I NTELLIGENCE Unit 11. W HAT IS I NTELLIGENCE ? Intelligence ability to learn from experience,...
Transcript of I NTELLIGENCE Unit 11. W HAT IS I NTELLIGENCE ? Intelligence ability to learn from experience,...
INTELLIGENCEUnit 11
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
Intelligence ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? Factor Analysis
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
General Intelligence (g) factor that Spearman and others believed underlies
specific mental abilities measured by every task on an intelligence test
ARE THERE MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES?
Savant Syndrome condition in which a person otherwise limited in
mental ability has an exceptional specific skill
ARE THERE MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES?
Social Intelligence the know-how involved in
comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence ability to perceive, express,
understand, and regulate emotions
INTELLIGENCE AND CREATIVITY
Creativity the ability to produce novel and
valuable ideas expertise imaginative thinking skills venturesome personality intrinsic motivation creative environment
ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTING
Intelligence Test a method of
assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTING
Mental Age a measure of intelligence test performance
devised by Binet chronological age that most typically
corresponds to a given level of performance child who does as well as the average 8-year-
old is said to have a mental age of 8
ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTING
Stanford-Binet the widely used American
revision of Binet’s original intelligence test revised by Terman at Stanford University
ORIGINS OF INTELLIGENCE TESTING
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) defined originally the ratio of
mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100)
on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE
Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a
person’s future performance aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test a test designed to assess what a
person has learned
ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence
test subtests
verbal performance (nonverbal)
ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE: SAMPLE ITEMS FROM THE WAIS
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution
ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE
Standardization defining meaningful scores by comparison with the
performance of a pretested “standardization group” Normal Curve
the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
THE NORMAL CURVE
ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE
Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on:
two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting
Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts
what it is supposed to
ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE
Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the behavior
that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion behavior (such as college grades) that a test
(such as the SAT) is designed to predict the measure used in defining whether the test
has predictive validity
ASSESSING INTELLIGENCE
Predictive Validity success with which a test predicts the behavior it
is designed to predict assessed by computing the correlation between
test scores and the criterion behavior also called criterion-related validity
THE DYNAMICS OF INTELLIGENCE
Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score below 70 produces difficulty in adapting to the demands of life varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome retardation and associated physical disorders caused
by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup
GENETIC INFLUENCES The most
genetically similar people have the most similar scores
GENETIC INFLUENCES
Heritability the proportion of variation
among individuals that we can attribute to genes
variability depends on range of populations and environments studied
GENETIC INFLUENCES