I. PersonalityI. Personality

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Defining personality and Defining personality and traitstraits

PersonalityPersonalityDistinctive and relatively stable pattern of Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual that characterizes an individual [p42][p42]

TraitTraitA characteristic of an individual, describing A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and a habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling feeling [p42][p42]

Are you introverted Are you introverted or extraverted?or extraverted?

Big Five Big Five [pp50-51][pp50-51]

Openness vs resistanceOpenness vs resistance

Conscientiousness vs impulsivenessConscientiousness vs impulsiveness

Extroversion vs introversionExtroversion vs introversion

Agreeableness vs antagonismAgreeableness vs antagonism

Neuroticism vs emotional stabilityNeuroticism vs emotional stability

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II. The biological II. The biological contributioncontribution

Heredity and temperamentHeredity and temperament

TemperamentsTemperaments [p54][p54]Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in Physiological dispositions to respond to the environment in certain wayscertain ways

Present in infancy, assumed to be innatePresent in infancy, assumed to be innate

Relatively stable over timeRelatively stable over time

IncludesIncludesReactivityReactivity

SoothabilitySoothability

Positive and negative emotionalityPositive and negative emotionality

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Genes Genes [p53][p53]

Made up of deoxyribonucleic acid Made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)(DNA)

Units of heredity that make up Units of heredity that make up the chromosomesthe chromosomes

Twins Twins [p56][p56]

Identical twinsIdentical twins develop develop from a single fertilized from a single fertilized eggegg– AKA: AKA: monozygotic monozygotic

twinstwins Fraternal twinsFraternal twins

develop from two develop from two separate eggs that separate eggs that have each been have each been fertilized by a sperm fertilized by a sperm cellcell– AKA: AKA: dizygotic twinsdizygotic twins

III. The learning III. The learning contributioncontribution

B.F. SkinnerB.F. Skinner

Radical behaviorismRadical behaviorism Personality is ones behaviorPersonality is ones behavior Change environment to change Change environment to change

behaviorbehavior

Albert Bandura’s social Albert Bandura’s social cognitive perspectivecognitive perspective

Reciprocal determinismReciprocal determinismTwo-way interaction between aspects of the

environment and aspects of the individual in the

shaping of personality traits [p59]

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IV. The cultural IV. The cultural contributioncontribution

Culture, values, and traitsCulture, values, and traits

CultureCulture [p61][p61]A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of A program of shared rules that govern the behavior of members of a community or societymembers of a community or society

A set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most A set of values, beliefs, and attitudes shared by most members of that communitymembers of that community

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Culture, values, and traitsCulture, values, and traits

Individualist culturesCultures in which the self is regarded as autonomous, and individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others [p62]

Collectivist culturesCultures in which the self is regarded as embedded in relationships, and harmony with one’s group is prized above individual goals and wishes [p62]

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V. The humanist V. The humanist contributioncontribution

Humanists—the inner Humanists—the inner experience experience [p66][p66]capacity for personal growthcapacity for personal growth

freedom to choosefreedom to choose

positive qualitiespositive qualities

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Carl RogersCarl Rogers

Unconditional positive regardUnconditional positive regardA situation in which the acceptance and love one receives A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is unqualified from significant others is unqualified [p66][p66]

Conditional positive regardConditional positive regardA situation in which the acceptance and love one receives A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon one’s behavior from significant others is contingent upon one’s behavior [p66][p66]

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Carl Rogers Carl Rogers [p66][p66]

Self conceptSelf concept: an individual’s : an individual’s overall perceptions of their overall perceptions of their abilities, behaviors, and abilities, behaviors, and personalitypersonality

The The selfself and the and the ideal selfideal self

Evaluating humanist Evaluating humanist approaches approaches [p67][p67]Hard to operationally define many of the Hard to operationally define many of the conceptsconcepts

Added balance to the study of personalityAdded balance to the study of personality

Encouraged others to focus on “positive Encouraged others to focus on “positive psychology”psychology”

Fostered new appreciation for resilienceFostered new appreciation for resilience

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VI. The psychodynamic VI. The psychodynamic contributioncontribution

Psychodynamic theories Psychodynamic theories [p42][p42]Theories that explain behavior Theories that explain behavior and personality in terms of and personality in terms of unconscious dynamics within unconscious dynamics within the individual, with a focus on:the individual, with a focus on:

Early life experiencesEarly life experiencesStages of psychological developmentStages of psychological developmentFantasiesFantasiesSymbolic meaningsSymbolic meanings

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Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud

The structure of The structure of personality personality [p43][p43]

IdId: operates according : operates according to the to the pleasure pleasure principleprinciplePrimitive, unconscious part of Primitive, unconscious part of personalitypersonality

EgoEgo: operates according : operates according to the to the reality principlereality principleMediates between id and Mediates between id and superegosuperego

SuperegoSuperego: moral ideals, : moral ideals, conscienceconscience

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Defense mechanismsDefense mechanisms

Methods used by the ego to Methods used by the ego to to prevent unconscious to prevent unconscious anxiety or threatening anxiety or threatening thoughts from entering thoughts from entering consciousness consciousness [p43][p43]

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Defense mechanisms Defense mechanisms [pp43-44][pp43-44] RepressionRepression RationalizationRationalization DisplacementDisplacement SublimationSublimation ProjectionProjection Reaction formationReaction formation DenialDenial RegressionRegression

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RepressionRepression

The basic defense mechanism that The basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness memories from consciousness [p43][p43]

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RationalizationRationalization

The defense mechanism that offers The defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more place of the real, more threatening, unconscious threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions reasons for one’s actions [not in [not in textbook]textbook]

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DisplacementDisplacement

A defense mechanism that A defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more impulses toward a more acceptable or less acceptable or less threatening object or person threatening object or person [p44][p44]

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SublimationSublimation

Occurs when the ego replaces an Occurs when the ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one socially acceptable one [not in [not in textbook]textbook]

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ProjectionProjection

A defense mechanism by which A defense mechanism by which people disguise their own people disguise their own threatening impulses by threatening impulses by attributing them to others attributing them to others [p44][p44]

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Reaction FormationReaction Formation

A defense mechanism by which the A defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into unacceptable impulses into their opposites their opposites [p44][p44]

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DenialDenial

Occurs when the ego refuses to Occurs when the ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing acknowledge anxiety-producing realities realities [p44][p44]

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RegressionRegression

A defense mechanism in which an A defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile retreats to a more infantile stage of development stage of development [p44][p44]

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Identifying defense Identifying defense mechanisms in mechanisms in everyday lifeeveryday life

Personality developmentPersonality development

Freud’s 5 stages of Freud’s 5 stages of psychosexual psychosexual developmentdevelopment[pp44-45][pp44-45]

OralOralAnalAnalPhallicPhallicLatencyLatencyGenitalGenital

FixationFixation

occursoccurs

whenwhen

stagesstages

aren’taren’t

resolvedresolved

successfullysuccessfully

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Evaluating psychodynamic Evaluating psychodynamic theories theories [p48][p48]

Three scientific failingsThree scientific failings1.1. Violating the principle of falsifiabilityViolating the principle of falsifiability2.2. Drawing universal principles from the Drawing universal principles from the

experiences of a few atypical patientsexperiences of a few atypical patients3.3. Basing theories of personality development Basing theories of personality development

on retrospective accounts and the fallible on retrospective accounts and the fallible memories of patientsmemories of patients

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