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18 b‡f¤^i 2016

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b‡f¤^i 2016 19

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20 b‡f¤^i 2016

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b‡f¤^i 2016 21

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22 b‡f¤^i 2016

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3| gvB‡µvmdU AwdmgvB‡µvmdU IqvW© (Microsoft Word), gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j (Microsoft Excel) IgvB‡µvmdU cvIqvic‡q›U (Microsoft PowerPoint) Ggb wZbwU AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq†cÖvMÖvg, †h¸‡jv m¤^‡Ü Rvbv GLb meviB AZ¨šÍ `iKvi| Avcwb †h †ckv‡ZB _vKzb bv†Kb, †nvK †mwU wkÿKZv,e¨emv, IKvjwZ, wd«j¨vwÝs,Wv³vwi, BwÄwbqvwis, DbœqbKgx© Ñ cÖwZwU †ckv‡ZB GBwZbwU †cÖvMÖvg `iKvi nq|GgGmIqvW© n‡”Q †gŠwjKIqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi|†jLv‡jwLi me KvRB Gi gva¨‡g Kiv hvq| †mwU WKz‡g›U ev wi‡cvU© ev eB hvB †nvK bv†Kb| cvIqvic‡q‡›Ui KvR n‡”Q †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ˆZwi Kiv| eZ©gv‡b Ggb Awdm KgB Av‡Q†hLv‡b wgwUs ev †mwgbv‡i †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv ai‡bi †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq bv| Avi†K Rv‡b, †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ cvIqvic‡q›U ixwZgZ AZzjbxq| Gici AvwmG‡·‡ji K_vq| Ggb wnmve wefvM wK †Kv‡bv Awd‡m Av‡Q, †hLv‡b G‡·j e¨envi Kivnq bv? Kgx©‡`i m¨vjvwi †÷U‡g›U ˆZwi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U©i Rb¨ PvU©, MÖvdBZ¨vw` ˆZwi Kiv Ñ cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î G‡·j Avgv‡`i mvnvh¨ K‡i| G Kvi‡YB gvB‡µvmdUIqvW©, gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j I gvB‡µvmdU cvIqvic‡q›U bv‡gi GB wZbwU mdUIq¨viAvgv‡`i Aek¨B Rvb‡Z n‡e| bB‡j e¨w³MZ I †ckvMZ me †ÿ‡ÎB bvKvwbPzevwb †L‡Zn‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b ¸Mjmn †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv I‡cb †mvm© Awdm my¨B‡UI Av‡Q IqvW©,G‡·j Avi cvIqvic‡q‡›Ui weKí| †m¸‡jvI wk‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib|

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b‡f¤^i 2016 23

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24 b‡f¤^i 2016

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28 b‡f¤^i 2016

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b‡f¤^i 2016 29

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30 b‡f¤^i 2016

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32 b‡f¤^i 2016

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b‡f¤^i 2016 37

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Intel 4004(1971)

Intel 8086(1978)

Intel 80286(1982)

Intel 80386(1985)

Intel 80486(1989)

Intel Pentium(1993)

Intel Pentium 4(2000)

Intel Pentium4 HT (2002)

Intel Core2Duo (2007)

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38 b‡f¤^i 2016

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b‡f¤^i 2016 39

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40 b‡f¤^i 2016

English

It’s a ridiculous time in the morning,

and you’ve just about got out of bed.

At this point, you’re extremely tired

and could do with an extra few

minutes of shut-eye, but you know

you have work in an hour. You

quickly get washed and dressed,

before making your way to the

kitchen to fix up some breakfast and

grab a cup of coffee. Now it’s time for

that painfully boring commute, which

could easily make you cry at any

given moment. Whatever you tell

yourself, the fact is you can make

your journey to work even better.

You’ve no doubt got a smartphone

tucked away in your pocket, so why

not make use of it and the time you

have on the bus or train?

Time is precious, and you can

potentially achieve a lot during your

commute - even if it’s pretty short.

Get productive with an app, or have

fun with a game to kill the time. There

are plenty of them out there, and we

look at the best apps and services for

quick commutes.

Medium (Android, iOS, free)

Reading is powerful, and there’s so

much you can learn by doing it. On

your daily commute - especially if

you’re on a train or bus - you no doubt

see people with their heads buried in

books, newspapers and magazines.

Well, with Medium, you can read

quality content straight from your

phone. What’s cool, though, is that the

app has a ‘read time’ feature, meaning

you can identify how long an article

will take to read. Most are pretty easy

to get into, and you can easily get

through a piece within 15 minutes.

Stronghold Games Timer (Android,

iOS, free)

If you’d like to kill time and have a bit

of fun as well, then it’s worth

checking out Stronghold Games

Timer. Available on both Android and

iOS, the app offers a selection of easy

games that are controlled by sand

timers. They’re based mainly on the

theme of space, but there’s also a

whacky game about the UN Security

Council. You can set a timer for each

game, lasting from a few seconds to a

few minutes. There’s a pre-timer

option of five minutes, so you could

easily play a few while you’re on the

bus or train.

News In 60 (iOS, free)

Sometimes, it can be hard to keep up-

to-date with the things happening in

the world when you have so much

going on in your life. But you can

change that with News In 60. The app

finds all the important news in a day -

covering areas such as current affairs,

technology and sports - and

summarises them so they only take a

few seconds to read. You can easily

share your favourite articles with

friends and save them as bookmarks

to access later on. It’s been optimised

for high-download speed, low

bandwidth and night use.

Map My Walk

There are many people who commute

to work by walking, especially if they

live in interconnected cities and

t o w n s .

P e r h a p s

you’re one

of them. You

probably see

it as a great

way of

exercising,

and with Map My Walk, you can

calculate your pace, route, distance,

calories and steps. It’s a handy way to

look at how much your daily

commute contributes to your health

and wellbeing. You can import data to

connected devices from Jawbone,

Misfit, Fitbit, Garmin and Withings.

There’s also the ability to map & plan

your route before you leave your house.

Serial Reader (Android, iOS, free)

It feels great to get ingrained in a good

novel, but in reality, not everyone has

the time to get through long-read

prose. There’s just not enough time in

the day. With Serial Reader, though,

you can use your commutes to delve

into small chunks of books. This

smart app lets you subscribe to classic

books and sends you an instalment to

read each day. You should be able to

read each issue within 20 minutes, and

if you manage to do that, then there’s

no reason why you can’t finish a

whole book within a few days. The

app has over 300 books available,

including classics like The Three

Musketeers, Treasure Island,

Wuthering Heights, My Antonia, Les

Miserables and Peter Pan.

b‡f¤^i 2016 41

English SectionDuolingo (Android, iOS free)

Long commutes may feel like wasted

time, although they don’t have to be.

You can easily do something

productive when walking or on public

transport - like learning a language.

Duolingo covers a plethora of

languages, including Danish, Dutch,

French, German, Italian, Spanish and

Russian. The best thing about it is that

language learning is presented as a

game, where you pick up words and

earn points at the same time. There’s

the option to learn in daily doses of 5,

10, 15 or 20 minutes.

30/30 (Android, iOS, free)

While the daily commute is an

opportune time to sit back and relax,

it’s also a good time to get productive

and prepare for the day of work. Tasks

managers are a brilliant for keeping

organised, and 30/30 is a great

example. It lets you create

comprehensive task lists and track

them to ensure you don’t fall behind.

There’s a pre-set time of 30 minutes,

meaning you could easily go over

emails, documents and other work-

related material while you travel to

your office. Once the time’s up,

you’re encouraged to start another

task. It’s worth noting that you have

the option to customise the duration of

tasks.

Buddhify (Android, iOS, free)

When you have so much going on in

life life - from family commitments to

work deadlines - it’s easy to become

stressed. Meditating is a good way to

relieve anxiety and keep productive

throughout the day, and Buddhify

makes this easy. The app provides

more than 80 audio-guided tasks, all

of which have been tailored for

different parts of the day. These

include commuting, sleeping and

taking a work break. They last up to

30 minutes, and you can track your

progress through statistics.

Day One (Android, iOS, free)

The fact is, there’s so much you can

do while you commute: play games,

meditate and so much more. But what

about journalling? That’s probably

something that’s never come across

your mind, but it’s actually quite fun.

Using Day One, you can easily enter

your thoughts and memories into

diary entries that are synced and

backed up in the Cloud. It lets you

store up to ten journals with different

colours and names, and you’re able to

add as many photos as you’d like.

These journals will help not only give

you something to do while you get to

and from work, but also map your

thoughts and feelings. That’s

extremely handy if you have a job in

the creative world. �

42 b‡f¤^i 2016

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English Section

In 1994, astronaut Mark Lee had his

height measured by fellow astronaut

Jerry Linenger as part of a study on

back pain. Astronauts have been

reporting back pain since the late

1980s, when space missions grew

longer. Their flight medical data show

that more than half of US astronauts

have reported back pain, especially in

their lower backs. Up to 28%

indicated that it was moderate to

severe pain, sometimes lasting the

duration of their mission. Things

don’t improve when they return to

Earth’s gravity. In the first year after

their mission, astronauts have a 4.3

times higher risk of a herniated disc.

“It’s sort of an ongoing problem that

has been a significant one with cause

for concern,” said Dr. Douglas Chang,

first author of the new study and

associate professor of orthopedic

surgery and chief of physical

medicine and rehabilitation service at

University of California San Diego

Health. “So this study is the first to

take it from just an epidemiological

description and look at the possible

mechanisms for what is going on with

the astronauts’ backs.”

Like being in a body cast

Much attention has been focused on

intervertebral discs, the spongy shock

absorbers that sit between our

vertebrae, as the culprit for the back

issues that astronauts face. But the

new study runs counter to that

thinking. In this research, funded by

NASA, Chang’s team observed little

to no changes in the discs, their height

or swelling.

What they did observe in six

astronauts who spent four to seven

months on the ISS was a tremendous

degeneration and atrophying of the

supporting musculature in the lumbar

(lower) spine, Chang said. These

muscles are the ones that help us stay

upright, walk and move our upper

extremities in an environment like

Earth, while protecting discs and

ligaments from strain or injury.

In microgravity, the torso lengthens,

most likely due to spinal unloading, in

which the spinal curvature flattens.

Astronauts also aren’t using the

muscle tone in their lower backs

because they aren’t bending over or

using their lower backs to move, like

on Earth, Chang said. This is where

the pain and stiffening occurs, much

like if the astronauts were in a body

cast for six months.

MRI scans before and after the

missions revealed that the astronauts

experienced a 19% decrease in these

muscles during their flight. “Even

after six weeks of training and

reconditioning here one Earth, they

are only getting about 68% of their

losses restored,” Chang explained.

Yoga in space?

Because nobody likes back pain and

muscle loss, Chang suggested

countermeasures that should be added

to the already two- to three-hour

workout astronauts have on the space

station each day. Though their

exercise machines focus on a range of

issues including cardiovascular and

skeletal health, the team believes that

space travelers also need to include a

core-strenghtening program focused

on the spine. In addition to the “fetal

tuck” position astronauts use in

microgravity to stretch their lower

back or alleviate back pain, Chang

suggested yoga. But he knows that is

easier said than done.

“A lot of yoga depends on the effects

of gravity, like downward dog, where

a stretch through the hamstring, calf

muscles, back of the neck and

shoulders are possible because of

gravity. When you remove that, you

may not have the same benefit.”

Any machines on the space station

also have to be designed with regards

to weight, size and even the

reverberations they could produce on

the station.

Scott Parazynski, who walked in

space seven times, assisted with

construction on the space station in

2007.

Chang and the other researchers

brainstormed with a virtual reality

team about different exercise

programs that would enable

astronauts to invite friends, family or

even Twitter followers to join them in

a virtual workout, making the daily

repetition of their workouts more fun

and competitive.

One of Chang’s teammates has felt

this pain personally. Dr. Scott

Parazynski is the only astronaut to

summit Mount Everest. He

experienced a herniated disc after

returning from the ISS to Earth. Less

than a year later, when he attempted to

climb Everest the first time, he had to

be airlifted off. After a rehabilitation

process, he eventually made the

summit. Now, he speaks to current

astronauts about the ways they can

contribute to studies about their health

in microgravity. �

b‡f¤^i 2016 43

English Section

but also a brand’s daily activities. It

also involves relevant and timely

interactions with your customers. The

best way to do this is by implementing

small and regular real-time initiatives

to ensure that your customers know

what to expect from your business.

According to the author, Jon Burkart,

“You need to cultivate the principle of

little bets, a concept coined by Peter

Sims. In other words, the willingness

to foster lots of small, experimental

creativity to put things out there and

see what sticks.”

Let’s take a look some of the effective

methods to implement real-time

marketing successfully for your

business.

#1. Know Your Customers

One of the goals of a business is to

connect its customers to the products

and/or services they need. In an

attempt to engage customers with the

brand, marketers need to be aware of

the preferences and the requirements

of the customers. This will help in

serving them properly.

Once you gather the relevant

information about your customers,

you will be able to determine the

types of messages that they would

respond to, empower your staff to

address the complaints and feedback

of your customers in an appropriate

way etc. Additionally, you will be able

to devise a crisis management plan.

#2. Align Your Communications to

Inbound Interactions

A customer’s journey with a business

has a variety of touchpoints and

channels. From devices to platforms,

communication channels vary. For

example, 80% of internet users own a

smartphone. This means they are

connected on-the-go. Therefore, they

expect instant communication. Your

customer’s journey may start on a

desktop and shift to a smartphone and

Today’s customers are empowered to

make various choices about the

products and services that they avail.

With customization becoming the

new norm, customers can now

contribute to the decision-making

process. Delivering a positive and

memorable customer experience has

turned out to be a vital part of all

business processes. Customers expect

to move between platforms and

devices easily and receive quick

responses to their queries. This means

the marketers need to be ready with

ways to engage with customers. This

is where real-time marketing becomes

relevant.

Speed and immediacy have turned out

to be highly crucial for businesses. In

the age of smartphones, brands are

constantly looking for ways to

leverage the relationship of their

customers with these devices. As a

result, marketing has become way

more fast-paced than before.

What is Real-Time Marketing?

Real-time marketing is the method of

engaging with customers based on

real-time data and information. This

information can be based on any

changes that a customer has

implemented in his/her profile,

changing customer preferences, their

activities etc. In addition to that, it can

also be based on any breaking news or

trending events and so on. One of the

best ways to collect customer data is

by offering free WiFi to customers.

Done right, real-time marketing is an

effective method of reaching out to

your customers to increase brand

awareness, improving prospects of

lead acquisition and consequently,

generating more revenue.

How to Successfully Implement Real-

Time Marketing

Real-time marketing doesn’t only

involve a single well-timed moment

may continue on a smartwatch. Such

flexible channels do not respond to

linear marketing methods.

Therefore, you would need to align

your personalized interactions with

your customers with the inbound

communications. Such contextually

relevant interactions will help in

connecting with the customers in real-

time and help in creating a meaningful

relationship with them.

#3. Assemble a Team for Handling

Data

Data management is a crucial part of

real-time marketing. To ensure that

your data-driven real-time marketing

strategy is a complete success, it is

important to assemble a team that will

look into the various aspects of this

marketing technique.

Data management starts with effective

accumulation of data and ends with

implementing it effectively to drive

sales. Every member of the data-

handling team should have key roles

in ensuring that the process is

completed properly.

For example, a data scientist can be in

charge of determining audience types,

how much to invest in the real-time

marketing techniques etc. You would

also require a data analyst to analyze

customer behavior etc. A creative

player will be able to brainstorm new

ideas and direct the team to success.

#4. Send Push Notifications

One of the best ways to implement

real-time marketing is by sending

push notifications to customers to

urge them to make a purchasing about

a product that they have already

shortlisted. Such efforts push them

forward through the sales pipeline.

Additionally, discounts and offers on

your customers’ preferred items can

be sent to them via push notifications.

This can be one of the best ways to

increase conversion rates. �

44 b‡f¤^i 2016

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62 b‡f¤^i 2016

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