I. Plants- multicellular eukaryotes with cell walls made of cellulose (like celery)

A. Life Cycle (2 stages)1.Gametophyte-young

plant with (N) chromosomes (pollen/sperm or egg)

2.Sporophyte- plant with 2N (fertilized egg – which is the seed or fruit)

Plants and Fungi

B. Early Plants1. The first

plants probably evolved from the multicellular green algae living today.

C. Plant Kingdom is divided into 4 groups based on water-conducting tissues, seeds, and flowers

1.Bryophytes- nonvascular (not woody or tough stem) mosses

2.Ferns-vascular; non-flowering3.Gymnosperms- vascular cone bearers4.Angiosperms- vascular flowering plants

II. NonVascular PlantsA. Bryophytes- depend on water for

reproduction. Lack vascular tissue and therefore can only draw up water by osmosis a few centimeters above the ground.

1. Most of life is in gametophyte stage 2. Mosses- most common of the bryophytes.

One cell thick “threads”. Live in shaded wet areas. a. Rhizoids: act as the roots for moss.

III. Vascular Plants have:A. Stem-contain vascular tissue; support and connect leaves to roots

1. Vascular tissue- tough “woody” cellulose; consists of:

a. Xylem- carries water upward from the roots

b. Phloem- carries nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis B. Leaves- vascular tissue

1. Stomata cells: for O2 and CO2 gas exchangeC. Roots-absorb water and minerals

IV.Seedless Vascular PlantsA. The Ferns (club mosses, horsetails, ferns)

Club Moss

Fern

Horsetail

V. Seed Plants- Gymnosperms and Angiosperms A. Reproduction

1. Pollen: sperm; carried by wind or insect 2. Flower: contains ovaries and egg3. Seed: embyro (fertilized egg) of plant in protective covering surrounded by fruit4. Fruit: food supply for seed (seed coat)

B. Gymnosperms- bear seeds on surfaces of cones

C. Angiosperms- seeds in seed coat (fruit)

1.Ovary area becomes the fruit

2. Angiosperms (2 Types monocots and dicots)

a. Monocots-initially grow 1 “seed leaf” (cotyledon)

1. leaves have parallel veins (corn)

2. stems have vascular bundles scattered

3. Fibrous root systems

b. Dicots- initially grow 2 seed leaves 1. leaves have branched veins 2. stems have vascular bundles arranged in a ring 3. roots are called taproots that store nutrients (carrot, potato)

VI.Evolution of Seed PlantsA. Millions of years caused continents to become drierB. Plants formed seeds to survive dry periodsC. Many mosses and ferns became extinct.

FUNGI

Fungi Kingdom

VI. All Fungi are/have:A. Eukarayotes (nucleus)B. Use spores to reproduce.C. Heterotrophs (absorb their food)D. Can go dormant until optimal conditionsE. have cell walls made of ChitinF. Decomposers: break down dead organisms and absorb the nutrients

G. Hyphae : 1 cell thick filaments. Some have walls between nuclei some don’t

1. Hyphae can absorb so much water that they can produce a fruiting body (mushroom) overnight.2. Mycelium: bundle of hyphae underground.

3. mycelium expand the surface area available for nutrient uptake

VII.Types of FungiA. Mold: the “fuzz” that grows on breads and rotting fruit.B. Yeast: single-celled fungi

1. used in baking because it goes through fermentation and

produces Carbon Dioxide causing the bread to rise.

C. Club Fungi (Basidiomycetes) – 1. produce basidiospores in structures that look like clubs and usually have gills on the underside of the fruiting body (ex. Mushrooms)

D. Imperfect Fungi- asexual only (ex. Penicillin)

PenicilliumWWI, bacterial infections killed more soldiers than bullets.

1928 Dr. Alex Fleming working at St. Mary’s Hospital in London noticed that mold growing on staph bacterial culture plates had killed the pathogen making the first antibiotic.

zone of dead bacteria

Penicillin kills bacteria by interfering with their ability to synthesize cell wall.

Dead Man’s Fingers

Lichens

Example of a “humungous fungus”

• Armillaria bulbosa – a mushroom producing wood decomposer

• Covers at least 38 acres in a forest in Michigan

• Estimated to weigh 100 tons (size of a blue whale)

• Estimated to be at least 1500 yrs old

Examples of foods made possible by fungi

Yeast• Beer and Wine • BreadMushrooms• White button,

crimini,portabella• Truffles, chanterellesMycoprotein(food additive like tofu)

Cheese •Rennin, •blue cheeseSoy sauceTempehCitric acid (soft drinks)