriminaciuli gansazRvrebebi. am SemTxvevaSi pirovnebis

Secnobis da misi arsis dadgenis kriteriumi interindividualuri

gansxvavebebia. am tipis gansazRvrebis momxreebis azriT, socialuri

jgufis yvela wevri erTnairad rom fiqrobdes, grZnobdes, moqmedebdes,

maSin pirovneba aRar iarsebebdao. tipuri diskriminaciuli gansazRvreba

18

Semdegia: pirovneba aris mowesrigebuli sistema, funqciuri mTeli an

Cvevebis, nasaxebis da grZnobebis mTlianoba, romelic jgufis calkeuli

wevris igive jgufis sxva wevrebisgan gansxvavebulad Secnobis

SesaZleblobas iZleva.

5. SeguebiTi gansazRvrebebi. biologebs da bihevioristebs

pirovnebis mimarT msgavsi midgoma aqvT. isini pirovnebas adamianis

qcevidan gamomdinare ganixilaven. am Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, pirovneba

aris mTliani organizmi moqmedebaSi da pirovneba aris CvevaTa garkveuli

sistemebis erTianoba, romelic gansazRvravs adamianis garemosTan

Seguebis Tavisebur xasiaTs. (kempfi)

pirovnebis biosocialuri Teoriisa da bihevioristuli Teoriis

zogierTi postulati safuZvlad daedo Tanamedrove pirovnebis

fsiqologiis erT mimarTulebas, romelic empiriuli pirovnebis

fsiqologiis sxeliTaa cnobili da Tu olportis terminologias

moviSveliebT, anglosaqsur Teoriebs warmoadgens. pirovnebis

fsiqologias saqme aqvs fsiqikur movlenebTan, fenomenebTan, romelTa

dakvirveba da registracia aris SesaZlebeli. is, Tu ras ganicdis

adamiani, misi Sinagani samyaro, am Teoriis warmomadgenelTa sityvebiT,

uaRresad saintereso da mniSvnelovani mecnieruli Rirebulebis mqonea

fsiqologiisaTvis, magram misi es Sinagani samyaro gaSualebulad

gveZleva metyvelebis, moZraobebis, mimikis da sxva saSualebebiT. amgvar

movlenebs empiriuli movlenebi ewodeba. swored maTze dayrdnobiT, maT

safuZvelze unda moxdes maT ukan mdgari gancdebis Sesaxeb daskvnis

gakeTeba, anu Teoriuli konstruqtis Seqmna. empiriul movlenebs Tavisi

Tavis axsna ar SeuZliaT. magaliTad, rodesac cdis piri an pacienti

fsiqologs eubneba, rom am pacients mowyenilia, es gamonaTqvami

empiriuli movlenaa. xolo rodesac fsiqologi am gamonaTqvamis

safuZvelze askvnis, rom es pacienti, Tu es pirovneba mowyenilia (an

depresia aqvs) _ es azri ukve konstruqtia da ara empiriuli movlena.

amiT aixsneba misi gamonaTqvami Tu saxis gamometyveleba. amrigad,

19

metyvelebiT gamoTqvams es adamiani Tavis mdgomareobas Tu mimikiT erTi

da igivea, orive empiriuli movlenaa.

meores mxriv, SeiZleba es konstruqti ar aRmoCndes WeSmariti (es

adamiani sulac ar iyos mowyenili). magram Tu ki igi daiwereba an

gamoiTqmeba, is ukve (konstruqti) iqceva empiriul movlenad, romelic

SeiZleba sxvadasxva adamianis (fsiqologis) mier gansxvavebulad iqnas

interpretirebuli. sxva fsiqologma SeiZleba pirveli fsiqologiis am

gamonaTqvams aseTi axsna mounaxos anu mis safuZvelze sxva konstruqti

Seqmnas: magaliTad, rom es fsiqologi TviTon iyo mowyenili da yvela

mowyenilad eCveneboda da sxv.). mTavari is aris, rom pirovnebis empiriul

fsiqologiaSi sakuTari da sxvisi gancdis garegani gamovlinebebi

ganixileba, rogorc empiriuli movlena, romlebic Tavis Tavs ver xsnian.

empiriuli movlenebs miekuTvneba agreTve miRwevebi, dRiurebi, naxatebi,

fiziologiuri gamovlinebebi- (mag. pulsis sixSire), antropometruli

monacemebi-simaRle sxeulis indeqsi. yovelive amis gaTvaliswineba

aucilebelia pirovnebis SeswavlisaTvis. hipoTeturi konstruqciebi

empiriul movlenebTan umWidroes kavSirSi arian. swored Teoria,

hipoTeturi konstruqcia aZlevs empiriul movlenas Tavis mniSvnelobas.

pirovnebis anglosaqsuri da kontinenturi mimarTulebebi

pirovnebis kvlevis or models daedo safuZvlad. pirveli modelis

mixdviT, Tavdapirvelad unda ganvmartoT, ras vgulisxmobT pirovnebaSi,

unda SevicnoT pirovnebis arsi, misi buneba da mxolod amis Semdeg unda

moxdes misi detaluri Seswavla-gamokvleva.

meore modeli gulisxmobs jer dakvirvebas obieqturad gamovlenil

qcevebze - empiriul fenomenebze, xolo Semdeg empiriuli fenomenebis

gansazRvrisa da axsnisTvis hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmnas. TviT

pirovneba uzogadesi konstruqtia [39].

amrigad, pirovnebis kvlevis pirveli modelis mixedviT, pirveladia

pirovnebis Teoria da Semdeg xdeba am Teoriis empiriuli Semowmeba.

meore modelis mixedviT ki jer xdeba empiriul movlenebze dakvirveba

da Semdeg maT asaxsnelad hipoTeturi konstruqtebis Seqmna. aseTi

20

konstruqtia, magaliTad, aizenkis introversia-eqstraversia. empiriul

fsiqologiaSi pirovnebis da pirovnul niSanTa kvleva iwyeba manam, sanam

TviT es cnebebi dadgindeboda.

miuxedavad imisa, rom orive mimarTuleba mTlian pirovnebas

Tvlis Tavis Seswavlis sagnad, meore modelis mimdevrebi pirvelisagan

gansxvavebiT calkeuli nawilebidan iwyeben pirovnebis kvlevas, maT

pirovnebis Seswavlisas aqcenti mainc am mTlianobis nawilebze gadaaqvT

- calkeul damoukidebel pirovnul niSnebze, ganwyobebze, sindromebze,

faqtorebze, miRwevebze. TviT am nawilebis damoukidebloba ufro metad

aris gamokveTili, vidre am nawilebis mTelze damokidebuleba da am

mTeliT maTi gansazRvra. es nawilebi aris swored hipoTeturi

konstruqciebi, xolo pirovneba empiriul fsiqologiaSi - uzogadesi

konstruqcia. pirveli modelis warmomadgenlebi cdiloben pirovnebis

Seswavlisas mTeli ar dakargon mxedvelobidan. maTTvis, rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, mTeli pirveladia, xolo meore modelis mimdevrebisTvis ki-

meoradi.

upiratesi mniSvneloba eniWeba:

kontinentur TeoriebSi: Sinagan Zalebs, konstituciur pirobebs,

struqturul simyares, garemos zemoqmedebigan SedarebiT

damoukideblobas. pirovneba gagebulia, rogorc SedarebiT stabiluri

organizacia.

anglosaqsur TeoriebSi: garegan gamovlinebebs, zedapirul

Tvisebebs, qcevis motorul komponentebs, interpersonalur

urTierTobebs. pirovneba gagebulia, rogorc SedarebiT labiluri

organizacia.

aqve gvinda SemogTavazoT pirovnebis Teoriebis kidev erTi

klsasifikacia. pirovnebis gansxvavebuli aspeqtebis mniSvnelobis

mixedviT es Teoriebi SeiZleba xuT kategoriad daiyos [11].

21

1. pirovnebis cnebis erT-erT gavrcelebul jgufSi misi

biologiuri-socialuri mxarea win wamoweuli da masze yuradRebaa

gamaxvilebuli. am orientaciis mixedviT pirovneba socialur garemoSi

yalibdeba. socialuri garemo dadabiTad an uaryofiTad pasuxobs

individis reaqciebs.

2. pirovnebis cnebaTa meore jgufs pirovnebis fsiqo-fizikuri

gansazRvrebis jgufs uwodeben. Aam gansazRvrebis mixedviT, adamianis

fizikur Tvisebebs eqceva yuradReba.

3. Semdgom jgufSi pirovneba ganixileba, rogorc fsiqikuri

niSnebis mqone indidividi. am niSnebSi igulisxmeba inteleqti, emocia da

sxva.

4. gansazRrebaTa am jgufSi pirovnebis maorganizebel funqciazea

yuradReba gamaxvilebeuli, romelic ganapirobebs misTvis

damaxasiaTebel qcevis garkveul stils da gansazRvravs romelime

tipisadmi mikuTvnebulobas.

5. pirovnebis zogierT gansazRvrebaSi win wamoweulia is

unikaluri da gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebi, romliTac pirovneba sxvebisgan

gansxvavdeba [11]. (Cveni kvlevisTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa es

midgoma).

pirovnebis cnebebi sxvadasxva TeoriaSi erTiandeba da Sesabamisad

aris gagebuli fsiqikuri Zalebi da unarebi, romelic pirovnebis qcevis

safuZvels warmoadgens.

bihevioristuli Teoriis mixdeviT, pirovneba garegani zemoqmedebis

Sedegad yalibdebaEda misi cxovrebac gare stimulebze reaqciaTa

erTobliobiT ganisazRvreba. pirovneba obieqturad arsebuli movlenaa

da bolomde emorCileba sagnobriv garemos.

Pzigmund froidis fsiqoanalitikuri Teoria bihevioristuli

Teorias upirispirdeba. pirovneba am Teoriis mixedviT, aracnobieri

Zalebis zemoqmedebis winaaRmdeg brZolis procesSi yalibdeba. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom adamianis qceva ganpirobebulia ara gare stimulebis

zemoqmedebiT, aramed Sinagani faqtorebiT, motivebiT. adamianis yvela

22

moqmedebas aqvs mizezi da mizani. Tu mizezi ar aris TvalsaCino, mxolid

imitom, rom aracnobier sferoSia. Zalian xSirad, swored, aracnobieri

sferoTi xdeba fsiqkuri aqtiobis determnireba.

Aaseve, sainteresoa pirovnebis humanisturi Teoriebi, romelmac

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana pirovnebis gagebaSi. Aam Teoriebis

ZiriTadi niSania _ adamianis swrfva TviTaqtualizaciisaken, romelic

sakuTari SesaZleblobebis raelizacias gulisxmobs. pirovneba

rwmundeba, rom misi cxovrebis mamoZravebeli da warmarTveli Zala

TviTon masSia [39] [41].

Ppirovnebis TviTorganizaciisa da Tavisuflebis ideas iziarebs

ganwyobis antropuli Teoria. masSi naCvenebia, rom individis aqtioba

detremnirebulia gare da Sida faqtorebis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli

ganwyobiT. Ppirovneba sxvadasxva faqtoris zegavleniT qmnis, mis mier

arCeuli Tavisufali qcevis ganwyobas [11].

ganwyobis antropuli Teoriis mixedviT subieqti sinamdvilis

amsaxvelia, igi qmnis sinamdvilis suraTs imitom, rom garemos ukeT

moergos. igi cvlis da afarToebs sinamdviles.

Zalian mokled SevexoT NNniSnis Teoriebs, romelic Cveni

kvlevisaTvis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania. Ees Teoria pirovnebis

asaxsnelad gvTavazobs uwyvet ganzomilebas egreT wodebul niSnebs.

niSani es aris myari pirovnuli Tviseba an atributi, romelic gavlenas

axdens qcevaze sxvadasxva situaciaSi. G

gordon olportis (1966) mixedviT, niSani aris pirovnebis

`samSeneblo masala~ da individualurobis wyaro. (zimbardo). Mmisi

azriT, niSnebi uzrunvelyofen adamianis qcevis SeTanxmebulobas da

uzrunvelyofen sxavdasxva stimulebze erTgvarovan reaqciebs. niSani es

aris pirovnebis winaswar ganwyoba imisaTvis, rom ganaxorcielos msgavsi

qceva situaciebis gansxvavebul diapazonSi. es niSnebi yalibdeba da

viTardeba situaciebs Soris msgavsebebis aRmoCenis safuZvelze.

magaliTad, Tu Cven mraval situacias erTsa da imave mniSvnelobas

mivaniWebT, maSin, Sesabamisad, msgavsi reaqciac gveqneba yvela mocemuli

23

situaciis SemTxvevaSi. amave dros SesaZlebelia, rom niSani Tavadac

qmnides da iwvevdes situacias, sadac mas srulfasovani gamomJRavnebis

saSualeba miecema [33].

olporti Tavis naSromSi gamoyofs niSanTa or ZiriTad tips:

saerTo niSnebi da individualuri niSnebi.

saerTo niSani ewodeba iseT niSnebs, romelic mocemul kulturaSi

SesaZloa mraval adamians axasiaTebdes, rac aixsneba imiT rom am

kulturis adamianebi ganicdian msgavs evoluciur da socialur

zegavlenas. SesaZlebelia, rom individebi am saerTo niSnis arsebobisa

da maTi gamovlenis xarisxiTac ki Sefasdnen. rogorc aRmoCnda, nebismier

saerTo niSans sazogadoebaSi gamovlenis normaluri ganawileba

axasiaTebs. olportma gamoiyena testebi da gaaanaliza miRebuli

Sedegebi.

individualuri niSnebi ki gulisxmobs iseT maxasiaTeblebs,

romelTa mixedviTac adamianebis erTmaneTTan Sedareba ar aris

SesaZlebeli. es niSnebi unikaluria individisaTvis da zustad asaxavs

mis pirovnul struqturas. Ppirovnebis adeqvaturi aRwerisaTvis

sworedac ro aucilebelia, mis individualur niSnebis win wamoweva, am

niSnebiT manipulireba.

mogvianebiT olporti individualur niSnebs individualur

dispoziciebs uwodebs da gamoyofs maT sam saxes:

1. kardinaluri dispoziciebi _ isini imdenad Zlierad arian

warmodgenili, rom faqtobrivad xsnis individis mier ganxorcielebuli

nebismieri qceva. es aris generalizirebuli dispozicia, romelic ar

rCeba SeumCneveli. Uunda aRiniSnos, rom kardinalur niSnebs arc Tu ise

bevri adamiani flobs. magaliTad: makiaveli, Jana darki, don Juani.

2. centraluri dispozicia _ ar aris yovlismomcveli, Tumca, mainc

mnivnelovani maxasiaTebelia. es niSani SesaZloa SevadaroT

sarekomendacio werilSi moyvanil maxasiaTeblebs (mavani da mavani

gamoirCeva punqtualurobiT, akuratulobiT da a. S.). ramdeni

centraluri dispozicia SeiZleba hqondes saSualod adamians?

24

Catarebuli eqsperimentis mixedviT, maTi raodenoba meryeobs 3 - 10

erTeulamde. saSualod - 7.2.

3. meoradi dispoziciebi _ pirovnebis is maxasiaTebelia, romelic

naklebad gamosadegia pirovnebis daxasiaTebisas da aris "periferiuli".

am kategoriaSi SeiZleba moxvdes specifikuri atitudebi da sxva

situaciurad ganpirobebuli maxasiaTeblebi [46].

miuxedavad, didi interesisa, romelic antikuri periodidan

pirovnebis bunebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs, unda iTqvas, rom

pirovnebisa da masTan dakavSirebuli aspeqtebis kvleva dResac aqtiurad

mimdinareobs. Aaqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sfero

amouwuravia.

1. 2. `me~-s cneba fsiqologiaSi

saukuneebis manZilze `me~-s (igive `selfi~) cneba filosofiaSi

gaigivebuli iyo iseT cnebebTan, rogoricaa `suli~, `cnobiereba~, `goni~,

`neba~ da a.S.. magaliTad, sokratesa da platonTan selfi (e.i. suli,

radganac maT TeoriaebSi suli warmoadgens, Tanamedrove gagebiT,

selfis ekvivalentur cnebas) ganixileba, rogorc aramaterialuri

bunebis mqone mTlianoba.

Sua saukuneebis filosofiac mniSvnelovan adgils uTmobs selfis

ganxilvas. Ddekarte (1596_1650) ayalibebs sakuTar Sexedulebebs `me~-sTan

mimarTebaSi. igi miuTiTebs cnobierebisa da sxeulis or erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavebul mocemulobis arsebobaze.

Llokis (1632-1704) mixedviT, selfis arsi cnobierebaSi mdgomareobs.

misi azriT, pirovnebisaTvis arsebiTi swored TviTcnobierebaa. selfis

cnobiereba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli azrovnebasTan da selfi Sedgeba

mxolod im gamocdilebisagan, romelic Cven gvaxsovs, e.i. cnobierad

gveZleva. amrigad, lokTan selfi gaigivebulia cnobierebasTan da

ganixileba mxolod cnobier gamocdilebasTan mimarTebaSi.

25

Hhiumis (1711-1756) Tanaxmad selfi warmoadgens, aRqmebisa da

gamocdilebis erTobliobas, romelic cvalebadi da ganaxlebadia. Kkanti

ki aRniSnavs, rom codna sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb efuZneba codnas da

gamocdilebas, romelsac sxvadasxva SegrZnebaTa gacnobierebis Sedegad

viRebT.

bunebrivia, mosazrebebsa da midgomebs, romelic `me~-sTan

dakavSirebiT arsebobs fsiqologiaSi garkveuli safuZveli moumzada

filosofiurma moZRvrebebma.

`me~-s aRmocenebisa da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad ori

gansxvavebuli midgoma arsebobs, romelmac (am ideebma, midgomebma) didi

gavlena moaxdina Tanamedrove fsiqologiur da sociologiur

azrovnebaze. erT-erTi midgoma gulisxmobs ganviTarebadi me-s

(developmental self) cnebas. am azrs dRes bevri fsiqologi, fsiqiatri

da etologi iziarebs. am midgomis mixedviT, `me~ (selfi) individis

pirovnuli niSnebis erTobliobas warmoadgens, anu "pirovnebis"

eqvivalenturia, xolo misi ganviTareba xdeba sxeulis biologiuri

ganviTarebis msgavsad, romelic, Tavis mxriv, did gavlenas axdens am

ukanasknelze (`me”-ze da mis ganviTarebaze). individi TandaTan yalibdeba,

rogorc garkveuli unikaluri Tvisebebs, unar-Cvevebis, atitudebisa da

Rirebulebebis mqone, rasac safuZvlad udevs is pirovnuli

predispoziciebi, romelic mas dabadebidan aqvs (anu Tandayolilia):

iqneba es Tandayolili instinqtebi, fsiqikuri energia, Tu koleqtiuri

cnobiereba. `me~-s ganviTarebis am midgomis yvelaze TvalsaCino

warmomadgeneli iyo froidi.

Ppirovnebis yvela fsiqodinamikuri TeoriisaTvis saerTo daSveba

aris is, rom Zlieri Sinagani Zalebi ayalibebs pirovnebas da axdens

qcevis motivirebas, anu Fpirovneba formirdeba da misi qceva motivirdeba

Zlieri Sinagani ZalebiT [42].

am Teoriis mixedviT, `me~-s ganviTareba ganixileba, rogorc

individis TanSobili Tvisebebis Camoyalibebis, zrdisa da cvlilebis

procesi. individi da pirovnuli Tvisebebi, romelsac is avlens,

26

warmoadgens misi Sinagani predispoziciebisa da garemos faqtorbes

urTierTmimarTebis, misi cxovrebis pirobebis zegavlenis Sedegs.

mTavari am midgomaSi aris is, rom Tandayolili survilebi,

moTxovnilebebi da Tvisebebi pirveladia, xolo Camoyalibeba da

ganviTareba am Tandayolilis modifikacias warmoadgens. individi

ibadeba garkveuli TvisebebiT, ufro swored, predispoziciiT, romelic

warmoadgens momavali Tvisebebis (pirovnuli niSnebis) ganviTarebisa da

Camoyalibebis safuZvels. saboloo produqti _ pirovneba da `me~

(romelic Cans) _ damokidebulia biologiur memkvidreobaze, individze

moqmed socialur gavlenebsa da mis interaqciebze, SeZenil

gamocdilebaze.

meore, absoluturad gansxvavebuli midgomaa _ e.w. socialuri `me~.

am midgomis mimdevrebi pirovnebis ganviTarebis procesSi xazs usvamen

sxvebTan kontaqtis, urTierTobis mniSvnelobas. am midgomis ukidures

gamovlinebas warmoadgens azri, rom sxvebi ara marto aucilebelia da

gavlenas axdenen pirovnebis ganviTarebaze, aramed sxvebTan kontaqtis

gavlenis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe saerTod azri ara aqvs pirovnebis

arsebobis Sesaxeb laparaks.

me-20 saukuneSi socialur mecnierebebSi `garemoze orientirebul~

midgomaSi or mimarTulebas ganasxvaveben. ufro adrindel amerikul

fsiqologiaSi iTvleba biheviorizmi. biheviorizmi pirovnebis

ganviTarebas ganixilavs mxolod socialuri daswavlis terminebSi.

individi aris (arc meti arc naklebi) is, rac aswavles sxvebma da rac

iswavla TviTon socialuri gamocdilebis miRebis procesSi.

biheviorizmi mniSvnelovanwilad warmoadgenda reaqcias fsiqoanalizSi

SemuSavebuli formulebis winaaRmdeg, kerZod, iseTi cnebebis winaaRmdeg,

rogoricaa Tandayolili qceviTi predispoziciebi da instinqtebi.

bihevioristuli midgoma xazs usvams im azrs, rom adamianis qcevis gageba

(swavla da analizi) mxolod im SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli, Tu davuSvebT,

rom es qceva determinirebulia mxolod garegani stimulebiT. individze

bevri stimuli moqmedebs, rodesac is am stimulis sapasuxod moqmedebs,

27

es moqmedeba gasagebi xdeba mxolod, rogorc garegan stimulze

daswavlili reaqcia.

igive midgomis gansxvavebul da ufro rTul variants warmoadgens

u. jemsis (1890) mier Camoyalibebuli Sexeduleba `me~-s Sesaxeb, romlis

ganviTarebac moxda C.kulis (1920), j.h. midis (1934) h.s. salivanisa da

bolos e.hofmanis da karl rojersis naSromebSi. bihevioristebis

msgavsad, es avtorebic uaryofdnen qcevis TanSobili wyaroebis

aucileblobas da xazs usvamdnen pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze individis

socialuri interaqciis gavlenis aucileblobas [20] [60]. Tumca,

bihevioristebisagan gansxvavebiT, am mkvlevarebTan "me-koncefciis" cneba

dakvirvebadi qcevis asaxsnelad gadamwyvet, ZiriTad rols asrulebs.

adamiani gansxvavdeba sxva Seswavlis obieqtebisagan (cxovelebisagan)

imiT, rom mas aqvs TviTcnobiereba. is ganicdis garemos zagavlenas da

amve dros is (anu TviTcnobiereba) Tavis mxriv gavlenas axdens garemoze.

imisaTvis, rom ganesxvavebinaT es midgoma biheviorizmisagan da, agreTve,

xazi gaesvaT TviTcnobierebisaTvis me-s, rogorc garegan samyarosTan

interaqciis mediatoris mniSvnelobaze, mkvlevarebma mas simboluri

interaqciis an ubralod interaqcionistuli midgoma uwodes. am

mimarTulebis mkvlevrebi adamianebs ganixilaven, rogorc individebs,

romlebic erTmaneTTan urTierToben simboloebis saSualebiT.

uiliam jemsi gaxldaT erT-erTi pirveli, romelmac daiwyo "me"-s

kvleva da romelic dainteresda `me-koncefciis~ sakiTxebiT. is Tvlida,

rom `me~ moicavs ara mxolod Cvens Sinagan Rirebulebebs, interesebs,

niSan-Tvisebebs, aramed Cvens megobrebsac, axloblebTan urTierTobebsa

da Cvens sakuTrebasac ki.

`me~-s socialur bunebas SemdgomSi kidev ufro gausva xazi Carls

kulim da herbert midma. maT miaCndaT, rom adamianebs `me~ mxolod sxva

adamianTa Tvalsazrisis miRebiT uyalibdebaT. kulis ekuTvnis

socialuri sarkis metafora anu `sarkuli me~, `me~-s xedva, romelic sxva

adamianebTan simboluri (lingvisturi) komunikaciiT gveZleva. igi

28

pirdapir aRniSnavda, rom `me~-s erTianobas individs organizebuli

sazogadoeba, jgufi aniWebs [20] [21].

amrigad, jemsis, kulisa da midis Tanaxmad `me~ aris socialuri

warmonaqmni. izolaciaSi gazrdil adamians `me~ ar uviTardeba, radgan

`me~ socialur gamocdilebas da ukukavSirs saWiroebs.

jemsis ideam sakmaod mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia fsiqologiaze,

romelic gulisxmobs `me~-Si ori sakmaod gansxvavebuli aspeqtis _ Ì~

da `Me~-s gamoyofas. Ì~ - `me rogorc subieqti" (mag: me vicani igi; `me~ _

Semmecnebeli) _ aris aqtualuri "me", cnobierebis awmyo nakadi; `Me~ _

`me~ rogorc obieqti Seicavs yvelafers, rac ki viciT Cveni `me~-s Sesaxeb

(mag: man micno me). jemsis mixedviT `me~-subieqti aris moqmedi, sakuTari

qcevisa da azrovnebis modelis Semqmneli, sakuTari codnis avtori, M`me~

– obieqti ki _ sakuTari codnisa da gamocdilebis obieqti. `me~

yovelTvis gulisxmobs `me~ Semmecnebelsa da `me~-s rogorc obieqts.

amrigad, Ì~ -Si igulisxmeba `me~-s SedarebiT mkafio da

SemosazRvruli gancda. masSi gamoxatulia is, rom adamiani ganicdis

Tavs sakuTari qcevis, aRqmis, emociis subieqtad; acnobierebs Tavis

igiveobas da ganuyofelobas imisagan, rac guSin iyo. am uSualo gancdas

raime konkretuli Sinaarsi ar gaaCnia. `Me” _`me” individualuri

Sinaarsis Semcvelia. jemsma am cnebiT aRniSna yvelaferi is, rasac

individi Tavi Tavs miakuTvnebs.

jemsi aRniSnavs, rom sirTules warmoadgens swored imis dadgena,

TuU ras gulisxmobs adamiani Tavis TavSi da TavisaSi. Cveni grZnobebi da

damokidebulebebi im obieqtisadmi, romelic Cven gvekuTvnis, xSirad

Zalian hgavs im grZnobebsa da damokidebulebebs, romelic gagvaCnia

sakuTari Tavisadmi. Cveni Svilebi, Cveni Semoqmedeba iseTive Zvirfasia,

rogorc sakuTari sxeuli. jemsi amtkicebda, rom pirovneba warmoadgens

jams imisasa, rasac igi sakuTrad miiCnevs. amaSi igulisxmeba rogorc

fizikuri da sulieri mxare, aseve sakuTari saxli, Svilebi, Sromebi,

tansacmeli da a.S. misi azriT, `me~-obieqti – aris yvelaferi is, rasac

29

adamiani Tavisas uwodebs. jemsi am mimarTulebiT gamoyofs ramdenime

`me~-s: suliers, materialurs, socialursa da fizikurs.

Carlz kuli da herbert midi (simboluri iteraqcionizmis

warmomadgenlebi) individs ganixilaven socialur urTierTmimarTebaSi

CrTuls. es avtorebic uaryofen qcevis TanSobili wyaroebis

aucileblobas da xazs usvamen pirovnebis Camoyalibebaze socialuri

interaqciis rols. `me~ da `sxvebi~ qmnian erT mTlianobas. midis azriT,

pirovnebas gansazRvravs socialuri pirobebi. midisaTvis sxvaoba `I~ da

`Me” -s Soris nawilobriv mexsierebis sakiTxs ukavSirdeba. `I~ mocemulia

am momentSi, xolo `Me”MSemdgom momentSi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, I aris

mocemuli momentis spontanuri aqtori, xolo Me refleqsiur codnas

Seicavs. I aris `me~-s aqtiuri komponenti da individs qcevisaken ubiZgebs.

misgan sapirispirod, Me aris obieqti, ganwyobebisa da molodinebis

organizebuli erToblioba, romelic saerToa konkretuli jgufisaTvis.

Me mimarTulebis mimcemia. igi ukve arCeuli moqmedebebis ganxorcielebis

saSualebaa. I da Me erTian `me~-d arian gaerTianebuli da erTmaneTis

gareSe ar arseboben. `me~-koncefcia, `me~-xatebi, `me~-sqemebi _ exeba Me-s

da ara I-s. socialur-fsiqologiur gamokvlevebSi maTi simravle

nawilobriv gamowveulia imiT, rom Me empiriul kvlevas ufro iolad

eqvemdebareba.

kuli, romelic `sarkiseburi me~ -s Teoriis avtoria, aRniSnavs, rom

`me~- ze ZiriTad gavlenas axdens sxvebis mier individis Sefaseba (sxvaTa

Sefaseba), anu `me rogorsac mxedaven sxvebi~. M sociologiaSi am sakiTxis

ganxilva yovelTvis kulis SromebiT iwyeba, gansakuTrebiT misi

sarkiseburi `me~-s cnebiT. `Cven vxedavT sakuTar saxes, sxeuls da

Cacmulobas sarkeSi da gvainteresebs yovelive, radgan es yvelaferi

Cvenia, Cveni sakuTrebaa. amis Semdeg mogvwons an ar mogvwons, imis da

mixedviT emTxveva Tu ara imas, rasc gvinda rom gavdes. zustad aseve,

Cven warmovidgenT, Tu ras fiqrobs sxva Cveni garegnobis, qcevis,

miznebis, xasiaTis, megobrebis da a.S. Sesaxeb. yovelive es ki sxvadasxva

gavlenas axdens Cvenze” [20].

30

`sarkisebur me~-ze gavlenas axdens individis codna sxvebis Sesaxeb

da garkveulwilad mis (individis) mier sxvebis Sefaseba; `is rom raRacis

gamo siamayes an sircxvils ganvicdiT, mxolod sakuTari Tavis

meqanikuri refleqsia rodia, aramed am refleqsiis Sinagani grZnobaa,

warmosaxvis Sedegia sxvis gonebaSi gardatexili. es cxadia, aSkara xdeba

im faqtidan, rom is sxva, romlis prizmaSic vxedavT sakuTar Tavs,

ganapirobebs Cvens grZnobebs. Cven gvrcxvenia patiosani adamianis

TandaswrebiT movityuoT, an gamovaCinoT simxdale mamaci adamianis

winaSe, uxeSoba daxvewilis gverdiT da a.S. Cven yovelTvis warmovidgenT

da warmosaxvaSi viziarebT sxvis Sefasebebs" (kuli) [29].

rogorc aRvniSneT, kuli xazs usvams individis mier sxvebis

Sefasebis mniSvnelobas, romelic modis Sinagani Sedarebidan sakuTari

Tavisa sxvebTan. marTalia, Zneli dasadgenia Tu ra mniSnelobas aniWebs

kuli sxvebis bunebas, magram is ki cxadia, rom igi yvela sxvas, visTanac

ki individs uxdeba urTierToba `me-koncefciis~ gansazRvraSi erTnair

mniSvnelobas ar aniWebs.

avtoris aseve mniSvnelovani damsaxurebaa cnebis -

`internalizebuli sxva~- Semotana. interaqciis gziT individi iqmnis im

sxvebis mentalur xats, visTanac is urTierTobs. es Sinagani xati

SesaZloa sworad ar asaxavdes realobas da misi damaxinjebac iyos.

kuli mxolod imas aRniSnavs, rom am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs cnobier

codnasTan da rom es codna ganapirobebs imas, Tu rogor reagirebs

individi sxvebze da rogor `sarkisebur me~-s imijs inarCunebs.

h. midi Tvlis, rom adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis gacnobiereba da

gansazRvra ganpirobebulia im warmodegenebiT, romelic sxvebs maT

Sesaxeb gaaCniaT. midma ganavrco da ganaviTara kulis azrebi cnebis _

`generalizebuli sxva~ _ Sesaxeb, rac did rols asrulebs `sarkiseburi

mes~ TeoriaSi. midi Seexo im procesebs, romliTac bavSvi swavlobs

sakuTari ATavis obieqtad aRqmas, anu, sxva sityvebiT, Tu rogor

uviTardeba mas me-s cnobiereba. midis mixedviTac individis `me~

kognituri procesia. avtoris azriT, `me~-s ganviTarebis procesSi

31

ZiriTadi `generalizebuli sxvaa~, anu sxvebis (igulisxmeba mTeli

jgufi, romelTanac uwevs urTierToba) atitudebi, Sefasebebi da a.S..

Seqmnili wre an socialuri jgufi, romelic individs mis erTeulad

aqcevs warmoadgens `generalizebuli sxva~-s [60].

aRsaniSnavia, rom midTan ar aris zustad gansazRvruli cneba _

`generalizebuli sxva~. Aam cnebis Semotanam `sarkiseburi me~-s idea ori

mniSvnelovani mimarTulebiT gaafarTova. pirveli, xazi gausva mesTan

dakavSirebuli azrebis socialuri konteqstis mniSvnelobas. individi

sakuTar Tavze fiqrobs misi socialuri jgufis mier gasazRvrul

kategoriebSi da rogorc Cans, sakuTari Tavis mimarT iyenebs Sedarebis

im standartebs, romelsac sxvebTan Sedarebisas ayalibebs.

meore, am cnebaSi igulisxmeba socialuri rolebis idea. individs

uviTardeba cnobiereba sakuTari socialuri rolis Sesaxeb, romelsac

asrulebs sazogadoebaSi. radgan Tavad rolis idea gulisxmobs

gansxvavebuli socialuri rolebis arsebobas, SesaZlebeli xdeba bevri

`me~-s arsebobis daSveba.

`sarkiseburi me~-s cnebis gagebaSi midma Seitana `me~-s struqturis

SedarebiTi permanentuli xasiTi, anu me xasiaTdeba met-naklebi

mdgradobiT cvlilebebisadmi.

kulis `sarkiseburi me~ - s cneba gamoiyeneba individis `me-

koncefciasTan~ dakavSirebiT, romelic damokidebulia mxolod im

adamianebis `refleqsiaze~, romlebTanac individs uSualo kontaqti aqvs.

ra Tqma unda, me-koncefciisa aseTi arastabiluroba intuituradac ki

dauSvebelia da misi ararseboba mecnieruladac damtkicebulia.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom `me-koncefcia~ xasiaTdeba, rogorc

nawilobriv permanentul struqturad, romelic agebulia gamocdilebaze

dayrdnobiT (erTis mxriv, garemoze zemoqmedebiT da meores mxriv,

garemodan zemoqmedebiT) ori daskvnis gakeTebaa SesaZlebeli. pirveli,

ar unda warmovidginoT, rom me socialur garemoSi mimdinare yvela

cvlilebasTan erTad icvleba. savaraudoa, rom `me~-ze garkveuli

32

xarisxiT aisaxeba cvlilebebi da ara srulad, miuxedavad garemos

mravalferovnebisa.

meore, `me~ struqturis ganviTreba, rogorc interaqciis Sedegi

gulisxmobs, rom am ukanasknelis gavlena sxvadasxva dros SeiZleba

gansxvavebuli iyos. magaliTad, adamiani, romelic samuSaos

SesrulebisTvis dadebiT Sefasebas iRebs sxvebisagan, mas amis gamo

uyalibdeba maRali TviTSefaseba. magram mas Semdeg, rac mas

Camouyalibdeba amgvari TviTSefaseba SemdgomSi miRebuli Sefasebebi

ukve naklebad mniSvnelovani xdeba.

da bolos, `sarkiseburi me~-s Teoriis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani

cneba `mniSvnelovani sxva~ (significant other), ekuTvnis salivans (1947). imis

gamo, rom salivani ikvlevda bavSvis socializacias, am termins

mSoblebTan dakavSirebiT iyenebda. `mniSvnelovani sxva~ aucilebeli

instrumentis rols asrulebs bavSvis aRzrdasa da CamoyalibebaSi

(atitudebisa da qcevis daswavlaSi). es cneba TandaTan gafarTovda da

moicva yvela, vinc individis `me-koncefciis~ CamoyalibebisaTvis

mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. `mniSvnelovani sxva~ aris is, visi azrebi

da qcevebic yuradsaRebia, visi Sefasebac Rirebulia individisaTvis da

vis gankicxvasac cdilobs, rom mudam aaridos Tavi. magaliTad,

bavSvisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, rom Sesrulebuli samuSaosaTvis

miiRos dadebiTi Sefaseba maswavleblebisgan, vidre Tanaklaselisgan;

ufro kmayofilia komplimenti miiRos adamianisagan, romelic cnobilia,

rogorc gemovnebiani, vidre viRac ugemovno; kmayofili iqneba moigos

Sejibri erovnul doneze, vidre adgilobrivze da a.S.

amrigad, jemsis, kulisa da midis Tanaxmad `me~ aris socialuri

warmonaqmni. izolaciaSi gazrdil adamians `me~ ar uviTardeba, radgan

`me~ socialur gamocdilebas da ukukavSirs saWiroebs. `me” da sxvebi

qmnian erT mTlianobas, midis azriT, pirovnebas gansazRvravs socialuri

garemo da pirobebi. eqsperimentulad dadasturebulia, rom `me-

kocefciis~ ganmsazRvrel orientirs warmoadgens sxvisi `me~ (Sireri,

33

bernsi): `me~ _ rogorsac sxvebi mxedaven da `me~ _ rogorsac me vxedav

Cem Tavs [20].

erik eriqsoni `me –koncefcias~ ganixilavs ego-identurobis

prizmaSi, romelic gagebulia rogorc biologiuri sawyisis mqone

garkveuli kulturis produqti. Mmisi xasiaTi ganisazRvreba, erTis

mxriv, mocemuli kulturis TaviseburebebiT da, meores mxriv, mocemuli

individis SesaZleblobebiT ègo~_identuroba yalibdeba sxvadasxva

identifikaciaTa integraciis procesSi. ègo~ aris pirovnebis

avtonomiuri struqtura, romlis ZiriTad mimarTulebas warmoadgens

socialuri adaptacia. ìmdenad, ramdenadac ègo-identuroba~ yalibdeba

individis sociokulturul garemosTan urTierTobis procesSi, amdenad

mas gaaCnia fsiqosocialuri buneba [50].

aseve sainteresoa k. rojersis Teoria. misi Teoriis centralur

cnebas `me~ warmoadgens. avtoris mixedviT, adamiani aRiqvams gare

obieqtebsa da Sinagan gamocdilebas, romelsac garkveul mniSvnelobas

aniWebs. rojersi Tvlis, rom adamiani pirad gamocdilebaze dakvirvebiTa

da SefasebiT, Seicnobs sakuTar Tavs. adamianis cxovrebiseuli

gamocdileba warmoadgens `me~-s ganuyofel nawils da mis Sesaxeb

yvelaze kargad Tavad man icis [39].

rojersi `me~-s ganixilavs, rogorc adamianis aRqmis, anu

fenomenologiuri velis difrencirebul nawils, romelic Sedgeba `me~-s

gacnobierebuli aRqmebisa da Rirebulebebisagan [20]. Mmisi Teoriis

Tanaxmad, `me~ aramdgradi da sakmaod cvalebadia. `me~ _ es aris kargad

organizebuli Tanmimdevruli geStalti, romelic mudmivad formirebis

procesSia da situaciis Sesabmisad sistematurad icvleba. `me~ da `me-

koncefcia~ aris adamianis mier sakuTari Tavis gageba, romelsac

safuZvlad udevs cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba gansazRvruli warsuliT,

awmyoTiTa da momavaliT. miuxedavad imisa, rom `me-koncefcia~ icvleba

da viTardeba, is yovelTvis inarCunebs mTlianobiT, struqturirebul da

oragnizebul xasiaTs.

34

rojersi ganixilavs idealuri `me~-s cnebas. idealuri `me~ - es

aris is, romelic yvelaze sasurveli da misaRebia pirovnebisaTvis.

idealuri `me~ moicavs im xatebsa da mniSvnelobebs, romelic maRali

Rirebulebis matarebelia mocemuli individisTvis.

rojersis TeoriaSi erT-erTi wamyvani adgili uWiravs

kongruentulobis cnebas. kongruentulobaSi moiazreba SeTanxmebuloba,

harmonia `me-konceficiasa~ da subieqtur gamocdilebas Soris.

SeTanxmebulobisken (anu ukonfliqto mdgomarebisken) swrafva

warmoadgens `me~-s funqcionirebis erT-erT princips. Ppirovnebas gaaCnia

garkveuli Sexeduleba sakuTar Tavze. igi cdilobs imgvarad moaxdinos

sakuTari gamocdi;lebis transformacia, rom es ukanaskneli

SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos sakuTar `me-koncefciasTan~. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu

ki arsebobs gansvla realur, aqtualur gamocdilebas da TviTaRqmas

Soris, anu rodesac saxezea arakongruentulobis mdgomareoba, pirovneba

ganicdis daZabulobasa da Sinagan SfoTvas. Arojersis mixedviT adamians

aqvs tendencia SeinarCunos Sinagani SeTanxmebuloba, Tu

kongruentuloba. swored amasTan dakavSirebiT avtori iwyebs dacvis

meqanizmebze laparaks, romelsac Cven mogvianebiT davubrundebiT. (Cveni

kvlevis Sedegebis interpretaciisaTvis dacvis meqanizmebs mniSvnelovani

roli eniWeba).

Ogordon olportis (1961) Tavis TeoriaSi `me~_s (selfi) nacvlad

Semoaqvs propriumis cneba. O propriumi esaa adamianis yvela aspeqti, rac

mas xdis unikalur arsebad. avtoris azriT, selfi ufro filosofiuri

cnebaa da ise kargad ver asaxavs fsiqologiur realobas, rogorc

propriumis cneba. faqtobrivad, propriumis cneba eqvivalenturia selfis

cnebis da am or cnebas fsiqologebi xSirad aigiveben [45] [46].

Ppropriumis cneba ganuyofelia pirovnebisagan. masSi moiazreba is

funqciebi, romelic safuZvlad udevs pirovnebis mTlianobasa da

unikalurobas, Semecnebis funqciebis CaTvliT. olporti aRniSnavs, rom

propriumi ganviTarebadia da Sesabamisad cvalebadi. igi gansakuTrebul

35

mniSvnelobas aniWebs swavlasa da socializacias, rac did gavlenas

axdens pirovnebis dinamikis procesebze.

propriumSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, moiazreba yvela is aspeqti,

romelic qmnis erT Sinagan mTlianobas. es aspeqtebia:

sakuTari sxeulis SegrZneba;

TviTidentifikacia;

TviTpativiscema;

TviTobis amaRleba-gandideba:

TviTobis gafarToeba;

sakuTari Tavis racionaluri marTva (racionaluri`me~);

TviT-xati;

Semmecnebeli `me~ (gonieri`me~).

pirovnebis Camoyalibeba, ganviTareba gulisxmobs propriumis yvela

funqciis urTierTqmedebas da ara calkeuli funqciis izolirebulobas.

es aspeqtebi erTianobis konteqstSi unda iqnas ganxiluli.

Asainteresoa ganvixiloT higinsis Teoria, romlsac, SeiZleba

iTqvas, ro safuZveli moumzada rojersis koncefciam. higinsis Teoria

xsnis kavSirs `me-koncefiasa~ da afeqts Soris. igi eyrdnoba rojersis

Semdeg debulebas, romlis mixedviT `me~-s Sinagani arakongruentuloba

badebs emociur problemebs, sirTuleebs emociur sferoSi. idealuri

`me~-s cnebis garda, higinss Semoaqvs e.w. ùnda-me~-sa da aqtualuri `me~-s

cneba [53].

higinsis me - gansvlis Teoriis amosavali principi aris is, rom

adamaini cdilobs da iswrafvis, rom àqtualuri me~ kongruentuli iyos

ìdealur~ da ùnda-me~-sTan. ìdealuri~ da ùnda-me~-s atributebi

warmoadgens erTgvar self-standartebs, anu, SeZleba iTqvas, rom es

standartebi pirovnebis qcevis, emociuri mdgomareobisa da

TviTSefasebis ganmsazRvrelia [53].

36

axla ganvixiloT `me~ rogor aris gagebuli nebisyofis uznaZiseul

TeoriaSi `me"-s instancia d.uznaZes nebelobiTi qcevis dasaxasiaTeblad

dasWirda.

nebelobiTi qcevis analiziT d.uznaZem specifikurad adamianuri

qcevisa da mis safuZvlad mdebare ganwyobis daxasiaTeba mogvca.

nebelobiTi qcevis ZiriTad niSnad man `me~-sa da qcevis obieqtivacia

CaTvala. nebelobiTi qcevis gansasazRvravad mas mohyavs konkretuli

magaliTebi: civ oTaxSi loginidan asadgomad bunebrivi sizantis

daZleva; Tambaqos mowevisagan Tavis Sekaveba; Zvel mcdar Sexedulebaze

uaris Tqma WeSmaritebis sasargeblod; moqmedebis winaswar dasaxuli

gegmis Sesruleba. uznaZe aRniSnavs, rom yvela am SemTxvevisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia is, rom subieqti da misi qceva, moqmedeba

dapirispirebulni arian urTierTs. subieqti moqmedebaSi ki ar aris

mocemuli, aramed moqmedebis gareSe [13].

`me~-s mniSvneloba d.uznaZem gansakuTrebiT wamoswia nebelobis

fenomenologiuri daxasiaTebis dros. igi wers: “rac Seexeba `me~-s

gancdas, mas sruliad gansxvavebuli adgili ukavia nebelobis

SemTxvevebSi: `me~ rogorc erTaderTi wyaro ganicdeba, saidanac

yovelgvari nebelobiTi qceva momdinareobs, rogorc erTaderTi Zala,

romelzec savsebiT damokidebulia Tu rogori iqneba qceva, ra moxdeba.

erTi sityviT, nebeloba `me~-s aqtivobad ganicdeba, anu nebelobaSi

aqtiurad, moqmedad me~ .

garda amisa, nebelobis ZiriTadi etapebis _ motivaciisa da

gadawyvetilebis analizis dros d.uznaZe garkveul yuradRebas uTmobs

cnobierebaSi `me~-s mocemulobis sakiTxebs.

miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra gadawyvetilebas miiRebs subieqti,

mocemuli aqtis saSualebiT axdens sakuTari `me~-s obieqtivacias, wina

planze gamodis `me~, romelmac unda miiRos gadawyvetileba, Tu ra

mimarTulebiT gagrZeldeba moqmedeba. `me~-s obieqtivaciiT adamiani qmnis

sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgenebisa da codnis erTian sistemas.

Tumca, SesaZlebelia `me~-s obieqtivaciam da gacnobierebam zustad ara

37

asaxos adamiani, rogorc subieqti. codna, romelsac safuZvlad udevs

`me~-s obieqtivasiis aqtebi, `fsiqikuri avtoportreti~, rogorc codnis

sxva sistemebi, daaxloebiT asaxavs im sinamdviles, romelsac is exeba.

gamocdilebis dagrovebis procesSi aSkarad SeimCneva `me~-s cvlilebebi,

romelic xels uwyobs adamianis momavali qcevis ufro mizanmimarTulad

adeqvaturad Camoyalibebas. anu, `me~-s obieqtivacia safuZvlad udevs

ufro srulyofili ganwyobis Seqmnas, romelSic mobilizdeba yvela

SesaZlebloba qcevis mizanmimarTulad ganxorcielebisaTvis.

ganwyobis Secvla da axali gancdis aRmoceneba rTul Sinagan

reorganizacias saWiroebs. reorganizaciis es sirTule aisaxeba

cnobierebaSi. d. uznaZe mimarTavs TviTaqtivobis gancdis analizs.

`nebelobis SemTxvevaSi subieqti TiTon iqmnis ganwyobas; igi aqtiuria

udaod. rasakvirvelia igi uSualod da pirdapir rodi iwvevs ganwyobas.

es mas ar SeuZlia. amas is arc cdilobs. misi aqtioba imaSia, rom

warmosaxuls, azriTs, erTi sityviT ideur situacias qmnis da amiT

Sesatyvisi ganwyobis gamowvevas axerxebs. amitom gasagebia, rom

nebelobis aqtSi subieqti TviTaqtivobas grZnobs. es gancda Zalian

Taviseburi saxiT gveZleva. rogorc viciT, misi adekvaturi daxasiaTeba

ase SeiZleboda: “axla me namdvilad minda”. aq ramdenime momentia

erTdroulad mocemuli, da am Tavisebur gancdas yvela es momentebi

erTdroulad axasiaTebs. jer gancda, rom `me” aris aqtiuri, rom `me~-s

unda. mere meore gancda, rom mas namdvilad unda. es imaze miuTiTebs,

rom subieqtisaTvis iseTi gancdacaa cnobili, romelSic mas mxolod

unda da ara namdvilad unda. dasasrul, mesame momenti aseTia: subieqti

grZnobs, rom ai, axla, mas ukve namdvilad unda. igi TiTqos adasturebs,

rom ai, axla, masSi mniSvnelovani cvlileba moxda, rom “ai, axla mas

namdvilad unda” maSasadame, nebelobis gancdaSi, romelic erT mTlian

gancdas warmoadgens, mocemulia erTis mxriv, utyuari `me~-s aqtivobis

gancda, magram amave dros iseTi aqtivobis, romlis dawyebac `me~-ze ar

aris damokidebuli, aramed, TiTqos uimisod xdeba. `me~ mxolod

adasturebs TiTqos, rom `ai, axla ukve namdvilad unda”, xolo aqamde an

38

ar undoda, da an namdvilad ar undoda: TiTqos es cvlileba masSi misi

monawileobis gareSe momxdariyos. es specifikuri gancda ueWveli

aqtiobisa da amave dros ueWveli damokidebulebisac Zalian

damaxasiaTebelia nebelobis aqtisaTvis” [18].

ganwyobis aRmoceneba `me~-s aqtivobis saxiT gvevlineba mzaoba da

TviTaqtivoba erTad aris mocemuli _ `me namdvilad minda”-s gancda

TvalsaCinod miuTiTebs, rom subieqts garkveuli qcevis ganwyoba Seeqmna:

gadawyvetilebis aqti moxda da exla sakiTxi gadawyvetilebis sisruleSi

moyvanas exeba [18].

Cven zemoT ganvixileT `me~-sTan dakavSirebiT fsiqologiaSi

arsebuli sxvadasxva Teoriuli midgoma. TiToeuli es midgoma

gansxvavebuli kuTxiT ganixilavs da sxvadasxva aspeqtebs usvams xazs,

magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saboloo produqti, pirovneba da me

(romelic Cans) damokidebulia biologiur memkvidreobaze, individze

moqmed socialur gavlenebze, mis interaqciebsa da gamocdilebaze.

ra aris `me _ konceficia~

`me~-s cnebasTan uSualod aris dakavSirebuli `me-koncefcia~ (me-s

xati). `me-koncefcia~ aris xangrZliv mexsierebaSi Senaxuli codna

sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb. es aris sistema, romelic moicavs codnas

sakuTari garegnobis, sakuTari qcevis miznebis, motivebis, formebis da

maTi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. es koncefcia

gansazRvravs ara mxolod imas, Tu ras warmoadgens individi TavisTavad,

aramed Tu ras fiqrobs Tavis Tavze, rogor afasebs sakuTar qcevsa da

moRvaweobas, Tu rogoria misi idealuri me da sxva. gamomdinare iqidan,

rom adamiani socialuri arsebaa da CarTulia interaqciis procesSi,

Sesabamisad `me-koncefcia~ moicavs codnas socialuri urTierTobebisa

(ojaxi, megobrebi da a.S.) da garkveuli kategoriisadmi mikuTvnebulobis

(reprezentatul jgufTan mimarTeba) Sesaxeb. aseve `me-koncefciaSi~

39

mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs imas, Tu ras fiqroben masze sxvebi da ra

damokidebulebebi aqvT [20] [49].

garda amisa, `me-koncefcia~ Tavis TavSi gulisxmobs ara mxolod

warmodgenas sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb (`rogiri var me~), aramed

`SesaZlebel me~_sac (idealurs da arasasurvels).

`me-koncefcia~ erTgvari sqemis rols asrulebs da gavlenas

axdens TviTobaze, sakuTar TavTan dakavSirebuli informaciis

gadamuSavebaze, anu mas gaaCnia kognituri aspeqti. Kkognitivisti

fsiqologebis azriT, `me-koncefciis~ ZiriTadi elementia `me-sqema~. sqema

aris codnis sistema, romelic mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens, Tu rogor

aRiaqvamen adamianebi movlenebs, rogor gadaamuSaveben informacias da

rogor akeTeben daskvnebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es sqema gansazRvravs

sakuTari Tavisa da sxvebis aRqmas. swored aqedan gamomdinare axdens

adamiani sakuTari da sxvisi qcevis interpretirebas.

`me-sqema~ erT-erTi yvelaze rTulia sqemaa. am sirTules

ganapirobebs informaciis is moculoba, romelsac is Seicavs. adamiani

mudmivad akvirdeba sakuTar Tavs, aanalizebs warsulsa da awmyos, aqvs

garkveuli warmodgenebi da mosazrebebi momavali `me~-s Sesaxeb.

dRes, `me-koncefcia~ gagebulia, rogorc dinamiuri mentaluri

struqtura, romelic interpersonaluri da intrapersonaluri

procesebis interpretacias axdens. rogorc yoveli sqema `me –koncefcia~

stabiluria, magram ara ucvleli.

Tanamderove gagebiT `me-koncefcia~ es aris azrebis, grZnobebisa da

qceveis maregulirebeli Sinagani instancia. Mmas Semdeg, rac pirovneba

Camoayalibebs `me-koncefcia~-s, cdilobs sakuTari poziciebis dacvasa da

TviTrealizacias; sakuTari Tavisadmi garkveuli damokidebulebis

Seqmnisa da CamoyalibebisaTvi Tavis kargad wardgensa da kargi

STabeWdilebis moxdenas [36].

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, adamians SeuZlia aRiqvas Tavisi garegnoba,

Tavisi qceva da Tvisebebi iseve, rogorc aRiqvams garegan samyaros. es

40

warmodgenebi met-naklebad obieqtur da myar erTian warmodgenad ikvreba,

romelsac mTlianobis miuxedavad, sakmaod rTuli buneba aqvs.

Cven aRar ganvixilavT am sakiTTxTan dakavSirebul uamrav

sxvadasxva midgomas. Gaxla gvinda Tqveni yuradReba SevaCeroT

`me_koncefciis~ erT-erT aspeqtze _ TviTSefasebaze.

41

Tavi II

TviTSefasebis sakiTxi fsiqologiaSi

2. 1. TviTSefasebis raoba

iungi wers: `is, vinc odesme Caixedavs wylis sarkeSi, pirvelad

maSin dainaxavs Tavis namdvil saxes. visac odesme Tavis `me~-sTan misvala

ganuzraxavs, is riskavs konfrontaciaSi movides Tavis TavTan, anu

daupirispirdes Tavis Tavs. sarke ar gvepirfereba, is obieqturad

gviCvenebs vin ixedeba Sig. Cven arasodes vuCvenebT Cvens saxes sxvas,

vinaidan mas Cveni personiT, msaxiobis niRbiT vifaravT. sarke ki niRbis

miRma aRwevs da namdvil saxes gviCvenebs~.

TviTSefaseba sakuTari pirovnebis subieqturi Sefasebaa, romelic

`me-koncefciis~ erT-erT mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens da

mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs adamianis qcevas, saerTod misi cxovrebis

stils.

sakuTari Tavis Sefaseba gulisxmobs pozitiur Tu negatiur

ganwyobas, romelic mimarTulia specifikuri obieqtisaken (obieqtSi

igulisxmeba `me~) (rozenbergi, 1965). rodesac individi sakuTar Tavs

axasiaTebs, maSin is iwyebs laparaks Tavis fizikur da Tvisobriv

maxasiaTeblebze, interesebsa da motivebze, atitudebsa da grZnobebze,

misTvis damaxasiaTebel qcevebsa da unarebze. TviTSefaseba gulisxmobs,

Tu ramdenad eTanxmebian an ar eTanxmebian adamianebi Semdeg debulebebs:

`me cudi adamiani var~; `me kmayofili var sakuTari TaviT~ da a. S. [66]

[68].

TviTSefasebis operacionalisturi gansazRvreba mogvca jemsma

(1890), romelic gulisxmobs TviTSefasebis pirdapir damokidebulebas or

mniSvnelovan aspeqtze: warmatebasa da adamianis pretenziaze.

warmateba

TviTSefaseba = ----------------

pretenzia

42

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom igi TviTSefasebis amaRlebis ori gzis

arsebobaze miuTiTebs. anu, adamianma sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb warmodgena

SeiZleba gaiumjobesos mricxvelis gazrdiT an mniSvnelis SemcirebiT.

sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT an warmatebuli unda iyos, an nakleb moTxovnebs

unda uyenebdes sakuTar Tavs [20] [36].

xSirad amboben, rom sakuTari Tavis gasagebad orgavri motivacia

gvaqvs _ gvinda gavigoT, SevcnoT sakuTari Tavi da Tan arc gvinda. Cven

gvinda Cveni namdvili saxis danaxva da amave dros, gveSinia, Tu ra

dagvxvdeba, Tu ras davinaxavT.

TviTSefasebaSi afeqturi momenti mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs.

TviTSefasebis Sedegi TviTRirebulebis gancdaSi, TviTkmayofilebaSi da

aseve, zogjer Tavis TaviT ukmayofilebaSi vlindeba.

TviTSefaseba, rogorc damokidebuleba sakuTari Tavisadmi,

sxvadasxva faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli da am faqtorTa zemoqmedebis

Sesabamisad SeiZleba Seicvalos. aseTi ZiriTadi faqtorebia: 1. miRwevis

done da realuri SesaZleblobebi; 2. arsebuli garemo da sxvaTa

Sefaseba: 3. rogor Rebulobs (asaxavs, ganicdis) adamiani sxvaTa

Sefasebas (rasac frenksi da marola (1967) garegan TviTSefasebas

uwodeben).

zemoTqmulad gamomdinare naTeli xdeba is, rom TviTSefaseba ara

aris raRac Zalian myari da ucvleli ganzomileba. aRniSnuli

faqtorebis Sesabamisad SeiZleba Seicvalos. garkveulma warmatebam, Tu

warumateblobam SesaZlebelia TviTSefasebis donis amaRleba _

daqveiTeba ganapirobos. anu, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, adamianis

TviTSefasebis done misi cxovrebis sxvadasxva etapze SeiZleba

gansxvavebuli iyos.

Ggarda amisa, fsiqologiur literaturaSi ganasxvaveben xanmokle

(momentalur) da xangrZliv TviTSefasebas. (maTi mimarTeba mTelisa da

nawilis analogiuria). es gansxvaveba msgavsia mdgomareobis da niSnis

TviTSefasebas Soris gansxvavebisa. pirveli situaciis garkveuli

43

aspeqtebis safuZvelze swrafad icvleba, xolo meore ufro meti

stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba [71].

arsebobs zogad TviTSefasebis gageba, Tumca zogi avtori gamoyofs

mis calkeul specifikur aspeqtebs: inteleqtualurs, fizikurs,

emociurs, socialurs, romlebic ierarqiulad arian organizebuli

TviTSefasebaSi. TviTSefaseba ar aris maTi ubralo jami. zogadi

TviTSefasebisTvis calkeuli aspeqtebs gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba

SeiZleba hqondes saxvadsxva pirovnebebasTan, rac individis garkveul

motivebze, Rirebulebebsa da socialur garemozea damokidebuli.

lerSis (SreTa Teoriis avtori) mixedviT, TviTSefaseba pirovnebis

ramdenime dones moicavs.

1. Osxeulebrivi TviTgancda. ontogeneturad yvelaze dabali

formaa sakuTari sxeulis Sefaseba, anu sxeulebrivi TviTgancda

(TviTgrZnoba). es gancda SeiZleba iyos sxeulis difuzuri mdgomarebis,

an misi (sxeulis) romelime konkretuli ubnis amsaxveli. amasTan

dakavSirebiT es gancda SeiZleba sxvadasxva elferis matarebeli iyos.

magaliTad, sasiamovno da usiamovno; sxelebrivi daZabva da moSvebuloba;

sxeulebrivi Zalis mowola da fizikuri sisustis gncda. Tkivilmac,

romelic daavadebiT aris gamowveuli, SeiZleba imoqmedos sxeulis

TviTgancdaze.

Aam doneze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cveni sxeulebrivi-fizikuri

mdgomareoba amodis cnobierebaSi, rogorc Sinagani mdgomareoba. aq xdeba

sulierisa da sxeulebrivis dakavSireba, rac vdlindeba fsiqosomatur

ganwyobilebebSi.

sxeulebriv TviTgrZnobas, fsiqosomatur ganwyobilebebs

qaraqterologiuri mniSvnelobac aqvs. marTlac arc ise umniSvneloa is

garemoeba Tu romeli fsiqosomaturi mdgomareoba aisaxeba adamianSi:

aris is mudmivad daRlili, Tu energiuli; kargad Tu cudad grZnobs

Tavs sxeulis fizikuri mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT. Uunda aRiniSnos,

rom arian adamianebi, romelTa cxovrebiseuli gancdebi sworedac

sxeulebriv gancdaze daiyvaneba.

44

P2. ganwyobilebebi. pirovnebis TviTSefasebis Semdegi done sulieri

cxovrebis dones Seesabameba. es aris e.w. ganwyobilebebi, romelsac

gansxvavebuli eleferi aqvs. ganwyobileba sxeulze naklebad aris

damokidebuli. am doneze sxeulis gancda ukan ixevs da adgils uTmobs

gancdebs, romelSic sulieria wamyvani. magaliTad: mxiaruleba, erTis

mxriv, da mowyeniloba, guldamZimebuloba da uxasiaToba, meores mxriv.

3. siZliereSi darwmunebulobis TviTgancda. Ees gaxlavT pirovnebis

TviTSefasebis mesame done. am mxriv ganasxvaveben Tavis TavSi, Tavis

siZliereSi Zlier darwmunebul (stenikuri) da Tavis ZalebSi

daurwmunebel (asTenikuri) adamianebs. Ees ukanaskneli momavals SiSiT

uyurebs, sakuTari Tavis imedi ara aqvs. aseT adamians uWirs

gadawyvetilebebis miReba. Mmas ar SeuZlia sakuTari miznis dasaxva,

radganac sakuTar Tavs eWvis TvaliT uyurebs da ar aris darwmunebuli,

rom miznis Sesatyvis moTxovnebs Seasrulebs. Nnaklebad avlens sakuTar

iniciativebis, urCvenia daemorCilos da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom brmad

endoba kidec avtoritetebs da asrulebs maT brZanebebs.

gansxavevebul Tvisebebs avlens sTenikuri adamiani, romelic

sakuTar ZalebSia darwmunebuli. igi iniciativiania, icis ra unda da

isaxavs kidec miznebs. aseTi adamiani sakuTari Tavis baton-patronia, ar

gaurbis winaaRmdegobebs, piriqiT, winaaRmdegobebis daZlevaSi ukeT

grZnobs Tavs.

TviTSefaseba, rogorc damokidebuleba sakuTari Tavis mimarT

(kupersmiti) yalibdeba TandaTanobiT. arsebobs gansxavebuli mosazrebebi

TviTSefasebis stabilurobis Sesaxeb. ganasxvaveben qronikul da

xanmokle TviTSefasebas. TviTSefasebis satbiluroba-arastabiluroba,

ZiriTadad, ganixileba `me-koncefciis~ konteqstSi. rigi avtorebisa

aRniSnavs, rom TviTSefaseba `me-koncefciasTan~ SedarebiT naklebad

stabiluria, radgan masze gavlenas axdens, rogorc obieqturi, aseve

subieqturi faqtorebi.

am konteqstSi, Cveni azriT, sainteresoa me-s konsistentobis

Teoriis ganxilva, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamiani cdilobs SeinarCunos me-

45

s xatis integrirebuloba, Tanmidveruloba da stabiluroba; cdilobs

Seiqmnas mayri TviTSefaseba, romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs

qcevisa da misi Sinagani dinamikis ganviTarebaSi da, saerTod, cxovrebis

stilis CamoyalibebaSi.

TviTSefasebis Camoyalibebasa da met-naklebi stabilurobis

SenarCunebaSi monawileobas iRebs is relevnaturi, Tu ararelevanturi

informacia, romelic xelmisawvdomi xdeba sxvadasxva kognituri

dispoziciebis meSveobiT: TviTaRqma, TviTgaxseneba, TviTyuradReba,

socialuri asaxva, socialuri Sedareba.

TviTaRqma sakuTari sxeulis, fiziologiuri procesebis da qcevis

Sesaxeb informaciis wyaroa, romlis sizustec didad aris damokidebuli

`me-koncefciasa~ da TviTSefasebaze. Mmasze, rogorc Cveulebriv aRqmaze,

winaswari molodinebi da ganwyobebi moqmedebs. anu, TviTaRqma ar aris

sinamdvilis pasiuri asaxva, igi warimarTeba `me-koncefciis~ Sesabamisad.

aqedan gamomdinare adamiani midrekilia mudmivad ganamtkicos sakuTari

`me~-s xati, romelic TviTSefasebis SenarCunebasac emsaxureba. Tumca,

unda aRiniSnos, rom iluziebic ar aris gamoricxuli, rac

ganpirobebulia im tendenciiT, rom sakuTari Tavi iseTi gvinda

davinaxoT, rogoric gvgonia, rom varT. am tendencias socialur

fsiqologiaSi sakuTari konsistentobis damaxinjeba (self-consistensy bias)

ewodeba.

TviTgaxseneba `me-koncefciisaTvis relevanturi informaciis

wyaroa, romelic gulisxmobs warsul situaciebSi qcevebisa da

gancdebis gaxsenebas. warsuli gancdebisa da qcevebis mogoneba xels

uwyobs `me~-s uwyvetobis gncdas. iseve rogorc TvTaRqma, TviTmogonebac

molodinebisa da sqemebis gavlenas ganicdis. amitom warsuli

gamocdileba (STabeWdileba) SeiZleba awmyos moTxovnebis gavleniT

TviTobisTvis ufro xelsayreli saxiT warmodges.

TviTyuradReba yuradRebis koncentracia sakuTar Tavze, anu

yuradRebis obieqti xdeba sakuTari Tavi. `me~-s gansxavebuli aspeqtebi

mxolod maSin gamoikveTeba, rac adamiani maT yuradRebas miapyrobs. aseT

46

dros erTi an ramdenime aspeqti aqtualizdeba. es arsi TviTSefasebis

aucilebeli piroba [20]

socialuri asaxva gulisxmob `me ~-s Sesaxeb informaciis mopovebsa

socialuri urTierTqmedebebis safuZvelze. es aris sxvebis azri

konkretul pirovnebaze, romelic erT-erTi aucilebli pirobaa

TviTSefasebis CamoyalibebisaTvis. adamians aqvs tendencia sakuTari Tavi

dainaxos `sxvis TvalebSi~, anu dainaxos is, Tu rogor xedaven da

afaseben mas sxvebi. socialur asaxvazec vrceldeba `me-koncefciis~

tendencia inforamaciis damaxinjebisa, romelic rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,

`me~-s konsistentobis gazrdasa da gaZlierbas emsaxureba.

aseve unda aRiniSnos TviTSefasebis amaRlebis motivi, rogorc

faqtori, romelic ganapirobebes adamianis mudmiv swrafvas pozitiuri

TviTSefasebisaken. am universalur motivs igi mihyavs sakuTar `me~ _ sTan

dakavSirebuli informaciis sasargeblod Secvlis tendenciisaken.

TviTSfasebis amaRlebisa da stabilurobis SenarCunebis

starategiebia TviTprezentacia, simboluri TviTdasruleba da

TviTmiznebis miRwevaa.

TviTprezentacia (TviTwardgena) SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qcevaa,

romelic emsaxureba da mimarTulia `me-koncefcii~-s konsistentobisaken.

adamini cdilobs ise warmoadginos sakuTari Tavi, rom sxvebSi

gamoiwvios iseTi reaqciebi, rac `me-koncefciis~ gamtkicebas Seuwyobs

xels. xolo TviTSefasebis amaRlebisaTvis ise warmoaCens sakuTar Tavs,

rom dadebiTi Sefasebebi da mowoneba daimasxuros [72].

socialuri Sedareba _ individi sakuTar Tavs afasebs mxolod

garkveul reperezentatul jgufTan mimarTebaSi da ara obieqturi

kriteriumebiT.

socialuri Sedareba aris informaciis wyaro; es aris

umniSvnelovanesi faqtori da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sakuTari Tavis

Sesaxeb garkveuli warmodgena, Tu sakuTari Tavisadmi damokidebuleba

sxvebTan Sedarebis gareSe SeuZlebelia Camoyalibdes. sakuTari

47

pirovnebis Sefaseba aucileblad gulisxmobs Sedarebasa da sxvebis

CarTvas am procesSi.

l. festingeri (1954) gaxldaT pirveli Teoretikosi, romelmac

ganixila interpersonaluri Sedarebis procesis dinamika. rogor afasebs

adamiani sakuTar unarebsa da miRwevebs? sakuTari Tavis SefasebisaTvis

pirdapiri gza SeiZleba iyos Sedareba obieqtur standartebTan, magram,

samwuxarod, aseTi standartebi xSirad ar arsebobs (festingeri).

SesaZlebelia, rom arsebobdes sxva adaminebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebebi, Sexedulebebi Tu rwmena, romelic maT gaaCniaT da qceva,

romelsac isini axorcieleben. amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

interpersonaluri Sedareba xSirad gamoiyeneba sakuTari unarebis

adeqvaturobis Sesafaseblad. swored am mignebam festingers (1954) ubiZga

socialuri Sedarebis Teoriis Seqmnisaken [67].

Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom socialuri Sedareba ara aris

erTaderTi saSualeba sakuTari unarebis, SesaZleblobebisa da qcevis

Sesafaseblad. garda am gzisa arsebobs sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis meore

saSualebac, romelic gulisxmobs sakuTari warsuli warmatebebisa, Tu

warumateblobis axlandelTan Sedarebas. socialuri Sedareba

interpersonaluria, xolo temporaluri Sedaraba ki _

intrapersonaluri. individs SeuZlia dRevandeli miRweva Seadaros

warsulSi msgavsi amocanebis gadaWras da Seafasos ramdenad

gaaumjobesa, Tu piriqiT gaauaresa maTi Sesruleba.

Sefasebis gzis arCeva (socialuri an temporaluri) sxvadasxva

faqtoriT aris ganpirobebuli.

festingeri pirveli mecnieri iyo, romelmac interpersonaluri

Sedarebis procesebis dinamika ikvlia. man TviTSefasebisaTvis sxva

adamianebis arsebobis aucileblobaze miuTiTa, gansakuTrebiT imitom

(da swored imitom), rom obieqturi standartebi ar arsebobs. mas

ekuTvnis e.w. `msgavsebis hipoTezac~, rac imas niSnavs, rom ufro advilia

sakuTrai Tavi Seadaro Sens `msgavs~ sxvas. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom damkvidrda `msgavsi sxevbis~ cneba. (unda aRiniSnos, rom

48

Cvens kvlevaSi swored am pirncips veyrdnobiT). miuxedavad imisa, rom es

hipoTeza farTodaa gaziarebuli mecnierebis mier, zogierTi mecnieri

xasz usvams am cnebis orazrovnebas (Latane, 1966. Pettigrew, 1967, Singer 1966).

TviTaRqma, TviTmogoneba, TviTyuradReba, socialuri aRqma da

socialuri Sedareba informaciis gadamuSavebis procesebia, romelic

mimarTulia `me~-ze, rogorc obieqtze. swored am prosecebis saSualebiT

grovdeba informacia TviTSefasebisaTvis. es informacia ganapirobebs `me-

koncefciis~ konsistentobasa da aseve TviTSefasebis donis amaRlebas,

Tu daqveiTebas. magram nebismier SemTxvevaSi adamians gaaCnia tendencia

sakuTari Tavis dadebiTad gamovlenisa, sakuTari Tavis ganmtkicebisa da

gaZlierebisa. yovelive amas ki xels uwyobs is faqtorebi, Tu procesebi,

romelzec Cven zemoT vilaprakeT.

rogorc ukve, aRvniSneT `me-koncefcia~ aris codna sakuTari Tavis

Sesaxeb, romelic moicavs informacias garegnobis, qcevis formebis,

ganwyobebis, miznebis, motivebis Sesaxeb. imdenad, ramdenadac yvela

adamiani CarTulia interaqciis procesSi, amdenad `me-koncefcia~ moicavs

codnas socialuri urTierTobebisa da garkveuli kategoriebisadmi

mikuTvnebulobis Sesaxeb. `me-koncefcia~ gansazRvravs da marTavs Cvens

qcevas. garda amisa, sagulisxmoa da mniSvnelovania isic, rom igi moicavs

ara mxolod warmodgenas sakuTar Tavze, anu `rogori var me~, aramed

`SesaZlebel me~-sac.

hezel markusma (1986) da misma kolegebma Semoitanes `SesaZlo

meebis~ cneba, romelic gulisxmobs `idealur meebs~. anu, SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom erTis mxriv, gulisxmob imas rogoric ginda, rom iyo, anu

rogor vxedav sakuTar Tavs ocnebebsa da warmodgenebSi (kargi

garegnobis, Wkviani, yvelasaTvis sayvareli da a.S.); xolo, meores mxriv,

ki – rogoric ar ginda, rom gaxde, anu arasasurvel saxes. swored es

SesaZlebeli `me~ qmnis warmatebebisa da moznebis miRwevisaTvis saWiro

motivs [20].

49

2. 2. `realuri~ da ìdealuri~ me

TviTSefasebis formirebaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs

`realuri me~-sa da ìdealuri me~-s dapirispireba.

ìdealuri me~-s Sesaxeb unda iTqvas, rom r. meilis azriT, es cneba

garkveulwilad `ze-me~-s anu superegos mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba. imis

gamo, rom Zalze Zneli aRmoCnda superegos operacinalisturi

gansazRvreba da, amdenad, eqsperimentuli kvleva, mis met-naklebad

Sesatyvis Semcvelad miCneul iqna ìdealuri me~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom

misi gamovlena ufro advili gamosavlenia. igi `ze-me~-s msgavsad

instanciaa, romelic maregulirebel funqcias asrulebs. Tumca, r. meili

aRniSnavs, rom Secdoma iqneboda an cnebaTa urTierTSenacvleba, radgan

maT Soris mniSvnelovani sxvaoba arsebobs. [31]

empiriulad realur da idealur `me~_s Soris garkveuli sididis

gansvla normas warmoadgens da ZiriTadad sakmaod viwro sazRvrebSi

gvxvdeba. realer da idealur `me~-s Soris mcire anu normaluri sxvaoba

ganixileba rogorc `me~-s Zala, anu pirovnebis gawonasworebuloba.

Tumca, aqve unda AiTqvas, rom realer da idealur `me~-s Soris

mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba SeiZleba seriozuli Sinagani problemis

wyarod iqces.

realur da idealur `me~_s Soris mniSvnelovanma gansvlam

SeiZleba fsiqologiuri diskomforti gamoiwvios. amasTan dakavSirebiT

saintereso magaliTi mohyavs k. rojersi (1959) Tavisi praqtikidan:

studentma, romelic kolejSi saukeTeso iyo da kargad swavlobda,

uecrda gadawyvita kolejis mitoveba. Tavis wasvla man axsna imiT, rom

man miiRo dabali Sefaseba. mis warmodgenas, rom is saukeTesoa da

Sesabamisad yvelaferSi pirveli unda iyos, saSiSroeba daemuqra. erTad-

erTi gamosavali, romelic studentma moZebna gaqceva iyo. misTvis ufro

advili aRmoCnda swavlis mitoveba, vidre gansxavebis aRiareba realur

Sedegsa da idealur warmodgenas Soris [36], rac diskomfortis,

ukmayofilebisa da nevrozis safuZvelic SeiZleba ki gaxdes.

50

rojersi Tavis TeoriaSi ganixilavs ìdeluri me~-s cnebas. Mmisi

azriT, es aris `me-koncefcia~, romelic yvelaze sasurveli da misaRebia.

rogor cnobilia, rojersis Teoria kongruentulobis princips efuZneba.

Sesabamisad, arakongruentuloba ganpirobebulia idealur da realur

`me~-s Soris arsebul gansxvavebiT [35].

k. horni (1997) xazs usvams adamianis `realuri me~-s Zalas da

Tvlis, rom misi ganviTarebis mTvar wayaros, swored es Zala

warmoadgens. anu, mniSvnelovania sakuTari unarebisa da SesaZleblobebis

ganviTareba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba TviTrealizaciisken. adamiani,

romelic sakuTar warmodgenaSi Tavs gansakuTrebul unarebs miawers da

SeiZleba Tavi gmiradac ki CaTvalos, saSiSroebas uqmnis sakuTar Sinagan

garemos. didi gansxavevba `raelur~ da ìdealur~ meebs Soris, rogorc

hornim sakuTar SromebSi aCvena, xSir SemTxvevebSi xdeba depresiis

wyaro.

Hhiginsis (1987) Teoria (me-gansvala) am mxrivadac sainteresoa. misi

koncefciisaTvis centraluria ùnda-me~_sa da àqtualuri me~- s cnebebi.

avtori gamoyofs `me~-s sam formas: realuri (aqtualuri) me; idealuri

me; unda-me. `realuri, anu aqtualuri me~ es aris warmodegenaTa

erToblioba realuri Tvisebebisa da maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb. ìdealuri

me~ ki _ warmodegnaTa erToblioba idealuri Tvisebebis Sesaxeb, aseve is

Tavis TavSi moicavs individis imedebs, ambiciebs da survilebs; xolo

ùnda-me~ ki gulisxmobs, Tu rogori unda iyos `me~, ra movaleobebi, Tu

pasuxismgeblobebi akisria [53].

higinsis Teoriis Tanaxmad, adamianebi miiswrafian imisken, rom maTi

àqtualuri me~ maqsimalurad miuaxlovdes ìdealur me~-sa da ùnda-me~-

s. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, iyos kongruentuli.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `me~-s es gansxavevebuli aspeqtebi

integrirebulia da Sesabamisad, `realuri~ da ìdealuri~ meebis

daaxloeba – daSorebam mniSvnelovnad gansazRvros adamianis aqtualuri

mdgomareoba. imdenad, ramdenadac TviTSefasebas adamianis ganviTarebisa

da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli qcevis modelis CamoyalibabaSi seriozuli

51

adgili uWiravs; imdenad, ramdenadac TviTSefasebis done damokidebulia

`idealur~ da `realur~ meebs Soris gansxvavebaze, naTeli xdeba am

sakuTxis aqtualoba da mniSvneloba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, empiriulad realur da idealur `me~-s

Soris garkveuli gansxvaveba normas warmoadgens. Zalian didi gansvla

SeZleba seriozuli Sinagani problemebis wyarod iqces da xeli

SeuSalos pirovnebis normalur, janmrTel funqcionirebas [39].

Cven am sakiTxze aRar SevCerdebiT, magram unda aRvniSnoT, rom

Cveni kvlevis erT-erTi instrumenti swored `idealur~ da `realur~ me-

ebs Soris gansxavebas efuZneba imdenad, ramdenadac Cveni kvlevisaTvis

gvesaWiroeboda cdis pirTa Soris sxvadasxva TviTSefasebis mqone

qvejgufebis gamoyofa. es qvejgufebi gamoiyo idealur da realur `me~-s

Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis Sesabamisad.

52

Tavi III

mcdari unikalurobisa da mcdari konsensusis efeqtebis kvleva

3.1 sakiTxis dasma

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, TviTSefaseba aris sakuTari pirovnebis

subieqturi Sefaseba, sxva sityvebiT, es aris pozitiuri Tu negatiuri

ganwyoba, romelic mimarTulia specifikuri obieqtisaken (obieqtSi

igulisxmeba `me~). rodesac individi sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebs, maSin is

iwyebs laparaks Tavis fizikur da Tvisobriv maxasiaTeblebze,

interesebsa da motivebze, atitudebsa da grZnobebze, misTvis

damaxasiaTebel qcevebsa da unarebze [69].

cnobilia, rom pirovnebis qcevisa da misi Sinagani dinamikis

ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas, anu

TviTSefasebas. adamiani Tavis Tavs sworad an arasworad afasebs.

Tvisebebs, romelsac Cven sakuTar Tavs mivawerT xSirad ar aris

obieqturi da mas sxvebi ar EeTanxmebian. xSirad adamianebi cdiloben

sakuTar Tavs raime gansakuTrebuli Tviseba an unari miaweron, romelic

maT gamoarCevs sxvebisagan.

TviTSefaseba mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs `me~-s xatis

CamoyalibebaSi. amitom, rogorc tradiciul, aseve Tanamedrove

fsiqologiaSi mravali gamokvleva eZRvneba TviTSefasebis Seswavlas da

es sakiTxi ganxilulia sxvadasxva planSi. gamoyofen rogorc zogad

TviTSefasebas, aseve mis calkeul aspeqtebs: inteleqtualurs, fizikurs,

pirovnul niSnebs, socialurs da a.S.

TviTSefaseba, rogorc damokidebuleba (ganwyoba) obieqtisadmi,

romelSic sakuTari Tavi igulisxmeba, mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli

sakuTari Tavisadmi Tvisebebis miwerasa da am Tvisebebis gavrceleba-

argavrcelebaze, anu ramdenad miawers an ar miawers am Tvisebebs is

sxvebs. aseve mniSvnelovania sakuTari SexedulebebiT manipulireba da am

Sexedulebebis sxvebis mier miReba an armiReba.

53

vfiqrobT, rom TviTSefasebis rTuli bunebis da masze moqmedi

faqtorebis gamosavlenad mniSvnelovani unda iyos subieqtis mier ara

mxolod sakuTari Tavis romelime aspeqtiT, Tu niSniT Sefaseba, aramed

misi azric (Sefaseba) am niSnis sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebis Sesaxeb, anu

ramdenad axasiaTebs es niSani sxvas. Cvens kvlevaSi TviTSefasebis

obieqtebad Cvens mier arCeul iqna : 1. pirovnuli niSani, anu Tviseba da 2.

msoflmxedvelobrivi sfero, anu Sexedulebebi, romelic adamians aqvs

sxvadasxva sakiTxze.

adamians aqvs tendencia gaafarToos sakuTari `me~-s xati, rac

gulisxmobs, rom adamiani gamudmebiT afasebs sakuTar Tavs, sxvebs da

erTmaneTs adarebs TviT da sxvaTa Sefasebebis monacemebs.

TviTSefasebis aRniSnuli obieqtebis (pirovnuli niSani da

Sexeduleba) gavrcelebuloba – argavrcelebuloba, swored `mcdari

unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebis moqmedebas miuTiTebs.

is, rom adamianebs undaT rac SeiZleba ukeT warmoadginon

sakuTari Tavi, mravalgzis aris dadasturebuli. bolo wlebis

gamokvlevebiT eqsperimentulad dadgenilia, rom adamianebs aqvT

midrekileba Tavi ararealisturad pozitiurad Seafason, ukeT

daimaxsovron sakuTari dadebiTi da ara uaryofiTi mxareebi;

warumatebloba sxvebs, gare viTarebebs gadaabralon da warmateba

sakuTar Tavs miaweron. adamiani mniSvnelovnad monawileobs sakuTari

`me~-s formirebaSi da Tvlis, rom misi Rirsebebi, SesaZleblobebi da

zneobrivi saqcieli gansakuTrebuli da unikaluria. sxvagvarad rom

vTqvaT, adgili aqvs `mcdari unikalurobis efeqts~, romelic gulisxmobs

dadebiTi Tvisebebisa da unarebis, sasurveli an efeqturi qcevis

gavrcelebulobis araswor (ZiriTadad Seufaseblobas) Sefasebas. anu, ama

Tu im niSniT sxvebisgan distancirebas tendencies.

`mcdari unikaluroba~ gulisxmobs erTsulovnebis Seufaseblobas

ama Tu im niSnis mixedviT (goetland, 1986).

aRsaniSnavia g. marqsis (1984) statia _ `Thinking One`s Abilities Are Unique

and One’s Opinions Are Common” – romelSic ganxilulia `mcdari

54

unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebis moqmedeba sakuTari

Tavis Sefasebisas. adamians urCevnia ifiqros, rom misTvis

damaxasiTebeli Tvisebebi da unarebi aris saukeTeso. maSin, rodesac misi

Sexedulebi gavrcelebulia da bevrisTvis misaRebi [56].

adamianis mier sakuTari unarebisa da Tvisebebs gansakuTrebulobis,

unikalurobis aRiarebas ori mizezi aqvs: 1. mniSvnelovani unarebis

arseboba misaRebi da saukeTeso qcevis gansaxorcieleblad; 2. arsebuli

unarebi ganapirobebs socialur mimReblobasa da statuss [69].

goetlandis (1986) kvlevebic adasturebs adamianis mier

socialurad sasurveli qcevis gavrcelebulobis, erTsulovnebis

Seufaseblobas. qceva, romelic socialurad sasurvelia, ar aris

gavrcelebulia [68].

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fenomeni _ `mcdari unikalurobis efeqti~_

ZiriTadi Teoriuli midgomebis yuradRebis miRma rCeba, Tumca, es `me~-s

gaZlierebis konteqstSia axsnili.

rosma, grinma da housma 1977 wels gamoaqveynes gamokvlevaTa seria,

ramac saTave daudo `mcdari konsensusis~ kvlevas. socialuri

mikerZoebis es tendencia vlindeba adamianis mier im tendenciis

gadafasebaSi, rom sxvebi mis msgavsad iqcevian an fiqroben. socialuri

aRqmis es mikerZoeba avtorebma aRweres _ rogorc adamianis tendencia

dainaxos sakuTari qceviTi arCevani, Seafasos rogorc metnaklebad

Cveulebrivi da arsebuli viTarebisadmi Sesatyvisi, xolo alternatiuli

Sexeduleba _ rogorc uCveulo, ucnauri da Seusabamo. magaliTad, erTe-

erT gamokvlevaSi stenfordis universitetis studentebs sTxovdnen,,rom

30 wuTis manZilze evloT saerTo sacxovreblis teritoriaze zurgze

damagrebuli warweriT `momnaniebeli”. isini, vinc daTanxmden amas,

miiCnevdnen, rom amas daTanxmdeboda amave universitetis studentTa

63.5%, xolo vinc amaze uari ganacxada, fiqrobda, rom daTanxmdeboda

studentTa 23.3%. sxva kvlevebSic gamovlinda analogiuri `mcdari

konsensusis” efeqtebi me-sa da kolejis Tanatolebis SefasebebSi, roca

saqme exeboda ganzraxvebs, preferenciebs (upiratesobis miniWebas),

55

Sexedulebebs. es efeqtebi naklebad gamovlinda, rodesac saqme exeboda

pirad molodinebs da moqmedebebs.

Uunda aRiniSnos, rom asobiT statia mieZRvna `mcdari konsensusis”,

me-sa da sxvas Soris navaraudev msgavsebis kvlevas. am movlenis

asaxsnelad mravali mosazreba iyo wamoyenebuli, Tumca, gamoikveTa erTi

tendencia: am fenomenis safuZvelSi myofi procesebi moiazreba mxolod

da mxolod individis doneze, qcevis FfarTo konteqstis gaTvaliswinebis

gareSe.

am fenomenTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva Teoriuli mosazreba

arsebobs. erT-erTi midgomis _ seleqciuri dispozicia da kognituri

misawvdomobis Tanaxmad, msgavseba-erTgvarovnebis aRqmaze gavlenas

axdens is, Tu ramdvnad advilad amodis mexsierebidan cnobierebaSi

msgavsebis damadasturebeli Sinaarsebi. tverskisa da kanemanis azriT,

adamiani iyenebs misawvdomobis evristikas maSin, roca is afasebs

movlenis sixSires da albaTobas. rosi am mimdinareobis TvalsaCino

warmomadgeneli gaxlavT.

rosma gamoiyena es evristika konsensusis SefasebisaTvis. igi

miuTiTebs, rom `me~-sa da `sxvebs~ Soris msgavsebis faqtebi ufro iolad

moiZebneba mexsierebaSi, vidre gansxvavebisa da uTanxmoebis, ris gamoc

erTsulovnebis Sefasebac izrdeba. erTsulovnebis faqtebi advilad

misawvdomia, radgan individi Cveulebriv ukavSirdeba msgavss da ara _

gansxvavebul adamianebs. amis magaliTia megobruli jgufebi, sadac

imTaviTve maRali Sinagani msgavseba SeiniSneba.

is, rom garSemomyofi `sxva adamianebi” misi msgavsia, da swored es

adamianebi gamodian misTvis reprezentaciuli amonakrebis (nimuSis)

rolSi, zRudavs informacias imis Sesaxeb Tu ramdenad mravalferovani

Sexedulebebi arsebobs did sociumSi, da zrdis me-sa da sxvebs Soris

msgavsebisa da erTsulovnebis (Tanxmobis) magaliTebis misawvdomobas.

amrigad, SerCeviTi gamoCena SesaZloa `mcdari konsensusis efeqtis~

ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli iyos.

56

sasurvel poziciaze, sapirispirod alternatiulisa, yuradRebis

fokusirebam SeiZleba gazardos mxardaWeris Sesaxeb konsensusis

Sefaseba. rodesac individi yuradRebas gamorCeulad warmarTavs erT

konkretul poziciaze, konsensusi SeiZleba gaizardos imis gamo, rom

uSualod mocemuli es pozicia amJamad erTaderTia mis cnobierebaSi. da

piriqiT, rodesac yuradReba meryeobs or an met pozicias Soris, xdeba

konsesusis Sefasebis gazaveba, anu Sefasebebi alternativebs Soris

metnaklebad nawildeba. moqmedebaSi CarTvis aqti aucileblad ufro

gamokveTils xdis am aqts, vidre is sxva SemTxvevaSi iqneboda, da amave

dros, yuradRebas am moqmedebasTan dakavSirebul poziciaze amaxvilebs.

garda amisa, qceva, romelic gamoikveTeba qcevis fonidan msgavs efeqtebs

axdens.

informaciis logikuri gadamuSavebis modeli me-sa da sxvebs Soris

msgavsebis Sefasebis safuZvlad aqtiur msjelobas da racionalur

procesebs ganixilavs. am Tvalsazrisis magaliTia kauzaluri

atribuciis procesi. haideri (1958) miiCnevs, rom kauzaluri atribuciis

procesis ragvarobam SeiZleba gavlena iqonios daSvebebze konkretuli

qcevis Cveulebrivobaze, anu `mcdar konsensusze~. haideri wers, rom Tu

subieqti konkretuli qcevis mizezs miawers situacias, mosalodnelia am

dros konsensusis maRali done davinaxoT. xolo Tu qcevis mizezi

pirovnul dispoziciebs miewereba, maSin naklebad aris mosalodneli me-

sa da sxvebs Soris reaqciaTa msgavsebis Sesaxeb varaudi. am

Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, `mcdari erTsulovnebis efeqti~ aris adamianis

tendencia _ miaweros sakuTari qcevis mizezi situacias, da ara

dispoziciur faqtorebs [29].

ganvixiloT es daSveba ufro dawvrilebiT. Tu ki `mcdari

konsensuss~ aRZravs situaciuri artibucia, subieqtma unda dauSvas, rom

situacia masze da sxvebze erTnairad imoqmedebs. ratom unda gaakeTos

subieqtma aseTi daSveba? SesaZloa is massa da sxvebs Soris msgavsebas

pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis mxriv uSvebs. magram Tu es asea, maSin

SesaZlebelia, rom `mcdari konsensuss~ aRZravs dispoziciuri, iseve

57

rogorc situaciuri kauzaluri atribucia. arsebobs kidev ori

SesaZlebloba: 1. konsensusis aRmqmelma SeiZleba daaskvnas, rom

situaciuri faqtorebi Crdilaven individualur sxvaobebs. magram

dadasturebuli faqti, rom sakuTari qcevis mizezebs adamiani

garesituacias miawers, xolo sxva adamianis qcevas _ dispoziciur

faqtorebs, ewinaaRmdegeba amgvar axsnas. 2. informaciis logikuri

gadamuSavebis TvalsazrisTan ufro axloa alternatiuli mosazreba,

rom SesaZloa adamiani aRiqvams sakuTar Tavs da sxvebs erTnairad

racionalur arsebebad, romlebic situaciis daaxloebiT erTnair

gavlenas ganicdian.

gamomdinare zemoTTqmulidan SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom dispoziciiT

(mag. Ppirovnuli niSani) ganpirobebuli qceva ar aris sakmaod

gavrcelebuli. xolo maSin, rodesac adamiani qcevis mizezs gare

situacias miawers, SeiZleba adgili qondes sxvebTan msgavsebas. am

Teoriis farglebSi laparakia warmatebuli, Tu warumatebeli qcevis

gamomwvev mizezebze da ara uSualod Sinagan faqtorebze.

kidev erTi mimdinareoba _ e.w. motivaciuri Tvalsazrisi, romelic

ZiriTad aqcents akeTebs aRmqmeli subieqtis mier `me~-sa da `sxvebs~

Soris msgavsebis danaxvasa an sakuTari atitudebis jgufis wevrebisadmi

miweraze, rac SeiZleba aZlierebdes socialuri mxardaWeris aRqmas, rac

adasturebs sakuTari poziciis sisworesa da adeqvaturobas, riTac

SemdgomSi xdeba TviTSefasebis ganmtkiceba, gaZliereba.

ECveni azriT, es midgoma SeiZleba gamoviyeneoT `mcdari

konsensusis~ efeqtis asaxsnelad, `me~-s xatis gaZlierebis poziciidan. am

Tvalsazriss ukavSirdeba l. festingeris Teoriac, romelsac ufro

dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, adamians surs ukeT warmoadginos sakuTari

Tavi, SeinarCunos da gaaZlieros pozitiuri damokidebuleba sakuTari

Tavisadmi. Cvens mier zemoT aRwerili _ `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da

`mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebi, swored, amas emsaxureba. SeiZleba iTqvas,

58

rom es aris universaluri kanonzomiereba, romelsac adgili aqvs

TviTSefasebis procesSi.

aqve gvinda davubrundeT l. festingeris (1954) `socialuri

Sedarebis~ Teorias imdenad, ramdenadac am Teoriis principi Cveni

kvlevas daedo safuZvlad [68].

rogor afasebs adamiani sakuTar unarebsa da miRwevebs? sakuTari

Tavis obieqtur standartebTan Sedareba aris pirdapiri gza, magram

aseTi standartebi ZiriTadad ar arsebobs (festingeri, 1954). SesaZloa

arsebobdes sxva adamianTa qceva, rwmena, Sexeduleba da moqmedeba.

amrigad, interpersonaluri Sedareba xSirad gamoiyeneba sakuTari

unarebis adeqvaturobis Sesafaseblad. am mignebam festingeri (1954)

socialuri Sedarebis Teoriis Seqmnamde miiyvana [69].

Tumca, socialuri Sedareba erTad-erTi saSualeba rodia,

romliTac adamiani sakuTar unarebs afasebs. arsebobs, aseve,

temporaluri Sedarebebi, romelic Sefasebis meore saSualebas

warmoadgens: individs SeuZlia axlandeli miRwevebi Seadaros warsulSi

msgavsi amocanebis gadaWras da Seafasos ramdenad gaaumjobesa, Tu

piriqiT gaauaresa maTi Sesruleba.

Sefasebis xerxis arCeva damokidebulia imaze, Tu cxovrebis

ciklSi sad aris amJamad individi da Sesabamisad, ganpirobebulia im

procesebiT, romlebic ganviTarebis ama Tu im doneze gvxvdeba.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, festingeri pirveli mecnieri iyo,

romelmac interpersonaluri Sedarebis procesebis dinamika ikvlia. man

TviTSefasebisaTvis sxva adamianebis arsebobis aucileblobaze miuTiTa,

gansakuTrebis maSin (da swored imitom), rom obieqturi standartebi ar

arsebobs. mas ekuTvnis e.w. `msgavsebis hipoTezac", rac gulisxmobs

sakuTari Tavis `msgavs~ sxvebTan Sedarebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven

kvlevaSi swored es principia gamoyenebuli.

garda amisa, mniSvnelovania festingeris is pozicia, romlis

mixedviTac adamians sakuTari Sexedulebis sisworeSi dasarwmuneblad

socialuri mxadWera sWirdeba. imisaTvis, rom man sakuTari pozicia

59

gamarTlebulad da misaRebad CaTvalos unda dauSvas bevri mxardamWeris

arseboba. yovelive es ki emsaxureba `me~-s xatis gaZlirebas, anu

sakuTari Tavisadmi dadebiTi ganwyobis Seqmnasa da SenarCunebas.

Aam TavSi ganxilulia Kkvlevis pirveli etapi, romelic miznad

isaxavda `mcdari unikalurobisa efeqtisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis

efeqtis~, rogorc universaluri kanonzomirebis dadgenas.

sxvagvarad, rom vTqvaT gvainteresebda gvenaxa aqvs, Tu ara adgili

sakuTari pirovnuli niSnebisa da Sexedulebebis mixedviT sxvaTa

Sefasebisas aRniSnuli efeqtebis moqmedebas qarTul populaciaSi.

Aam etapze Cvens mizans warmoadgenda Semdegi hipoTezebis Semowmeba:

`mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebi

pirovnebis Sefasebis zogadi tendenciaa, romelic SeiZleba

Seicvalos sxvadasxva faqtorTa zemoqmedebiT;

sakuTari uaryofiTi pirovnuli niSnis mixedviT sxvebis

Sefasebisas mcdari konsensusis efeqtis dadgena.

3. 2. gamoyenebuli meTodikisa da kvlevis proceduris aRwera

Aam debulebis Sesamowmeblad CavatareT empiriuli kvleva.

I seria:

pirvel seriaSi Semowmebuli iqna hipoTeza, romlis mixedviTac

adamians urCevnia ifiqros, rom misi dadebiTi pirovnuli niSani

unikaluria, xolo uaryofiTi Tviseba da Sexeduleba – sakmaod

gavrcelebuli.

kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRo Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

studentebis 4-ma jgufma. kvleva sul Catarda 434 cdis pirze.

am etapze kvlevis instrumentad gamoviyeneT kiTxvarebi. TiToeuli

es kiTxvari ori martivi Ria kiTxvisagan Sedgeboda.

60

I

a) daasaxeleT is erTi Tviseba, romelic yvelaze metad

gaxasiaTebT (igulisxmeba dadebiTi);

b) Tqveni azriT, Tqveni fakultetis (an mTeli universitetis)

ramden procents axasiaTebs es Tviseba?

II A

a) im Sexedulebebidan, romlebic gaqvT sxvadasxva sakiTxze,

romelia is erTi Sexeduleba, romelic TqvenTvis gansakuTrebulia da

mniSvnelovania;


ramden procents aqvs es Sexedulebas?

III

a) im Sexedulebebidan, romlebic gaqvT sxvadsxva sakiTxze,

romelia is erTi Sexeduleba, romelic TqvenTvis gansakuTrebulia da

mniSvnelovania;


ramden procenti daeTanxmeba am Sexedulebas?

IV

a) daasaxeleT TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi uaryofiTi

Tviseba;


ramden procents axasiaTebs es Tviseba?

II da III kiTxvarSi dasmuli SekiTxvebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna

saWirod CavTvaleT, radgan vfiqrobT, rom SesaZloa Cvennairi

Sexeduleba bevrs ar hqondes, mgram bevri eTanxmebodes.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRes Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis sudentebma., am etapze sul 434 cdis pirma. sam

61

jgufSi iyo 100-100, xolo erTSi ki _ 134 cdis piri [es gxldaT im

jgufSi, romelic sakuTar Tavs afasebda uaryofiTi niSnis mixedviT. (es

cifri sruliad SemTxveviTia)]. TiToeul jgufs zemoaRniSnuli

kiTxvarebidan erT-erTi eZleoda.

cdis pirebs aseT davalebas vaZlevdiT: vTxovdiT, rom

daesaxelebinaT maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli MerTi dadebiTi, erTi

uaryofiTi Tviseba da maTi mniSvnelovani Sexeduleba, xolo Semdeg

dasaxelebuli Tvisebisa da Sexedulebis mixedviT SeefasebinaT `msgavsi~

sxvebi, anu imave statusis mqone adamianebi (Cven SemTxvevaSi eseni iyvnen

Tsu-s studentebi). cdis pirebs vafasebinebdiT maTive fakultetis, an

mTeli universitetis studentebs, romlebsac TviTon airCevdnen. Cveni

azriT, cdis pirebs gauadvildebodaT homogenuri jgufis Sefaseba.

rogorc moyvanili masalidan Cans, yovel meore kiTxvaSi cdis

pirebs vTxovdiT, aReniSnaT im adamianebis raodenoba, romelTac maT mier

dasaxelebuli Tviseba aqvT, an romlebic iziareben maT azrs. cdis piris

mier MmiTiTebuli procenti mis subieqtur damokidebulebas asaxavs.

informacia, romelsac meore kiTxvis pasuxebi gvaZlevs, ra Tqma unda,

obieqturobas moklebulia. Cveni kvlevisaTvis swored es monacemia

saintereso da ara is Tu sinamdvileSi ramden procents aqvs msgavsi

Tviseba (rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi), Tu Sexeduleba. am pasuxis

mixedviT Cven vigebT, Tu rogor afasebs cdis piri sakuTar Tavs da,

amasTanave, ras fiqrobs igi `msgavss~ sxvebze da rogor afasebs igive

statusis mqone adamianebs. amdenad, ar hqonda mniSvneloba sxvebSi cdis

piri Tavisi fakultetis studentebs igulisxmebda, Tu mTeli

universitetis.

3. 3. Sedegebis analizi

Ppirvel SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cdis pirebs vTxovdiT, rom

daesaxelebinaT maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi Tviseba (igulisxmeba

dadebiTi) da Semdeg am Tvisebis mixedviT SeefasebinaT sxvebi, aseTi

62

suraTi miviReT: cdis pirTa 71,3% aRniSnavs, rom mis mier dasaxelebuli

Tviseba axasiaTebs Sesafasebeli jgufis 50% -ze naklebs [miRebuli

ganawilebis SemTxveviTobis gamosaricxad gamoyenebulia pirsonis 2,

rogorc Tanadobis kriteriumi da aRmoCnda, rom pasuxebis es ganawileba

ar aris SemTxveviTi (2.=10,46; T.x.=1; Pp<0,001)].

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, cdis pirTa didi raodenoba Tvlis, rom

mis mier dasaxelebeli Tviseba naklebad aris gavrcelebuli (anu

Tviseba, romelic mas axasiaTebs 50%-ze naklebisaTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli), xolo danarCeni nawili miiCnevs, rom es Tviseba

axasiaTebs 50%-ze mets. [am monacemebs Soris gansxvavebebis

Sesamowmeblad gamoyenebulia normaluri ganawilebis Z maCvenebeli,

romelmac daadastura gansxvavebis sandooba (Z = 6,36; Pp<0,001)].NAKLEBAD

Mmeore SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cdis pirebs vTxovdiT daesaxelebinaT

maTi erTi Sexeduleba da studentTa is raodenoba, romelic am

Sexedulebas iziarebs. Aam SemTxvevaSi aseTi Sedegi miviReT: cdis pirTa

80,2% Tvlis, rom mis Sexedulebas eTanxmeba Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze

meti [pasuxebis es ganawileba SemTxveviTi ar aris (2.=40,08; T.x.=1;

Pp<0,001)].

rogorc gamoirkva, cdis pirTa didi raodenoba Tvlis, rom mis

Sexedulebas eTanxmeba bevri (50%-ze meti), xolo cdis pirTa Zalian

mcireMraodenobam aRniSna, rom mis Sexedulebas eTanxmeba 50%-ze naklebi

[am monacemebis statistikurma Semowmebam daadastura, rom es gansxvaveba

sandoa (Z = 8,9; Pp<0,001)].

mesame SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cdis pirebs vTxovdiT, rom

ganesazRvraT raodenoba im studentebisa, romlebsac aqvT maT mier

aRniSnuli Sexeduleba, aRmoCnda, rom studentTa raodenobis gazviadeba

ar xdeba. im cdis pirTa pasuxebi, romlebic amboben, rom es Sexeduleba

aqvs Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze mets, an piriqiT, 50%-ze naklebs,

Tanabrad nawildeba.

63

sakuTari uaryofiTi Tvisebis mixedviT sxvebis Sefasebisas sul

dasaxelebulda 43 Tviseba, romelTagan 15 Tviseba, anu 35% umravlesobas

miewereba, rac niSnavs rom cdis piris mier dasaxelebuli Tviseba

axasiaTebs Sesafasebeli jgufis 50 % -ze mets. magram Tu gadavxedavT im

Tvisebebs (danarCenili 28 Tviseba), romelic Sesafasebeli jgufis

umciresobisaTvis aris damaxasiTebeli (anu, Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze

naklebs axasiaTebs), davrwmundebiT, rom met-naklebad uaryofiTad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos maqsimum 5 Tviseba:

impursuroba

upasuxismgebloba

male mbezrdeba adamianebi

gulgriloba

ampartavnoba

amrigad, faqtobrivad, sul dasaxelda ara 43 uaryofiTi Tviseba,

aramed mxolod 20. qvemoT moyvanilia am Tvisebebis nusxa.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, es Tvisebebi amokrefilia 134 cdis piris

mier dasaxelebuli Tvisebebidan, anu es aris is Tvisebebi, romelic

yvelaze xSirad saxeldeboda cdis pirebis mier.

Tvisebebi Tvisebebi

sizarmace agdebulad laparaki

sijiute wyenas advilad viviwyeb

egocentruloba matyuara

Tavmoubmeloba zedmetad interesiani

unebisyofoba pretenziuloba

eWvianoba impulsuroba

agresiuloba upasuxismgebloba

arapunqtualuroba gulgriloba

aramizandasaxuloba male mbezrdeba adamianebi

labiluroba ampartavnoba

64

aRniSnuli 20 uaryofiTi Tvisebis mixedviT `msgavsi~ sxvebis

Sefasebisas, aseTi suraTi miviReT: am 20 uaryofiTi Tvisebidan 75%

miewereba umravlesobas (e.i, Sesafsebeli jgufis 50% -ze mets) da

mxolod 25% - umciresobas (e.i. Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze naklebs).

[miRebuli ganawilebis SemTxveviTobis gamosaricxad gamoyenebulia

pirsonis 2 da aRmoCnda, rom es gansxvaveba sandoa (2 = 12,841; T.x=1;

p<0.01)].

Sedegi aseTia: sakuTari dadebiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT sxvebis

Sefasebisas xdeba Tvisebebis gavrcelebulobis Seufasebloba. xolo

Sexedulebebisa da uaryofiTi Tvisebebis SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs

studentTa ricxvis gazviadebas, anu gavrcelebulobis gadafasebas.

magram im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac unda ganesazRvraT studentTa is

raodenoba, romelic aRniSnuli Sexedulebis matarebelia cdis pirTa

pasuxebi Tanabrad ganawilda. anu cdis pirebis erTi nawili Tvlis, rom

es Sexeduleba aqvs Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze mets, xolo meore ki

miaCnia, rom am Sexedulebis matarebelia 50%-ze naklebi.

65

Tavi IV

pirovnuli niSnebis (rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi) `sxvebSi~

gavrcelebulobis tendencia

4. 1. sakiTxis dasma (kvlevis II seria)

Ppirovneba ara aris substancionalurad mocemuli raime arsi,

aramed igi mimarTebaSi CarTuli sistemaa. pirovnebas garkveuli

moTxovnileba amoZravebs, garemo ki, Tavis mxriv, garkveul gavlenas

axdens masze. amdenad, pirovneba moiazreba am sistemaSi da ara mis

gareSe. İis CarTulia socialur garemoSi da, aqedan gamomdinare,

garkveuli socialuri statusis matarebelia. meores mxriv, mas

garkveuli subieqturi damokidebulebaTa sistema gaaCnia: aqvs

warmodgenebi sakuTar Tavze, TviTSefasebis garkveuli done,

TviTcnobiereba da, aseve, warmodegenebi garemoze, sxvebze da,

Sesabamisad, garkveuli damokidebulebebi uyalibdeba. Aanu SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom afasebs garemosa da sxvebs.

TviTSefasebis procesSi adamiani sakuTari `me~-s obieqtivacias

axdenes, romelic iwvevs sakuTari Tavisadmi garkveuli ganwyobis

Camoyalibebas. Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sakuTari Tavisadmi

garkveuli damokidebulebis Camoyalibebis, anu ganwyobis Seqmnis

procesSi mniSvnelovan rols swored sxvebi asruleben. Asxva adamianebi,

romlebic iZlevian Sedarebis saSualebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adamianis

sxvebisadmi damokidebuleba, maTi Sefaseba aucilebeli komponentia misi

aqtivobisa da raelizaciisaTvis. sxvebs, rogorc arsebul standartebs

iyenebs. İigi zogjer cdilobs gardaqmnas kidec, raTa sakuTari qceva

gaamarTlos da TviTSefseba gaaZlieros.

TviTSefaseba es aris garkveuli ganwyoba sakuTari Tavisadmi.

xSirad ganwyobis safuZvelze sinamdvilis asimilaciur-iluzoruli

aRqma da Sefaseba xdeba. Aam dros individi Tavisi ganwyobis gavleniT

axdens sinamdvilis gadakeTebas [11]. es sakiTxebi ZiriTadad ganxilulia

66

sagnebis aRqmasTan mimarTebaSi. fsiqologiur literaturaSi cnobilia

marbes mier ganxiluli ganwyobiseul-iluzoruli aRqmis tragikuli

magaliTi: erT-erTma monadirem taxebze nadirobisas, SemTxveviT

gamoCenili gogona mokla. es gogona man taxad aRiqva, esrola da mokla.

es magaliTi asimilaciur-iluzoruli aRqmis SemTxvevas warmoadgens. Tu

davubrundebiT TviTSefasebis sakiTxs da mas ganvixilavT, rogorc

ganwyobas sakuTari Tavisadmi, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am SemTxvevaSic

sakuTari ganwyobis Sesabamisad adgili aqvs sinamdvilis `gadakeTebas~.

anu, Tu vilaparakebT tendenciaze, romelic gulisxmobs sakuTari Tavis

pozitiurad Sefasebasa da warmodgenas, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am

SemTxvevaSic adamiani cdilobs garemosa da sxvebis `gadakeTebas~.

Aam TavSi ganxilulia kvlevis meore seria, romlis mizans

warmoadgenda imis dadgena, Tu cdis pirTa azriT, ramdenad aris

gavrcelebuli zogadad rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi Tvisebebi.

Tu wina etapze gvainteresebda sakuTari rogorc dadebiTi, aseve

uaryofiTi Tvisebebis gavrcelebuloba _ argavrcelebuloba, anu Tu

ramdenad miawers sakuTar pirovnul niSnebs sxvebs; am SemTxvevaSi

davinteresdiT, Tu zogadad rogor afsebs sxvebs da ara sakuTar TavTan

mimarTebaSi.

II seria:

4. 1. 1. gamoyenebuli meTodikisa da kvlevis proceduris aRwera

unda aRiniSnos, rom rogorc pirvel etapze, aseve am SemTxvevaSic

gaTvaliswinebuli iyo `msgavsi~ sxvebis principi. Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis studentebi afasebdnen amave universitetis studentebs.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, es principi aadvilebda sxvaTa Sefasebis

process, anu igive statusis mqone adamianebis Sefaseba ufro advilia.

Aam etapzec monawileobdnen Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

studentebi, monawileobda ori jgufi da cdis pirTa ricxvi 279 _ s

Seadgenda. erTi jgufi dadebiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT afasebda sxvebs,

67

xolo meore ki uaryofiTis. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Tvisebebi ar

SevurieT erTmaneTs da TvisebaTa nusxa (rogor dadebiTi, aseve

uaryofiTi) or sxvadasxva jgufs urigdeboda. vifiqreT, rom kvlevis am

principiT Catreba ukeTesi iqneboda. erT SemTxvevaSi cdis pirebs unda

moexdinaT dadebiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT sxvebis Sefaseba, xolo meore

SemTxvevaSi ki _ uaryofiTis mixedviT. garda amisa, dadebiTi da

uaryofiTi Tvisebebis raodenoba ar iyo Tanabari. SeiZleboda

gaTanabreba, magram uaryofiTi Tvisebebi ar iZleoda amis SesaZlblobas.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, es Tvisebebi wina seriebSi Segrovili masalidan

aris amokrefili.

pirvel etapze Segrovebuli masalidan amovkrifeT is dadebiTi da

uaryofiTi Tvisebebi, romelic ufro meti cdis piris mier iyo

dasaxelebuli, anu romelic yvelaze didi intensiobiT gvxvdeboda.

dadebiTi Tvisebebidan darCa 18, xolo uaryofiTidan _ ki mxolod 11.

dadebiTi Tvisebebi

adamianisadmi pativiscema TanagrZnoba

megobruloba punqtualuroba

gulisxmiereba mimtevebloba

urTierTgatana pasuxismgebloba

sakuTari Tavis Secnobis unari samarTlianoba

emociuroba Sromisunarianoba

TavSekavebuloba keTili

sidinje mizandasaxuleba

keTilganwyobileba erTguleba

uaryofiTi Tvisebebi

sizarmace arapunqtualuroba

gaubedaoba aramizandasaxuloba

sijiute Tavmoubmeloba

impulsuroba unebisyofoba

egocentruloba dakompleqsebuloba

upasuxismgebloba

68

Tvisebebis es ori nusxa urigdebodaT cdis pirebs (universitetis

studentebs), romelTac vTxovdiT, rom am Tvisebebis mixedviT (rogorc

dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi) SeefasebinaT `msgavsi~ sxvebi. maT Semdegi

instruqcia eZleodaT:

I

qvemoT CamoTvlilia dadebiTi Tvisebebi. Tqveni azriT, TiToeuli

es Tviseba Tqveni fakultetis (an mTeli universitetis studentTa

ramden procents axasiaTebs.

II

qvemoT CamoTvlilia uaryofiTi Tvisebebi. Tqveni azriT, TiToeuli

es Tviseba Tqveni fakultetis (an mTeli unuversitetis) studentTa

ramden procents axasiaTebs.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, cdis pirebs eZleodaT rogorc dadebiTi,

aseve uaryofiTi Tvisebebis nusxa da TiToeuli TvisebisaTvis unda

mieweraT im studentTa raodenoba (procentebSi), romelTaTvisac, maTi

azriT, damaxasiaTebelia TiToeuli es konkretuli Tviseba. cdis pirTa

mier dasaxelebuli procenti gulisxmobs Tvisebebis gavrcelebulobas,

anu xdeboda ara Tvisebebis, aramed am Tvisebebis mixedviT sxvebis

Sefaseba. bunebrivia, es Sefasebac moklebulia obieqturobas da

gamoxatavs cdis pirTa subieqtur azrs, maT subieqtur damokidebulebas.

am SemTxvevaSi sainteresoa rogor afaseben cdis pirebi sxvebs da

urCevniaT, Tu ara ifiqron, rom `msgavs~ sxvebs ufro metad axasiaTebT

dadebiTi TuUuaryofiTi Tvisebebi. realurad maT mier miTiTebuli

procentuli maCvenebeli ver CaiTvleba zust maCveneblad.

am SemTxvevaSi gvaitersebda cdis pirTa azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu

ramdenad aris gavrcelebuli rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi

Tvisebebi. Tu pirvel etapze isini sakuTari Tvisebis mixedviT afasebdnen

`msgavs~ sxvebs, meore etapze ki zogadad (Cvens mier miwodebuli)

Tvisebebis mixedviT afasebdnene `msgavs~ sxvebs, anu igive statusis

mqone adamianebs.

69

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, jgufebSi sxvadasxva cdis pirebi

iRebdnen monawileobas. gognebisa da biWebis raodenoba ar iyo Tanabari.

jgufebSi maTi araTanabari ganawileba ar iZleva raimes dadgenis, raime

daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas. Cven mizans ar warmoadgenda sqesebs

Soris gansxvavebis kvleva.

4. 1. 2. Sedegebis analizi

am SemTxvevaSi Semdegi suraTi miviReT: cdis pirTa 61% Tvlis, rom

es dadebiTi Tvisebebi axasiaTebs Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze naklebs,

xolo 39%-is azriT axasiaTebs Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze mets

[miRebuli ganawilebis SemTxveviTobis gamosaricxad gamoyenebulia

pirsonis 2, rogorc Tanadobis kriteriumi (2.=45; Pp<0,001)].

rogorc aRmoCnda cdis pirTa didi raodenoba Tvlis, rom zogadad

dadebiTi Tvisebebi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli, xolo cdis pirTa

danarCeni nawili miiCnevs, rom es Tvisebebi axasiTebs 50%-ze mets. [am

monacemebs Soris gansxvavebis Sesamowmeblad gamoyenebulia normaluri

ganawilebis Z maCvenebeli, romelmac daadastura miRebuli gansxvavebis

sandooba (Z =12,1; Pp<0,001). magram saWirod CavTvaleT agveRniSna is

sainterso faqti, romelic am SemTxvevaSi gamovlinda. erTi Tvisebis

emociuri-is SemTxvevaSi Sedegi gansxvavebulia -Sebrunebulia.

interpretacis dros albaT saintereso iqneba am faqtis gaTvaliswineba.

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cdis pirebs sxvebi unda SeefasebinaT

uaryofiTi Tvisebebis (11 Tviseba) mixedviT aRmoCnda:

1) umravlesobas 10 Tvisebidan miewereba 5 (50%): sizarmace,

upasuxismgebloba, arapunqtualuroba, unebisyofoba, egoizmi.

2) umciresobisaTvis (anu Sesafasebeli jgufis 50%-ze

naklebisaTvis) niSneulad CaiTvala 2 Tviseba, anu 20%: gaubedaoba da

dakompleqsebuloba;

3) azri gaiyo sam TvisebasTan, anu 30%-Tan dakavSirebiT: sijiute,

impusuroba da Tavmoubmeloba;

70

4) aseTi ganawileba Tanabari ar aris, 2-kv.=16,3, Pp<0,001, anu ufro

xSirad uaryofiTi Tvisebebi miewereba umravlesobas. rac imas niSnavs,

rom cdis pirTa azriT, zogadad uaryofiTi Tvisebebi sakmaod

gavrcelebulia.

Sedegi aseTia: rogorc aRmoCnda, cdis pirTa did nawils miaCnia,

rom zogadad dadebiTi Tvisebebi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli, xolo

uaryofiTi ki – sakmaod gavrcelebulia.

4. 2. kvlevis III seria

monacemebis damuSavebisas aRmoCnda, rom uaryofiTi Tvisebebi,

romelsac cdis pirebi sakuTar Tavs miawerdnen, maTi azriT, sakmaod

gavrcelebulia. e. i. isini fiqroben, rom es Tvisebebi sxva bevri

studentisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.Mmagram unda aRiniSnos erTi

saintereso faqti, ramac ganapiroba kvlevis Semdgomi gagrZeleba da rac

Tavidan ar iyo dagegmili. erTi SexedviT uaryofiTi Tvisebebi,

romelsac cdis pirebi Tavis Tavs miawerdnen TiTqos ar aris Zalian

cudi da miuRebeli. aqedan gamomdinare gaCnda idea imisa, rom mogvexdina

am Tvisebebis skalireba da gvenexa Tu ramdenad uaryofiTia es Tvisebebi.

A

kvlevis am etapze, rogorc ukve zemoT iTqva, Cvens mizani iyo

gvenaxa, Tu ramdenad uaryofiTi TvisebebiT afasebednen cdis pirebi

sakuTar Tavs. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac adamiani iZulebeulia (Cvens

kvlevaSi, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, pirdapir vaZlevdiT davalebas: `gTxovT,

daasaxeloT TqvenTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi uaryofiTi Tviseba~), rom

sakuTari Tavi Seafasos uaryofiTi TvisebiT, sainteresoa ra

TvisebisTvis imetebs sakuTar Tavs, anu uaryofiTi Tviseba, romelsac

sakuTar Tavs miawers aris ki realurad Zalian uaryofiTi? Tu mainc

adamiani indobs sakuTar Tavs da cdilobs miiweros met-naklebad

uaryofiTi da sazogadoebisaTvis mainc misaRebi Tviseba.

71

4. 2 1. gamoyenebuli meTodikisa da kvlevis proceduris aRwera

am debulebis Sesamowmeblad Semdegi meTodika gamoviyeneT:

arsebuli masalis safuZvelze, rogroc zemoT aris naCvenebi,

miviRebulia 11 uaryofiTi Tvisebisgan Semdgari nusxa.

SerCeul iqna xuTbaliani skala. turstonis 11 baliani skalidan

aviReT uaryofiTi kontiniumi (-5) – dan (-1)-mde, radgan cdis pirebs

Tvisebebis ranJireba ar gasWirvebodaT. TiToeul qulas Seesabemeboda

Sesatyvisi zedsarTavis saxelebi:

Seuwynarebeli _ 5

saSineli _ 4

Zalian cudi _ 3

cudi _ 2

cudi, magram misaRebi _ 1

Mmocemuli sityvieri Sesatyvisebi SevarCieT da SevafasebineT 15

eqspertis (eqspertebi, ZiriTadad, iyvnen fsiqologobi).

kvlevis am etapze 134 studentma miiRo monawileoba. maT Semdeg

davleba eZleodaT:

`Tqven dagirigdaT uaryofiTi Tvisebebis nusxa. es Tvisebebi

sicudis xarisxis mixedviT unda ganalagoT mocemul skalaze, anu, Tqveni

azriT, TiToeuli es Tviseba am skalaze sad ganTavsdeba~.

cdis pirebs urigdebodaT gamzadebuli furclebi, romelzec skala

iyo warmodgenili da aseve, patara misawepebeli furclebi, romelzec

TiToeuli es Tviseba ewera. maT es patara furclebi skalaze unda

miekraT.

72

4. 2. 2. Sedegebis analizi

cxrili #1

Tviseba `wona~ gafntuloba sityvieri Sesatyvisebi

saSualo

Sefaseba

cvalebadobis

diapazoni

egocentruloba - 4,0 saSineli

upasuximgebloba - 4,0 saSineli

aramizandasaxuloba - 3,5 saSinelsa da Zalian cuds Soris

unebisyofoba - 3,4 Zalian cudi

dakompleqsebuli - 2,9 Zalian cudi

Tavmoubmeloba - 2,8 Zalian cudi

impulsuroba - 2,7 Zalian cudi

sizarmace - 2,6 Zalian cudsa da cuds Soris

sijiute - 2,3 cudi

arapunqtualuroba - 2,3 cudi

gaubedaoba - 1,8 cudi, magram misaRebi

`wona~ aris jgufis saSualo Sefaseba, gamoTvlilia mediana, anu

50-e procentili. cvalebadobis diapazoni aris manZili 25-e da 75-e

pocentils Soris.

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, am nusxaSi ar aRmoCnda Seuwynarebeli

Tviseba. egocentruli da upasuxismgeblo Sefasebuli iqna rogorc

saSineli Tvisebebi, aramizandasaxulTan dakavSirebiT azri Tanabrad

gaiyo da moTavsda saSinelsa da Zalian cuds Soris. Uunebisyifoba,

Tavmoubmeloba, impulsuroba, dakompleqsebuloba cdis pirebis mier

Sefasda rogorc Zalian cudi. Aaseve azri gaiyo sizarmacesTan

dakavSirebiT da moTavsda Zalian cudsa da cuds Soris; sijiute,

arapunqtualuroba CaiTvala cud Tvisebad, xolo gaubedaoba cudad,

magram misaRebad.

imis gasarkvevad, xom ar aris kavSiri sakuTari TavisaTvis

miwerili uaryofiTi Tvisebebis sixSiresa da Tvisebebis Sefasebas Soris,

gamoTvlilia korelacia spirmenis ranguli korelaciis koeficientiT: r

73

= - 0,575, p<0,05, anu gamovlinda statistikurad sando uaryofiTi

korelacia. Sesabamisad es niSnavs, rom rac ufro uaryofiTad aris

miCneuli Tviseba, miT ufro iSviaTad miaweren mas sakuTar Tavs.

Sedegi aseTia: cdis pirebi sakuTar Tavs ar afaseben Seuwynarebeli

Tvisebebis mixedviT da aseve naklebad miaweren sakuTar Tavs saSinel

Tvisebebs. ASeiZleba iTqvas, rom rac ufro uaryofiTad aris miCneuli

Tviseba, miT ufro iSviaTad miaweren mas sakuTar Tavs.

74

Tavi V

mcdari unikalurobisa da mcdari konsensusis efeqtebis kavSiri

TviTSefasebasTan

K

5. 1. kvlevis me-4 seria

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, TviTSefaseba aris sakuTari pirovnebis

subieqturi Sefaseba, sxva sityvebiT, es aris pozitiuri Tu negatiuri

ganwyoba, romelic mimarTulia specifikuri obieqtisaken (obieqtSi

igulisxmeba `me~). rodesac individi sakuTar Tavs axasiaTebs, maSin is

iwyebs laparaks Tavis fizikur da Tvisobriv maxasiaTeblebze,

interesebsa da motivebze, atitudebsa da grZnobebze, misTvis

damaxasiaTebel qcevebsa da unarebze.

cnobilia, rom pirovnebis qcevisa da misi Sinagani dinamikis

ganviTarebisaTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs sakuTari Tavis Sefasebas, anu

TviTSefasebas. adamiani Tavis Tavs sworad an arasworad afasebs.

Tvisebebs, romelsac Cven sakuTar Tavs mivawerT xSirad ar aris

obieqturi da mas sxvebi ar EeTanxmebian. xSirad adamianebi cdiloben

sakuTar Tavs raime gansakuTrebuli Tviseba an unari miaweron, romelic

maT gamoarCevs sxvebisgan.

mesame TavSi ganxilul iqna `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari

konsensusis efeqtebi~. rogorc vnaxeT, sakuTari Tavis Sefasebisas

adamiani rTavs sxvebs da maTTan mimarTebaSi afasebs sakuTar Tavs. anu,

is, Tu ramdenad aris gavrcelebuli sakuTari pirovnuli niSnebi

(rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi) da is, Tu ramdenad daeTanxmebian

sxvebi pirovnebis ama Tu im Sexedulebas, miuTiTebs sakuTari Tavisadmi

arsebul damokidebulebaze, ganwyobaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xdeba

sakuTari subieqturi aspeqtebis sxvebSi gadatana da am gziT sakuTari

`me~-s Sefaseba.

TviTSefasebis procesSi moqmedebs `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da

`mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebi, anu adamians urCevnia ifiqros, rom misi

75

dadebiTi Tvisebebi naklebad aris sxvebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli (`mcdari

unikaluroba~); xolo uaryofiTi Tvisebebi sakmaod gavrcelebuli

(`mcdari konsensusi~). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am efeqtebis moqmedeba aris

universaluri kanonzomiereba da TiTqmis yovelTvis iCens Tavs. magram,

unda vifiqroT imaze, rom aRniSnuli efeqtebi sxavdasxva SemTxvevaSi

sxvadasxva siZlieriT SeiZleba vlindebodes.

rogorc cnobilia, yvela adamians aqvs warmodgena sakuTar Tavze

da sakuTari Tavisadmi garkveuli damokidebuleba. swored, am

warmodgenebisa da damokidebulebebis mixedviT adamianebi erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavdebian da, Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulad afaseben sakuTar Tavs.

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, isini erTmaneTisagan TviTSefasebis doniT

gansxvavdebian, rac, rogorc viciT, mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs maT

qcevasa da cxovrebis stils. `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari

konsensusis efeqtebi~, rogorc TviTSefasebis procesSi moqmedi

kanonzomierebebi vfiqrobT, rom unda iyos damokidebuli arsebuli

TviTSfasebis doneze.

am TavSi ganxilulia kvlevis meoTxe seria, romelic miznad

isaxavda imis dadgenas, Tu ra gavlenas axdens maRali TviTSefaseba

`mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebze, aZlierebs

Tu ara maRali TviTSefaseba aRniSnul efeqtebs. Cveni mizani iyo

Segvemowmebina Semdegi debuleba:

arsebos kavSiri TviTSefasebasa da `mcdari unikalurobisa da

mcdari konsensusis efeqtebs” Soris, anu maRali TviTSefaseba aZlierebs

aRniSnul efeqtebs.

5. 2. gamoyenebuli meTodikisa da kvlevis proceduris aRwera

am etapzec kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRes Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis studentebma. kvleva Catarda 159 studentze (es ricxvi

SemTxveviTia).

76

Tavdapirvelad unda dagvedgina cdis pirTa TviTSefasebis done.

TviTSefasebis gasazomad gamoviyeneT specialurad SemuSavebuli

meTodika (m. baliaSvili), romelic bipolaruli zedsarTavis saxelebis

skalis ideas efuZneba. meTodikaSi 50 bipolaruli zedsarTavi

ganlagebulia 11 punqtian skalaze. TviTSefasebis skala moicavs 10

bloks, romelTagan TiToeuli 5 bipolarul zedsarTavs Seicavs.

TiToeuli es bloki pirovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel garkveul Tvisebebs

gulisxmobs, magaliTad, rogoric aris: 1 – socialuri reputacia: 2 _

goniereba; 3 _ zogadi STabeWdileba, romelsac adamiani sxvebze axdens; 4

_ temperamenti; 5 _ nebisyofa; 6 _ zneoba; 7 _ fizikuri statusi da

janmrTeloba; 8 _ nebisyofa; 9 _ grZnobebi, romelic axasiaTebs adamians;

10 _ garegnoba. bipolaruli zedsarTavebis pozitiur da negatiur

polusebs Soris 11 intervalian diapazonSi 1 – dan 5 – mde pozitiur

TviTSefasebas, xolo 6 – dan 11 – mde - negatiur TviTSefasebas

Seesabameba. xolo `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis~

efeqtebis gamosavlenad gamoviyeneT kiTxvari, romelic Sedgeboda 20

Tvisebisagan, aqedan 10 yaryofiTi da 10 dadebiTi. es Tvisebebi

amokrefilia kvlevis wina etapebze Segrovebuli masalidan. es aris is

Tvisebebi, romelebic bevri cdispiris mier iyo dasaxelebuli, anu

sakmaod gavrcelebulia.

Tvisebebi Tvisebebi

mimtevebloba sizarmace

keTilganwyobileba sijiute

mizandasaxuloba egoizmi

pasuxismgebloba impulsuroba

Sromisunarianoba Tavmoubmeloba

sikeTe unebisyofoba

erTguleba Surianoba

TavSekavebuloba usamarTloba

gulaxdiloba kritikuloba

megobruloba gaubedaoba

77

am Tvisebebes Tan axlda 7 punqtiani skala, romelic miuTiTebs

imas, Tu cdis pirs ramdenad axasiaTebs esa Tu is pirovnuli niSani: (-3)

_ sruliad ucxoa Tviseba; (-2) _ Tviseba ar maxasiaTebs; (-1) _ TiTqmis ar

maxasiaTebs; (0) _ miWirs pasuxis gacema; (1) _ Tviseba met-naklebad

maxasiaTebs; (2) _ Tviseba maxasiaTebs; (3) _ Tviseba Zalian maxasiaTebs.

gamokvlevis procedura SemdegSi mdgomareobda: cdis pirs unda

aReniSna skalaze Tu sad ganaTavsebs sakuTar Tavs ama Tu im Tvisebis

mixedviT. es mas unda gaekeTebina ori gansxvavebuli TvalsazrisiT -

realuri da idealuri `me~-s kuTxiT. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mas unda

eCvenebina ara mxolod is, Tu rogorad miaCnia Tavisi Tavi, aramed isic,

Tu rogori unda rom iyos, rogoria misi sasurveli saxe, sasurveli `me~.

cdis pirebs unda SeesrulebinaT ramdenime davaleba: 1. unda

SeevsoT TviTSefasebis skala realuri `me~-s mixedviT; 2. unda

SeesrulebinaT igive davaleba idealuri `me~-saTvis; 3. unda aReniSnaT

miwodebuli 20 Tvisebidan ramdenad axasiaTebT TiToeuli (skalze); 4.

unda mieTiTebinaT studentTa is raodenoba (procentebSi), romelTac

zustad iseTive xarisxiT axasiaTebT es Tvisebebi.

5. 3. Sedegebis analizi

TviTSefasebis maCvenebli ganisazRvra, rogorc sxvaoba idealur

da realer `me~-s Sefasebas Soris. studentTa jgufis TviTSefasebis

donis mixedviT kategorizaciisaTvis gamoyenebuli iyo ierarqiuli

klasteruli analizi da gamoiyo sami qvejgufi: TviTSefasebis maRali,

dabali da saSualo doneebis mqone cdispirebi. klasteruli profilebi

warmodgenilia qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi:

cxrili # 1

sxvaobis

saSualo

mniSvneloba

standartuli

gadaxra TviTSefaseba

cdispirTa

raodenoba

(abs.)

cdispirTa

raodenoba

(fard.)

Pirveli 0,247 0,30759 maRali 72 45%

78

qvejgufi

meore qvejgufi 1,070 0,21539 saSualo 55 35%

mesame qvejgufi 2,010 0,26907 dabali 32 20%

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, ganawileba TviTSefasebis doneebis

mixedviT Tanabari ar aris; maRali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirTa

ricxvi aRemateba maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirTa

raodenobas (Z >1,96). aseve statistikurad sandoa gansxvaveba (Z >1,96)

saSualo da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone cdispirTa Soris.

ganawileba TviTSefasebis doneebis mixedviT Tanabari ar aris.

maRali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirTa ricxvi aRemateba cdis pirTa

raodenobas saSualo da dabali TviTSefasebiT (z>1.96). aseve

statistikurad sandoa gansxvaveba saSualo da dabali TviTSefasebis

mqone cdis pirTa Sorisac (z>1.96).

ganawileba TviTSefasebis doneebis mixedviT

maRali saSualo dabali Ppirs. X2 sandooba

45% 35% 20% 15,208 p=0.000

axla cal-calke ganvixiloT dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Tvisebebis

mixedviT miRebuli Sedegebi.

dadebiTi Tvisebebi

unda aRiniSnos, rom sakuTari Tavisa da sxvaTa Sefasebas Soris

Sedareba ori kriteriumis mixedviT xdeba: 1) saSualosa (saSualo

maCveneblis saxiT aRebulia mediana, ramdenadac Cveni monacemebi rigis

skalas ekuTvnis) da 2) im cdis pirTa procentuli raodenobis mixedviT,

romelic am Tvisebebis matarebelia.

maRali TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufSi dadebiTi Tvisebebis

mixedviT Sefasebisas Semdegi suraTi miviReT:

79

cxrili # 2 (qvejgufi maRali TviTSefasebiT)

SeniSvna: gansxvaveba TviTSefasebasa da sxvaTa Sefasebas Soris

yvela SemTxvevaSi statistikurad sandoa.

rogorc am cxrilidan Cans, cdis pirebs miaCniaT, rom dadebiTi

Tvisebebi, romelic damaxasiaTebelia maTTvis, naklebad axasiaTbs

sxvebs, anu am Tvisebebis matarebelia studentTa raodenobis 50%-ze

naklebi. agreTve, naTelia is garemoebac, rom rac ufro metad axasiaTebs

mas dadebiTi Tviseba, miT ufro naklebad aris es Tviseba gavrcelebuli.

niSneulia

CemTvis

niSneulia

sxvisTvis

Tviseba median

sxvaob.

Ddiapaz. Mmedian.

sxvaobis

diapazon

ramdens

axasiaT.

stiudent.

Kriter. sandooba

mimtevebloba 2,92 0,615 0,95 0,420 19% 33,18 p=0.000

keTilganwyobileba 2,90 0,554 0,78 0,676 22% 30,60 p=0.000

mizandasaxuloba 2,88 0,745 1,18 0,360 24% 25,91 p=0.000

pasuxismgebloba 2,87 0,500 0,87 0,298 13% 43,33 p=0.000

Sromismoyvareoba 2,46 0,747 1,01 0,728 11% 17,52 p=0.000

sikeTe 2,97 0,598 0,80 0,457 25% 36,37 p=0.000

erTguleba 2,89 0,686 0,79 0,660 25% 27,85 p=0.000

TavSekavebuloba 2,53 0,707 0,53 0,856 19% 22,72 p=0.000

gulaxdiloba 2,47 0,727 0,47 0,798 30% 23,36 p=0.000

megobruloba 2,88 0,338 0,69 0,688 29% 36,06 p=0.000

erTad: 2,78 0,622 0,81 0,594 22% 28,88 p=0.000

80

cxrili #3 (qvejgufi saSualo TviTSefasebiT)

SeniSvna: gansxvaveba TviTSefasebasa da sxvaTa Sefasebas Soris

yvela SemTxvevaSi statistikurad sandoa.

rogorc cxrilida Cans, saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone cdis

pirebic aRniSnaven, rom maTTvis Zlierad damaxasiaTebeli dadebiTi

Tvisebebi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli, anu axasiTebs Sesafasebeli

jgufis 50%-ze naklebs. Mmagram unda aRiniSnos, rom am SemTxvevaSi

saSualos (mediana) mniSvneloba mcirdeba, xolo procentuli maCvenebli

ufro izrdeba, vidre maRali TviTSefasebis qvejgufSi.

niSneulia

CemTvis

niSneulia

sxvisTvis

Tviseba Mmed.

sxvaob.

Ddiap. median

sxvaob.

Diapaz.

ramdens

axasia.

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

mimtevebloba 2,14 0,708 1,23 0,600 25% 12,43 p=0.000

keTilganwyobileb

a 2,25 0,620 1,26 0,410 32% 16,80 p=0.000

mizandasaxuloba 2,04 0,737 1,37 0,800 36% 7,86 p=0.000

pasuxismgebloba 2,22 0,762 0,99 0,480 14% 17,25 p=0.000


sikeTe 2,64 0,688 1,01 0,780 27% 19,78 p=0.000

erTguleba 2,69 0,611 0,97 0,972 40% 18,89 p=0.000

TavSekavebuloba 1,71 1,023 0,87 0,953 23% 7,55 p=0.000

gulaxdiloba 1,53 0,697 0,66 1,000 35% 9,05 p=0.000

megobruloba 2,69 0,600 1,24 0,840 44% 17,67 p=0.000

erTad: 2,17 0,730 1,09 0,776 29% 12,68 p=0.000

81

cxrili #4 (qvejgufi dabali TviTSefasebiT)

SeniSvna: niSandebulia is SemTxvevebi, sadac gansxvaveba

TviTSefasebasa da sxvaTa Sefasebas Soris sando ar aris.

rogorc aRmoCnda, dabali TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufSi ara aqvs

adgili zemoT aRniSnul tendencias, anu am SemTTxvevaSi cdis pirisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia. Tumca, ramdenime

Tvisebis mixedviT gansxavaveba sando ar aRmoCnda. es Tvisebebia:

mimtevebloba, keTilganwyobileba, TavSekavebuloba, gulaxdiloba.

Aaxla ganvixiloT TviTSefasebis sxvadasxva donis mqone qjgufebis

Sedareba. cxrilSi #5-Si mocemulia maRali da saSualo TviTSefasebis

mqone qvejgufebis Sedareba, anu ramdenad Zlierad axasiaTebT am

qvejgufebis warmomadgenel cdis pirebs es dadebiTi Tvisebebi da aris

Tu ara maT Soris raime gansxvaveba.

niSneulia CemTvis

niSneulia

sxvisTvis

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

ram.

axas.

stiu.

Krit. sandooba

mimtevebloba 1,67 0,613 1,49 1,256 45% 1,62 p>0.05

keTilganwyobileba 1,72 0,699 1,80 1,185 42% 0,74 p>0.05

mizandasaxuloba 1,54 0,820 1,69 1,323 50% 1,23 p>0.05

pasuxismgebloba 2,03 0,765 1,73 1,856 24% 1,89 p>0.05


sikeTe 2,44 0,482 1,39 1,046 32% 11,48 p=0.000

erTguleba 2,61 0,080 1,51 1,148 45% 12,08 p=0.000

TavSekavebuloba 1,27 0,577 1,09 1,274 33% 1,69 p>0.05

gulaxdiloba 1,38 0,701 1,26 0,877 43% 1,36 p>0.05

megobruloba 2,55 0,453 1,81 0,625 50% 12,08 p=0.000

erTad: 1,84 0,584 1,54 1,141 39% 3,00 p<0.002

82

cxrili #5 (niSneulia CemTvis)

maRali

TviTSefaseba

saSualo

TviTSefaseba

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

mimtevebloba 2,92 0,615 2,14 0,708 15,79 p=0.000

keTilganwyobileba 2,90 0,554 2,25 0,620 14,81 p=0.000

mizandasaxuloba 2,88 0,745 2,04 0,737 14,14 p=0.000

pasuxismgebloba 2,87 0,500 2,22 0,762 16,37 p=0.000

Sromismoyvareoba 2,46 0,747 1,73 0,852 12,29 p=0.000

sikeTe 2,97 0,598 2,64 0,688 6,83 p=0.000

erTguleba 2,89 0,686 2,69 0,611 3,69 p<0.001

TavSekavebuloba 2,53 0,707 1,71 1,023 14,76 p=0.000

gulaxdiloba 2,47 0,727 1,53 0,697 16,29 p=0.000

megobruloba 2,88 0,338 2,69 0,600 7,21 p=0.000

erTad: 2,78 0,622 2,17 0,730 12,41 p=0.000

rogorc aRmoCnda, maRali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirebi ufro

Zlierad miaweren sakuTar Tavs dadebiT Tvisebebs. gansxvaveba

TviTSefasebis mixedviT yvela SemTxvevaSi statistikurad sandoa.

cxrili #6 (niSneulia sxvisTvis)

maRali

TviTSefaseba

saSualo

TviTSefaseba

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

mimtevebloba 0,95 0,420 1,23 0,600 8,27 p=0.000





sikeTe 0,80 0,457 1,01 0,780 5,95 p=0.000

83

erTguleba 0,79 0,660 0,97 0,972 3,46 p<0.001


gulaxdiloba 0,47 0,798 0,66 1,000 2,92 p<0.020

megobruloba 0,69 0,688 1,24 0,840 10,12 p=0.000

erTad: 0,81 0,594 1,09 0,776 6,08 p=0.000

im SemTxevaSi, rodesac sakiTxi exeba imas, Tu ramdenad miaweren

maRali da saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirebi dadebiT Tvisebebes

sxvebs, aRmoCnda, rom maRali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirebi Tvlian,

rom ufro naklebad aris niSneuli es Tvisebebi sxvebisTvis, vidre

saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone cdipirebi. gansxvaveba yvela SemTxvevaSi

statistikurad sandoa.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Cven Sedarebas ori kriteriumis mixedviT

vaxdendiT: vadarebdiT rogorc saSualo, aseve procentul maCveneblebs.

Aprocentuli maCveneblis, anu imis mixedviT, Tu cdis piris azriT,

studentTa ramden procents axasiaTebs mocemuli dadebiTi Tvisebebi.

maRali da saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufebis Sedarebisas

Semdegi suraTi miviReT:

cxrili #7 ramdens axasiaTebs

Tviseba

maRali

TviTSefaseba

saSualo

TviTSefaseba

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

mimtevebloba 19% 25% 4,88 p=0.000

keTilganwyobileba 22% 32% 9,26 p=0.000

mizandasaxuloba 24% 36% 10,74 p=0.000

pasuxismgebloba 13% 14% 3,00 p=0.000

Sromismoyvareoba 11% 18% 5,72 p=0.000

sikeTe 25% 27% 1,91 p=0.000

erTguleba 25% 40% 13,37 p<0.001

TavSekavebuloba 19% 23% 3,90 p=0.000

gulaxdiloba 30% 35% 4,23 p<0.020

megobruloba 29% 44% 13,70 p=0.000

erTad: 22% 29% 1,99 p<0.05

A

84

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, maRali TviTSefasebis SemTxevevaSi

naklebia procentuli maCvenebli, vidre saSualo TviTSefasebisas.

Ggansxvaveba yvela SemTxvevaSi sandoa.

Aseve, SevadareT maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirTa

qvejgufebi.


maRali

TviTSefaseba

dabali

TviTSefaseba

Tviseba

medi

ana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

medi

ana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

stiudentis

kriteriumi

sandoob

a

mimtevebloba 2,92 0,615 1,67 0,613 25,52 p=0.000





sikeTe 2,97 0,598 2,44 0,482 11,11 p=0.000

erTguleba 2,89 0,686 2,61 0,080 5,20 p<0.001


gulaxdiloba 2,47 0,727 1,38 0,701 18,96 p=0.000

megobruloba 2,88 0,338 2,55 0,453 12,22 p=0.000

erTad: 2,78 0,622 1,84 0,584 18,99 p=0.000

rogorc aRmoCnda (asec iyo mosalodneli), am qvejgufebebs Soris

mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa. maRali TviTSefasebisasa bevrad ufro

Zlierad miaweren sakuTar Tavs dadebiT Tvisebebs. gansxvaveba

TviTSefasebis mixedviT statistikurad sandoa. xolo rac Seexeba

dadebiTi Tvisebebis gavrcelebulobas, Sedarebisas aqac dadsturda is

faqti, rom dabali TviTSefasebis SemTxvevaSi, c.p. Tvlis, rom dadebiTi

Tvisebebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia da niSneulia sxvisTvis (ix. cxrili

#8).

85


maRali

TviTSefaseba

dabali

TviTSefaseba

Tviseba

media

na

sxvaobis

diapazoni

median

a

sxvaobis

diapazoni

stiudentis

kriteriumi

sandoob

a

mimtevebloba 0,95 0,420 1,49 1,256 16,07 p=0.000

keTilganwyobileb

a 0,78 0,676 1,80 1,185 19,10 p=0.000




sikeTe 0,80 0,457 1,39 1,046 16,41 p=0.000

erTguleba 0,79 0,660 1,51 1,148 13,69 p<0.001


gulaxdiloba 0,47 0,798 1,26 0,877 12,40 p<0.020

megobruloba 0,69 0,688 1,81 0,625 20,63 p=0.000

erTad: 0,81 0,594 1,54 1,141 15,45 p=0.000

Ggansxvaveba sxvaTa Sefasebis mixedviT yvela SemTxvevaSi sandoa.

axla ganvixiloT saSualo da maRali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis

pirTa Sedareba.


saSualo

TviTSefaseba

dabali

TviTSefaseba

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

mimtevebloba 2,14 0,708 1,67 0,613 8,46 p=0.000



pasuxismgebloba 2,22 0,762 2,03 0,765 3,16 p<0.002


sikeTe 2,64 0,688 2,44 0,482 3,72 p<0.001

erTguleba 2,69 0,611 2,61 0,080 1,69 p>0.05


86

gulaxdiloba 1,53 0,697 1,38 0,701 2,79 p<0.010

megobruloba 2,69 0,600 2,55 0,453 2,82 p<0.010

erTad: 2,17 0,730 1,84 0,584 5,61 p=0.000

rogorc cxrilidan Cans, gansxvaveba yvela SemTxvevaSi sandoa,

garda erTisa, anu gansxvaveba erTgulebis mixedviT statistikurad sando

ar aris. AsaSualo da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirTa Sedareba

kidev erTxel adasturebs im faqts, rom rac ufro maRalia

TviTSefaseba, miT urfo Zlierad miawers c.p. dadebiT Tvisebas sakuTar

Tavs.


saSualo

TviTSefaseba

dabali

TviTSefaseba

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

mimtevebloba 1,23 0,600 1,49 1,256 5,46 p=0.000




Sromismoyvareoba 1,35 0,920 1,59 0,824 3,27 p<0.002

sikeTe 1,01 0,780 1,39 1,046 6,13 p=0.000

erTguleba 0,97 0,972 1,51 1,148 6,95 p=0.000

TavSekavebuloba 0,87 0,953 1,09 1,274 2,88 p<0.020

gulaxdiloba 0,66 1,000 1,26 0,877 7,57 p=0.000

megobruloba 1,24 0,840 1,81 0,625 8,61 p=0.000

erTad: 1,09 0,776 1,54 1,141 7,18 p=0.000

Aam qvejgufebis Sedareba gviCvenebs, rom dabali TviTSefasebis

mqone studentebi dadadebiT pirovnul niSnebs ufro Zlirad miaweren

sxvebs, anu Tvlian rom es Tvisebebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia da yovelive

amas procentuli maCvneblebi Sedarebac adasturebs. (ix. cxrili # 11)

87

cxrili #11 (ramdens axasiaTebs)

ramdens axasiaTebs sxvas

Tviseba

saSualo

TviTSefaseba

dabali

TviTSefaseba

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

mimtevebloba 25% 45% 18,27 p=0.000

keTilganwyobileba 32% 42% 8,99 p=0.000

mizandasaxuloba 36% 50% 12,69 p=0.000

pasuxismgebloba 14% 24% 30,20 p=0.000

Sromismoyvareoba 18% 21% 3,15 p<0.001

sikeTe 27% 32% 4,55 p=0.000

erTguleba 40% 45% 4,43 p=0.000

TavSekavebuloba 23% 33% 9,24 p=0.000

gulaxdiloba 35% 43% 7,38 p=0.000

megobruloba 44% 50% 5,50 p=0.000

erTad: 29% 39% 1,99 p=0.000

gansxvaveba yvela SemTxvevaSi sandoa.

Sedegi aseTia: rac ufro maRalia TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro

naklebad aris gavrcelebuli cdipirisaTvis Zlierad damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebebi dadebiTi Tvisebebi.

Arogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tvisebebis nusxaSi, romelic cdis

pirebs skalasTan erTad eZleodaT, aseve iyo uaryofiTi pirovuli

niSnebic. Aaxla gvinda ganvixiloT uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT

miRebuli Sedegebi.

uaryofiTi Tvisebebi

cxrili #12 (qvejgufi maRali TviTSefasebiT)

niSneulia CemTvis

niSneulia

sxvisTvis

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

ramdens

axasiaTebs

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

sizarmace 1,02 0,967 2,65 1,275 89% 12,79 p=0.000

88

im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac cdis pirebi sakuTar Tavs uaryofiTi

Tvisebebis mixedviT afasebdnen, aRmoCnda, rom rac ufro aRiarebs

uaryofiT pirovnul niSans sakuTar TavSi, miT ufro miawers am niSans

sxvas. Aamas mowmobs Tvisebebis gavrcelebulobis, rogorc procentuli

(yvela SemTxvevaSi 50%-ze metia), aseve saSualo maCveneblebi. (ix. cxrili

#12). miRebuli gansxvaveba statistikurad sandoa.

cxrili #13 (qvejgufi saSualo TviTSefasebiT)

sijiute 1,52 0,856 2,78 1,970 92% 7,40 p=0.000

egoizmi -0,11 0,715 2,04 -0,891 90% 23,68 p=0.000

impulsuroba 0,81 0,895 2,87 0,988 60% 19,46 p=0.000

Tavmoubmeloba -0,25 0,792 2,21 0,823 71% 27,13 p=0.000

unebisyofoba -1,40 0,978 2,80 1,984 71% 23,92 p=0.000

Surianoba -2,39 1,957 2,20 2,039 63% 20,47 p=0.000

usamarTloba -2,43 0,957 1,79 1,433 75% 30,90 p=0.000

kritikuloba -0,47 0,987 2,18 0,737 67% 27,20 p=0.000

gaubedaoba 0,12 0,873 0,96 0,991 52% 7,97 p=0.000

erTad: -0,41 0,742 2,25 1,135 73% 24,68 p=0.000

niSneulia CemTvis

niSneulia

sxvisTvis

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

ramdens

axasiaTebs

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

sizarmace 1,94 0,770 2,53 0,956 86% 6,02 p=0.000

sijiute 1,58 0,965 2,73 0,774 70% 11,66 p=0.000

egoizmi 0,12 0,735 2,07 0,870 88% 21,55 p=0.000

impulsuroba 1,12 0,619 2,90 1,846 58% 11,51 p=0.000

Tavmoubmeloba -0,12 0,752 1,85 1,395 79% 15,70 p=0.000

unebisyofoba -1,31 0,875 1,92 1,173 72% 27,85 p=0.000

Surianoba -2,29 0,661 1,57 1,097 65% 38,00 p=0.000

usamarTloba -2,38 0,802 1,59 1,395 74% 31,09 p=0.000

kritikuloba -0,53 0,974 1,98 1,236 65% 20,11 p=0.000

gaubedaoba 0,17 0,746 0,89 0,778 51% 8,47 p=0.000

erTad: -0,15 0,790 2,00 0,776 71% 24,46 p=0.000

89

saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufSic igive tendencia

dasturdeba. Ggansxvaveba statistikurad sandoa.

cxrili #14 (qvejgufi dabali TviTSefasebiT)

cxrili #14 – dan Cans, rom cdis pirebi am SemTxvevaSic

miuTiTeben, rom aRniSnuli uaryofiTi Tvisebebi sakmaod gavrcelebulia,

anu aqvs adgili im studentTa ricxvis gazviadebas, romelsac isini am

Tvisebebs miaweren. Ggansxvaveba ramdenime SemTxvevis garda,

statistikurad sandoa. rogorc cxrilSia mocemuli, es Tvisebebia:

impulsuroba, kritikuloba.

Aaxla ganvixiloT TviTSefasebis sxvadasxva donis mqone qvejgufebis

Sedareba (uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT). cxrilSi #15 mocemulia

maRali da saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufebis Sedareba, anu

ramdenad Zlierad axasiaTebT am qvejgufebSi Semaval cdis pirebs es

uaryofiTi Tvisebebi da aris Tu ara maT Soris gansxvaveba.

niSneulia CemTvis

niSneulia

sxvisTvis

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

ramdens

axasiaTebs

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

sizarmace 2,67 1,170 2,41 0,654 48% 2,45 p<0.05

sijiute 2,86 0,727 2,46 0,745 72% 4,83 p=0.000

egoizmi 0,29 0,763 1,61 0,790 89% 15,14 p=0.000

impulsuroba 1,00 1,204 0,77 0,975 60% 1,88 p>0.05

Tavmoubmeloba 1,24 1,016 1,82 0,708 77% 5,97 p=0.000

unebisyofoba 2,71 1,200 0,59 0,970 67% 17,32 p=0.000

Surianoba -2,57 0,312 0,58 0,520 65% 65,51 p=0.000

usamarTloba -2,33 0,615 0,62 0,563 73% 44,61 p=0.000

kritikuloba 1,75 0,864 1,74 0,148 63% 0,06 p>0.05

gaubedaoba 2,59 1,289 -1,42 0,895 17% 32,20 p=0.000

erTad: 1,05 0,916 1,12 0,697 63% 0,79 p>0.05

90


maRali

TviTSefaseba

saSualo

TviTSefaseba

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

sizarmace 1,02 0,967 1,94 0,770 5,30 p=0.000

sijiute 1,52 0,856 1,58 0,965 0,36 p>0.05

egoizmi -0,11 0,715 0,12 0,735 17,80 p=0.000

impulsuroba 0,81 0,895 1,12 0,619 2,80 p<0.02

Tavmoubmeloba -0,25 0,792 -0,12 0,752 5,61 p=0.000

unebisyofoba -1,40 0,978 -1,31 0,875 0,58 p>0.05

Surianoba -2,39 1,957 -2,29 0,661 0,38 p>0.05

usamarTloba -2,43 0,957 -2,38 0,802 0,20 p>0.05

kritikuloba -0,47 0,987 -0,53 0,974 1,07 p>0.05

gaubedaoba 0,12 0,873 0,17 0,746 2,76 p<0.02

erTad: -0,41 0,742 -0,15 0,790 7,62 p=0.000

rogorc vxedavT, ramdenime Tvisebis mixedviT gansxvaveba

statistikurad sando ar aRmoCnda. Mmagram im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

gansxaveba sandoa rac ufro maRalia TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro

naklenad aRmoaCens uaryofiT Tvisebas sakuTar TavSi.


maRali

TviTSefaseba

saSualo

TviTSefaseba

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

sizarmace 2,65 1,275 2,53 0,956 1,14 p>0.05

sijiute 2,78 1,970 2,73 0,774 0,35 p>0.05

egoizmi 2,04 -0,891 2,07 0,870 0,40 p>0.05

impulsuroba 2,87 0,988 2,90 1,846 0,35 p>0.05

91

Tavmoubmeloba 2,21 0,823 1,85 1,395 5,56 p=0.000

unebisyofoba 2,80 1,984 1,92 1,173 5,56 p=0.000

Surianoba 2,20 2,039 1,57 1,097 3,88 p<0.001

usamarTloba 1,79 1,433 1,59 1,395 1,78 p>0.05

kritikuloba 2,18 0,737 1,98 1,236 3,56 p<0.001

gaubedaoba 0,96 0,991 0,89 0,778 0,83 p>0.05

erTad: 2,25 1,135 2,00 0,776 2,73 p<0.02

cxrili gviCvenebs, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi gansxvaveba

statistikurad sando ar aris. Tumca, sandoobis SemTxvevaSi sxvebisTvis

am Tvisebis miweris TvalsazrisiT doneebs Soris didi sxvaoba ar

SeimCneva.


maRali

TviTSefaseba

dabali

TviTSefaseba

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

sizarmace 1,02 0,967 2,67 1,170 21,46 p=0.000

sijiute 1,52 0,856 2,86 0,727 19,78 p=0.000

egoizmi -0,11 0,715 0,29 0,763 7,08 p=0.000

impulsuroba 0,81 0,895 1,00 1,204 2,66 p<0.01

Tavmoubmeloba -0,25 0,792 1,24 1,016 23,57 p=0.000

unebisyofoba -1,40 0,978 2,71 1,200 52,98 p=0.000

Surianoba -2,39 1,957 -2,57 0,312 1,17 p>0.05

usamarTloba -2,43 0,957 -2,33 0,615 1,37 p>0.05

kritikuloba -0,47 0,987 1,75 0,864 28,33 p=0.000

gaubedaoba 0,12 0,873 2,59 1,289 35,56 p=0.000

erTad: -0,41 0,742 1,05 0,916 24,69 p=0.000

maRali da dabali TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufebis Sedareba

ufro Zlierad gviCvenebs im tendencias, romlic sakuTari Tavisadmi

uaryofiTi Tvisebis miwera-armiweras gulisxmobs. rac ufro maRalia

92

TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro naklebad miiwers. magram aqac

niSandoblivia is SemTxvevbi, sadac gansxvaveba statistikurad sando ar

aris. Es Tvisebebia: Surianoba, usamarTloba.


maRali

TviTSefaseba

dabali

TviTSefaseba

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

sizarmace 2,65 1,275 2,41 0,654 2,36 p<0.05

sijiute 2,78 1,970 2,46 0,745 2,03 p<0.05

egoizmi 2,04 -0,891 1,61 0,790 6,01 p=0.000

impulsuroba 2,87 0,988 0,77 0,975 26,80 p=0.000

Tavmoubmeloba 2,21 0,823 1,82 0,708 5,99 p=0.000

unebisyofoba 2,80 1,984 0,59 0,970 14,03 p=0.000

Surianoba 2,20 2,039 0,58 0,520 10,01 p<0.001

usamarTloba 1,79 1,433 0,62 0,563 10,29 p=0.000

kritikuloba 2,18 0,737 1,74 0,148 7,59 p<0.020

gaubedaoba 0,96 0,991 -1,42 0,895 30,27 p=0.000

erTad: 2,25 1,135 1,12 0,697 12,54 p=0.000

sxvisTvis miweris TvalsazrisiT AmaRali da dabali

TviTSefasebis mqone qvejgufebis Sedarebisas aRmoCnda, rom gansxvaveba

yvela SemTxvevaSia statistikurad sandoa.


saSualo

TviTSefaseba

dabali

TviTSefaseba

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

sizarmace 1,94 0,770 2,67 1,170 11,83 p=0.000

sijiute 1,58 0,965 2,86 0,727 16,73 p=0.000

egoizmi 0,12 0,735 0,29 0,763 2,99 p<0.02

93

impulsuroba 1,12 0,619 1,00 1,204 2,44 p<0.010

Tavmoubmeloba -0,12 0,752 1,24 1,016 22,78 p=0.000

unebisyofoba -1,31 0,875 2,71 1,200 57,91 p=0.000

Surianoba -2,29 0,661 -2,57 0,312 5,36 p=0.000

usamarTloba -2,38 0,802 -2,33 0,615 0,79 p>0.05

kritikuloba -0,53 0,974 1,75 0,864 29,50 p=0.000

gaubedaoba 0,17 0,746 2,59 1,289 40,88 p=0.000

erTad: -0,15 0,790 1,05 0,916 19,02 p=0.000

saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirebic ufro naklebad

miiweren uaryofiT Tvisebebs, vidre dabali TviTSefasebis SemTxvevaSi.

Tumca, aqac aRsaniSnavia is SemTxveva, sadac gnsxvaveba statistikurad

sando ar aris. Ees aris Tviseba _ usamarTloba.


saSualo

TviTSefaseba

dabali

TviTSefaseba

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

sizarmace 2,53 0,956 2,41 0,654 1,63 p>0.05

sijiute 2,73 0,774 2,46 0,745 4,28 p=0.000

egoizmi 2,07 0,870 1,61 0,790 6,57 p=0.000

impulsuroba 2,90 1,846 0,77 0,975 14,54 p=0.000

Tavmoubmeloba 1,85 1,395 1,82 0,708 0,25 p>0.05

unebisyofoba 1,92 1,173 0,59 0,970 14,33 p=0.000

Surianoba 1,57 1,097 0,58 0,520 11,39 p=0.000

usamarTloba 1,59 1,395 0,62 0,563 8,75 p=0.000

kritikuloba 1,98 1,236 1,74 0,148 2,40 p=0.000

gaubedaoba 0,89 0,778 -1,42 0,895 37,49 p=0.000

erTad: 2,00 0,776 1,12 0,697 14,37 p=0.000

am cxrilidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maRali da

saSualo TviTSefasebis mqone cdis pirTa qvejgufebis Sedarebisas

aRmoCnda, rom umetesoba Tvisebebis mixedviT gansxvavevba sando ar

94

aRmoCnda. xolo ramdenime Tvisebis SemTxvevaSi igive tendencia

dasturdeba, rom am Tvisebebs naklebad miiwers. gansakuTrebiT,

Surianobis SemTxvevaSi gansxvaveba maRalia da es gansxvaveba

statistikurad sandoa.

Sedegi aseTia: TviTSefasebis done ar axdens pirdapir gavlenas

uaryofiTi Tvisebebis gavrcelebulobaze. Aam SemTxvevaSi ar Cans

tendencia, romelsac adgili aqvs dadebiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT

Sefasebisas.

gamoikveTa gansxvaveba Tvisebebis saSualo monacemebs Soris. aman

safuZveli mogvca gvefiqrebina, rom Tvisebebs Soris arsebobs raRac

ierarqia, anu cdis pirebi garkveul Tvisebebs ufro metad miaweren

sakuTar Tavs. amis dasadgenad gamoviyeneT faqtoruli analizi.

faqtorizacia Sesrulda mTavari komponentis meTodiT (kaizeris

`varimaqsis~ meTodi).

dadebiTi Tvisebebi

cxrili #21 (faqtoruli datvirTvis mniSvnelobebi (rotaciis

Semdeg))

Ifaqto.

(dispersiis

35%)

II faqt.

(dispersiis

12%)

III faqt.

(disper-siis

10%)

IVfaqtori

(dispersii

s 6%)

Vfaqtori

(dispersiis

5%)

mimtevebloba 0,780

keTilganwyobileba 0,668

mizandasaxuloba 0,763

pasuxismgebloba 0,719

Sromismoyvareoba 0,800

sikeTe 0,592

erTguleba 0,852

TavSekavebuloba 0,903

gulaxdiloba 0,701

megobruloba 0,643

95

cxrilidan Cans, rom yvelaze mniSvnelovnad CaiTvala Semdegi

Tvisebebi: sikeTe, erTguleba, megobruloba; mimtevebloba,

keTilganwyobileba meore adgilzea; mizandasaxuloba, pasuxismgebloba,

Sromismoyvareoba _ mesameze; TavSekavebuloba _ meoTxeze; xolo yvelaze

naklebad mniSvnelovnad ki CaiTvala gulaxdiloba.

uaryofiTi Tvisebebi

cxrili #22 (faqtoruli datvirTvis mniSvnelobebi (rotaciis

Semdeg)

I faqtori

(disper-

siis 41%)

II faqtori

(dispersiis

19%)

IIIfaqtor

i (disper-

siis 5%)

IVfaqtori

(dispersiis

4%)

sizarmace 0,644

sijiute 0,511

egoizmi 0,566

impulsuroba 0,472

Tavmoubmeloba 0,623

unebisyofoba 0,627

Surianoba 0,817

usamarTloba 0,792

kritikuloba 0,666

gaubedaoba -0,488 0,649

uaryofiTi Tvisebebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyo oTxi faqtori.

Yyvelaze uaryofiT Tvisebebad CaiTvala Surianoba da usamarTloba;

Semdeg modis sizarmace, sijiute, impulsuroba, Tavmoubmeloba,

unebisyofoba; mesame adgils ikavebs egoizmi, kritikuloba; xolo

yvelaze naklebad uaryofiT Tvisebad Sefasda – gaubedaoba.

magram aRsaniSnavia erTi sagulisxmo faqti, romelic gamovlinda

gaubedaobasTan dakavSirebiT. gaubedaoba am faqtorSi arsebul sxva

TvisebebTan (egoizmi, kritikuloba) uaryofiT korelaciaSia, rac am

96

Tvisebebis SeuTavseblobas gulisxmobs. aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba

vifiqroT, rom gaubedavebi ar arian egoistebi da kritikulebi.

dadebiTi Tvisebebi

cxrili #23 (saSualo maCveneblebi faqtorebis mixedviT)

rogorc cxrilidan Cans faqtorebis mixedviT Tvisebebi Semdeg

blokebad dajgufda: zneoba _ sikeTe, erTguleba, megobruloba;

lmobireba _ mimtevebloba, keTilganwyobileba; nebeloba _

mizandasaxuloba, pasuxismgebloba, Sromismoyvareoba; zrdiloba _

TavSekavebuloba; siRiave _ gulaxdiloba.

niSneulia CemTvis

niSneulia

sxvisTvis

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

ramdens

axasiaTebs

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

pirveli

faqtori

(`zneoba") 2,71 0,371 1,13 0,802 35% 22,45 p=0.000

meore faqtori

(`lmobiereba") 2,27 0,635 1,25 0,758 31% 12,93 p=0.000

mesame faqtori

(`nebeloba") 2,11 0,731 1,31 0,843 23% 9,03 p=0.000

meoTxe faqtori

(`grZnobebi") 1,84 0,769 0,83 1,277 25% 8,53 p=0.000

mexuTe faqtori

(`siRiave") 1,80 0,708 0,80 1,116 36% 9,53 p=0.000

97

uaryofiTi Tvisebebi

cxrili #24 (saSualo maCveneblebi faqtorebis mixedviT)

uaryofiTi Tvisebebic iseve, rogorc dadebiTi, sxvadasxva blokSi

Semdegnairad gaerTianda: zneoba – Surianoba, usamarTloba; nebeloba –

sizarmace, sijiute, impulsuroba, Tavmoubmeloba, unebisyofoba;

Tavdajerebuloba _ egoizmi, kritikuloba; sisuste _ gaubedaoba.

axla ganvixiloT TviTSefasebis doneebis mixedviT, Tu rogor aris

ganawilebuli faqtorTa saSualo maCveneblebi.

dadebiTi Tvisebebi

cxrili #25

niSneulia CemTvis

maRali saSualo dabali

faqtori mediana sxvaobis

diapazoni

mediana sxvaobis

diapazoni

median

a

sxvaobis

diapazoni

faqtori I

`zneoba~

2,91 0,540 2,67 0, 633 2,53 0,933

niSneulia CemTvis

niSneulia

sxvisTvis

Tviseba mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni mediana

sxvaobis

diapazoni

ramdens

axasiaTebs

stiudentis

kriteriumi sandooba

pirveli faqtori

(`zneoba") -2,40 0,636 1,39 1,102 69% 37,56 p=0.000

meore faqtori

(`nebeloba") 1,03 1,092 2,22 0,796 73% 11,12 p=0.000

mesame faqtori

(`Tavdajerebuloba") 0,53 1,067 1,02 0,773 64% 4,72 p=0.000

meoTxe faqtori

(`sisuste~) 0,96 1,123 0,14 0,718 40% 7,72 p=0.000

98

faqtori II

`lmobiereba

2,91 0,584 2,20 0, 664 1,70 0,656

faqtori III

`nebisyofa~

2,74 0,664 2,00 0,784 1,59 0,746

faqtori IV

`grZnobebi~

2,53 0,707 1,71 1,023 1,27 0,577

faqtori V

`siaRiave~

2,47 0,727 1,53 0,697 1,38 0,701

cxrilidan kargad Cans, Tu cdis piri ramdenad Zlierad miiwers

dadebiT Tvisebebs. rac ufro Rirebuli da mniSvnelovania Tviseba miT ufro

miiwers. Sesabamisad, aq naCvenebia gansxvaveba TviTSefasebis doneebis

mixedviT. rac ufro maRalia TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro Zlierad

axasiaTebs cdis pirs dadebiTi Tviseba. gansxvaveba yvela SemTxvevaSi

statistikurad sandoa (p=0.000).

cxrili #26

niSneulia sxvisTvis



diapazoni

mediana sxvaobis

diapazoni

mediana sxvaobis

diapazoni

faqtori I

`zneoba~

0,76 0, 602 1,07 0, 864 1,57 0,939

faqtori II

`lmobiereba~

0,87 0,548 1,24 0, 505 1,65 1,221

faqtori III

`nebisyofa~

1,02 0,462 1,24 0,733 1,67 1,335

faqtori IV

`grZnobebi~

0,53 0,856 0,87 0,963 1,09 1,274

faqtori V

`siaRiave~

0,47 0,798 0,66 1,00 1,26 0,877

99

Aaq ukve naCvenebia, Tu ramdenad axasiaTebT aRniSnuli dadebiTi

Tvisebebis sxvebs. Aam TvisebebiT sxvebis Sefasebisas, vlindeba tendecia,

romelic am Tvisebebis matarebeli sxvebis raodenobis Semcirebas glisxmobs.

rac ufro maRali aqvs cdis pirs TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro naklebad

miawers sxvas, anu naklebad avrcelebs sxvebSi am niSnebs. gansxvaveba yvela

SemTxvevaSi statistikurad sandoa (p=0.000).

uaryofiTi Tvisebebi

cxrili #27

niSneulia CemTvis



diapazoni

mediana sxvaobis

diapazoni

mediana sxvaobis

diapazoni

faqtori I

`zneoba~

-2,41 1,457 -2,34 0, 732 -2,45 0,464

faqtori II

`nebisyofa~

0,34 0,897 0,64 0, 796 2,10 1,064

faqtori III

`Tavdajerebuloba~

-0,29 0,861 -0.21 0,855 1,02 0,814

faqtori IV 0,12 0,873 0,17 0,746 2,59 1,289

rac ufro uaryofiTia Tviseba, cdis piri miT ufro naklebad miiwers.

unda aRiniSnos, rom Zalian uaryofiTi pirovnuli niSnis SemTxvevaSi,

TviTSefasebis mocemul dones ara aqvs mniSvneloba. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,

Zalian uaryofiT Tvisebas, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, naklebad miiwers.

gansxvaveba yvela SemTxvevaSi statistikurad sandoa (p=0.000).

cxrili #28

niSneulia sxvisTvis


faqtori mediana sxvaobis mediana sxvaobis mediana sxvaobis

100

diapazoni diapazoni diapazoni

faqtori I

`zneoba~

1,99 1, 736 1, 58 1, 246 0,60 0,541

faqtori II

`lmobiereba~

2,66 1,408 2,39 1, 229 1,61 0,811

faqtori III

`nebisyofa~

2,11 - 0, 077 2,02 1, 053 1,68 0,469

faqtori IV 0,96 0, 991 0,89 0,778 - 1,42 0,895

Sedegi aseTia: rac ufro mniSvnelovania (dadebiTi) Tviseba, cdis

piri miT ufro miawers sakuTar Tavs da Sesabamisad, naklebad aris

gavrcelebuli, rasac miuTiTebs gavrcelebulobis dabali procentuli

maCvenebeli (anu im studenTa raodenoba, romlisTvisac es Tvisebebia

damaxasiaTebeli). xolo uaryofiTi Tvisebebis SemTxvevaSi aseTi suraTi

miviReT: rac ufro uaryofiTia Tviseba, miT ufro naklebad miawers

sakuTar Tavs.

101

Tavi VI

miRebuli Sedegebis ganxilva da daskvnebi

6. 1. kvlevis I seriis Sedegebis ganxilva

Kvlevis pirvel seriaSi vikvlevdiT `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da

`mcdari konsensusis efeqtebs~, rogorc TviTSefasebis procesSi moqmed

universalur kategoriebs, anu fenomenebs, romelTa arseboba

kulturologiur xasiaTs ar atarebes; aseve gvainteresebda gvenaxa, rom

sakuTari uaryofiTi pirovnuli niSnebis mixedviT sxvaTa Sefasebisas

adgili aqvs Tu ara `mcdari konsensusis efeqts~. Cveni kvlevis Sedagad

aCvena: adamians urCevnia ifiqros, rom misi sakuTari dadebiTi pirovnuli

Tvisebebi naklebad aris gavrcelebuli da, Sesabamisad, naklebad miawers

sxvebs, anu sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, misi azriT, mcirea im adamianTa

ricxvi, romelic igive dadebiTi Tvisebebis matarebelia. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom adgili aqvs `mcdari unikalurobis efeqts”. xolo im SemTxvevaSi,

rodesac saqme exeba sakuTar pirovnul pozicias (Sexedulebas), maSin

urCevnia ifiqros, rom misi Sexedulebebi gavrcelebulia da sxva bevri

eTanxmeba (anu, didia im adaminTa ricxvi, romelic am Sexedulebebs

iziarebs). Aaq ukve moqmedebs `mcdari konsensusis efeqti~.

rogorc aRvniSneT, kvlevis am seriaSi dadga sakuTari uaryofiTi

Tvisebebis gavrcelebulobis sakiTxic. Aam SemTxvevaSi, rogorc

Sedegebidan gviCvena, adamiani fiqrobs (Sesabamisad urCevnia), rom misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli pirovnuli niSnebis matarebeli bevria, anu am

TvalsazrisiT bevria misi msgavsi adamiani.

Aam Sedegebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba kidev erTxel vimsjeloT imaze,

rom adamians aqvs tendencia sakuTari `me~-s xatis gaZlierebisa da

dadebiTad Sefasebis, anu cdilobs ukeT warmoadginos sakuTari Tavi.

mokled, rom vTqvaT, miiswrafvis sakuTari Tavisadmi dadebiTi ganwyobis

uzrunvelyofisaken da is efeqtebi, romelsac Cven SromaSi ganvixilavT,

swored amas emsaxureba.

102

samive SemTxvevaSi unda vifiqroT, rom moqmedebs Tavdacvis

meqanizmebi. adamians cdilobs miuaxlovdes `idealur me~-s. amisaTvis is

sistematurad afasebs sakuTar Tavs, sxvebs da axdens Sedarebas. Aaq

SeiZleba moviSvelioT karl rojersis Teoria, romelSic ganixilulia

Tavdacvis meqanizmebi. man gamoyo dacvis meqanizmebi, romelsac pirovneba

mimarTavs, raTa ar gaacnobieros arakongruentuli damokidebuleba

subieqtur gamocdilebasa da sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb arsebul

warmodgenebs Soris. es meqanizmebia: 1) damaxinjeba, romelic gulisxmobs

subiqturi gamocdilebis aradeqvaturad aRqmas; 2) uaryofas, garkveuli

subieqturi gamocdilebis uaryofas.

Tu davubrundebiT Cven Sedegebs, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom samive

SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs sxavTa iseT Sefasebas, iseT aRqmas, rogoric

adamians urCvenia _ Tvlis, rom misi dadebiTi Tvisebebi ar aris

gavrcelebuli, anu uaryofs, rom, am TvalsazrisiT, bevria misi msgavsi

adamiani. Aam meqanizms mimarTavs swored imitom, rom gazardos sakuTari

unikalurobis daSevebis SesaZlebloba.

Sexedulebis gavrcelebuloba aZlierebs socialuri mxardaWeris

aRqmas, rac adasturebs sakuTari poziciis sisworesa da adeqvaturobas.

imisaTvis rom adamiani sakuTari pozicebisa da Sexedulebebis sisworeSi

iyo darwmunebuli, aucileblad esaWiroeba socialuri mxardaWera. es ki

amcirebs mosalodnel socialur urTierTqmedebasTan dakavSirebul

daZabulobas.

Kkvlevis Sedagad uaryofiT TvisebebTan dakavSirebiT gamovlinda,

rom maSin rodesac adamiani iZulebulia sakuTar TavSi aRmoaCinos

uaryofiTi Tviseba, mimarTavs sxvaTa araswor aRqmas da miuTiTebs, rom

es Tviseba sakmaod gavrcelebulia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sxvebisadmi

sakuTari uaryofiTi pirovnuli niSnis miwera-gadatana ganapirobebs am

Tvisebis sicudis xarisxis Semcirebas. uaryofiTi Tvisebebis

gavrcelebuloba adamians afiqrebinebs, rom mxolod is ar aris aseTi da

bevria misi msgavsi. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, uaryofiTi niSnebis

TvalsazrisiT, cdilobs rac SeiZleba meti aRmoaCinos Tavisi msgavsi da

103

amiT Seimsubuqos sakuTari mgomareoba. rac, aseve, `me~-s xatis

gaZlierebas emsaxureba.

6. 2. kvlevis II da III seriis Sedegebis ganxilva

sakuTari Tavis Sefasebisas Tavdacvis meqanizmebis moqmedebas

adasturebs is faqtic, romelic gamovlinda uaryofiTi Tvisebebis

skalirebisasa. am etapze Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom uaryofiT

TvisebaTa nusxaSi (romelic amokrefilia wina etapze miRebuli

monacemebidan) faqtobrivad ar aRmoCnda Seuwynarebeli Tviseba. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom maSin, rodesac adamiani iZulebulia uaryofiTi TvisebiT

Seafasos sakuTari Tavi, cdilobs moZebnos naklebad uaryofiTi Tviseba

da Sesamabisad Tavisi mdgomareoba amiT Seamsubuqos. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT sakuTari Tavis Sefasebisas

Semsubuqebis or gzas mimarTavs: pirveli, rodesac Tavis uaryofiT

pirovnul niSnebs sxvebSi avrcelebs da meore _ sakuTar Tavs naklebad

uaryofiTi TvisebebiT afasebs. rac kidev erTxel iZleva imis safuZvels

vifiqroT, rom adamiani miiswrafvis imisaken, rom Tavi ukeT

warmoadginos da iyos misaRebi yvelasaTvis, maT Soris sakuTari

TavisaTvis.

kvlevis im etapze, rodesac cdis pirebi ara sakuTari, aramed

zogadad, rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT

afasebdnen sxvebs, gamovlinda Semdegi tendencia: maTi azriT, uaryofiTi

Tvisebebi ufro metad aris gavrcelebuli, vidre dadebiTi. anu, cdis

pirebs Tvlidnen, rom sxvebisTvis, zogadad, ufro metad

damaxasiaTebelia uaryofiTi Tvisebebi. es gvaZlevs uflebas vifiqroT,

rom am tendenciis arseboba SeiZleba adamianis erT-erTi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani moTxovnilebis _ TviTpativiscemis _ dakmayofilebis erT-

erTi meqanizmia.

kupersmitiseuli (1963) ganmartebis mixedviT: TviTpativiscema es

aris sakuTari Tavis Sefaseba, romelsac adamiani axorcielebs da,

104

Cveulebriv, inarCunebs. is gamoxatavs mowoneba-armowonebis atutuds da

miuTiTebs im zomas, riTac adamians sjera, rom aris unariani,

mniSvnelovani, warmatebuli da Rirebuli. TviTpativiscema aris

pirovnuli msjeloba sakuTari Rirseulobis Sesaxeb, gamoxatuli im

atitudebiT, romelic pirovnebas aqvs sakuTari Tavis mimarT.

Cven kvlevaSi miRebuli Sedegebi, romlis mixedviTac uaryofiTi

Tvisebebi ufro gavrcelebulia, amcirebs imis Sanss, rom bevri kargi

`sxva~ arsebobs. rac, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom sakuTari Tavis

gamorCeulobasa da gansakuTrebulobaze miuTiTebs da, Tavis mxriv,

zrdis TviTpativiscemis gancdas.

6. 3. kvlevis IV seriis Sedegebis ganxilva

`mcdari unikalurobis efeqtisa~ da `mcdari konsensusis efeqtis~

arsisa da bunebidan gamomdinare daviwyeT fiqri im faqtorebze,

romelmac SeiZleba gavlena iqonios aRniSnul efeqtebze. rogorc Cveni

Sromida Cans, Cven yuradRebis centrSi moeqca TviTSefasebis done,

rogorc aRniSnul efeqtebze moqmedi faqtori.

kvlevis am etapze, romelic mieZRvna `mcdari unikalurobisa~ da

`mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtebis kavSiris dadgenas TviTSefasebis

donesTan gamovlinda: 1) pirdapiri urTierTkavSiri TviTSefasebasa da

`mcdari unikalurobis efeqts~ Soris. kerZod, rac ufro maRalia

TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro gamoxatulia mcdari unikalurobis

efeqti; anu rac ufro maRalia TviTSefasebis done, adamiani miT ufro

naklebad miawers misTvis Zlierad damaxasiaTebel Tvisebebs sxvas

(igulisxmeba dadebiTi). 2) calsaxa kavSiri TviTSefasebasa da `mcdari

konsensusis~ efeqts Soris ar dasturdeba (statistikurad sando ar

aRmoCnda). Ees ki imas gulisxmobs, rom TviTSefasebis dones (maRali

iqneba, Tu dabali) sakuTari uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT sxvisi

Sefasebisas ara aqvs mniSvneloba. Nnebismier SemTxvevaSi adamians

105

urCevnia ifiqros, rom masSi gamoxatuli uaryofiTi Tviseba sakmaod

gavrcelebulia.

kvlevis Sedegebi Semdegze metyvelebs: adamians urCevnia ifiqros,

rom igi sxvebisgan swored dadebiTi TvisebebiT gansxvavdeba. rac ufro

Zlierad aris masSi dadebiTi Tviseba gamoxatuli, miT ufro naklebad

aris gavrcelebuli. es ukanaskneli ki iZleva imis safuZvels, rom man

sakuTari Tavi gansakuTrebulad da unikalurad CaTvalos. xolo

uaryofiTi Tvisebebis SemTxvevaSi, adamiani Tvlis, rom es Tvisebebi

sakmaod gavrcelebulia da amiT is ar gansxvavdeba sxvebisgan, rasac

adgili aqvs rogorc maRali, aseve dabali TviTSefasebisas.

aqedan gamomdinare SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom dabali TviTSefaseba

ar niSnavs, rom adamiani sxvasTan SedarebiT ufro metad maiwers sakuTar

Tavs uaryofiT Tvisebebs, aramed is sakuTar Tavs sxvisgan dadebiTi

Tvisebebis mixedviT ganasxvavebs. A

mTeli kvleva, romelic Cvens mier iqna Catarebuli kidev erTxel

adasturebs im tendencias, romlis mixedviT adamiani cdilobs sakuTari

Tavis dadebiTad Sefasebas da am TvalsazrisiT cnobierad, Tu

aracnobierad sxvadsxva gzasa da meqanizms mimarTavs.

adamiani cdilobs Tavidan aicilos Sinagni diskomforti, romelic

SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos sakuTari `realur~ da `idealur~ `me~-ebs

Soris gansxvavebiT. igi mudmivad afasebs sakuTar Tavs da adarebs

sxvebs. rogorc aRmoCnda, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi sxvebSi

gadatana-argadtana, Sexedulebebis gavrcelebuloba aris mniSvnelovani

kriteriumi sakuTari Tavis Sefasebisa da es kriteriumi, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom aris universaluri xasiaTis.

Aaseve SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gamovlinda TviTSefasebis saintereso

maxasiTebeli. Cveni kvlevis Sdegebidan gamomdinare SeiZleba vifiqroT,

rom dabali TviTSefaseba uaryofiTi Tvisebebis xarjze ki ara aqvs

adamians, aramed igi dadebiTi Tvisebebis deficits ganicdis. Anu,

sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, dabali TviTSefasebisas adamiani Tavis Tavs

ufro naklebad miawers dadebiT Tvisebebs. sxvebTan Sedarebisas igi xazs

106

usvams im garemoebas, rom sxvisgan imiT ki ar gansxvavdeba, rom igi

moWarbebuli uaryofiTi Tvisebebis matarebelia, aramed imiT, rom

misTvis naklebad aris damaxasiaTebeli dadebiTi pirovnuli niSnebi.

`me~ gagebulia, rogorc pirovnuli Tanmimdevrobisa da

stabilurobis centri. xolo pirovnuli Tanmimdevruloba da saboloo

jamSi ukavSirdeba socialur Sefasebasa da TviTSefasebis Zlier

moTxovnilebas. Des ki qmnis adamainis arsebobisa da aqtiobisaTvis

aucilebel safuZvels.

da bolos, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yovelive es ki emsaxureba `me~-s

xatis gaZlierebas. Sesabamisad, sakuTar Tavze kargi warmodgenebis

Seqmnas da, saerTod, sakuTari Tavisadmi dadebiTi ganwyobis Seqmnasa da

Semdeg mis SenarCunebas. rogroc cnobilia, yovelive es Zalian

mniSvnelovania da aucilebelic ki adamianis normaluri funqcionirebisa

da aqtivobisaTvis, sxvadasxva situaciaSi adeqvaturi qcevis

ganxorcielebisaTvis, garkveuli warmatebebis misaRwevad.

107

saboloo daskvnebi

amrigad Cveni kvlevis safuZvelze, romelic am naSromSia

warmodgenili da ramdenime seriisagan Sedgeboda, SesaZlebelia Semdegi

daskvnebis gakeTeba:

1. sakuTari dadebiTi Tvisebebis sxvebSi gavrcelebulobis

SemTxvevaSi qarTul populaciaSic adgili aqvs `mcdari unikalurobis~

efeqts.

2. uaryofiTi Tvisebebis sxvebSi gavrcelebulobis SemTxvevaSi

dasturdeba `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqtis moqmedeba.

3. sakuTari mniSvnelovani Sexedulebebis gavrcelebulobis

Sefasebisas adgili aqvs `mcdari konsensusis~ efeqts.

4. adamiani Tvlis, rom, zogadad, (ara sakuTari) uaryofiTi

pirovnuli niSnebi sxvebSi ufro gavrcelebulia, anu sxvebisTvis ufro

metad damaxasiaTebelia uaryofiTi Tvisebebi, vidre dadebiTi.

5. sakuTari Tavis uaryofiTi Tvisebebis mixedviT Sefasebisas,

Sefaseba xdeba naklebad uaryofiTi TvisebebiT.

6. TviTSefasebis done mniSvnelovnad aZlirebs `mcdari

unikalurobis~ efeqts. rac ufro maRalia TviTSefasebis done, miT ufro

Zlieria aRniSnuli efeqti.

7. ar aris urTierTkavSiri TviTSefasebis donesa da `mcdari

konsensusis~ efeqts Soris. miuxedavad TviTSefasebis donisa, adamians

nebismier SemTxvevaSi urCevnia ifiqros, rom misTvis damaxasiaTebeli

108

uaryofiTi Tvisebebi gavrcelebulia da sxvebisTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli.

8. dabali TviTSefasebis SemTxvevaSi adamiani sakuTar Tavs

uaryofiT Tvisebebs ki ar miawers, aramed Tvlis, rom naklebad

axasiaTebs dadebiTi Tvisebebi.

109

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