I N F L U ECO SPRAY IG S MH AB T NC S ON YIELD ......Ahmed N. E. Attia El-Sayed M. El-Hadidi Maher...

Mansoura University Faculty of Agriculture Agronomy Department

INFLUENCE OF SPRAYING OF SOME CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

ON YIELD AND SHEDDING OF FIELD BEAN

BY

MOHAMED TAHA ABD AL-RAHMAN ZALAMA B. Sc. Agricultural Science (Agronomy) Faculty of Agric., Mansoura

University (1999)

Thesis

Submitted in partial fulfillment

of

The requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

In

Agricultural Science (Agronomy)

Supervisors

Prof. Dr. Mohsen A. Badawi Professor of Agronomy, Fac. of Agric.,

Mansoura University

Prof. Dr. Awad T. El-Kassaby Professor of Agronomy, Fac. of Agric.,

Mansoura University

Prof. Dr. Adel M. A. Salama

Professor of Agronomy, Fac. of Agric.,

Mansoura University

2007

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2


APPROVAL SHEET Title of Thesis:

INFLUENCE OF SPRAYING OF SOME CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES

ON YIELD AND SHEDDING OF FIELD BEAN The Researcher:

Mohamed Taha Abd Al-Rahman Zalama Supervised by: No Name Position Signature

1 Prof. Dr.

Mohsen A. Badawi Prof. of Agronomy, Fac. Agric.,

Mansoura University

2 Prof. Dr.

Awad Taha El-Kassaby

Prof. of Agronomy, Fac. Agric.,

Mansoura University

3 Prof. Dr.

Adel M. A. Salama


Mansoura University

Date of Discussion: / / 2007 Approval Committee: No Name Position Signature

1 Prof. Dr.

El-Sayed Abd El –Aziz Mahmoud


Cairo University

2 Prof. Dr.

Ahmed N. E. Attia

Prof. of Agronomy and Head of

Agronomy Dept., Fac. Agric.,

Mansoura University

3 Prof. Dr.

Mohsen A. Badawi Prof. of Agronomy, Fac. Agric.,

Mansoura University

4 Prof. Dr.



Mansoura University

5 Prof. Dr.

Adel M. A. Salama


Mansoura University

Head of Dept. Vice Dean Dean Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Prof. Dr. Ahmed N. E. Attia El-Sayed M. El-Hadidi Maher E. Abd El-All




3


SUPERVISION SHEET

Title of Thesis:

INFLUENCE OF SPRAYING OF SOME CHEMICAL

SUBSTANCES ON YIELD AND SHEDDING OF FIELD BEAN

The Researcher:

Mohamed Taha Abd Al-Rahman Zalama

Thesis supervised by:

No Name Position Signature

1 Prof. Dr.

Mohsen A. Badawi Prof. of Agronomy, Fac.

Agric., Mansoura University

2 Prof. Dr.


Prof. of Agronomy, Fac.


3 Prof. Dr.

Adel M. A. Salama

Prof. of Agronomy, Fac.


Date of discussion: / /

Head of Dept. Vice Dean Dean

Prof. Dr Prof. Dr Prof. Dr

Ahmed N. E. Attia El-Sayed M. El-Hadidi Maher E. Abd El-All




I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The writer wishes to express his sincere appreciation and thanks to

prof. Dr. Mohsen A. Badawi, professor of Agronomy, Faculty of

Agriculture, Mansoura University for his inspiring guidance, continuous

encouragement during the entire course of this investigation and his

valuable discussions and criticism during the preparation of this

manuscrip.

Deep gratitudes are also due to prof. Dr. Awad T. El-Kassaby,

professor of Agronomy for his valuable advice, suggesting the problem

and the assistance during the achievement of this work.

Also deep gratitude's are due to prof. Dr. Adel M. A. Salama,

professor of Agronomy for his guidance, valuable assistance and

interested through the course of this study.

My thanks are, also extended to all staff members of Agronomy

Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University for their

encouragement and helps during this research work.

Finally, I would like to express my deep thanks to my father soul and my family who helped me in many ways.




II

TABLE OF CONTENTS

No. CONTENTS PAGES

I. INTRODUCTION………………………………….. 1 - 3

REVIEW OF LITERATURE……………………... 4 - 23

A: Effect of chemical substances 4 - 17

B: Effect of times of spraying 17 - 21 II.

C: Interaction effects 21 - 23

III. MATERIALS AND METHODS………………….. 24 - 30

RESULTS AND DISCUTION………………..…… 31 - 104

1- Vegetative growth parameters: 31 - 39

1.1- Leaf area index (LAI). 31 - 34

1.2- Number of setting flowers per plant. 34 - 39

2- Yield and yield components: 40 – 96

2.1- Plant height (cm). 40 – 45

2.2- Number of branches / plant. 46 – 48

2.3- Number of dry pods per plant. 49 – 54

2.4- Weight of dry pods per plant (g). 55 – 60

2.5- Number of seeds per pod. 61 – 63

2.6- pod length (cm). 64 – 66

2.7- Number of seeds per plant. 66 – 71

2.8- Seeds yield (g)/plant. 72 - 77

2.9- 100-seed weight (g). 78 – 81

2.10- Number of plants/m2 at harvest. 82 – 84

2.11- Average dry weight (g)/plant. 84 – 86

IV.

2.12- Seed yield (Ardab/fad). 87- 93




III

3- Quality of seeds: 94 - 96

3.1- Protein%. 94 - 96

V. SUMMARY…………………………………………. 97 – 106

VI. CONCLUSION……………………………………... 107 – 108

VII. REFERENCES……………………………………... 109 – 121

VIII. ARABIC SUMMARY (الملخص العربي)……………… ١ - ١٢




LIST OF TABLES

Table No. TABLES Page

Table 1: Mechanical and Chemical analysis of the experimental soil

during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons ………................... 27

Table 2: Temperature and rain data during 2003/2004 and 2004/200

seasons................................................................................. 28

Table 3:

Leaf area index of faba bean plants as influenced by times

of spraying of some chemical substance during 2003/2004

and 2004/2005 seasons …………………………………….….

33

Table 4:

Number of setting flowers per plant of faba bean plants as

influenced by times of spraying of some chemical

substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons……….

35

Table 5:

Number of setting flowers per plant of faba bean plants as

influenced by the interaction between chemical substances

and times of spraying during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005

seasons…….........................................................................

38

Table 6:

Plant height (cm) at harvest of faba bean plants as


substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons………...

41

Table 7:

Plant height (cm) of faba bean plants as influenced by the

interaction between chemical substances and times of

spraying during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons…………...

44

Table 8:

Number of branches per plant of faba bean plants as


substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons…………

47

Table 9:

Number of dry pods per plant of faba bean plants as


substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons………….

50




2

Table 10:

Number of dry pods per plant of faba bean plants as



seasons…………………………………………..............

53

Table 11:

Weight of dry pods per plant (g) of faba bean plants as



56

Table 12:

Weight of dry pods per plant (g) of faba bean plants as



seasons……………………………..…………………………...

59

Table 13:

Number of seeds per pod of faba bean plants as influenced

by times of spraying of some chemical substances during

2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons………………………………

62

Table 14:

Pod length (cm) of faba bean plants at harvest as



65

Table 15:

Number of seeds per plant of faba bean plants as



67

Table 16:

Number of seeds per plant of faba bean plants as



seasons………………………………………………………….

70

Table 17:

Seed yield (g)/plant of faba bean plants as influenced by

times of spraying of some chemical substances during

2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons…………………………….

73

Table 18:

Seed yield (g)/plant of faba bean plants as influenced by the


spraying during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons……………

76




3

Table 19:

100-seed weight (g) of faba bean plants as influenced by


2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons……………………………..

80

Table 20:

100-seed weight (g) of faba bean plants as influenced by the


spraying during 2004/2005 seasons………………………........

81

Table 21:

Number of plants/m2 of faba bean plants at harvest as


substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons……….

83

Table 22:

Average dry weight (g)/plant of faba bean plants at harvest

as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical


85

Table 23:

Seed yield (Ardab/fed) of faba bean plants as influenced by


2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons…………………………………..

89

Table 24:

Seed yield (Ardab/fad) of faba bean plants as influenced by

the interaction chemical substances and times of spraying

during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons…………………….

92

Table 25:

% Protein of faba bean seeds as influenced by times of

spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and

2004/2005 seasons………………………………………………

95




LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. FIGURES Page No.

Fig. 1

Means of number of setting flowers per plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season……

39

Fig. 2

Means of number of setting flowers per plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season……

39

Fig. 3

Means of plant height (cm) at harvest of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season…………………

45

Fig. 4

Means of plant height (cm) at harvest of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season…………………

45

Fig. 5

Means of number of dry pods per plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season…….

54

Fig. 6

Means of number of dry pods per plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season……

54

Fig. 7

Means of weight of dry pods per plant (g) of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season……

60

Fig. 8

Means of weight of dry pods per plant (g) of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season……

60




2

Fig. 9

Means number of seeds per plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season……………….

71

Fig. 10

Means number of seeds per plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season……………….

71

Fig. 11

Means of seed yield (g)/plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season…………………

77

Fig. 12

Means of seed yield (g)/plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season…………………

77

Fig. 13

Means of 100-seed weight (g) of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season…………………

81

Fig. 14

Means of seed yield (Ardab/fad) of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season…………………

93

Fig. 15

Means of seed yield (Ardab/fad) of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season…………………

93




1

INTRODUCTION

Faba beans have a long tradition of cultivation in agriculture, being

among the most ancient plants in cultivation and also among the easiest to grow.

It is believed that along with lentils and chickpeas, they became part of the

eastern mediterranean diet in around 6000 BC. They are still often grown as a

cover crop to prevent erosion because they can grow over-winter and because as

a legume, they fix nitrogen in the soil, (Hessayon, 2003).

The whole dried seeds of faba bean contain (per 100 g) 344 calories,

10.1% moisture, 1.3 g fat, 59.4 g total carbohydrate, 6.8 g fiber, 3.0 g ash, 104

mg Ca, 301 mg P, 6.7 mg Fe, 8 mg Na, 1123 mg K, 130 m g b-carotene

equivalent, 0.38 mg thiamine, 0.24 mg riboflavin, 2.1 mg niacin, and 162 mg

tryptophane. Flour contains: 340 calories, 12.4, % moisture, 25.5 g protein, 1.5 g

fat, 58.8 g total carbohydrate, 1.5 g fiber, 1.8 g ash, 66 mg Ca, 354 mg P, 6.3 mg

Fe, 0.42 mg thiamine, 0.28 mg riboflavin, and 2.7 mg niacin. The fatty acid

composition of faba bean oil has been reported as 88.6% unsaturated" (Duke,

1981). The amino acid content except for methionine is reasonably well

balanced (Bond et al., 1985).

In Egypt, cultivated area of faba bean plants in 2001 was 333000 fad.

With an average seed yield of 8.49 (Ardab/fad) and decreased in 2005 to

261000.8 fad. With an average seed yield of 8.61 (Ardab/fad) (FAO 2007)1.

1 14May 2007 ׀ © FAO Statistics Division 2007 ׀ FAOSTAT




2

More, one of the most important factors causing reduction of cultivated area and

yields of faba bean plants is shedding or abscission of flowers, buds and pods of

faba bean plants. Because of that the current study takes place to investigate the

applying of two chemical regulating substances and one fungicide on faba bean

plants. These chemical substances commonly called or known to reduce

shedding and improve number of flowers and pods and increase yields of field

bean.

Plant growth regulators are known to influence plant growth and

development at very low concentrations but inhibit plant growth and

development at high concentrations (Jules et al., 1981). Plant physiological

processes are under the control of growth regulators. Examples of these are plant

rooting and propagation, dormancy initiation and breaking, promotion of

flowering, setting of fruit fall, regulation of plants' chemical composition and

mineral uptake from soil and conferment of resistance on plants against pests

and harsh environmental factors (Nickell 1978). Gibberellin has positive effects

on increasing the endogenous plant content of growth promoters and reducing

the endogenous content of growth inhibitors. Therefore, it enhances the

photosynthetic pigments accumulation in plants which led to increase the

photosynthesis rate and encourage the source to sink assimilates transportation

pathway to materialize the increment of yield and its attributes as a result of

gibberellins application (Devieln et al, 1985 and Bondok et al., 1993)

Although Amcotone (Naphthylene acetic acid + naphthylacetamide) is a




3

product with physiological action to induce fruit set and to stimulate plant

growth in critical stages, in addition it is used in agriculture as a thinning agent

and sprout inhibitor for sucker control in fruit crops (Vavrina, 2000).

Vegetative growth and yields of faba bean have bean increased by the use

of fungicides such as Ridomil (Metalaxyl + Mancozeb) which attributed mainly

to a reduction in the percentage of missing plants in the field and partly to an

increase in plant productivity as a result of controlling the chocolate spot

(Botrytis fabae), (Shata et al., 1984 and Yeoman et al., 1987) using Mancozeb

250gm/100).

Fungal diseases attack at different periods crop growth. Ridomil is

tailored for this and can be applied as early as spring and as late as autumn (a

highly active period for fungi). It has a systemic action, which means that it

moves through the plant, distributing itself evenly and providing fungicidal

protection as new leaf and stem growth appears.

Therefore, the present study was performed in order to seek the influence

of spraying some chemical substances on vegetative growth, flower shedding

and seed yield and it is attributes of faba bean plants under the environmental

condition at Dakhlia Governorate.




4

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

The review herein considers the previous and current studies on the

influence of foliar spraying of some chemical substances and time of foliar

spraying on vegetative growth characters, flowers and pods shedding and yield

and yield components of faba bean (vicia faba, L) cv. Sakha1.

These reviews will be classified under the following topics:

A: Effect of chemical substances:-

Abou-Elleil and El-Waziri (1978) studied the effect of spraying some

growth regulators on shedding of flowers and pods of faba bean plants. They

recorded that GA3 at 100 ppm caused a significant increase in number of

flowers and pods/plant, significantly decrease in number of shedding flowers,

while GA3 at 200 ppm increased shedding of flowers and pods.

Herzog (1979) reported that GA3 significantly increased plant growth i.e.

plant height and number of branches compared with the untreated control.

Delaguardia and Benlloch (1980) reported that GA3 treatment

increased plant growth i.e. plant height, LAI, number of leaves and number of

branches. They mentioned that GA3 must act simultaneously on several factors

related to cell growth, i.e. cell extensibility, membrane permeability, enzymatic

activity, variation in osmotic potential and mobilization of potassium and sugars.

Mansour (1980) pointed out that leaf spots (Botrytis fabae, B. cinerea,

Alternaria tenuis {A. alternate} and Stemphylium botryosum {Pleospora

herbarum}) and rust (Uromyces {Viciae-} fabae) causing serious damage to

faba beans in Egypt, were controlled with Dithane (mancozeb) at 250g and




5

increased yields.

Jules et al. (1981) in USA, studied the influence of growth regulators on

world crops. They studied that plant growth regulators such as organic

ingredient which in small quantity somehow regulate physiological plant

process and rarely affects alone as the action of two or more of these compounds

is essential to generate a physiological effect. Plant growth regulators are known

to influence growth and development at very low concentrations but inhibit

plant growth and development at high concentrations.

Zeid et al. (1981) studied in field trial the effect of chemical fungicides

on leaf spot and yield of faba bean plants. They pointed out that Dithane M45

(Mancozeb) generally increased number of pods per plant and seed yield. The

increases were attributed mainly to a reduction in the percentage of missing

plants in the field and partly to an increase in plant productivity.

Abd-Allah et al. (1982) indicated in field trials, that foliar application of

GA3 at 25 or 50 ppm increased Vicia faba plant height, nodes number and

internodes length. NAA increased node number and plant height but internodes

length was higher with 10 than 20 ppm NAA. Dry matter yield and growth rate

were not affect by the growth regulators but the root: shoot ratio was increased

due to increased root growth. Seed yield and protein content were not

significantly affect.

Midan and Omar (1982) studied the effects of plant growth regulator

GA3 on plant growth and seed yield of peas plants. They emphasized that

application of GA3 statistically increased plant height, fresh and dry weights of




6

plant foliage. Also, GA3 treatment increased total number of pods and seed

yield compared with the control treatment.

Burkhard and Keller (1983) in Switzerland, studied the effect of

Gibberellic acid treatments on yield of faba bean cvs. Herz Freya, Maris Bead,

Minica and Svalof 0621. They noticed that Gibberellic acid did not significantly

affect any yield parameters.

El Assiouty (1983) studied the effect of NAA on peas and common bean

plants. He recorded that foliar application of NAA increased plant height and

fresh and dry weights.

Gates et al. (1983) in UK, pointed out that Flower shedding in faba bean

is considered as the single most important factor preventing yield potential

realization and methods of reducing flower and fruit abortion. Although, they

reported that growth regulators (gibberellins and auxins) play an essential role in

reducing flowers and pods shedding.

Michail et al. (1983) in Iraq, found that spraying with Dithane M-45

[mancozeb] (0.25%) was effective in increasing yield reducing incidence on the

pods but did not prevent seed reification.

Murty et al. (1983) in India, recorded that sprayed GA3 and morphactin

individually and in combinations reduced the flower drop irrespective of the

mode of treatment. GA3 was active in reducing flower abscission.

Shady et al. (1983) observed that GA3 treatments (10 and 25 ppm)

increased total nitrogen and protein nitrogen in Vicia faba shoots mainly at

maturity, while at 50 ppm treatment decreased the two nitrogen fractions, but




7

increased total soluble nitrogen and amino nitrogen.

Abdul and Said (1984) in Iraq, found that 100 ppm of GA3 increased

plant height, leaves number, leaf area and shoot dry weight of faba bean.

Burkhard (1984) in C-European, studied important characteristics for

vigorous V. faba bean growth at 11 sites in Switzerland. He indicated that GA3

increased flower counts but had little influence on pod count or seed yield.

Kandil et al. (1984) studied the influence of applying some growth

substances on growth and abscission of flowers and pods of faba bean plants.

They recorded that abscission can be controlled by applying auxins and GA3 on

plants.

Kellerhals and Keller (1984) in Switzerland, treated faba bean cv. Herz

Freya was with 70 applications of single or combined treatments of plant growth

regulators such as GA3 and NAA. They pointed that continued application of

NAA with BA resulted in reduced flower formation in the higher nodes with

increased setting on pods on lower nodes. Also, NAA with BA increased the

number of reproductive nodes, the length of the fertile stem zone and the high of

the highest and lowest reproductive nodes. The compact growth habit and

improved lodging resistance obtained were attributed mainly to using NAA.

Lapwood et al. (1984) in UK, studied the applying of Mancozeb with

Maneb twice or three times to control rust. They found that fungicides

controlled diseases development during July and at harvest overall yields were

4.51 and 5.43 t/ha in unsprayed and sprayed treatments, respectively. The

difference was accounted by the wt. of individual grains and not by the number




8

of pods/plant or grains/pod in faba bean plants.

Shata et al. (1984) studied the effect of spraying chemical fungicide on

controlling rust of faba bean plants. They recorded that Dithane M45

(Mancozeb) markedly increased the yield of green pods or seed/ha of faba bean

plants compared with untreated plants.

Suty (1984) in France, noticed the growth stages and development of

faba bean in laboratory trials. He reported that the application of 3.4 kg

Rhodofix (NAA) / ha or 2.0 kg Fruitone (NAA + NAAM) increased the number

of pods / plant, seeds / pod and Rhodofix also increased 100-seed weight and

yield. In field trials at Dijon, pod yield / plant was increased by all growth

regulators tested (Berelex [GA3] and Rhodofix [NAA] ).

Gabal et al. (1985) studied the effect of GA3 on growth and yield of

broad bean plants. They obtained significant increase in plant height, number of

branches per plant and leaf area by foliar spraying of GA3. In addition treated

plants with GA3 increased total number of green pods per plant than the

untreated plants.

Diethelm and Diethelm et al. (1986) in Switzerland, examined the

vegetative and reproductive material from V. faba plants that had been treated

with GA3. They showed that in some cases the amount of endogenous IAA,

ABA and GA3 in the fruits was affected by the treatments. Yield was slightly

little affected by the growth regulator treatments (GA3). Abscission probability

varies among floral positions within inflorescences of Vicia faba L. In other

field experiments with the indeterminate single stem variety Herz-Freya ,




9

changes in the contents of extractable auxins, abscisic acid (ABA) and

gibberellins in flowers and pods during their development and their possible

influence on abscission were investigated. Auxin and gibberellins reduced

flower and pod drop from the remaining reproductive nodes, although resulting

in less abscission among distal flowers and young pods from these nodes.

Marschner (1986) mentioned that GA3 caused further significant

increases in plant height, number of leaves and branches and leaf area. He also

found that the increment in vegetative growth characters could be explained on

the basis that GA3 play major roles in protein synthesis and protoplasm

formation.

El-Hattab et al. (1987) field trials at Shalakan, Egypt faba bean was

untreated or sprayed 3 times with glyphosate and GA3 as foliar sprays 1 day

after the 1st and 3rd glyphosate application. They found that seed crude protein

content was highest with 100 ppm GA3 and reversed the effect of glyphosate on

protein yields.

El-Zeiny et al. (1987) studied in field trial the effect of spraying GA3 on

vegetative growth and yield of faba bean plants. They recorded that spraying

GA3 caused significant increment in fresh and dry weights as well as number of

leaves of faba bean plants.

Shaban et al. (1987) studied in field trials at Shalakan, Egypt, the effect

of growth regulators on the reversal of glyphosate, which induced phytotoxicity

in V. faba. They found that Glyphosate caused crop phytotoxicity and reduced

all yield components traits and GA3 alone or with mixture with cytokinin




10

reversed the negative effect on plant height. GA3 at 50 ppm counteracted the

reduction in total dry weight/plant caused by glyphosate.

Yeoman et al. (1987) in UK, studied the applying of Mancozeb, Maneb

and Mancozeb + Maneb once or twice compared with no fungicide on faba bean

plants. They indicated that there was little rust or other foliar disease and the

effects of treatment on yield were small. In the second season all the fungicides

reduced chocolate spot, but mancozeb was the most effective and yields were

increased from 5.6 to 7.7 t/ha by maneb + mancozeb applied once and to a lesser

extent by other fungicides. Yields increases were attributable mainly to control

of rust but partly to control of chocolate spot.

El Fouly et al. (1988) studied the effect of plant growth regulators on cell

wall and plant physiology. They noticed that the increase in plant stem growth

as a response to GA3 occurs as a consequence of cell elongation. They also

found values larger than the control after GA3 application, since the number of

leaves did not present differences with respect to the applied treatments, the

increase in leaf area was attributed to cell elongation.

Ibrahim et al. (1988) speculated that NAA and GA3 significantly

increased growth, pod number, seed yields and weight of 100-seeds.

Additionally low levels of NAA and GA3 have been shown to increase growth

of the broad bean plants.

El-Abd et al. (1989) studied that vicia faba plants which were sprayed in

the field until run off with different plant growth regulators at the flowering

stage and control plants were sprayed with distilled water. They demonstrated




11

that NAA and GA3 significantly increased growth, pods number, seed yields

and weight of 100 seeds. Foliar application of NAA increased plant height, fresh

and dry weights in comparison with untreated plants. In addition, the highest

value of higher pod weight was obtained at the highest level of GA3. The

highest values of number of seed per plant were obtained at the high level of the

Kinetin treatment followed by GA3, IAA, NAA and silver nitrate. GA3 and

NAA respectively recoded the highest dry seed weight per plant. The data

shows an increase in total protein % in the dry seeds with increasing the levels

of NAA; on the other hand the increase in the level of GA3 decreased total

protein. GA3 at 10g gave high value (29.7%) and NAA at 100 ppm respectively

gave (27.5%) compared with the controls (24.1%).

El-Fieshawy and Fayed (1990) studied the influence of spraying growth

regulator (GA3) on faba bean plants. They pointed out that spraying GA3

increased total number of dry pods per plant and seed yield per feddan, also, the

seed yield components, expressed as 100-seed weight (seed index) and seed dry

matter content were significantly affected by spraying GA3. They added that the

increases in faba bean seed yield per feddan were contributed to the

accumulation of the increase in seed yield per plant and seed yield components.

Moreover, they showed positive correlation between seed yield and each of

number of branches/plant, number of pods/plant, number of seeds/pod, 100-seed

weight and seed dry matter content.

Mishriky et al. (1990) studied the effect of GA3 on growth and yield of

peas plants. They recorded that the application of growth regulators GA3




12

markedly enhanced plant height, dry matter content in seeds and increased

protein content in seeds.

Xia (1990) in China, in a trial Vicia faba cv. Dabei was sprayed with 2,

4-D paclobutrzol and CCC alone or in combination with 200 ppm GA3. He

deduced that 2, 4-D and CCC markedly reduced internodes length and plant

height. The inhibitory effects of the above 3 compounds on the growth of V.

faba were antagonized by 200 ppm GA3.

El-Beheidi et al. (1991) studied in two field experiments which were

conducted to investigate the influence of GA3 on faba bean growth, abscission

percentage, number of flowers, number of pods and green pod yield and its

components. They found that foliar spraying of GA3 at 50 and 100 ppm

increased the total number of green pods per plant above the control plants, also,

GA3 at 100 ppm gave the lowest values for abscission percentages on broad

bean plants. More, GA3 increases number and average of pod weight, number of

seeds/pod and pod dry matter content

Sharma et al. (1991) showed that spraying faba bean with GA3 enhanced

number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and pod dry matter content.

In addition, GA3 increased number of flowers per plant and total yield.

Clifford et al. (1992) in UK, cleared that pod numbers were increased

when the reproductive structures themselves were sprayed with GA3. It was

suggested that growth regulators treatments leading to decreased ethylene

production in the shoot and/or increased cytokinin and ABA levels in the xylem

sap are those most likely to reduce premature reproductive abscission.




13

Harb (1992) conducted greenhouse experiments to investigate the effects

of 50-150 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) on the growth and yield of faba bean

(Vicia faba) cv. Giza 2. GA3 at 100 ppm significantly increased the number of

leaves, root fresh weight, shoot fresh weight as well as dry weight of faba bean

seedlings.

Aldesuguey and Gaber (1993) studied the effect of growth regulators

(GA3) on faba bean plants irrigated with sea water. They indicated that spraying

growth regulator (GA3) on faba bean plants resulted in increasing number of

flowers per plant, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant and

decreasing shedding percentage, also increased total yield.

Bondok et al. (1993) studied the influence of GA3levels on growth and

yield and its attributes. They found that the application of GA3 effectively

promoted plant growth i.e. plant height and number of branches, chemical

composition and consequently yield and its attributes.

El-Fiki (1994) indicated that foliar spraying of Tri-Miltox Forte

(Mancozeb) increased plant stand compared with control. However, fungicides

for seed treatment produced the highest yield when combined with Mancozeb as

foliar treatment, also increased in plant stand, number of pods/plant, number of

seeds/pod and partially to the reduction in chocolate spot disease incidence.

Although, numbers of pods /plant and 100-seed weight were significantly

affected by foliar treatment/ cultivar interaction.

Hegab and Beshir (1994) conducted field experiments in highly

calcareous soil at the Desert Research Agriculture Experimental farm .The effect




14

of fungicides on chocolate spots (Botrytis fabae), rust (Uromyces fabae {U.

viciae-fabae}) and yield components of faba bean (Vicia faba) were

investigated. The fungicides used were Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb) 2.5 g/liter and

Tri-miltox forte (Mancozeb) 2.5 g/liter. They reported that all fungicides except

Dithane M-45 increased straw yield. Use of Tri-miltox resulted in the highest

percentage of protein and yield. Dithane M-45 was the most effective in

reducing percentage of infection by B. fabae and U. viciae-fabae.

Khaled et al. (1995) found that Metalaxyl singly or with mancozeb gave

good protection against diseases and increased seed yield compared with the

control plants. Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb), singly or with Metalaxyl was more

effective and reduced leaf spots and rust disease severity.

El-Sayed et al. (1996) conducted two field experiments at Giza, Egypt to

study the effect fungicide Dithane M45 (Mancozeb) on some morphological

characters and yield of broad bean. They mentioned that Mancozeb had no

significant effect on plant height, percentage of dry matter in stem and leaves,

and decreased the percentage of missing plants at harvest. Use of Mancozeb led

to a significant increase in the yield of green pods and dry seeds/plant. Plants

treated with Dithane M-45 (Mancozeb) produced more branches, compared with

untreated plants.

Rashad and Ahmed (1996) studied the effect of foliar application with

Gibberellic acid (GA3) at three different levels (50, 100 and 150 ppm) on

growth, flower initiation, yield and its components and chemical composition of

faba bean plants in two successive seasons. They recorded that GA3 at the




15

lowest level had favorable effects on most of the studied growth characteristics

as well as yield and its components. GA3 at the highest level had no effect on

accumulative number of flowers and percentage of shedding flowers as well as

pods/plant and seed yield. Also, they recorded that the lowest level of GA3

decreased the percentage of flowers and pods shedding if compared with the

plants sprayed with the two high levels of GA3 or control treatment. GA3 at 50

ppm recorded high values of yield and yield components (number of pods/plant,

number of seeds/plant and seed yield/plant as well as weight of 100 seeds)

compared with the control treatment.

Abd-El-Fattah (1997) conducted two field experiments at Agricultural

Experimental Station, Alexandria University, to investigate the effect of foliar

spray with GA3 at concentration (0, 50 and 100 ppm) on growth, flowering, pod

setting, abscission percentage, green pod, dry seed yields and their components

of broad bean (Vicia faba, L.) cv. Aquadolse. He showed that foliar spraying of

GA3 at 50 or 100 ppm simulative vegetative growth characters of broad bean

plants; expressed as plant height, number of leaves, number of branches, leaf

area, leaf dry matter content, green pod, seed yields and their components.

Application of spraying of GA3 clearly increase of vegetative growth characters

of broad bean plants, as expressed by plant height, number of leaves, number of

branches per plant, leaf area and increased the total number of green pods per

plant above the untreated plants by 16.94 and 25.15%, respectively compared

with the control plants. The same application of GA3 at all different levels

significantly increased pod setting percentage and reduced abscission




16

percentage, compared to the untreated controls. However, GA3 significantly

increased the total yield expressed as, total weight of green pods per plant and

its components; i.e. pod length and width, number of seeds/pod, shelling

percentage and pod dry matter content compared with control.

Filipowicz and Soczynski (1997) in Poland, indicated that the

application of Metalaxyl was the most effective fungicide on the number of

seedlings, plants and stems before harvest and seed weight of faba bean.

Abd-El-Hameid et al. (1998) studied the effect of fungicide (vitavax) in

combination with gibberellic acid (GA3) on growth and yield of faba bean.

They indicated that treated seeds with vitavax and GA3 enhanced plant height,

number of leaves, number of flowers, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots at

vegetative and flowering stages, whereas at fruiting stage an opposite effect was

obtained. The highest number of pods per plant resulted from seeds treated with

vitavax and GA3 together. The fungicide with GA3 at a low rate (50 ppm)

increased seed yield of faba bean.

Gaber et al. (2000) showed marked increase in protein content in

response to 50 ppm GA3 (in foliar sprayed plants) and in response to 200 ppm

GA3 (in seed presoaked plants). On the other hand, the higher concentrations of

the used hormones significantly decreased protein content in seeds. Moreover,

electrophoresis of seed protein showed a marked change in the protein banding

profiles of the yielded seeds in response to the used growth regulator substance.

Ying Yong (2002) in Lanzhou showed that Metalaxyl treatment

promoted plant growth and increased seed yield per plant of faba bean in the




17

fields compared with control treatment.

Abdel-Ati et al. (2006) investigated the effect of (Burkolderia) B.

cepacia, Gibberellins (GA3 at 200 ppm) and compost at 25 kg/fed and their

interaction on faba bean plants in three field experiment at Desert Research

Center of Maryout, Egypt. They indicated that GA3 as a seed soaking treatment

significantly increased all studied growth characters, chemical composition,

yield and its attributes comparing with the control treatment. Soaking seeds in

GA3 at 200 ppm statically improved plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoot

and root and leaf area/cm2. Also, GA3 at 200 ppm significantly increased No. of

branches, No. of pods/plant, No. of seeds/pod, 100 seed weight, biological yield

and seed yield/fed.

B: Effect of times of spraying:

Times of spraying of chemical substances under the experiment were

selected to find out the most effective times with respect to the used chemical

substances. In this respect, Suty (1984) in France, discussed the growth stages

and development of faba bean plants in laboratory trials. He indicated that the

application of 16g Berelex (GA3) at (the start of flowering) increased number of

seeds / pod and 100-seed weight.

Shaheen (1984) showed in pot experiments that V. faba cv. El-kobrosy

plants grown on a loamy soil and sprayed with 0, 50 or 100 ppm GA3 solution

when plants were (30 and 45 days) of age. Plant height of faba bean was

greatest with treatment of GA3 at 100 ppm when sprayed after 30 and 45 days

of age, while leaf area, LAI and D/M plant were greatest with GA3 at 50 ppm.




18

Omar et al. (1986) in a greenhouse experiment V. faba plants which were

sprayed with 0, 250, 500 or 1000 ppm of GA3 at (21days after sowing and again

1 month later). They indicated that increasing GA3 dose increased plant height

but reduced pod dry weight.

Cors and Falisse (1987) in Belgium, studied the effects of applying GA3

and GA3 + BA at various rates at (different growth stages) on peas and Vicia

faba in field trials near Gembloux. They found that growth regulator could

reduce plant tendency to lodge and increased seed yields.

El-Abd et al. (1989) studied vicia faba plants were sprayed in the field

until run off with different plant growth regulators at flowering stage. They

indicated that plant height generally increased with increasing the concentrations

of NAA and GA3. The greatest response was obtained after 30 days from

spraying and was observed with GA3 treatment at the highest concentration

used 30 ppm (149 cm). Generally, plant height increased with increasing plant

age at the recording times in all treatments. Thirty days after foliar application,

all treatments increased leaf area / plant with increasing levels of plant growth

regulators. The fresh and dry weights of shoots were also increased by all the

treatments. The tallest plants had also higher leaf area compared to control and

intermediate dry weight in the high level of GA3.

Huang et al. (1989) in China, foliar spraying some growth substances on

Vicia faba in pot trials at flowering stage. They cleared that treatment of GA3 at

10 ppm increased development of growth markedly. Application of 10 ppm

NAA with 500 ppm B increased chlorophy11 and slightly increased seed yield.




19

Rylott and Smith (1990) studied the effect of application of gibberellic

acid with the standard petal on calyx of Vicia faba var. major before or after

flowering. They reported that GA3 enhanced pod set significantly.

Shaddad and El-Tayeb (1990) pointed out that plants treated with

growth regulator GA3 at 50 ppm increased plant fresh and dry weight when

sprayed until 12 leaves had developed.

Khare et al. (1993) in India, discussed that in field trial V. faba was

sprayed with 150 and 250 ppm GA3 and NAA, before flowering. They found

that flower drop and pod drop were reduced from 76% and 65% in the control to

35-58% and 17-55%, respectively with application of growth regulators.

Application of 200 ppm GA3 gave the highest seed and pod yields/plant as well

as the highest harvest index and the lowest flower and pod drop.

Elia and Damato (1994) in Italy, faba bean plants (cv. Super Agres)

when sprayed 1, 2 or 3 times using 2 application rates with GA3 at 3 growth

stages (6- leaf stage, flowering at the first node and 11 days later). They cited

that increasing the rate and number of treatments with GA3 decreased the seed

yields compared with the control plants from 2.9 to 2.1 t/ha and 1000-seed

weight was reduced by GA3 treatment.

Marcellos et al. (1995) in Australia, studied the effects of 5 foliar-

applied fungicides on seed yield of faba bean cv. Fiord over 3 years. They

pointed that Mancozeb sprayed after flowering increased yield by up to 1.6 t/ha

and nearly 0.9 t/ha in two seasons, respectively compared with the unsprayed

treatment. Mancozeb was one of the most effective fungicides for preventing




20

yield reduction. Two applications of mancozeb (at early and mid-flowering)

were better, it was estimated that rust accounted for most of the yield loss

in1990 and 1992 and did so mainly by reducing seed size. Application of

mancozeb early and during late flowering provided an effective and economical

increase in seed yield of faba bean plants.

Klasa et al. (1996a) in Poland, studied the responses of Polish faba bean

cultivars Nadwislanski, Dino and Tibo to plant growth regulators (applied at

flowering) in pot experiments. They cleared that synthetic auxins NAA reduced

the final height of plants, but simultaneously increased the total number of

nodes. The cultivars showed different response to plant growth regulator NAA.

Klasa et al. (1996b) in Poland, in a pot experiment studied the effect of

GA3 with other growth regulators (applied at flowering stage) on seed yield and

yield components of cultivars Nadwislanski, Dino and Tibo. They pointed out

that the effect was not accompanied by the increase in yield or changes in the

chemical composition of the seed. Although the mixtures of growth regulators

tested did not improve yield of all cultivars.

Rashad and Ahmed (1996) studied the effects of GA3 at three different

levels and different times of application. They indicated that spraying GA3 at

(55 days after sowing) increased plant height, number of branches, dry weight of

roots, stems and whole plant when compared with the control (untreated plants)

but these increases were not significant except for root dry weight.

Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997) in two pot experiments which were carried

out to investigate the effect of GA3 sprayed at 50 ppm at (30 and 50 days after




21

sowing) on the response of growth, abscission and yield of faba bean plants.

They found that application of GA3 at 30 and 50 days caused significant

increase in growth characters of faba bean plants, expressed as fresh and dry

weights as well as number of leaves per plant. In addition, the application of

GA3 resulted in a significant decrease in flowers and fruit shedding comparing

with control and increased number of flowers and total number of green pod per

plant. Treating faba bean plants with GA3 increased significantly the total yield

and significantly improved the quality characteristics of green pods, expressed

as pod length, pod width, average number of seeds per pod, average pod weight

and pod dry matter content as compared with control. Although, GA3 treatment

increased protein content in faba bean seeds under control condition.

Nowak et al. (1997) in Poland, studied the effect of plant growth

regulators GA3 and NAA (applied at time of flowering) on the yield of field

bean (Vicia faba) cv. Dino. They showed that the treatments with NAA and

GA3 resulted in an increase in number of fruit-bearing nodes, pods/plant and

seeds/pod. Growth retardants and GA3 resulted in an increase in plant height.

C: Interaction effects between chemical substances and times of

spraying:

Interaction between chemical substances under experiment and times of

spraying were selected to find the efficiency of chemical substances with the

various spraying times, in this respect, Keller and Bullucci (1980) in

Switzerland, investigated that V. faba cv. Herz Freya plants were treated with

GA3 at 4-th, 6th or 10th- leaf stages. They found that the interaction between GA3




22

and the 6th leaf stage gave the most promising results; such as increasing

number of pods/plant by 27% and seed yield/plant by 18%. Later treatments

decreased pod number and yield. In the second season, the GA3 at the 4th, 6th

and 10th leaf stages increased pods number by 18, 25 and 20% and yield by 28,

40 and 22% respectively.

Bellucci et al. (1982) in Switzerland, found that treated faba bean plants

at the 6th leaf stage with GA3 improved yield components and decreased fruit

drop. In addition, plants received GA3 at the 6th stage showed increases in

number of pods and seeds as well as seed yield per plant. Pods number was

significantly higher for all experimental years whereas, seed yield significantly

increased only in the first year. In that year seed index was greatest for the GA3

treated plants.

El Metwally (1984) studied the effect of growth regulators on faba bean

plant. GA3 at the flowering of either the 6 th node or the 12 th node on the main

stem. He reported that plants treated with GA3 were taller due to increasing

length of internodes. GA3 at the two flowering (6th and 12th) nodes, only slight

differences were observed. Pods per plant as affected by times of GA3

application produced higher numbers of pods. GA3 was more effective when

sprayed at the 12th flowering node. The interaction between application times

and GA3 doses affected number of pods and the highest mean (16.82,

pods/plant) was obtained with application of 200 ppm at the 12th flowering node.

Number of seeds per plant was slightly improved in some GA3 in particular

high-dose ones and when plants were treated at the 12th node stage. The




23

treatments at the 12th flowering node decreased seed index more than treatments

at the 6th FN. Slight increase occurred particularly when GA3 was sprayed at the

12th FN stage. But this and other differences were statistically insignificant. GA3

at the 6-leaf stage increased seed yield per plant but later treatments decreased

seed yield. GA3 at the 6th and the 12th FN increased seed yield per plot.

Diethelm et al. (1986) in Switzerland, studied the effect of application of

GA3 or NAA and bud removal during 2 years in faba beans cv. Herz-Freya. The

growth regulators were sprayed in the field and extractable phytohormone

contents were determined for various plant parts. They reported that the

interaction between GA3 treatment and spraying times showed that, yields from

treated plants were generally similar to control plants, expect for GA3 treatment

at the 6th-leaf stage in the 1st trial year which increased yield.




24

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present study was carried out in a private field at Meet-El Amel

village, Aga center, Dakhlia Region, Governorate Egypt, during the two winter

growing seasons of 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 to find out the influence of

spraying times of some chemical substances on flowers and pods shedding,

vegetative growth, seed yield and yield attributes of faba bean (vicia faba , L.)

cv. Sakha1.

Treatments and Experimental Design:

The experiments included 28 treatments which were all combination of

four chemical substance treatments (Berelex at 100 ppm, Amcotone at 600 ppm,

Ridomil at 2500 ppm and distilled Water as control) and seven times of spraying

{at 35, 45, 55, 65, (35 and 45), (35, 45 and 55) and (35, 45, 55 and 65) days

from sowing}.

The experiments design was strip plot with four replications. The vertical

plots were occupied with the following (chemical substances):

1- Berelex at 100 ppm, 10 g content of 0.9 g effective material GA3. Structure

of Berelex material is (Gibberellic Acid 9% as effective material, Tartaric

Acid 42.5%, Boly Glycole 4% and carrier materials 44.5%).

2- Amcotone at 600 ppm (Amvac Chemical Corp., Newport Beach, CA) is a

product with physiological action to induce fruit set and to stimulate plant

growth in critical stages. It consists of (1.2% Naphthylacetamide, 0.45%

Naphthylacetic acid, sticking and distributed materials 1.30% and carrier




25

materials 97.05%), the rate of spraying was at (600 ppm) 60 gm/100 liter

water consisting in mixture of two type of growth regulators “Auxin”.

3- Ridomil at 2500 ppm is a new fungicide product, which replaces the

previous successful systemic fungicide, it consists of (Metalaxyl 8% “w/w”,

Mancozeb 64% “w/w” and completing materials 28%), and the rate of using

was 250 g/100 liter water.

4- Distilled Water as control treatment (The untreated control).

- The horizontal plots were occupied with these foliar times of spraying:

1- Foliar spraying at 35 days from sowing, (all concentration).

2- Foliar spraying at 45 DFS, (all concentration).



5- Foliar spraying at (35 and 45) DFS, (1/2 + 1/2 concentration).

6- Foliar spraying at (35, 45 and 55) DFS, (1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 concentration).

7- Foliar spraying at (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS, (1/4+1/4+ 1/4+ /4 concentration).

In the application of foliar spraying at 35, 45, 55 or 65 DFS, the whole

quantity of chemical substances were sprayed once. On the other hand, in the

application of foliar spraying at (35 and 45) DFS, the half quantity of chemical

substances was sprayed at 35 DFS and the other half was sprayed at 45 DFS.

Likewise, in the application of foliar spraying at (35, 45 and 55) DFS, the

quantity was divided into three equal parts, the first part was sprayed at 35, the

second part was sprayed at 45 and the third one was at 55 DFS. Finally, in the

application of spraying at (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS, the quantity was divided into




26

four equal, at 35, 45, 55 and 65 DFS, respectively.

The concentration of chemical substance not changed, the standard rates

were used in the experiment.

Cultural Practices:

Sowing date of faba bean (cv. Sakha1) was on the 10th of November in

both seasons. Faba bean seeds were soaked in water for 24 hours before planting

to raise seed germination. Seeds were sown on both sides of ridges at 25 cm

between hills which expressed 112000 plants / fad. Each plot included five

ridges 3.5 m long and 60 cm. apart within an area 10.5 sqm. . The preceding

summer crop was rice in the first and second seasons.

Thinning was performed at 21 days after sowing leaving healthy two

plants/hill. Hand hoeing was achieved every 21 days to control weeds (i.e.

before time of irrigations).

The experimental units were fertilized with calcium super phosphate

(15.5% p2o5) 100 kg/fad and were added to soil during tillage operation. 48 kg

K2O/fad of potassium sulphate (48% K2O) was added to soil in two equal

portions, before the first and second irrigations. Nitrogen in the form of

ammonium sulphate (20%N) at the rate of 15 kg N/fad was added before the

first irrigation. However, other agricultural practices were performed as

commonly followed in the district. Harvesting was on April 13th and 17th in the

1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.

Chemical and mechanical analysis of the trial field is presented in Table

1. Meteorological data during the two growing seasons are shown in Table 2.




27

Table 1: Mechanical and chemical analysis of the experimental soil before faba bean planting.

Season Preceding crop Coarse sand (%) Fine sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Soil texture

2003/2004 Rice 11.42 2.26 25.57 60.75 Clayey

2004/2005 Rice 10.54 2.84 28.21 58.41 Clayey

Available Soluble cations and anions mg/100gm Season N

(ppm)

P

(ppm)

K

(ppm) Ca++ Mg++ Na+ K+ Cl- HCO3

- SO4-

Organic

matter PH* EC**

2003/2004 30.26 8.03 316.58 2.92 2.37 0.85 0.30 2.06 0.86 3.52 1.43 7.5 1.68

2004/2005 35.81 8.95 326.11 4.29 1.94 3.27 1.17 2.33 0.74 3.89 2.08 7.6 1.84

PH* was determined in saturated soil paste.

EC** and soluble ions were determined in soil water paste extract




28

Table 2: Temperature and rain data during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

Month

Temp. (Cº)

November December January February March April

2003/2004

Maximum 27.6 23.4 22.9 24.1 26.7 31.5

Minimum 15.9 10.8 11.7 12.9 13.3 16.7

Mean 21.8 17.1 17.3 18.5 20 24.1

2004/2005

Maximum 28.4 24.3 23.5 25.1 27.5 31.7

Minimum 17.2 11.7 12.4 13.2 16.1 17.8

Mean 22.8 18 17.9 19.1 21.08 24.7

November December January February March April Month

2003/2004

Mean 4.0 8.0 10.0 19.0 1.0 0.0

2004/2005

Mean 2.0 5.0 7.0 14.0 0.0 0.0

Rain. mm.




29

Studied Characters:

1- Vegetative growth observations:

During the growing period, a random sample of ten plants was taken from

each experimental unit to estimate the following characters;

1.1- Leaf area index: After 85 days from sowing. It was measured from the

following formula outlined by Radford's (1967).

LAI = (Leaf area/Pant) / (Land area/Pant).

1.2- Number of setting flowers per plant: After 85 days from sowing, ten plants

were taken at random from each plot to count the number of setting flowers

per plant.

2- Yield and its components:

At harvest time, ten plants were taken to estimate the following

characters.

2.1- Plant height (cm) at harvest: Plant height was measured from the soil

surface to the top of the plants.

2.2- Number of branches per plant at harvest.

- Marketable dry pods were picked at harvest time and let pods to dry up

normally, four plants were taken from external two ridges and six from internal

two ridges, hence, the total dry yield along with its components were recorded,

then, both number and weight of pods per plant were obtained. In addition,

sample of twenty dry pods were taken from each plot and the following data

recorded:

2.3- Number of dry pods per plant.




30

2.4- Weight of dry pods per plant (g).

2.5- Number of seeds per pod.

2.6- Pod length (cm).

2.7- Number of seeds per plant.

2.8- Seed yield (g)/plant.

2.9- 100-seed weight (g).

2.10- Number of plants at harvest / m2.

2.11- Average dry weight (g)/plant.

2.12- Seed yield (Ardab/fad): plot area was harvested to estimate seed yield

(Ardab/fad).

3- Seed quality:

3.1- Protein percentage. Protein percentage was estimated by Micro-Kjeldahl

method (A.O.A.C., 1970) in dry seeds.

Statistical analysis:

All data were subjected to statistical analysis by the technique of analysis

of variance (ANOVA) of the strip plot design outlined by Gomez and Gomez

(1984).The differences among treatment means were tested at 5% levels of

significance, according to Snedecor and Cochran (1980).




31

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The results and discussion will include several observations on faba bean

characteristic.

1- Vegetative growth parameters:-

1.1- Leaf area index (LAI).

Data related to leaf area index in faba bean as influenced by various foliar

spraying times of chemical substances i.e. (Berelex (GA3), Amcotone (NA and

NAA), Ridomil (Metalaxyl and Mancozeb) and water as control) during

2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons are presented in Table 3.

A- Chemical substances effects.

It could be seen in both seasons, that there were a significant increase in

leaf area index due to foliar spraying of chemical substances on faba bean plants

(Table3). In both seasons, foliar spraying of Berelex at 100 ppm markedly

increased LAI of faba bean plants as compared with Amcotone and Ridomil.

Further, foliar application of Amcotone at 600 ppm on field beans markedly

increased LAI compared with Ridomil and the control. Finally, Ridomil at 2500

ppm as foliar spraying posses marked increase in LAI if compared with the

untreated control. GA3 must act simultaneously on several factors related to cell

growth, i.e. cell extensibility, membrane permeability, enzymatic activity,

variation in osmotic potential and mobilization of potassium and sugars, as

mentioned by Delaguardia and Benlloch (1980). Although, this increase in LAI

of faba bean plants could be attributed to the increase in both cell division and

cell elongation. Moreover, GA3 plays a major role in protein synthesis and




32

protoplasm formation. This may increase the proportion of protoplasm to cell

wall which increased cell size, as reported by Marschner (1986). So it could be

stated that GA3 was the efficient plant growth regulator in increasing LAI.

Amcotone application comes in the second rank after GA3 without significant

differences in the second season. However, greater leaf area means were

observed for plants of treatments with Berelex which were (4.82 and 4.51)

followed by Amcotone (4.74 and 4.46) and Ridomil (4.55 and 4.38) compared

with control treatment (4.48 and 4.28) in the first and second seasons,

respectively. These results are in agreement with those reported by, Gabal et al.

(1985), El-Beheidi et al. (1991) and Abd-El-Fattah (1997) on faba bean plants.

B- Times of spraying effects.

In the first season, time of foliar application at 35 DFS markedly

improved LAI as compared with foliar application at 65, (35 and 45), (35, 45

and 55) and (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS. More, no significant differences were

detected between LAI when faba bean plants sprayed at 35 or 45 or 55 DFS.

Further, no marked differences between LAI with plants sprayed at (35 and 45)

or (35, 45 and 55) or at (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS. In the second season, foliar

spraying of chemical substances at 35 DFS recorded the most significant

increase in LAI compared with foliar application at (35, 45 and 55) or (35, 45,

55 and 65) DFS, respectively. However, no marked differences were detected

between foliar spraying once at 35, 45, 55 or 65 DFS. In both seasons, the

maximum LAI was obtained by foliar application at 35 DFS (4.73 and 4.47)




33

Table 3: Leaf area index of faba bean plants as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substance during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

Leaf area index Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005

A: Chemical Substances

1- Berelex (100 ppm) 4.82 4.51

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 4.75 4.46

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 4.55 4.38

4- Water (control ) 4.48 4.28

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.05 0.06

B: Times of Spraying

1- Foliar spraying at 35 days from sowing

4.73 4.47


4.66 4.43


4.67 4.40


4.64 4.43

5- Foliar spraying at 35+45 days from sowing

4.64 4.42

6- Foliar spraying at 35+45+55 days from sowing

4.61 4.37

7- Foliar spraying at 35+45+55+65days from sowing

4.57 4.32

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.07 0.07

Interaction A*B NS NS




34

compared with the lowest values obtained by foliar spraying at (35, 45, 55 and

65) DFS, which were (4.57 and 4.32) in the first and second seasons,

respectively. Shaheen (1984), El-Abd et al. (1989), Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997)

on faba bean.

C- Interaction effects between chemical substances and times of spraying.

All the interaction between the two factors had no significant effect on

LAI in any of the two seasons under stud.

1.2- Number of setting flowers per plant.

The effects of times of spraying of some chemical substances under

experiment on the number of setting flowers per plant of faba bean plants during

the two seasons are shown in Table 4.


Looking for the total number of setting flowers per plant, it could be

observed that there were significant differences between treatments under

experiment (Table4). In both season application of Berelex at 100 ppm markedly

increased number of setting flowers per plant as compared with Amcotone,

Ridomil and the untreated control, furthermore, Amcotone at 600 ppm

significantly increased the number of setting flowers per plant as compared with

Ridomil and the untreated plants. Finally, Ridomil at 2500 ppm increased

number of setting flowers compared with the control. However, the greatest

response of number of setting flowers per plant was obtained with Berelex

treatment (24.01 and 27.17) followed by Amcotone (21.66 and 24.11) and




35

Table 4: Number of setting flowers per plant of faba bean plants as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

No. of setting flowers per plant Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- Berelex (100 ppm) 24.01 27.17

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 21.66 24.11

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 20.51 22.06

4- Water (control ) 17.25 18.70

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.7 1.16



23.49 24.90


21.74 23.63


21.38 22.92


20.75 22.99


20.31 23.34


19.46 21.81


18.88 21.48

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 1.32 1.26

Interaction A*B * *




36

Ridomil (20.51 and 22.06) compared with the lowest values obtained with

control treatment (17.25 and 18.70) in the first and second seasons, respectively.

As a result of that in both growing seasons, there were highly significant effects

of chemical substances on number of setting flowers per plant in faba bean

plants. It was previously suggested that growth regulator treatment (GA3)

leading to decreased ethylene production in the shoot and/or increased cytokinin

and ABA levels in the xylem sap are those most likely to reduce premature

reproductive abscission, as mentioned by Clifford et al. (1992). More, it can be

assumed that, the low rates of GA3 may have a great influence on enhancing

induction of flowering and the values of percentage of shedding flowers and

pods varied with advancing plant age, as mentioned by Rashad and Ahmed

(1996). In addition, GA3 treatment may alter the concentration of endogenous

IAA and/or GA3 and decrease the level of ABA, which in turn could decrease

shedding of flowers, as reported by Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997). Gibberellins

(GA3) play an essential role in flower development (Yamaguchi and Kamiya,

2000). Similar results were obtained by El-Abd et al. (1989), El-Beheidi et al.

(1991), Clifford et al. (1992), Aldesuguey and Gaber (1993) and Abd-El-Fattah

(1997) with respect to GA3 and NAA spray on faba bean plants.


Regarding the effects of times of spraying of chemical substances on

number of setting flowers per plant, data in Table 4 showed also that times of

foliar spraying markedly increased number of setting flowers per plant in both

seasons. Spraying of the chemical once significantly increased number of setting




37

flowers as compared with multi application. More, foliar spraying at 35, 45, 55,

65 or at (35 and 45) DFS significantly increased number of setting flowers

compared with the application at (35, 45 and 55) or (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS in

both seasons, it is suggested that one spraying early is more effective in

increasing flowering set under this experiment. Therefore, the greatest number

of setting flowers per plant was observed with foliar spraying at 35 DFS (23.49

and 24.90) followed by 45 DFS (21.74 and 23.63) compared with the lowest

values obtained with foliar spraying at (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS (18.88 and

21.48) in first and second seasons, respectively. El-Abd et al. (1989) found that

GA3 and NAA applied at flowering stage (at 35 days) posses the lowest

proportion for abscission percentages and the highest values of number of

setting flowers per plant compared with control treatment. More, GA3 and NAA

applied before flowering, reduced flower drop of broad bean plants and gave the

greatest values compared with control treatment, as mentioned by, Khare et al.

(1993). Similar results were found by Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997) and Nowak et

al. (1997) with respect to GA3 or NAA in field bean.

C- Interaction effects.

The interaction effects between chemical substances and times of

spraying on number of setting flowers per plant, it can also, be observed that

there was a significant increase due to the interaction between the two factors in

both seasons (Table 5 and Figs. 1 and 2). The highest response was recorded by

Berelex at 35 DFS (30.93 and 32.77) while the lowest values recorded under the

untreated control at (35, 45, 55 and 65) and 55 DFS (16.17 and 16.84) in the first




38

and second seasons, respectively. It could be state that chemical regulating

substances (Berelex and Amcotone) recorded the highest values when

performed once at 35, 45, 55 or 65 DFS, however, multi application (35 and 45)

or (35, 45 and 55) or (35, 45, 55 and 65) recorded the lowest number of setting

flowers. Similar results were obtained by El Metwally 1984) and Diethelm et al.

(1986).

Table 5: Number of setting flowers per plant of faba bean plants as influenced by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

No. of setting flowers per plant 2003/2004 2004/2005

Ch.Sub S.Times Berelex Amcotone Ridomil Water Berelex Amcotone Ridomil Water

1- At 35 DFS 30.93 25.37 20.05 17.62 32.77 27.12 21.02 18.70

2- At 45 DFS 26.31 23.21 21.06 16.37 28.06 25.73 22.03 18.71

3- At 55 DFS 23.70 22.19 21.68 17.94 27.27 24.13 23.43 16.84

4- At 65 DFS 21.86 20.14 23.42 17.57 25.11 22.57 24.65 19.64 5- At 35+45 DFS 22.30 21.37 20.17 17.42 26.63 24.42 22.08 20.21 6- At 35+45+ 55 DFS 21.75 19.81 18.62 17.67 25.61 22.50 21.19 17.93 7- At 35+45+ 55+65 DFS 21.25 19.53 18.56 16.17 24.73 22.28 20.06 18.85

F.Test LSD 5%

* 1.98

* 2.14




39

2003/2004No. of flowers per plant

0

5

1015

2025

3035

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Times of spraying

No.

of f

lower

s/pla

nt

Berelex Amcton Ridomil Water

(1).35 DFS (2).45 DFS (3).55 DFS (4).65 DFS (5).35+45 DFS (6).35+45+55 DFS (7).35+45+55+65 DFS

Fig. 1: Means of number of setting flowers per plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season.

2004/2005No. of flowers per plant

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Times of spraying

No.

of f

low

ers/p

lant



Fig. 2: Means of number of setting flowers per plant of faba bean plants as affected by

the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season.




40

2- Yield and yield components:-

2.1- Plant height (cm).

Means of plant height of faba bean as influenced by times of spraying of

some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons are

presented in Table 6.


Data in both seasons showed that faba bean plants received foliar applications of

chemical substances (Berelex or Amcotone) were significantly higher as

compared with Ridomil and the control (Table 6). Moreover, Berelex treatment

recorded the highest plant height, which were (132.21 and 128.95 cm) followed

by Amcotone (130.23 and 127.51 cm) as compared with Ridomil (125.75 and

123.15 cm) and control (125.49 and 122.94 cm) in the first and second seasons,

respectively. Plant growth regulators (GA3 and NAA) are known to influence

growth and development at very low concentrations but inhibit plant growth and

development at high concentrations, as reported by Jules et al. (1981). The

increase in stem growth as a response to GA3 occurs as a consequence of cell

elongation, as mentioned by El Fouly et al. (1988) and Tanimoto (1995). In

addition, the observed promoting effect of GA3 on broad bean height is quite

expected. Phytohormone GA3 elongates the primary stalk in the young tissues

and growth centers although development stem elongation, as reported by

Marschner (1986) and Yamaguchi and Kamiya (2000). These results are in

agreement with those reported by El-Beheidi et al. (1991), Abd-El-Fattah

(1997), Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997) with respect to GA3 and Abdel-Ati et al.




41

Table 6: Plant height (cm) at harvest of faba bean plants as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

Plant height (cm) Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005

A: Chemical Substance

1- Berelex (100 ppm) 132.21 128.95

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 130.23 127.51

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 125.57 123.15

4- Distilled Water (control ) 125.49 122.94

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 1.59 1.13



129.85 127.50


129.15 126.26


128.05 125.15


128.19 124.59


127.92 126.94

6- Foliar Spraying at 35+45+55 days from sowing

127.71 125.36

7- Foliar spraying at 35+45+55+65 days from sowing

127.73 124.65

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 1.28 1.23

Interaction A*B * *




42

(2006) on faba bean plants. In addition, Amcotone (NA+NAA) increased plant

height. Similar trend of results was found by El-Assiouty (1983) in peas and

common bean and El-Abd et al. (1989) with regard to NAA on faba bean plants.

On the other hand, Ridomil treatment had no significant effect on plant height

compared with other and the untreated control. These results are in agreement

with those reported by El-Sayed et al. (1996).


Regarding times of spraying of chemical substances, data in Table 6

showed also that in both season, times of foliar spraying at 35 DFS statistically

increased plant height as compared with the other spraying times except at 45

DFS in the first season and (35 and 45) DFS in the second season, which

recorded no differences. No differences were recorded between foliar spraying

at 55 and 65 or multi times at (35 and 45), (35, 45 and 55) and (35, 45, 55 and

65) DFS in the first season. Also, in the second season, no differences were

detected between foliar spraying once at 55 and 66 or multi times at (35, 45 and

55) and (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS. The highest value of plant height recorded by

foliar spraying at 35 DFS (129.85 and 127.50 cm) followed by foliar spraying at

45 DFS (129.15 and 126.26 cm) in the first and second seasons, respectively

compared with the other times treatments. The obtained data of plant height are

agree with those found by Shaheen (1984) with respect to spraying GA3 after 30

and 45 days from sowing, Omar et al. (1986) respecting GA3 at 21days after

sowing and again 1 month later, El-Abd et al. (1989) concerning with GA3 and

NAA at the flowering stage; Rashad and Ahmed (1996) respecting GA3 after




43

55 days on faba bean plants and Nowak et al. (1997) who found that GA3 was

more effective on plant height than NAA when sprayed at time of flowering

(After 35 days from sowing) on plant height.

On the contrary to our study, Cors and Falisse (1987) indicated that GA3

reduced plant height and tendency to lodge at various rates at different growth

stages of peas and Vicia faba.

C- Interaction effects.

The interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying

significantly affected plant height in both seasons of study (Table 7 and Figs. 3

and 4). The maximum plant height means were recorded by spraying Berelex at

35 DFS (135.76 and 133.35 cm) while the lowest values which recorded under

the untreated control at 55 DFS and Ridomil treatment at 65 DFS (124.22 and

122.04 cm) in first and second seasons, respectively. These results are in

agreement with those reported by El Metwally (1984).




44

Table 7: Plant height (cm) of faba bean plants as influenced by the interaction

between chemical substances and times of spraying during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

Plant height (cm) 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- At 35 DFS 135.76 132.71 125.40 125.52 133.35 130.16 123.95 122.53

2- At 45 DFS 133.54 131.65 125.22 126.20 130.60 128.76 123.28 122.39

3- At 55 DFS 132.66 130.47 124.87 124.22 127.98 127.19 122.39 123.04


F.Test LSD 5%

* 2.02

* 2.30




45

(1).35 DFS (2).45 DFS (3).55 DFS (4) 65 DFS (5) 35+45 DFS (6).35+45+55 DFS (7).35+45+55+65 DFS

Fig. 3: Means of plant height (cm) at harvest of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season.

2004/2005Plant height

116118120122124126128130132134136

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Times of spraying

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)


(1).35 DFS (2).45 DFS (3).55 DFS (4).65 DFS (5).35+45 DFS (6).35+45+55 DFS (7). 35+45+55+65 DFS

Fig. 4: Means of plant height (cm) at harvest of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season.

2003/2004Plant height

118120122124126128130132134136138

1 2 3 4 5 6 7Times of spraying

Plan

t hei

ght (

cm)





46

2.2- Number of branches / plant.

Data of numbers of branches per plant of faba bean recorded at harvest

time as influenced by some chemical substances and times of spraying during

two seasons are presented in Table 8.


In connection with the effect of chemical substances, it could be shown

that number of branches/plant was markedly influenced by all chemical

substances in both seasons (Table 8). In the first season application of Berelex at

100 ppm markedly increased number of branches/plant compared with

Amcotone and Ridomil, in addition, no significant differences in number of

branches/plant were detected between Amcotone and Ridomil. Furthermore, it

produced more number of branches compared with the untreated control. In the

second season, Berelex at 100 ppm statistically increased number of

branches/plant compared with Amcotone and the rest of treatments.

Furthermore, Amcotone at 600 ppm significantly increased the number of

branches/plant compared with Ridomil and the untreated control. The highest

values recorded with Berelex (4.14 and 4.31) followed by Amcotone (4.01 and

4.27) and Ridomil (3.93 and 4.21) compared with control treatment (3.87 and

4.20) in the first and second seasons, respectively. These increases could be

attributed to the increase in both cell division and cell elongation. In addition,

the increment in number of branches could be explained on the basis that GA3

play a major role in protein synthesis and protoplasm formation. This may

increase the proportion of protoplasm to cell wall with the result of increased




47

Table 8: Number of branches per plant of faba bean plants as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

No. of branches Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- Berelex (100 ppm) 4.14 4.31

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 4.01 4.27

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 3.93 4.21


F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.1 0.06



4.07 4.29


4.00 4.26


3.90 4.26


3.95 4.25


4.04 4.24


3.99 4.22


3.96 4.23

F- Test NS NS

LSD 5% - -





48

cell size, as reported by Marschner (1986). These results are in agreement with

those reported by Gabal et al. (1985), El-Fieshawy and Fayed (1990), Abd-El-

Fattah (1997) and Abdel-Ati et al. (2006) with respect to GA3 or NAA on faba

bean plants.


Regarding the effect of times of foliar spraying on number of branches

per plant, data in Table 8 showed no significant effects of times of spraying.

However, the maximum values resulted from foliar spraying at 35 DFS (4.07

and 4.29) compared with the minimum values which obtained with foliar

spraying at 55 and (35, 45 and 55) DFS, which were (3.90 and 4.22) in the first

and second seasons, respectively. These results are in agreement with those

reported by Rashad and Ahmed (1996) regarding with GA3 after 55 days from

sowing.

C- Interaction effects:

Concerning the interaction effects between chemical substances and times

of spraying, the number of branches/plant was not significantly affected in any

of the two seasons by the interaction between the two factors involved in this

study indicating, thereby, that each factor affected this character independently.




49


Data related to number of dry pods per plant of faba bean as influenced by

some chemical substances and times of spraying during the two seasons are


A- Chemical substances effects:

From the results it could be seen that, data in both seasons indicated

highly significant increase in number of pods per plant of faba bean plants due

to spraying of chemical substances under experiment. In both seasons foliar

spraying of Berelex at 100 ppm markedly increased number of pods per plant

compared with Amcotone, Ridomil and the control treatment. Moreover,

application of Amcotone at 600 ppm significantly improved number of pods

compared with Ridomil at 2500 ppm. Finally, addition of Ridomil as foliar

spraying markedly increased number of pods per plant compared with the

untreated control. The maximum number of pods per plant was resulted from

plants treated with foliar spraying of Berelex, being (20.64 and 22.13) followed

by Amcotone (19.03 and 20.79) and Ridomil (18.43 and 20.05) compared with

control treatment (14.93 and 17.19) in the first and second seasons, respectively.

It is suggested that GA3 treatment leading to decreased ethylene production in

the shoot and /or increased cytokinin and abscisic levels in the xylem sap which

may reduce abscission of pods, as reported by Clifford et al. (1992). Also, GA3

caused further significant increase in number of pods per plant, the increment in

dry pod number, due to applying GA3 treatment, could be attributed to the more

increase in pod setting percentage and reduction in abscission percentage, as




50

Table 9: Number of dry pods per plant of faba bean plants as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

No. of dry pods per plant Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- Berelex (100 ppm) 20.64 22.13

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 19.03 20.79

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 18.43 20.05

4- Water (control ) 14.93 17.19

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.66 0.76



19.19 21.84


18.60 20.55


18.04 20.09


18.65 20.05


18.19 19.66


17.52 19.28

7- Foliar spraying at 35+45+55+65 days from sowing

17.62 18.80

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.79 1.00

Interaction A*B * *




51

mentioned by El-Fieshawy and Fayed (1990). In addition, GA3 stimulated the

total number of green pods per plant. This superiority in the total number of

pods due to the application of GA3 treatment might be resulted from the

increase of metabolites synthesized by plants, these results might be attributed to

the pronounced increase in branch and leaf numbers, as reported by Abd-El-

Fattah (1997). GA3 resulted in a significant decrease in fruit shedding, whereas,

GA3 treatment may alter the concentration of endogenous IAA and/or GA3 and

decrease the level of ABA. The increase in number of pods per plant might be

attributed to the decrease in shedding percentage, and estimating the pod-

setting% might contribute to increase total yield, as mentioned by Abd-El-Fattah

et al. (1997). Similar results were obtained by El-Abd et al. (1989), El-Beheidi

et al. (1991), Clifford et al. (1992), Abd-El-Fattah (1997) and Abdel-Ati et al.

(2006) on faba bean plants.

Vice versa, Burkhard and Keller (1983) reported that GA3 did not

significantly affect any yield parameters and Burkhard (1984) indicated that,

GA3 had little influence on pod count.

In addition, NAA increased the number of reproductive nodes, the length

of the fertile stems zone and the height of the highest and lowest reproductive

nodes. These findings are in harmony with those obtained by Suty (1984),

Ibrahim et al. (1988) and El-Abd et al. (1989) regarding with foliar spraying

NAA on faba bean plants.

Foliar spraying with Ridomil (Mancozeb) significantly increased the




52

number of dry pods per plant due to a reduction in the percentage of missing

plants in the field and high efficacy in controlling chocolate spot, as reported by

El-Sayed et al. (1996). Similar results were obtained by Michail et al. (1983)

with (Mancozeb .25%), Shata et al. (1984) and El-Fiki (1994).

B- Times of spraying effects:

Regarding times of spraying of chemical substances on number of pods

per plant of faba bean plants, data in Table 9 showed also that times of foliar

spraying at 35 DFS significantly increased number of pods per plant compared

with the rest of times of foliar spraying. Moreover, no significant differences

were recorded between various times of application at 35, 45, 55 or 65 or multi

times at (35 and 45) or (35, 45 and 55) or (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS. The greatest

values were obtained with foliar spraying at 35 DFS (19.19 and 21.84) followed

by spraying at 45 DFS (18.60 and 20.55) compared with the other spraying

times. Such results are in agreement with those reported by Rylott and Smith

(1990) with respect to GA3 before or after tripping, Khare et al. (1993) with

respect to GA3 and NAA (applied before flowering), Abd-El-Fattah et al.

(1997) with respect to GA3 at 30 and 50 days after sowing and Nowak et al.

(1997) with respect to GA3 and NAA (applied at time of flowering) on faba

bean plants.


Respecting the interaction between chemical substances and times of

spraying on number of pods per plant of faba bean plants, data in Table 10 and

graphically illustrated in Figs 5 and 6 showed that significant increase in number




53

of pods per plant in both seasons. Spraying Berelex at 35 DFS recorded the

highest values, which were (23.65 and 27.03) in the first and second seasons,

respectively. The maximum number of pods per plant (27.03) was realized with

foliar spraying of Berelex at 35 DFS in the second season, however, the lowest

number of pods per plant recorded (13.84) with foliar spraying of distilled water

at 55 DFS in the first season. These findings are in agreement with those

reported by Keller and Bullucci (1980), Bellucci et al. (1982) and El Metwally

(1984).

Table 10: Number of dry pods per plant of faba bean plants as influenced by the

interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

No. of pods per plant 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- At 35 DFS 23.65 20.89 17.99 14.24 27.03 23.22 19.57 17.53

2- At 45 DFS 21.83 19.36 18.21 15.01 23.00 21.24 20.43 17.54

3- At 55 DFS 20.74 18.93 18.64 13.84 21.66 20.72 21.03 16.96


F.Test LSD 5%

* 1.59

* 1.84




54

2003/2004No. of pods per plant

0369

121518212427

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

T imes of spraying

No.

of p

ods p

er p

lant



Fig. 5: Means of number of dry pods per plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season.

2004/2005No. of pods per plant

0369

12151821242730

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Times of spraying

No.

of p

ods p

er p

lant



Fig. 6: Means of number of dry pods per plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season.




55

2.4. Weight of pods per plant (g).

Weight of pods per plant of faba bean plants indicated at harvest time as

influences by various times of spraying of some chemical substances during the

two seasons are presented in Table 11.


Regarding total weight of pods per plant, it could be observed that there

were significant differences between treatments under experiment (Table 11). It

could be seen that in both seasons the application of Berelex at 100 ppm

markedly increased the weight of pods per plant as compared with other

treatments and the untreated control. Amcotone at 600 ppm increased the total

weight of pods per plant compared with Ridomil and the control treatments.

Finally, Ridomil at 2500 ppm as foliar spraying on faba bean plants significantly

improved the total weight of pods per plant compared with the untreated control.

The greatest weight of pods per plant was recorded by Berelex treatment (43.03

and 47.51 g) followed by Amcotone (40.68 and 44.97 g) and Ridomil (39.22 and

43.27 g) compared with control treatment (33.88 and 36.38 g) in first and second

seasons, respectively.

GA3 significantly increased the total weight of dry pods per plant and

significantly improved the quality characteristics of dry pods, expressed as pod

length, pod weight, average number of seeds per pod and average pod weight as




56

Table 11: Weight of dry pods per plant (g) of faba bean plants as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

Weight of dry pods per plant (g) Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- Berelex (100 ppm) 43.03 47.51

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 40.68 44.97

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 39.22 43.27

4- Water (control ) 33.88 36.38

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 1.24 1.30

B: Times of spraying


40.97 45.98


40.07 44.07


38.88 42.88


39.24 43.25


39.26 42.49


38.49 42.00


37.52 40.64

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.94 0.91

Interaction A*B * *




57

well as pod dry matter content, as compared with the control treatment, as

reported by Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997). The increases in the total weight of

pods due to GA3 concentrations seemed to be attributed to the increase in

number of pods, as well as seeds per pod and pod dry mater content. Moreover,

the increase in shelling percentage might be directly attributed to the increase in

seeds number per pod and pod dry matter content, as mentioned by Abd-El-

Fattah (1997). These finding are in line with those reported by, Suty (1984), El-

Abd et al. (1989), Aldesuguey and Gaber (1993) and Abd-El-Fattah (1997) with

respect to GA3 and NAA on faba bean plants. Moreover that, Mancozeb led to

significant increase in the plant yield of green pods and dry seeds due to their

efficient control of chocolate spot, as reported by El-Sayed et al. (1996). Similar

results were recorded by Zeid et al. (1981), Michail et al. (1983) and Yeoman et

al. (1987) with respect to Mancozeb on broad bean plants.


Regarding the effect of times of foliar spraying on weight of pods per

plant (g), data in Table 11show that in both seasons, times of foliar spraying at

35 DFS statistically improved weight of pods per plant as compared with the

rest of times of spraying except at 45 DFS in the first season. Also, foliar

spraying at 45 DFS significantly increased weight of pods per plant as compared

with foliar spraying at 55, (35, 45 and 55) and (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS in the

first season and 55, (35 and 45), (35, 45 and 55) and (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS in

the second season. In both seasons the highest weight was observed with 35

DFS (40.97 and 45.98 g) followed by 45 DAS (40.07 and 44.07 g) as compared




58

with the lowest values recorded by foliar spraying at (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS

(37.52 and 40.64 g) in the first and the second seasons, respectively. These

results are in agreement with those reported by Khare et al. (1993) respect with

GA3 and NAA before flowering, Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997) regard to GA3 at

30 and 50 days after sowing.


With respect to weight of dry pods per plant, the interactions between

chemical substances and times of spraying indicated significant increase, which

presented in Table 12 and graphically illustrated in Figs. 7 and 8.

The interaction between the two factors showed that the greatest value

was observed by Berelex at 35 DFS (48.65 and 55.04 g), while the lowest value

was recorded by control treatment at 55 and (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS which

were (31.47 and 35.02 g) in the first and second seasons, respectively.




59

Table 12: Weight of dry pods per plant (g) of faba bean plants as influenced by

the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

Weight of dry pods per plant (g) 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- At 35 DFS 48.65 43.95 38.29 33.00 55.04 49.21 42.61 36.69

2- At 45 DFS 44.24 42.12 39.66 34.26 49.24 45.12 43.79 38.15

3- At 55 DFS 42.39 41.12 40.54 31.47 46.02 44.64 44.48 36.37


F.Test LSD 5%

* 2.36

* 2.23




60

2003/2004Weight of pods per plant

05

10152025303540455055

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Times of spraying

Weigh

t of p

ods p

er p

lant



Fig. 7: Means of weight of dry pods per plant (g) of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season.

2004/2005Weight of pods per plant

05

1015202530354045505560

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Times of spraying

Weigh

t of p

ods pe

r plant



Fig. 8: Means of weight of dry pods per plant (g) of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season.




61


Data tabulated in Table 13 show the effect of spraying times of some

chemical substances on number of seeds/pod during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005

seasons.


Data in both seasons showed that, chemical substances significantly

increased number of seeds per pod compared with the untreated control (Table

13). Foliar spraying of Berelex at 100 ppm markedly increased the number of

seeds per pod as compared with Ridomil and the untreated control. However, no

marked differences were recorded between application of Berelex or Amcotone

in both seasons indicating the same effect on this trait. Similarly, Amcotone and

Ridomil induced the same effect without marked differences between them. The

greatest number of seeds per pod were obtained with Berelex treatment (3.47

and 3.61) followed by Amcotone (3.40 and 3.57) and Ridomil (3.35 and 3.55)

compared with untreated control treatment (3.28 and 3.51) in the first and

second seasons, respectively, hence, it's clear that Berelex treatment recorded

the highest values in both seasons. GA3 increased the number of seeds per pod,

moreover, the increase in shedding percentage with Berelex (GA3) treatment

might be directly attributed to the increase in seeds number per pod, as

mentioned by Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997) and Abd-El-Fattah (1997). These

results are in agreement with those reported by El-Beheidi et al. (1991), El-Fiki

(1994) and Abdel-Ati et al. (2006) with regard to the influence of GA3 or NAA

on faba bean yields and its components.




62

Table 13: Number of seeds per pod of faba bean plants as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

number of seeds per pod Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- Berelex (100 ppm) 3.47 3.61

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 3.40 3.57

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 3.35 3.55


F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.08 0.06



3.42 3.60


3.40 3.60


3.40 3.59


3.39 3.56


3.38 3.56


3.34 3.50


3.30 3.51

F- Test NS *

LSD 5% - 0.06





63


Respecting the effect of times of foliar spraying on number of seeds per

pod, spraying time's in the first season recorded insignificant increment, whereas

in the second season, foliar spraying once at 35, 45, 55 and 65 DFS beside foliar

spraying at (35 and 45) statistically increased number of seeds per pod compared

with foliar application at (35, 45 and 55) and or at (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS

(Table 13). The highest values were obtained with foliar spraying at 35 DFS and

45 DFS (3.60) as compared with the lowest value which recorded by foliar

spraying at (35, 45 and 55) DFS (3.50) in second season. Similar results were

obtained with Nowak et al. (1997) regarding to NAA and GA3 applied at time

of flowering (at 35 DFS) on faba bean plants, Rylott and Smith (1990) respect

with GA3 before or after tripping, Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997) respect to GA3 at

30 and 50 days after sowing.


Regarding number of seeds per pod of faba bean plants, data in Table 13

show also that, none of the interactions between the two factors had a significant

effect on number of seeds per pod in any of the two seasons under the local

conditions of the present investigation.




64

2.6- pod length (cm).

Data related to pod length (cm) of faba bean plants as influenced by times

of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005

seasons are given in Table 14.


Regarding the effect of chemical substances on pod length, in both

seasons, foliar spraying of Berelex at 100 ppm markedly increased the pod

length if compared with the rest of chemical substances and the untreated

control (Table 14). This indicated the role of application of GA3 in improving

the pod length. Furthermore, no significant difference was recorded between

spraying of Amcotone, Ridomil and the distilled water treatments. The greatest

pod length (cm) was obtained by Berelex (10.25 and 10.20 cm) followed by

Amcotone (9.51 and 9.30 cm) and Ridomil (9.22 and 9.26 cm) as compared with

untreated control treatment (9.06 and 9.23 cm) in the first and second seasons,

respectively. These results are in good accordance with those reported by El-

Beheidi et al. (1991), Abd-El-Fattah (1997) and Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997) with

respect to the effect of GA3 on the green pod yields of broad beans and its

components.


Respecting the influence of times of foliar spraying on pod length of faba

bean plants, data in Table 14 show also that times of foliar spraying recorded

insignificant increment in pod length. However, the highest means resulted

from foliar spraying at 35 DFS (9.74 and 9.56 cm) as compared with the lowest




65

Table 14: Pod length (cm) of faba bean plants at harvest as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

Pod length (cm) Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- Berelex (100 ppm) 10.25 10.20

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 9.51 9.30

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 9.22 9.26


F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.65 0.36



9.74 9.56


9.71 9.52


9.49 9.51


9.40 9.50


9.50 9.49


9.33 9.44


9.41 9.45

F- Test NS NS

LSD 5% - -





66

means obtained with foliar spraying at (35, 45 and 55) DFS (9.33 and 9.44 cm)

in the first and second seasons, respectively.


All the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying

had no significant effect on pod length in any of the two seasons under studies.


Data related to number of seeds per plant of faba bean as affected by

times of spraying of some chemical substances during the two seasons are



In both growing seasons, there were significant effects of chemical

substances on number of seeds per plant in faba bean plants (Table 15). All

treatments recorded significant increase in number of seeds per plant as

compared with control treatment (water). In both seasons spraying Berelex at

100 ppm markedly increased number of seeds per plant as compared with the

rest of treatments and the control. Moreover, Amcotone at 600 ppm

significantly improved number of seeds per plant as compared with Ridomil and

the control. Finally, the application of Ridomil at 2500 ppm as foliar spray on

faba bean plants significantly increased the number of seeds per plant as

compared with the control treatment. It could be seen that, the greatest number

of seeds per plant was recorded by Berelex treatment, which were (38.85 and

41.62) followed by Amcotone (36.07 and 38.96) and Ridomil (34.80 and 36.62)




67

Table 15: Number of seeds per plant of faba bean plants as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

No. of seeds per plant Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- Berelex (100 ppm) 38.85 41.62

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 36.07 38.96

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 34.80 36.62

4- Water (control ) 29.85 30.91

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.73 1.01



37.22 39.08


36.02 38.00


35.63 36.52


34.32 37.63


34.03 37.13


33.88 35.65


33.13 35.18

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 1.17 1.31

Interaction A*B * *




68

compared with control treatment (29.85 and 30.91) in the first and second

seasons, respectively. The increment in number of flowers per plant and number

of pods pre plant may contribute to the increase in number of seeds per plant.

These findings are in harmony with those obtained by El-Abd et al. (1989),

Aldesuguey and Gaber (1993) Rashad and Ahmed (1996) and Abd-El-Fattah

(1997) with respect to GA3 and NAA spray on faba bean plants. Khaled et al.

(1995), El- Sayed et al. (1996) and Filipowicz and Soczynski (1997) with regard

to Mancozeb and Metalaxyl spray on faba bean plants.

On the contrary, Burkhard and Keller (1983) reported that Gibberellic

acid did not significantly affect any yield parameters and Burkhard (1984)

indicated also that GA3 had little influence on seed yield.


Respecting the effect of times of foliar spraying on number of seeds per

plant of broad bean plants, data in the Table 15 showed significant increase was

indicated to times of spraying. In the first season, foliar spraying at 35 DFS

markedly increased number of seeds per plant as compared with rest of times of

spraying. Moreover, no differences were recorded between foliar spraying at 45

or 55 DFS, whereas, they significantly increased number of seeds per plant

compared with the applications of spraying at 65 or (35 and 45) or (35, 45 and

55) or (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS. Finally, no significant differences were detected

between foliar spraying at 65 or (35 and 45) or (35, 45 and 55) DFS, whereas,

Foliar spraying at 65 DFS markedly increased number of seeds per plant as

compared with foliar spraying at (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS. In the second season,




69

foliar spraying at 35 DFS markedly increased the number of seeds per plant as

compared with the rest of times of spraying. No differences were recorded

between foliar spraying at 35 or 45 DFS. Foliar spraying at 45 DFS improved

number of seeds compared with foliar spraying at 55 or (35, 45 and 55) or (35,

45, 55 and 65) DFS. More, application of foliar spraying at 55 or 65 or (35 and

45) recorded equal results without marked differences between them. Finally,

foliar spraying at (35, 45 and 55) or (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS recorded the lowest

results with equal results. The greatest values were obtained with foliar spraying

at 35 DFS (37.22 and 39.08), while the lowest values were obtained with foliar

spraying at (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS (33.13 and 35.18) in the first and second

seasons, respectively. Similar results were obtained by Khare et al. (1993)

respecting GA3 and NAA before flowering and Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997)

regarding GA3 at 30 and 50 DFS.


With regard to the effect of the interaction between chemical substances

and times of spraying on number of seeds per plant, it can be observed from

Table 16 and Figs. 9 and 10 that there was significant effects due to interaction

between the two factors, which indicated generally that, foliar spraying of

Berelex at 100 ppm markedly increased the number of seeds per plant at all

times of spraying except at 65 DFS as compared with the rest of application,

moreover, foliar spaying of Amcotone at 600 ppm markedly improved number

of seeds compared with Ridomil and the control except at 65 DFS. Finally,

Ridomil at 2500 ppm as foliar spray increased number of seeds compared with




70

control treatment in first and second season, respectively. In addition, the

greatest number of seeds per plant were observed by Berelex at 35 DFS (45.37

and 46.67), while the lowest values were recorded with control treatment at (35

and 45) DFS, which were (28.71 and 29.29) in the first and second seasons,

respectively. These results are in harmony with those indicated by Bellucci et al.

(1982) and El Metwally (1984) regarding with GA3 on faba bean. Table 16: Number of seeds per plant of faba bean plants as influenced by the

interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

No. of seeds per plant 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- At 35 DFS 45.37 40.19 33.43 29.89 46.67 43.20 35.53 30.93

2- At 45 DFS 41.23 37.16 35.23 30.48 43.04 40.56 36.21 32.18

3- At 55 DFS 39.11 36.48 35.99 30.96 40.43 38.29 37.22 30.14


F.Test LSD 5%

* 2.42

* 1.74




71

2003/2004No. of seeds per plant

05

101520253035404550

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Times of spraying

No.

of s

eeds

per

plant



Fig. 9: Means number of seeds per plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season.

2004/2005No. of see ds pe r plant

05

101520253035404550

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

T imes of spraying

No.

of s

eeds

per

plant



Fig. 10: Means number of seeds per plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season.




72

2.8- Seeds yield (g)/plant.

The data presented in Table 17 show the effect of spraying times of some

chemical substances on seeds yield (g)/plant during the 2003/2004 and

2004/2005, seasons.


Data showed clearly that significant increment in seed yield per plant, due

to foliar application of some chemical substances as compared with the control

treatments were recorded (Table 17). In both seasons application of Berelex at

100 ppm markedly increased seed yield per plant as compared with the other

treatments and the control. Moreover, application of Amcotone at 600 ppm as

foliar spray statistically improved seed yield per plant as compared with Ridomil

and untreated control. Finally, using Ridomil at 2500 ppm as foliar spray

increased seed yield per plant if compared with untreated control. Berelex

treatment caused further significant increase in seed yield per plant, which were

(31.69 and 35.14 g) followed by Amcotone (28.23 and 32.63 g) and Ridomil

(26.24 and 30.21 g) compared with untreated control (22.44 and 24.24 g) in the

first and the second seasons, respectively. The increase in seed yield per plant,

due to applying GA3 treatment, could be attributed to the increases in vegetative

growth characters which might provide more green area and resulted in increase

pod setting percentage, reduction in abscission percentage, increasing seeds

number per pod, 100-seed weight and seed dry matter content, as mentioned by

Abd-El-Fattah (1997). These results are in agreement with those reported by

Ibrahim et al. (1988), Khare et al. (1993), Rashad and Ahmed (1996) and Abd-




73

Table 17: Seed yield (g)/plant of faba bean plants as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

Seeds yield (g)/plant Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005

A: Chemical Substance

1- Berelex (100 ppm) 31.69 35.14

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 28.23 32.63

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 26.24 30.21

4- Water (control ) 22.44 24.24

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 1.17 1.36



28.88 32.49


27.80 31.74


27.49 30.83

4- Spraying after 65 days from sowing

27.37 30.74


26.86 30.18


26.22 29.26


25.44 28.64

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 1.13 1.14

Interaction A*B * *




74

El- Fattah (1997) with respect to GA3 and NAA spray on faba bean.

Finally, the increases in seed yield per plant recorded by Ridomil

treatment compared with control treatment was attributed generally to

controlling chocolate spot and decreased the percentage of missing plants at

harvest , as reported by El-Sayed et al. (1996). Similar results were obtained by

Khaled et al. (1995) Filipowicz and Soczynski (1997) and Ying Yong (2002)

with respect to Mancozeb and Metalaxyl on faba bean plants.


Results in the Table 17 also showed that in the first season, foliar spraying

at 35 DFS markedly improved seed yield per plant compared with the rest of

times of spraying. Moreover, on significant differences were recorded between

the single applications at 45, 55 or 65 DFS when compared with each other. The

single application at 35, 45, 55 or 65 recorded marked increase if compared with

the foliar spraying at (35, 45 and 55) or (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS. In the second

season, each foliar spraying once significantly increased seed yield /plant as

compared with foliar spraying at (35 and 45), (35, 45 and 55) or (35, 45, 55 and

65) DFS respectively. The maximum seed yield g/plant was recorded by foliar

spraying at 35 DFS (28.88 and 32.49 g) compared with the minimum values

recorded by foliar spraying at (35, 45, 55 and 65 g) DFS, which were (25.44 and

28.64) in the first and second seasons, respectively. Similar results were

obtained by Khare et al. (1993) concerning GA3 and NAA before flowering and

Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997) regarding GA3 at 30 and 50 days after sowing.




75


Concerning the effects of the interaction between chemical substances and

times of spraying on seed yield (g) per plant, data in Table 18 and Figs. 11 and

12 indicated significant increments in total seed yield per plant. In both seasons,

Berelex with 100 ppm at 35 DFS markedly increased seeds yield g/plant as

compared with the rest of treatments. The greatest values recorded by Berelex at

35 DFS (36.83 and 39.90 g), while the lowest values were recorded by the

untreated control at (35 and 45) and (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS, which were (21.33

and 22.12 g) in the first and second seasons, respectively. These results are in

agreement with those reported by Bellucci et al. (1982), El Metwally (1984) and

Diethelm et al. (1986) regarding with GA3 on faba bean.




76

Table 18: Seed yield (g)/plant of faba bean plants as influenced by the interaction

between chemical substances and times of spraying during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

Seeds yield (g)/plant 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- At 35 DFS 36.83 32.10 24.91 21.66 39.90 35.34 28.57 25.42

2- At 45 DFS 33.07 29.24 26.36 22.54 36.45 33.65 30.63 26.23

3- At 55 DFS 31.09 28.16 26.86 23.85 34.86 32.17 31.68 24.64


F.Test LSD 5%

* 1.93

* 2.31




77

2003/2004Seeds yie ld (g)/plant

05

10152025303540

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Times of spraying

Weigh

t of s

eeds

per

plant

(gm

) Berelex Amcton Ridomil Water


Fig. 11: Means of Seed yield (g)/plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season.

2004/2005Seeds yie ld (g)/plant

05

1015202530354045

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Times of spraying

Weigh

t of se

eds pe

r pl

ant (

gm) Berelex Amcton Ridomil Water


Fig. 12: Means of Seed yield (g)/plant of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season.




78


Means of 100-seed weight (g) as affected by spraying times of some

chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons are presented in

Table 19.


Looking for 100-seed weight, it could be observed that, chemical

substances under trial recorded clearly significant increment in 100-seed weight

as compared with control treatment (Table 19). In both seasons, foliar spraying

of Berelex at 100 ppm markedly increased 100-seed weight as compared with

Amcotone, Ridomil and the untreated control. More, no significant difference

was recorded between spraying of Amcotone at 600 ppm and Ridomil at 2500

ppm treatments. Moreover, spraying of Amcotone at 600 ppm and Ridomil at

2500 ppm markedly improved 100-seed yield if compared with untreated

control. The maximum 100-seed weight were recorded by Berelex treatment

(78.26 and 78.69 g) followed by Amcotone (76.51 and 77.03 g) and Ridomil

(75.76 and 76.29 g). While the minimum 100-seed weights were obtained by

control treatment (74.47 and 74.58 g) in the first and second seasons,

respectively. It is important to state that the increases in number of pods per

plant, weight of pods per plant, seed weight per plant lead to the increase in 100-

seed weight. Similar results were reported by, Suty (1984), Ibrahim et al.

(1988), El-Abd et al. (1989), Rashad and Ahmed (1996), Abd-El-Fattah (1997)

and Abdel-Ati et al. (2006) with respect to GA3 and NAA on faba bean plants.

El-Fiki (1994) with regard to Mancozeb on faba bean.




79


Respecting the effects of times of foliar spraying on 100-seed weight, it

can also, be observed from Table 19 that times of foliar spraying recorded

significant effect on 100-seed weight in the second season. Foliar spraying in the

early growth stage at 35 DFS markedly increased 100-seed weight as compared

with various times of applications. More, the rest of times of foliar spraying

recorded no significant differences between each other, while, all of them

recorded statistical increase compared with the control. The highest 100-seed

weight was recorded at 35 DFS (78.27 g), while the lowest value recorded at

(35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS (57.29 g). Similar results were obtained by Suty (1984)

concerning 16 g Berelex at the start of flowering.


Respecting the interaction effects on 100-seed weight of faba bean plants,

data in Table 20 and graphically illustrated in Figs. 13 show also that significant

effect were obtained with the interaction between the two factors in the second

season. Spraying Berelex at 100 ppm at 35 DFS markedly increased 100-seed

weight compared with other application treatments. The highest 100-seed weight

was recorded by Berelex at 35 DFS (82.62 g). While, the lowest value was

recorded by control treatment at 45 DFS (73.46 g) in the second season.




80

Table 19: 100-seed weight (g) of faba bean plants as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

100-seed weight (g) Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- Berelex (100 ppm) 78.26 78.69

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 76.51 77.03

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 75.76 76.29

4- Water (control ) 74.47 74.58

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.9 1.23



77.00 78.27


76.98 76.80


75.96 76.55


76.05 76.70


76.40 76.74


75.74 76.17


75.63 75.29

F- Test NS *

LSD 5% - 0.93

Interaction A*B NS *




81

Table 20: 100-seed weight (g) of faba bean plants as influenced by the interaction between chemical substances and times of spraying during 2004/2005 seasons.

100-seed weight (g) 2004/2005

Ch.Sub S.Times Berelex Amcotone Ridomil Water

1- At 35 DFS 82.62 79.65 77.31 73.51

2- At 45 DFS 79.56 77.82 76.37 73.46

3- At 55 DFS 78.57 76.67 76.14 74.83

4- At 65 DFS 77.52 76.52 77.48 75.29

5- At 35+45 DFS 78.46 76.94 76.09 75.47

6- At 35+45+55 DFS 77.25 76.36 76.01 75.06

7- At 35+45+55+65 DFS 76.87 75.26 74.62 74.41

F.Test

LSD 5% *

2.11

2004/2005100-se ed weight

687072747678808284

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Time of spraying s

100-

seed

weigh

t (gm

)



Fig. 13: Means of 100-seed weight (g) of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season.




82

2.10- Number of plants/m2 at harvest.

Average of number of plants/m2 at harvest in response to the two studied

factors i.e. chemical substances and times of spraying during 2003/2004 and

2004/2005 seasons are presented in Table 21.

A- Chemical substances effects: It could be seen in both growing seasons, that there were significant

increment in number of plants/m2 at harvest due to spraying of chemical

substances. Foliar spraying of Ridomil at 2500 ppm markedly improved and

increased the stand plants if compared with Berelex or Amcotone and the

control in both seasons. However, no significance differences between Berelex,

Amcotone and the control in number of stand plants at harvest. The highest

values of the stand plants was obtained from Ridomil treatment (23.80 and

23.77) followed by Berelex (22.02 and 21.74) and Amcotone (21.89 and 21.93)

compared with control treatment (21.51 and 21.36) in the first and second

seasons, respectively. Foliar spraying Ridomil treatment was the best, which

decreased the percentage of missing plants at harvest compared with other

treatments and control. These results might be attributed to controlling chocolate

spot and decreased the missing plants at harvest, as reported by El-Sayed et al.

(1996).

B- Times of spraying effects: Regarding the effect of times of spraying on number of plants/m2 at

harvest time of faba bean, data in Table 21 showed also that, times of foliar

spraying recorded insignificant increases in number of plants/m2 at harvest




83

Table 21: Number of plants/m2 of faba bean plants at harvest as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons

No. of plants at harvest/m2 Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- Berelex (100 ppm) 22.02 21.74

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 21.89 21.93

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 23.80 23.77

4- Water (control ) 21.51 21.36

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.67 1.00



21.88 22.24


22.41 22.62


22.48 21.98


23.30 22.17


21.80 22.08


21.97 22.23


21.31 22.07

F- Test NS NS

LSD 5% - -





84

of faba bean, however the highest number of stand plants obtained by foliar

spraying at 65 and 45 DFS (23.30 and 22.62) compared with the lowest value

recorded by foliar spraying at (35, 45, 55 and 65) and 55 DFS (21.31 and 21.98)

in the first and second seasons, respectively.

C- Interaction effects: All the interactions between the two factors had no significant effect on

number of plants/m2 at harvest time in any of the two seasons under studies.


Data pertaining to plant dry weight g/plant of faba bean recorded at

harvest time as influenced by variant spraying times of some chemical

substances during the two seasons are presented in Table 22.


Data in both seasons showed that, chemical substances indicated

significant increase in plant dry weight compared with control treatment (Table

22). However, the greatest value was obtained with Berelex treatment (58.47

and 52.23 g) followed by Amcotone treatment (57.38 and 48.69 g) and Ridomil

treatment (56.74 and 44.79 g) as compared with control treatment (53.65 and

43.05 g) in the first and second seasons, respectively. These results are in

agreement with those reported by El-Abd et al. (1989), Shaddad and El-Tayeb

(1990), Harb (1992) and Abdel-Ati et al. (2006) with respect to GA3 and NAA

on faba bean.




85

Table 22: Averages dry weight (g)/plant of faba bean plants at harvest as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons

Average dry weight (g)/plant Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- Berelex (100 ppm) 58.47 52.23

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 57.38 48.69

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 56.74 44.79

4- Water (control ) 53.65 43.05

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 1.83 1.2



57.27 49.56


58.46 48.83


56.86 47.31


55.93 46.36


56.40 46.75


55.50 45.78


55.48 45.74

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 1.78 1.92





86


Respecting plant dry weight of faba bean plants, data in Table 22 show a

significant effect of times of spraying on dry weight per plant. In the first season

foliar spraying at 45 DFS markedly increased plant dry weight compared with

the other times of spraying except at 35 DFS. No differences were detected

between foliar spraying at 55, 65, (35 and 45), (35, 45 and 55) or (35, 45, 55 and

65) DFS. In the second season, foliar spraying at 35 DFS statistically improved

plant dry weight compared with foliar spraying at 55, 65, (35 and 45), (35, 45

and 55) and (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS, however, no differences were recorded

between foliar spraying at 35 and 45 DFS. Greater plant dry weight was

obtained with foliar spraying at 45 and 35 DAS (58.46 and 49.56 g) as compared

with the lowest values resulted from (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS, which were

(55.48 and 45.74 g) in the first and second seasons, respectively. Similar results

were indicated by El-Abd et al. (1989) regarding GA3 and NAA at the

flowering stage; Shaddad and El-Tayeb (1990) regarding GA3 when sprayed

until 12 leaves had developed; Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997) respecting GA3 at 30

and 50 days after sowing.


None of the interaction had a significant effect on plant dry weight in any

of the two seasons under the local condition of the present investigation.




87

2.12- Seed yield (Ardab/fad).

Seed yield (Ardab/fad) of faba bean plants at harvest time as influenced

by various times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and

2004/2005 seasons are presented in Table 23.


It could be seen that, seed yield (Ardab/fad) of faba bean plants was

significantly affected by chemical substances treatments in the first and second

season (Table 23). In both seasons, foliar spraying of Berelex at 100 ppm

markedly increased seed yield Ardab/fad compared with Amcotone, Ridomil

and the untreated control treatments. Moreover, Amcotone at 600 ppm as foliar

spraying improved seed yield Ardab/fad if compared with Ridomil and control.

Finally, foliar spraying of Ridomil at 2500 ppm markedly increased seed yield

Ardab/fad if compared with the untreated control. It was clear that the greatest

seed yields Ardab/fad was recorded by foliar spraying with Berelex (11.82 and

12.13 Ardab/fad) followed by Amcotone (11.62 and 11.74 Ardab/fad) and

Ridomil (11.52 and 11.57 Ardab/fad) compared with the untreated control

treatment (11.21 and 11.19 Ardab/fad) in the first and second seasons,

respectively.

As mentioned before, foliar application of Berelex at 100 ppm followed

by Amcotone at 600 ppm and Ridomil at 2500 ppm caused further increase in

the studied growth characters, number of branches, LAI, number of flowers and

pods/plant when compared with the control. Therefore, it can be suggested that

positive correlation between seed yield and each of number of branches and




88

pods per plant, number of seed per pod and 100-seed weight, as mentioned by

El-Fieshawy and Fayed (1990) and Abd-El-Fattah (1997). With respect to GA3

and NAA, the increase in the total yield might be attributed to the decrease in

shedding percentage and to increased number of pods per plant and number of

seeds per plant, Moreover, increasing number of flowers per plant and

estimating pod setting % might contribute to increase total yield. The

enhancement of total yield shown under Berelex (GA3) treatment might be

ascribed to the increase in the endogenous promoters, which might increase the

ability of the reproductive organs to pull up the nutrient elements and establish a

metabolic sinks. At the same time, the level of ABA might be reduced by both

chemicals, which in turn could decrease shedding of floral buds, flowers and

immature pods, as reported by Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997). Also, it can be

suggested that these increases might have a role in increasing yield and yield

components, as mentioned by Rashad and Ahmed (1996). These findings are in

harmony with those obtained by Diethelm et al. (1986), Ibrahim et al. (1988),

El-Abd et al. (1989), Huang et al. (1989), El-Beheidi et al. (1991), Sharma et al.

(1991), Aldesuguey and Gaber (1993), Khare et al. (1993), Nowak et al. (1997)

and Abdel-Ati et al. (2006) with respect to GA3 and NAA spray on faba bean

plants.

On the contrary, Burkhard and Keller (1983) reported that treatment with

GA3 did not significantly affect any yield parameters, and Burkhard (1984) and

Huang et al. (1989) indicated that GA3 and NAA had little influence on seed

yield. Hence, increasing the rate and number of treatments with GA3 decreased




89

Table 23: Seed yield (Ardab/fed) of faba bean plants as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

Seed yield (Ardab/fed) Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- Berelex (100 ppm) 11.82 12.13

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 11.62 11.74

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 11.52 11.57

4- Water (control ) 11.21 11.19

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.06 0.09



11.68 11.82


11.57 11.76


11.55 11.69


11.53 11.61


11.53 11.67


11.49 11.55


11.41 11.50

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.06 0.05

Interaction A*B * *




90

the seed yields compared with the control plants from 2.9 to 2.1 t/ha (Elia and

Damato 1994).

With regard to increasing seed yield/fad by Ridomil (Metalaxyl and

Mancozeb) treatment, it was attributed mainly to a reduction in the percentage

of missing plants in the field and partly to an increase in plant productivity

because of controlling the chocolate spot and BYMV in plots, as reported by El-

Sayed et al. (1996). These results are in agreement with those indicated by

Marcellos et al. (1995), El-Sayed et al. (1996), Filipowicz and Soczynski (1997)

and Ying Yong (2002) with respect to Mancozeb and Metalaxyl spray on faba

bean plants.

B- Times of spraying effects: Results in the Table 23 also demonstrate that times of foliar spraying

significantly affected seed yield (Ardab/fad) of faba bean plants. In the first

season, foliar spraying in early growth stage at 35 DFS markedly increased seed

yields/fad compared with the other application times. More, foliar spraying at

45, 55, 65 or (35 and 45) DFS significantly increased seed yield/fad as

compared with foliar spraying at (35, 45 and 55) or (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS. In

the second season, foliar spraying in the early growth stages at 35 DFS markedly

increased seed yield/fad compared with the rest treatments. Moreover, foliar

spraying at 45 DFS significantly increased seed yield (Ardab/fad) compared

with foliar application at 55 DFS. The single application at 55 DFS statistically

increased the yield compared with foliar spraying at 65 DFS. Application at (35

and 45) DFS increased seed yield/fad significantly as compared with the late




91

single application at 65 DFS, as well as, foliar spraying at (35, 45 and 55) or (35,

45, 55 and 65) DFS. It suggested that the single application at 35 or 45 DFS or

when applied at (35 and 45) DFS maximized seed yield/fad in the second season

which failed, however to attain the level of significance in the first season. The

maximum seed yields (Ardab/fad) resulted from foliar spraying at 35 DFS

(11.68 and 11.82) Ardab/fad, while lowest seed yield which recorded by foliar

spraying at (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS (11.41 and 11.50) Ardab/fad in the first and

second seasons, respectively. These results are in harmony with those of

Diethelm et al. (1986), Cors and Falisse (1987), Khare et al. (1993), Marcellos

et al. (1995), Klasa et al. (1996) and Abd-El-Fattah et al. (1997).

C- Interaction effects: Concerning the interaction between the two studied factors on seed yield

(Ardab/fad) of faba bean plants, data in Table 24 and Figs. 14 and 15 indicated

significant increments in seed yield due to the interaction between the two

factors.

The highest seed yield/fad resulted from foliar spraying Berelex at 35

DFS (12.10 and 12.47 Ardab/fad). While the lowest values were recorded by the

untreated control treatment (11.15 and 11.11 Ardab/fad) in the first and second

seasons, respectively. Results reported by Keller and Bullucci (1980), Bellucci

et al. (1982), El etwally (1984) and Diethelm et al. (1986) are in harmony with

our study.




92

Table 24: Seed yield (Ardab/fad) of faba bean plants as influenced by the

interaction chemical substances and times of spraying during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

Seed yield (Ardab/fad) 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- At 35 DFS 12.10 11.80 11.50 11.23 12.47 12.07 11.58 11.16

2- At 45 DFS 11.91 11.67 11.52 11.18 12.31 11.86 11.62 11.26

3- At 55 DFS 11.81 11.65 11.56 11.19 12.18 11.74 11.65 11.21


F.Test LSD 5%

* 0.16

* 0.12




93

2003/2004Seed yield (Ardb/Fad)

10.610.8

1111.211.411.611.8

1212.2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Times of spraying

Seed

yield

(ard

b/fa

d)



Fig. 14: Means of seed yield (Ardab/fad) of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2003/2004 season.

2004/2005Seed yield (Ardb/Fad)

10.210.510.811.111.411.7

1212.312.6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Times of spraying

Seed

yield

(ard

b/fa

d)



Fig. 15: Means of seed yield (Ardab/fad) of faba bean plants as affected by the interaction between chemical substance and times of spraying in 2004/2005 season.




94

3- Quality of seeds:-

3.1- Protein%.

Values of protein percentage of faba bean seeds at harvest time as

influenced by various times of spraying of some chemical substances in

2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons are presented in Table 25.


Looking for protein percentage, it could be observed that chemical

substances under experiment recorded significant increase in protein %. Foliar

spraying of Berelex at 100 ppm or Amcotone at 600 ppm markedly increased

protein % compared with application of Ridomil and control in both seasons.

However, no significant differences were recorded between spraying of Ridomil

or distilled water in both seasons. Maximum protein percentage obtained with

Berelex treatment, which were (27.83 and 27.16 %) followed by Amcotone

(27.00 and 26.85 %) and Ridomil (26.48 and 25.98 %) compared with the

lowest protein percentage recorded by untreated control (26.19 and 25.75 %) in

the first and second seasons, respectively. Significant increase has bean obtained

from plants treated with GA3 and NAA. Such increases may be attributed to the

increment in dry matter content as a result of the regulation effect of GA3 on

nucleic acids, synthesis that increased protein synthesis and stimulated the

formation of some enzymes and other essential compounds for plant growth, as

reported by Ibrahim et al. (1988). These results are in agreement with those

reported by El-Abd et al. (1989), Abd-El-Fattah. (1997) and Gaber et al. (2000).




95

Table 25: % Protein of faba bean seeds as influenced by times of spraying of some chemical substances during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons.

% Protein Characters

Treatments 2003/2004 2004/2005


1- Berelex (100 ppm) 27.83 27.16

2- Amcotone (600 ppm) 27.00 26.85

3- Ridomil (2500 ppm) 26.48 25.98

4- Water (control ) 26.19 25.75

F- Test * *

LSD 5% 0.45 0.66



27.47 26.86


26.95 26.46


26.90 26.44


27.20 26.52


26.40 26.70


26.59 26.26


26.63 25.79

F- Test NS NS

LSD 5% - -





96


Respecting effects of foliar spraying times on seed protein percentage.

Data showed that in both seasons, no differences were detected by foliar

spraying at all times of spraying in protein %. However, foliar spraying at 35

DFS recorded maximum protein % (27.47 and 26.86 %) compared with the

minimum values recorded by foliar spraying at (35 and 45) and (35, 45, 55 and

65) DFS (26.40 and 25.79 %) in the first and second seasons, respectively.

C-Interaction effects:

None of the interaction had a significant effect on protein % in any of the

two seasons under the local condition of the present investigation.




97

SUMMARY

Two field experiments were conducted during the two winter growing

seasons of 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 at Meet-El-Amel village, Dakhlia, Egypt.

Accordingly, the present study was designed to investigate the influence of

spraying times of some chemical substances and their interaction on growth,

flowers/ pods shedding, dry pods and seed yield as well as yield attributes of

faba bean (vicia faba L) cv. Sakha1. The treatments of the two studied factors in

each experiment were:

A- Chemical substances:

1- Berelex at 100 ppm (Gibberellic Acid "GA3" effective matrial).

2- Amcotone at 600 ppm (Naphthyl acetamide "NA" and Naphthyl acetic

acid "NAA" effective matrial).

3- Ridomil at 2500 ppm (Metalaxyl and Mancozeb effective matrial).

4- Water (the untreated control).

B- Times of spraying:

1- Spraying at 35 days from sowing, (all concentration).

2- Spraying at 45 DFS, (all concentration).



5- Spraying at (35 and 45) DFS, (1/2 + 1/2 concentration).

6- Spraying at (35, 45 and 55) DFS, (1/3 + 1/3 + 1/3 concentration).

7- Spraying at (35, 45, 55 and 65) DFS, (1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 concentration).




98

- The experimental design:

The experimental design was a strip plot design with four replication.

Each plot included five ridges 3.5 m. long and 60 cm. a part within an area 10.5

sqm. Seed planting was achieved on both sides of ridges at 25 cm. between hills.

Seedlings were thinned to two plants/hill at 21 days after planting, which

expressed 122.000 plants/fad. The vertical plots were occupied with chemical

substances and the horizontal plots were occupied with spraying times. Plant

distance was 25 cm between hills, and 60 between ridges, expressed 112000

plants / fad.

- Studied characters:

- Recorded data:

1- Vegetative growth observation:

1- Leaf area index (LAI)

2- Number of setting flowers per plant.


1- Plant height (cm).

2- Number of branches per plant.

3- Number of dry pods per plant.

4- Weight of dry pods per plant (g).

5- Number of seeds per pod.

6- Pod length (cm).

7- Number of seeds per plant.

8- Seed yield (g)/plant.




99

9- 100-seed weight (g).

10- Number of plants at harvest / m2.

11- Average dry weight (g)/plant.

12- Seed yield (Ardab/fad).

C- Seed quality:

1- Protein percentage (%).

- Statistical analysis:

The main findings of the present investigation could be summarized

as follows:




It could be seen in both seasons, that there were significant increase in

leaf area index due to foliar spraying of chemical substances on broad bean

plants. In both seasons, foliar spraying of Berelex at 100 ppm markedly

increased LAI of faba bean plants followed by Amcotone at 600 ppm.


In both seasons there were significant increase in No. of setting

flowers/plant due to applying chemical substances (Berelex, Amcotone and

Ridomil) compared with the untreated plants. Berelex at 100 ppm recorded the

highest values.




100



Data in both seasons showed that, faba bean which received foliar

applications of Berelex or Amcotone were significantly higher compared with

Ridomil and the untreated control.

2.2- Number of branches per plant.

The results cleared that, foliar spraying of chemical substances showed a

significant increase in No. of branches/plant compared with the control

treatment. Berelex at 100 ppm recorded the superior values.


Chemical substance markedly increased number of pods compared with

the untreated control. Berelex followed by Amcotone and Ridomil, respectively

obtained the highest values.


In both seasons, the application of chemical substances statistically

increase the weight of pods/plant compared with the untreated control.


The results in both seasons cleared a marked effect of chemical

substances on No. pf seeds/pod and the maximum seed/pod obtained by Berelex

treatment in both seasons.


In both seasons, Berelex at 100 ppm markedly increase pod length

compared with the rest of application.




101


Data show that, Berelex at 100 ppm, Amcotone at 600 ppm and Ridomil

at 2500 ppm markedly increased number of seeds/plant compared with the

untreated control.


All chemical substances compared with the control treatment markedly

improved seed yield g/plant. Berelex give the maximum values in both seasons.


In both seasons, Berelex at 100 ppm markedly increased 100-seed weight

compared with other treatment. Moreover, no statistical significant was recorded

between Amcotone and Ridomil, while they markedly improved 100-seed yield

compared with untreated control.


Foliar spraying of Ridomil at 2500 ppm markedly improved the stand

plants if compared with Berelex or Amcotone and the control in both seasons.


Plant dry weight markedly affected by chemical substances. Moreover,

the best values were recorded by Berelex treatment in both seasons.


Chemical substances increased seed yield compared with the untreated

control in both seasons. Berelex followed by Amcotone and Ridomil give the

highest values respectively.




102

3- Seed Quality:

3.1- Protein percentage.

Foliar spraying of Berelex and Amcotone markedly increased protein %

compared with application of Ridomil and control in both seasons.




Foliar spraying times recorded significant effect on LAI. Moreover, foliar

spraying at 35 DFS recorded the maximum LAI compared with the other

application in both seasons.


In both seasons, it is suggested that the early one time foliar spraying is

more effective in increasing flowering set under this experiment. Spraying

chemical once significantly increased number of setting flowers if compared

with multi application.



The highest value recorded with foliar spraying at 35 DAS followed by 45

DAS in the first and second season respectively.

2.2- Number of branches per plant.

Data show that, insignificant increase indicated with times of spraying.

However, the maximum values obtained with foliar spraying at 35 DFS.




103


Foliar spraying at 35 DFS significantly increased number of pods per

plant compared with the other application. Moreover, no significant differences

were recorded between various times of application.


Spraying times of chemical substance under practice recorded significant

effect in total weight of pods/plant. In both seasons the highest weight observed

with 35 DAS followed by 45 DAS in first and second seasons respectively.


Data in the first season recorded insignificant effects of spraying times on

No. of seeds/pod. While significant effects were detected in the second season.


Spraying times of chemical substances recorded insignificant effects on

pod length in 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 seasons. the highest means obtained

with foliar spraying at 35 DFS.


Significant effects were indicated to times of foliar spraying. Foliar

praying times at 35 DFS recorded the maximum values compared with other

spraying times.


In the first and second seasons, foliar spraying time significantly affected

seed yield g/plant. The highest seed yield g/plant recorded by foliar spraying at

35 followed by 45 DFS.




104


Data show insignificant effects of foliar spraying times in the first season.

While, in the second season marked effects were detected by foliar spraying

times. The best time of spraying was at 35 DFS.


Times of foliar spraying recorded insignificant effect on number of

plants/m2 at harvest in both seasons.


Data showed that significant effects of spraying times on plant dry weight

were found in both seasons.


Respecting with foliar spraying times, data show significant effects due to

spraying times in both seasons. The best time of spraying was at 35 DFS.

3- Seed Quality:

3.1- Protein percentage.

In both seasons, no differences were detected by foliar spraying at all

times of spraying in protein %. Foliar spraying at 35 DFS recorded maximum

protein %.

C- Interaction effects between chemical substances and times of spraying:-



Data showed that, there was significant effect due to interaction between

chemical substances and times of spraying. However, the highest response was




105

obtained by Berelex when sprayed at 35 DFS.

B- Yield and its components:


Generally the main effect of treatments Berelex and Amcotone

significantly increased plant height compared with Ridomil and untreated plants

(control) under the various times of spraying.


The interaction show significant effects on No. of dry pods. spraying

Berelex at 35 DFS recorded the highest value.


The interaction between chemical substances and spraying times indicated

significant effect in total weight of dry pods/plant and the greatest value

observed by Berelex at 35 DAS.


Data showed that there was significant effect due to interaction between

the two factors, which indicated generally that, Berelex markedly increased the

number of seeds/plant at all times of spraying except at spraying time 65 DFS.


Data indicated significant increment in total seeds yield/plant. In both

seasons, Berelex 35 DFS markedly increased seed yield g/plant compared with

the rest of treatments.


In the second season. Spraying Berelex at 35 DFS markedly increased




106

100-seed weight compared with other application of chemical substances at the

rest of spraying times. Moreover, Amcotone and Ridomil at all times of spraying

improved 100-seed weight if compared with untreated control.


It could be seen that foliar spraying Berelex followed by Amcotone at all

times of spraying except at 65 DFS recorded the highest seed yield/fad. More,

the highest seed yields/fad recorded by Berelex at 35 DFS (12.10 and 12.47

Ardab/fad) followed by Amcotone at 35 DFS (11.80 and 12.07 Ardab/fad) and

Ridomil at 65 DFS (11.66 and 11.70 Ardab/fad) compared with untreated

control treatment (11.29 and 11.26 Ardab/fad) in first and second season

respectively.

All other interactions were not significant.




107

CONCLUSION

Faba bean plants were sprayed with three chemical substances, two of

them are growth regulators (Berelex and Amcotone) and the other one is

fungicide (Ridomil), all chemical substances under experiment were affective

compared with control treatment (water). Consequently, using one of these

chemical substances singly, raise the yields of faba bean plants compared with

untreated plants.

However, the most effective material in the current study is Berelex,

which recorded the highest values with vegetative growth characters, yield

components and seed yield, followed by Amcotone and Ridomil compared with

the untreated plants.

Whereas, growth regulators (Berelex and Amcotone), somehow regulate

physiological plant process and rarely affects alone and play an essential role in

many aspects of plant growth and development. In addition, Ridomil used to

prevent the attack of fungal diseases at different periods of crop growth.

However, the second factor in the current study is times of spraying,

which recorded varying results with chemical substances under experiment.

Wherein, the best results observed with spraying at 35 DFS followed by foliar

spraying at 45 DFS with growth regulators (Berelex and Amcotone), and the

best results with Ridomil treatment obtained at 65 DFS.

Briefly, from the current study under Aga center, it is cleared that

spraying growth regulators (Berelex and Amcotone) after early sowing times




108

(35, 45 DFS) could produce high yields of faba bean plants. Whereas, applied

fungicide (Ridomil) at 65 DFS (a highly active period for fungi) produced the

highest seed yield compared with untreated plants. Also, minimum shedding

percentage and maximum seed yield could be obtained by foliar spraying of

Berelex at 100 ppm at 35 DFS.




109

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122

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الفول البلدي

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وتھدف ھذه الدراسة إلي دراسة تأثیر الرش ببعض المواد .حیث تؤدى إلي نقص كبیر في كمیھ المحصول

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2 14May 2007 ׀ © FAO Statistics Division 2007 ׀ FAOSTAT




123

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124

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125

-:النتائج -

.تأثیر مواد الرش الكیماویة: أوًال :النمو الخضري -1

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مقارن ة بمعامل ة النب ات/أدى ال رش ب المواد الكیماوی ة إل ي زی ادة معنوی ة ف ى ص فة ع دد الق رون




126

ج زء ف ى 100(أظھرت النتائج خالل الموسمین أن رش نباتات الف ول البل دي بم ادة البی رلیكس . الكنترول

قد أدى الى الحصول على أكبر عدد من القرون الجافة عل ى النب ات مقارن ة بمعامل ة األمكوت ون، ) الملیون

.الرودودمیل ومعاملة الكنترول

. )جرام (نبات / وزن القرون-4. 2

ق د أدى إل ي ) البی رلیكس، األمكوت ون والرودمی ل (أن ال رش ب المواد الكیماوی ة بیان ات الأوض حت

نبات مقارنة بمعاملة المقارن ة خ الل الموس مین، وك ان ترتیبھ ا عل ى /زیادة معنویة فى وزن القرون الجافة

/ ي حین كان أقل وزن للق رون الجاف ة التوالي مادة البیرلیكس یلیھا مادة االمكوتون یلیھا مادة الرودمیل، ف

. نبات كان لمعاملة الرش بالماء

.قرن/ عدد البذور -5. 2

. ق رن أظھ رت إس تجابة معنوی ة لمع امالت م واد ال رش /م ن البیان ات وج د أن ص فة ع دد الب ذور

ف روق ف ي ح ین ل م ت سجل أى . سجلت معاملة البیرلیكس أعلى الق یم مقارن ة بمعالم ة الرودمی ل والكنت رول

واض حة ب ین مع املتى البی رلیكس األمكوت ون م ن ناحی ة واألمكوت ون والرودمی ل م ن ناحی ة اخ رى خ الل

.الموسمین

).سم(طول القرن -6. 2

مقارنة بمعاملة المقارنة ) سم(أدى الرش بالمواد الكیماویة إلى زیادة معنویة في صفة طول القرن

.خالل الموسمین) الرش بالماء(

.نبات/ ذور عدد الب-7. 2

تأثیرا معنویًا على صفة ع دد )الرودمیلالبیرلیكس، األمكوتون و ب(كان لرش نباتات الفول البلدي

سجلت مادة البیرلیكس ثم االمكوتون ثم الرودمیل . نبات مقارنة بمعاملة الكنترول خالل الموسمین / البذور

.أعلى القیم على التوالي خالل الموسمین المتتالیین

).جم(نبات / البذور زنو -8. 2

ق د أظھ رت درج ة معنوی ھ أعل ى عن د ال رش ) ج م (نب ات / أوضحت البیانات أن صفة وزن البذور

وكانت أعلى القیم من ن صیب معامل ة البی رلیكس، . بمواد التجربة مقارنة بمعاملة المقارنة خالل الموسمین




127

.األمكوتون والرودمیل على التوالي

).جم( بذرة 100وزن -9. 2

نتیج ة لمع امالت م واد ) ج م ( ب ذرة 100ذی ادة معنوی ة ف ي ص فة وزن سجل البیانات الماخوذه تلم

وكان ت أعل ى . زی ادة معنوی ة لھ ذه ال صفة 2004/2005الرش الكیماویة، في حین سجلت بیان ات الموس م

. ملة المقارنةالقیم نتیجة لمعاملة البیرلیكس ثم معاملة االمكوتون ثم معاملة الرودمیل مقارنة بمعا

.2م/ عدد النباتات عند الحصاد -10. 2

أظھرت بیانات الموسمین أن الرش بالمواد الكیماویة أدى إلي زیادة معنویة فى عدد النباتات عند

.أعلى القیم مقارنة بالمواد األخرى) جزء فى الملیون2500( وقد سجلت معاملة الرودمیل 2م / الحصاد

).جم(لنبات الوزن الجاف ل-11. 2

أدت إل ي زی ادة ال وزن الج اف للنبات ات م ستخدمة ق د لأن مواد الرش ا أوضحت بیانات الموسمین

وكانت أعلى القیم من نصیب معاملة البیرلیكس ثم معاملة األمكوتون ومعامل ة . مقارنة بمعاملة الكنترول

.الرودمیل

).فدان/أردب(محصول البذور -12. 2

زی ادة ) ف دان /أردب( إل ي ذی ادة مح صول الب ذور ول البل دي ب المواد الكیماوی ة أدى رش نباتات الف

أعل ى مح صول ) ج زء ف ى الملی ون100(وس جلت معامل ة البی رلیكس . معنوی ة مقارن ة بمعامل ة المقارن ة

11.62(حیث كانت ) جزء فى الملیون600(ثم معاملة األمكوتون ) فدان/أردب12.13 و 11.82(للبذور

11.57 و 11.52(حی ث كان ت ) ج زء ف ى الملی ون2500(ث م معامل ة الرودمی ل) ف دان /أردب 11.74و

). فدان/أردب 11.19 و 11.21(مقارنة بمعاملة الكنترول ) فدان/أردب


. النسبة المئویھ للبروتین-1. 3

ح ف ي ن سبة أوضحت بیانات الموسمین أن معاملتى البیرلیكس واألمكوتون قد أظھرت ا تف وق واض

.البروتین فى بذور الفول البلدي مقارنة بتأثیر مادة الرودمیل ومعاملة الكتنرول خالل الموسمین المتتالیین




128

.تأثیر مواعید الرش: ثانیًا

:النمو الخضري -1

).LAI ( دلیل مساحة األوراق -1. 1

LAIعنوی ة بالن سبة أوض حت بیان ات الموس مین أن مواعی د رش الم واد الكیماوی ة س جلت قیم ا م

. یوم من الزراعة35وكانت أعلى القیم عند


وس جل ال رش . نب ات /سجلت مواعید الرش خالل الموسمین زیادة معنویة فى ع دد األزھارالعاق دة

، 45، 35(ت عند یوم من الزراعة أعلى القیم مقارنة بأقل القیم والتي رشت أربع مرا 35مرة واحده عند

.یوم من الزراعة) 65 ,55


).سم(عند الحصاد النبات طول -1. 2

كما . في خالل الموسمین أظھرت مواعید الرش زیادة معنویة فى صفة طول النباتات عند الحصاد

د الح صاد مقارن ة یوم من الزراعة أعلى قیم إلرتفاع النباتات عن 35سجلت معاملة الرش مرة واحده عند

. بمواعید الرش االخرى


لم تسجل البیانات الماخوذة خالل الموسمین أي زیادة معنوی ة ف ي ص فة ع دد األف رع عل ى النب ات

ی وم م ن الزراع ة أعل ى 35في حین سجلت معاملة الرش م رة واح ده عن د . نتیجة لمواعید الرش المختلفة

.ى النبات خالل الموسمین على التواليعدد من األفرع عل


. نب ات /سجلت مواعید رش المواد الكیماویة خالل الموسمین زیادة معنوی ة ف ى ص فة ع دد الق رون

,45، 35( یوم من الزراعة مقارنة بأقل القیم عند الرش أربع مرات عند 35وكان أفضل میعاد للرش عند

. یوم من الزراعة فى الموسم الثاني) 65 ,55، 45، 35(ل و فى الموسم األو) 55

. )جرام (نبات / وزن القرون-4. 2




129

/ أوض حت بیان ات الموس مین أن مواعی د ال رش س جلت قیم ًا معنوی ة بالن سبة ل صفة وزن الق رون

رن ة بمع امالت ال رش ی وم م ن الزراع ة أعل ى الق یم مقا 35وسجلت معامل ة ال رش م رة واح ده عن د . نبات

.األخرى خالل الموسمین

.قرن/ عدد البذور -5. 2

ق رن ف ى الموس م األول ف ى ح ین أن /لم تسجل مواعید الرش أى زیادة معنوی ة ل صفة ع دد الب ذور

، 45، 35وكانت أفضل النتائج عند الرش مرة واح ده عن د . الزیادة كانت زیادة معنویة في الموسم الثاني

. یوم من الزراعة) 45 , 35(عند و مرتان 65، 55

).سم(طول القرن -6. 2

نتیج ة لمواعی د ) س م (لم تسجل الییانات الم أخوذة خ الل الموس مین أي إختالف ات ف ى ط ول الق رن

.الرش المختلفة

.نبات/ عدد البذور -7. 2

. نب ات /ذوركان لمواعید رش المواد الكیماوی ة خ الل الموس مین ت أثیر معن وي عل ى ص فة ع دد الب

ی وم م ن الزراع ة مقارن ة بأق ل الق یم وھ ى ال رش أرب ع 35وكانت اعلى القیم نتیجة الرش مرة واحده عند

.یوم من الزراعة) 65 ,55، 45، 35(مرات عند

).جم(نبات / البذور وزن -8. 2

نتیج ة) ج م(نب ات /أوض حت البیان ات الم سجلة خ الل الموس مین زی ادة معنوی ة ف ى وزن الب ذور

یوم مقارنة بأقل القیم عند ال رش أرب ع 45 ، 35وكان أفضل میعاد للرش مرة واحده عند . مواعید الرش

.یوم من الزراعة) 65 ,55، 45، 35(مرات عند

).جم( بذرة 100وزن -9. 2

خالل الموسم األول، أم ا ف ي ) جم( بذرة 100لم تسجل معامالت الرش أى تأثیر على صفة وزن

وكان لرش النباتات م رة واح ده . ني، فإن معامالت الرش قد أظھرت زیادة معنویة لھذه الصفھ الموسم الثا

. بذرة مقارنة بمواعید الرش المختلفة100 یوم من الزراعة أكبر األثر على وزن 35عند

.2م/ عدد النباتات عند الحصاد -10. 2




130

ة لمعامالت مواعید الرش المستخدمة لم تسجل البیانات خالل الموسمین أي تأثیرات واضحة نتیج

فى الموس م الث اني أعل ى 45 في الموسم االول و 65وسجلت معاملة الرش مرة واحده عند . فى التجربة

. عدد من النباتات عند الحصاد

).جم( الوزن الجاف للنبات -11. 2

میعاد ال رش م رة واح ده وسجلت). جم(أظھرت مواعید الرش زیادة معنویة لصفة الوزن الجاف للنباتات

یوم فى الموسم الثاني أعلى القیم مقارنة بأقل القیم وھي الرش أربع مرات 35 فى الموسم األول و 45عند

.یوم من الزراعة) 65 ,55، 45، 35(عند


الق یم نتیج ة معامل ة وكان ت أعل ى . أدت مواعید الرش إلي زیادة معنویة فى صفة محصول البذور

مقارنة بأقل الق یم عن د ال رش ) فدان/أردب 11.82 و 11.68( یوم من الزراعة 35الرش مرة واحده عند

خالل الموسمین الزراعیین ) فدان/أردب 11.50 و 11.41(حیث كانت ) 65 ,55، 45، 35(أربع مرات

.على التوالي


. النسبة المئویھ للبروتین-1. 3

فى حین كانت أعل ى . لم تسجل مواعید الرش أى زیادات معنویة فى صفة النسبة المئویة للبروتین

. یوم من الزراعة35القیم عند الرش مرة واحده

. تأثیر التفاعل بین المواد الكیماویة ومواعید الرش:ثالثًا

ت ع دد األزھ ار كان للتفاعل بین مواد الرش الكیماویة ومواعید الرش تأثیر معن وي عل ى ص فا

عدد الذورلكل – وزن القرون لكل نبات – عدد القرون لكل نبات – طول النبات عند الحصاد –لكل نبات

. ومحصول البذور للفدان– وزن البذور لكل نبات –نبات

:النمو الخضري -1


نب ات خ الل / معنوی ة ف ى ع دد األزھارالعاق دة أدى التفاع ل ب ین م واد ال رش ومواعی د ال رش إل ي زی ادة




131

ی وم م ن الزراع ة وأقلھ ا 35وكانت أعل ى الق یم نتیج ة ل رش م ادة البی رلیكس م رة واح ده عن د . الموسمین

.معاملة الكنترول


).سم(عند الحصاد النبات طول -1. 2

ن إیجابی ًا عل ى ص فة ط ول النب ات أوض حت بین ات الموس مین أن التفاع ل ب ین ع املى الدراس ة ك ا

ی وم م ن الزراع ة مقارن ة بمعامل ة 35وكانت اعلى القیم عند رش مادة البیرلیكس م رة واح ده عن د ). سم(

.الكنترول


النب ات، حی ث / أظھ رت النت ائج ان التفاع ل ب ین ع املي الدراس ة ق د أدى إل ي زی ادة ع دد الق رون

یوم من الزراعة إلي الح صول عل ى أعل ى ع دد 35الرش بمادة البیرلیكس مرة واحده عند اعطت معاملة

.من القرون على النبات مقارنة بقیم التفاعل األخرى ومعاملة الكنترول خالل الموسمین

.)جرام (نبات / وزن القرون-3. 2

، )ج م (نب ات / القرون أدى التفاعل بین مواد الرش مواعید الرش خالل الموسمین إلي ذیادة وزن

یوم من الزراعة أعل ى الق یم خ الل 35عند ) جزء فى الملیون100(حیث سجلت معاملة رش البیرلیكس

. الموسمین

.نبات/ عدد البذور -4. 2

سجلت قیم التفاعل بین مواد الرش ومواعید الرش خالل موسمى الزراعة زیادة معنویة فى ص فة

ی وم ق د س جلت أعل ى ع دد 35 معاملة الرش بمادة البیرلیكس مرة واحده عن د وضح أن . نبات/عدد البذور

. نبات بینما سجلت معاملة الكنترول أقل القیم/ من البذور

).جم(نبات / البذور وزن -5. 2

خ الل موس مي ) ج م (نبات / سجل التفاعل بین عاملى الدراسة زیادة معنویة فى صفة وزن البذور

ی وم م ن الزراع ة ق د س جل أعل ى مح صول 35ل رش بم ادة الب ریلكس م رة واح ده عن د كما أن ا . الزراعة

.نبات الفول البلدي مقارنة بقیم التفاعل األخرى خالل الموسمین/ للبذور




132

).جم( بذرة 100وزن -6. 2

ب ذرة ف ي الموس م 100ی سجل التفاع ل ب ین ع املى الدراس ة أى ت أثیر معن وي عل ى ص فة وزن لم

د ن عمرة واح ده وضح أن معاملة رش البیرلیكس . أظھرت زیادة معنویة فى الموسم الثاني األول في حین

بذرة مقارن ة بق یم التفاع ل األخ رى ب ین م واد ال رش 100وزن لعدد یوم من الزراعة قد أعطت أعلى 35

. ومواعید الرش


تفاعل بین مواد الرش ومواعی د ال رش ق د أظھ ر زی ادة من بیانات الموسمین الزراعیین وجد أن ال

ی وم م ن 35س جلت معامل ة رش البی رلیكس م رة واح ده عن د . )ف دان /أردب(معنویة فى مح صول الب ذور

و 11.80( ی وم 35ث م األمكوت ون عن د ) ف دان / أردب 12.47 و12.10(الزراعة أعلى مح صول للب ذور

و 11.29(مقارن ة بمعامل ة الكنت رول ) 11.70 و 11.66 ( یوم65ثم الرودمیل عند ) فدان/ أردب12.07

.خالل الموسمین الزراعیین على التوالي) 11.62

بینما لم یسجل التفاعل بین مواد الرش الكیماویة ومواعید الرش أي تاثیر على اى من الصفات

.األخرى تحت الدراسة

الدراسةخالصة

) ، أمكوت ون البی رلیكس (إستخدام منظم ات النم و بوجھ عام أن الرش ب ھذه الدراسة أظھرت نتائج

قد أدى إلي تحسین مواصفات النمو الخ ضري لنبات ات الف ول البل دي متمثل ة ) الرودمیل(أو مبید الفطریات

في إرتفاع النبات، دلیل مساحة األوراق و زیادة عدد األزھار وإنخفاض نسبة الت ساقط لألزھ ار والق رون

وذلك مقارنة بمعاملة الجافھ، كما أدى إلي زیادة محصول بذور الفول البلديوإعطاء عدد أكبر من القرون

ف ي ) الجب ریلین واالمكوت ون(كم ا أثبت ت ھ ذه الدراس ة أن رش منظم ات النم و ). الكنت رول(ال رش بالم اء

ت شجیع أدى إل ي) ی وم م ن الزراع ة45 : 35( قب ل وأثن اء فت رة التزھی ر م ن عم ر النب اتمبك رة أوق ات

وزی ادة ن سبة العق د وزی ادة ال صغیرة ت ات عل ى اإلزھ ار وتقلب ل ومقاوم ة ت ساقط األزھ ار والق رون النبا

ف ي مراح ل مت اخرة فكان ت أكث ر فاعلی ھ الرودمی ل م ادة برش ال أم ا .محصول البذور الكل ي للف ول البل دي




133

م ستخدمة ف ى كم ا ثب ت م ن واق ع التجرب ة أن رش الم واد الكیماوی ة ال ). ی وم م ن الزراع ة 65الرش بع د (

ی وم وم ادة ) 45 أو 35(م رة واح ده ف ى مواعی د مبك رة بع د الزراع ھ ) البی رلیكس واألمكوت ون (التجرب ة

یوم من الزراعھ كان أكثر فاعلیة من رشھا على مرات متتالیة، وأدى إلي زی ادة 65 أو 55الرودمیل بعد

.النمو الخضري ومحصول البذور

ی وم م ن 35 ج زء ف ى الملی ون بع د 100جبریلین بتركی ز وعموما یوصى برش الف ول البل دي ب ال

الزراعة للحصول على أعلى مح صول م ن الب ذور وأق ل ن سبة لت ساقط األزھ ار والق رون ال صغیرة تح ت

. محافظھ الدقھلیة–ظروف مركز اجا




134




29

فيتأثیر الرش ببعض المواد الكیماویة على المحصول والتساقط

الفول البلدي

رسالة مقدمة من

محمد طھ عبد الرحمن زلمھ )قسم المحاصیل(بكالوریوس العلوم الزراعیة

)١٩٩٩(جامعة المنصورة -كلیة الزراعة

كجزء من المتطلبات للحصول على درجة

الماجستیر في العلوم الزراعیة

اإلشراف

محسن عبد العزیز بدوي/ د . أ لزراعة كلیة ا–أستاذ المحاصیل

جامعة المنصورة

عوض طھ القصبي/ د . أ كلیة الزراعة–أستاذ المحاصیل


عادل محمد عبد الجواد سالمة/ د. أ كلیة الزراعة–أستاذ المحاصیل

امعة المنصورةج

٢٠٠٧

جامعة المنصورة كلیة الزراعة

قسم المحاصیل




30


كلیة الزراعة قسم المحاصیل

المشرفون

:عنوان الرسالة

تأثیر الرش ببعض المواد الكیماویة على المحصول والتساقط في الفول البلدي

:اسم الباحث محمد طھ عبد الرحمن زلمھ

لجنة اإلشراف

التوقیع الوظیفة االسم م

١ االستاذ الدكتور

يز بدوىمحسن عبد العز أستاذ المحاصيل

جامعة المنصورة–كلية الزراعة

٢ االستاذ الدكتور عوض طه القصبي

أستاذ المحاصيل جامعة المنصورة–كلية الزراعة

٣ االستاذ الدكتور

عادل محمد عبد الجواد سالمة أستاذ المحاصيل


/ : / تاریخ المناقشة

عميد الكلية وكيل الكلية للدراسات العليا رئيس القسم ماهر محمد إبراهيم عبد العال . د. أالسيد محمود الحديدي . د. أحمد نادر السيد عطية أ. د. أ




31


كلیة الزراعة قسم المحاصیل

لجنة المناقشة والحكم :عنوان الرسالة

تأثیر الرش ببعض المواد الكیماویة على المحصول والتساقط في

الفول البلدي :اسم الباحث

محمد طھ عبد الرحمن زلمھ لجنة اإلشراف

التوقیع الوظیفة االسم م


عزيز بدوىمحسن عبد ال أستاذ المحاصيل

جامعة المنصورة– كلية الزراعة

٢ االستاذ الدكتور

عوض طه القصبي أستاذ المحاصيل



عادل محمد عبد الجواد سالمة أستاذ المحاصيل

جامعة المنصورة– كلية الزراعة

لجنة الحكم والمناقشة التوقیع الوظیفة االسم م


السيد عبد العزيز محمود أستاذ المحاصیل

جامعة القاھرة-كلیة الزراعة

٢ االستاذ الدكتور

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محسن عبد العزيز بدوى محاصیلأستاذ ال

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٤ االستاذ الدكتور

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جامعة المنصورة–كلیة الزراعة

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: / / تاریخ المناقشة عميد الكلية وكيل الكلية للدراسات العليا سم رئيس الق

ماھر محمد إبراھیم عبد العال. د. أ السید محمود الحدیدي . د. أ أحمد نادر السید عطیة . د.أ




I N F L U ECO SPRAY IG S MH AB T NC S ON YIELD ......Ahmed N. E. Attia El-Sayed M. El-Hadidi Maher...

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