I M E C

CRC HAS

INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS AND ENVIRONMENTAL

CHEMISTRY

CHEMICAL RESEARCH CENTER

HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ANNUAL REPORT

2005

BUDAPEST

2006

PREFACE

The mission of the Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry (IMEC) – Chemical Re-

search Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences is to perform internationally recognized

research in certain areas of materials and environmental chemistry. In accordance with the nature

of these research fields and with our traditions of system-oriented approach, in our studies the

elements of basic and applied research appears jointly in strong connection with each other.

Our research in materials science is aimed at revealing the details of chemical relationships

among composition, structure, their macroscopic properties and preparation methods of struc-

tural and functional materials. In environmental chemistry, we strive to reveal and to apply prin-

ciples of chemistry, technology and engineering in order to establish processes and technologies

of minimum environmental impact. The two main fields are in strong connection with each

other: we study similar systems in the two fields with similar techniques, research facilities and

evaluation methods.

Our research and development activities are performed in a wide national and international net-

work, based on governmental financial support via the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, on na-

tional and international research grants and on contracts from industrial companies. More than

40 % of our operating costs are covered from R&D projects and industrial contracts.

This annual report summarizes our results in 2005. In addition to the details of the research pro-

jects, we briefly describe our scientific, educational, and industrial connections, grant activities

and research facilities. I heartily commend this yearbook to our readers.

Budapest, May 2006

János Szépvölgyi

Director

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TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION

1. THE ORGANIZATION.......................................................................................................................................................3

2. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN 2005 ...................................................................................................................................7

3. PARTICIPATION IN NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECTS......................................................................................27

4. PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECTS .........................................................................28

5. PARTICIPATION IN THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION ............................................................................................29

6. INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS......................................................................................................................................32

7. RESEARCH FACILITIES ................................................................................................................................................33

8. PUBLICATIONS IN 2005..................................................................................................................................................37

9. E-MAIL ADDRESSES.......................................................................................................................................................37

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3

1 THE ORGANIZATION*

Director János Szépvölgyi, PhD, DSc

Departments Department of Materials Chemistry

Group of Nanolayer Chemistry

Group of Plasma Chemistry

Group of Electrochemistry and Corrosion

Group of Metal Complexes

Department of Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science

Department of Applied Polymer Chemistry and Physics

Group of Polymer Degradation

Group of Applied Polymer Chemistry

Department of Environmental Chemistry

Group of Environmental Techniques

Group of Thermal Decomposition Processes

Laboratory for Environmental Protection

Secretariat

Staff 48 scientists (2 members of HAS, 9 DSc, 21 PhD)

6 PhD students

24 technicians

Address H-1025 Budapest, Pusztaszeri út 57-69.

P.O.B.1525 Budapest, Pf. 17.

Phone (+36-1) 438-1130, (+36-1) 438-1100, (+36-1) 438-1101

Telefax (+36-1) 438-1147

Homepage http://www.chemres.hu/aki

* As for March 1, 2006

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Department of Materials Chemistry

Head: János Szépvölgyi, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Group of Nanolayer Chemistry

Imre Bertóti, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser, head of the group

Gulyás László, technician

Miklós Mohai, research fellow

András Tóth, PhD, senior research fellow

Tamás Ujvári, PhD, research fellow

Group of Electrochemistry and Corrosion

Béla Lengyel, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser, head of the group

István Bakos, PhD, senior research fellow

Éva Fekete, research fellow

György Horányi, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Gabriella Lendvay-Győrik, PhD, research fellow

Gábor Mészáros, PhD, senior research fellow

Tamás Pajkossy, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Sándor Szabó, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Ilona Tardi, technician

Group of Plasma Chemistry

Ilona Mohai, PhD, senior research fellow, head of the group

Éva Belházy, technician

Tivadar Feczkó, PhD, research fellow*

Andrea Fodor-Kardos, junior research fellow*

Katalin A. Főglein, PhD, senior research fellow

Loránd Gál, PhD student

Zoltán Károly, PhD, senior research fellow

Zsuzsanna Laczkó, technician

Erika Szentmarjay, technician*

Judit Tóth, PhD, research fellow*

* A joint group with the Pannon University, Faculty of Information Technology,

Department of Nanotechnology

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Group of Metal Complexes

Klára Dengel-Szentmihályi, PhD, senior research fellow, head of the group

László Ajler, technician

Erzsébet Bíró, technician

Judit Fodor, PhD student

László Kótai, research fellow

Zoltán May, junior research fellow

1.1 Department of Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science

Head: Béla Iván, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Gábor Erdődi, research fellow

Tamás Fónagy, PhD, research fellow

Péter Groh Werner, PhD, research fellow

Márton Haraszti, junior research fellow

Gergely Kali, junior research fellow

Barbara Kurucz-Kovács, secretary

Árpád Máthé, PhD, senior research fellow

Péter Mezey, PhD student

Viktória Pálfi, junior research fellow

Sándor L. Szabó, research fellow

István Szanka, PhD student

Márta Szesztay, PhD, senior research fellow

Erzsébet Tyroler, technician

1.2 Department of Applied Polymer Chemistry and Physics

Head: Béla Pukánszky, PhD, corresponding member of HAS, scientific adviser

Group of Polymer Degradation

Enikő Földes, PhD, senior research fellow, head of the group

Szilvia Klébert, junior research fellow

Mónika Meskó, technician

János Móczó, PhD, research fellow

Erika Selmeci, technician

Judit Szauer, technician

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Group of Applied Polymer Chemistry

Erika Fekete, PhD, senior research fellow, head of the group

László Cseke, technician

Ildikó Erdő-Fazekas, technician

Tünde Pozsgay, junior research fellow

Károly Renner, PhD student

Ede Tatay, technician

1.3 Department of Environmental Chemistry

Head: Gábor Várhegyi, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Group of Environmental Techniques

György Mink, PhD, senior research fellow, head of the group

László Horváth, research fellow

István Lengyel, technician

Group of Thermal Decomposition Processes

Marianne Blazsó, PhD, DSc, scientific adviser

Erika Mészáros, PhD student

Zsuzsanna Novák-Czégény, PhD, research fellow

Emma Pekker-Jakab, PhD, senior research fellow

Sára Stark, technician

Ferenc Till, research fellow

1.4 Accredited Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry Head: Horváth Tibor, PhD, senior research fellow

Eszter Gyulassy, technician

Erzsébet Kéméndi-Fridrich, technician

Miklós Prodán, environmental spec. engineer

Zoltán Sándor, research fellow

Éva Tarlós, technician

Secretariat

Gábor Babos, technician

Mihály T. Beck, Professor Emeritus, ordinary member of HAS

Andrea Kránicz, secretary

Ágota Mezei-Seres, financial manager

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2 RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN 2005

2.1 Research in materials chemistry

2.1.1 Synthesis and characterization of nanolayers

Imre Bertóti, Miklós Mohai, András Tóth, Tamás Ujvári

With the aim of preparing diamond-like layers with improved properties, C-Si, C-Si-O and C-Si-

O-N type Si-containing carbon-based layers were deposited by plasma enhanced chemical va-

pour deposition from organosilicon precursors (tetramethyl-silane, hexamethyl-disiloxane and

hexamethyl-disilazane) using an electron cyclotron wave resonance (ECWR) plasma source.

Plasma beam from the ECWR source

Compositional, chemical structural and nanomechanical characterization of the layers was per-

formed and „synthesis parameter–structure–property” type relationships have been established.

The chemical composition of the layers determined by XPS depended on the self-bias developed

in the plasma. The hardness increased with the decrease of the O-content and with the C/Si ele-

ment ratio. It was established, apparently for the first time, that the hardness increased with the

plasmon loss energy of the C1s peak and with the modified Auger-parameter for Si. These were

explained by the increase in the mass density and the degree of cross-linking, respectively. A

correlation between plasmon loss energy and Auger-parameter has been established. Auger-

parameter increased with the N-content, but it decreased with the increase of the O-content. For

the C-Si type layers plasmon loss energy, Auger-parameter and reduced modulus increased with

C/Si. The formation of graphite-like sp2 clusters was observed by Raman spectroscopy.

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Plasma-based ion implantation was used to modify the surface of ultra-high molecular weight

polyethylene. High-purity N2, He and H2 gases were ionised in radio frequency (RF) discharge

and implanted at acceleration voltages of 20–30 kV with a dose of 2x1017 ion·cm-2. The first-

order Raman spectra with probe wavelengths of 785 nm and 488 nm as well as infrared reflec-

tion spectra were recorded. It was established that considerable dehydrogenation took place upon

these treatments and incorporation of oxygen was also detected. Amorphous carbon layer was

formed after H+ and N+ treatments. During He+ implantation a region with highly graphitic char-

acter formed.

2.1.2 Synthesis of advanced materials in thermal plasmas

Loránd Gál, Zoltán Károly, Ilona Mohai, János Szépvölgyi

RF thermal plasma synthesis of nanosized zinc oxide and zinc ferrite ceramic particles was stud-

ied. Water or ethanol solutions of the corresponding metal nitrates were sprayed into the plasma

reactor. It was concluded that the operating parameters of the plasma affected the size and mor-

phology of the obtained particles. The particle size was mostly influenced by the total gas flow

rate: the higher the gas flow rate was the smallest particles were formed. In case of ZnO particles

various morphologies, such as nanorods, tetrapods, polyhedras, etc., were generally present in

coexistence, however, their ratio varied with the plasma parameters.

The above method enables the synthesis of complex oxides (ferrites, solid solutions) of arbitrary

composition in one-step. Optimal synthesis conditions were determined for nanosized, inverse

spinel zinc ferrites. Zinc ferrite products were characterized by their chemical and phase compo-

sition, particle size distribution, and saturation magnetization. Macroscopic chemical composi-

tion of the products differed from the composition of the individual particles. Zinc enrichment in

the nanoparticles and Zinc deficit in the submicron ones was measured by EDS analysis. This

can be reasoned by the relatively low sublimation temperature of ZnO.

Synthesis of fullerenes in RF thermal plasma reactor from graphite powders has several advan-

tages compared to the conventional DC plasma method. Fullerenes with favorable composition

can be produced in RF plasma from cheap starting materials with good productivity. This can be

attributed to the longer residence time of the carbon particles in the hot plasma zone. In our re-

cent study evaporation of the carbon particles and subsequent fullerene cluster formation in vari-

ous distances from the plasma flame were investigated. It was concluded, that fullerenes started

to form in a definite distance from the plasma torch. Fullerene content of the soot increased with

the distance, as well. These observations enable us to collect the fullerene–rich soot separately,

9

and in this way, to increase efficiency and to reduce cost of further processing of fullerenes (pu-

rification, separation).

Ar-He RF plasma

Ar-He plasma during graphite powder feeding. Green light emission of C2 radicals

just formed and excited is clearly seen on the photo.

2.1.3 Research in production of functional materials

Tivadar Feczkó, Andrea Kardos-Fodor, Emese Szőcs-Biró, Judit Tóth

Formation of protein powders

The potential of peptide and protein therapeutics has been continuously increased owing to the

recent advances in biotechnology. Extensive research activities are focusing on the systematic

administration of these bioactive agents. Production of dry protein powders with tailored solid

characteristics is one of the most important tasks in this field: new type of administration for

macromolecules (e.g. pulmonary delivery) or several new methods to prepare controlled drug

delivery systems claim the protein in a specified particulate solid form. The optimum of the av-

erage particle size is often under 10 µm because of the bioavailability of the macromolecules or

their appropriate solubilization rate in solvents during the different drug formulation processes.

For production of protein powders two different methods were used: salting-out precipitation and

direct drying from solutions.

The aim of our study was to investigate the relation between the operational parameters of the

salting-out precipitation and the morphological features of the protein particles (particle size and

distribution, shape and agglomeration).

The protein type materials require special considerations in formulation and processing since

their biological efficiency tightly depends on their chemical and physical structure. It is substan-

10

tial to preserve their stability and activity throughout the whole processing. It is particularly im-

portant to perform the drying of these heat sensitive, biologically active materials under well-

controlled conditions. Intensive, well-controlled heat and mass transfer can be carried out in the

mechanically spouted bed (MSB) dryer. By using inert packing, heat-sensitive materials of high

moisture content, which could not be circulated in the MSB dryer otherwise, can be advanta-

geously dried during a very short time in a single-step continuous process.

MSB dryer with inert packing

Preparing composite particles for controlled release of therapeutic agents

To produce controlled delivery systems to improve the administration efficiency of protein type

drugs is a very important task nowadays. It can be achieved by encapsulating the macromole-

cules into biodegradable and biocompatible poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) co-polymer. Bovine se-

rum albumin was selected to model protein active agents. Double emulsion method was used to

obtain the composite particles. The optimization of reaction parameters resulted in good entrap-

ment efficiencies (>90 %) of the process either in case of nano- or microparticles. A new method

was developed to determine both the encapsulated protein and the fraction remained in the su-

pernatant. The effect of several surface-active agents were studied during the preparation proc-

ess. Polyvinyl alcohol was found to be the most suitable (and also accepted in pharmaceutics)

emulsifier regarding the decrease of size and the encapsulation efficiency of nanoparticles.

Production and functionalisation of nanostructured solid-phase biocatalyst support particles

Immobilization of an enzyme on solid support particles has great significance in preparing more

effective and more stable biocatalysts. Nanoparticles or particles with very fine structure are es-

pecially suitable for this task because of their high specific surface area. The main objective of

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this work is to develop methods to produce engineered solid-phase biocatalyst supports, and to

functionalize them by coupling a model enzyme on their surface. For this, the following tasks are

to be realized: (i) new support particles with designed sizes, structures and functional properties

should be prepared, (ii) suitable preparation methods should be developed, (iii) relationships be-

tween the methods of preparation and the particle properties are to be found, (iv) suitable meth-

ods of functionalisation are to be found, and (v) the functionalised particles to be tested.

2.1.4 Research in elektrochemistry, electrosorption, electrocatalysis and corrosion

Electrochemical adsorption studies

György Horányi, Tamás Pajkossy

Voltammetry and impedance spectroscopy measurements have been done on Ir(100) and

Rh(111) single crystalline electrodes in simple aqueous solutions (in solutions of HClO4, H2SO4,

KClO4, and NaF). By these measurements the adsorption of H+, OH- and of other anions were

characterized in thermodynamic and kinetic terms. As it was found, the adsorption processes are

similar to those on other members of the platinum group. Based on capacity-electrode potential

curves calculated from impedance spectra, the electrical double layers of Ir(100) and Rh(111)

single crystalline electrodes are similar to that on Ir(111) electrode.

Usually, the perchlorate anions are regarded to be stable and inert. However, by comparing the

properties of the various metals of the iron group in contact with aqueous perchlorate solutions,

the relevance of the metal-perchlorate interactions has been demonstrated. As they markedly de-

pend on the nature of the metal; the interaction is exceptionally strong in the case of iron and co-

balt.

Corrosion and electrocatalytic studies

István Bakos, Éva Fekete, Gabriella Lendvay-Győrik, Béla Lengyel, Tamás Pajkossy, Sándor

Szabó

Critical survey of the views on the mechanism of anodic dissolution of zinc lead to the conclu-

sion that anion adsorption plays a key role in the dissolution process. This condition is to be

taken into account when charge and mass balances are set up. These statements might result in

improved cathodic protection protocols.

Due to studies on the corrosion properties of the copper-aluminum couple, it was concluded that

in the presence of copper aluminium pitting corrosion rate is increased; this effect is markedly

12

enhanced in chloride-containing media. These results offer help in diminishing corrosion risks in

heating systems.

Staff of the Group of Electrochemistry and Corrosion

The corrosion protection mechanism of the environment-friendly water-based paint coatings was

studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The physically drying, styrene-acrylate

based coatings improve with time, which improvement was rationalized by taking into account

the dissolution and removal of the water-soluble components. The water uptake of water-borne

paint coatings was found to be slow and the release was fast. This is why during outdoor usage in

changing wet and dry environment, the metal surface remains relatively dry. Thus, the occur-

rence of corrosion is less possible. These results might help in the development of low VOC-

content paints with just as good protection properties as the traditional coatings with organic sol-

vents.

Instrument developments

Béla Lengyel, Gábor Mészáros, Tamás Pajkossy

A highly sensitive electrochemical measurement instrument (a bipotentiostat with approximately

50fA resolution) has been developed in a German cooperation for fabricating nanogaps and

nanowires and for molecular gap electrochemistry measurements. As it was demonstrated, by

employing this instrument nanogaps and nanowires could be produced. These studies might lead

to the development of a new generation of nanoelectronics devices.

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To utilize our instrumentation skills, we took part in the updating of various industrial and labo-

ratory measurement systems. Computer programs, for controlling electrical, photometric, and

image analysis test systems have been written for quality-control and light-source-development

laboratories of the GE Hungary; education-purpose instruments of the Szent István University

have also been modernized by implementing computer control.

2.1.5 Analysis, synthesis and studies on the efficiency of biologically active compounds

Synthesis and investigation of special metal complexes

Judit Fodor, László Kótai, Zoltán May, Klára Szentmihályi, Péter Vinkler

In the research of metal-polygalacturonates, the formation of complexes in different circum-

stances and the structure of products were studied. The first step of the synthesis was investi-

gated in details. It has been established – according to the circumstances of hydrolysis – how the

physical and chemical parameters of polygalacturonic acid change and in what manner the al-

terations affect the structure and physico-chemical properties of metal poygalacturonates formed

in the second step. New laboratory and industrial technology have been developed.

The formation and properties of silver permanganate pyridine complexes were studied by ther-

mal analysis. The role of solvate solvent (benzene, pyridine) has been proved in the formation of

complex and of structure.

Analysis of medicinal plants and studies on their efficiency

Judit Fodor, Krisztina Ladó, Klára Szentmihályi, Gabriella Taba

The medicinal plant used in diabetes were studied. The teas posses significant macro and micro-

element content and they are good sources for elements. Consumption of one liter of tea covers

more then 10 % of the daily requirements. Good element sources are: Agrimoniae herba for

chromium, Betulae folium for manganese, Taraxaci radix for copper and chromium, Urticae

folium for potassium and calcium. The teas examined inhibit the lipid peroxidation, scavenge

superoxide and hydroxil radicals and reduce DPPH stable free radical, which has chain-breaking

antioxidant property. These antioxidant properties, and thus, the favorable effects of teas belong

to the high polyphenol content of the extract.

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Evaluation of a polarographic measurement

2.1.6 Degradation and stabilization of polymers

Ágnes Ábrányi, Erika Fekete, Enikő Földes, Ildikó Kriston, János Móczó, Béla Pukánszky

Experiments started in the previous year were continued and extended in 2005. Further study

was done to determine correlations between the changes in the chemical structure of polyethyl-

ene on processing and product properties. The study was extended to polyethylene produced at

TVK Rt. by Ziegler-Natta catalyst, the production of which was started last year. A method was

developed to follow structural changes occurring during processing and we found close correla-

tion between the rheological characteristics of the polymer and the mechanical properties of

films prepared from it. HDPE is used in large quantities for the production of pipes. The fate of

stabilizers added to the polymer is not known yet, although the question is related to possible

health hazards and has serious environmental importance. The experiments initiated last year

continued also in this field and we started the qualitative and quantitative determination of addi-

tives, and their reaction products, which can be extracted from pipes produced under industrial

conditions.

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2.1.7 Study of heterogeneous and biologically degradable polymer systems

Heterogeneous polymer systems

Ágnes Ábrányi, Lívia Dányádi, Erika Fekete, Enikő Földes, János Móczó, Tünde Pozsgay, Béla

Pukánszky, Károly Renner, László Százdi

The research on heterogeneous polymer systems traditionally includes polymer blends, multi-

component materials and fiber reinforced composites. In recent years we established a general

correlation among the miscibility of polymers, the structure formed during their blending and the

properties of the blends. Experience obtained on various polymer pairs was summarized and

published in an overview. Structure–property correlations were studied also in particulate filled

polymers. The structure formed and composite properties depend very much on the surface coat-

ing of the filler and on interfacial interactions. In composites, micromechanical deformation

processes are initiated around the inclusions under the effect of external load. These processes

were studied by advanced techniques, such as determination of volume strain and acoustic emis-

sion. Debonding was found to be the dominating process in particulate filled polymers. The re-

sults proved that debonding and shear yielding are subsequent processes in these materials. Fur-

ther experiments were done and progress achieved also in the study of layered silicate polymer

nanocomposites produced by melt processing. Measurements on composites prepared with vari-

ous matrices showed that only partial exfoliation of the silicate can be achieved practically al-

ways in this technology. The extent of exfoliation is determined by the interaction of the compo-

nents and kinetic factors. However, the quantitative characterization of the structure is difficult at

the moment. Besides physico-chemical interactions, also chemical reactions may take place dur-

ing the preparation PP/OMMT composites. The presence of a functionalized polymer and the

reactions considerably modify the extent of exfoliation.

Biologically degradable polymers

Kristóf Bagdi, Lívia Dányádi, Szilvia Klébert, Péter Müller, Béla Pukánszky

The research related to the preparation of biologically degradable polymers and to the use of raw

materials from renewable resources also continued. Further experiments have been carried out on

the modification of cellulose acetate by aliphatic polyesters (polycaprolactone) in order to de-

termine the effect of processing conditions and the use of catalyst on the structure and properties

of the product. The temperature and catalyst concentration resulting in maximum grafting effi-

ciency were determined for caprolacton as reactant. A detailed analysis of the properties of the

16

product made possible the identification and assignment of relaxation transitions to specific

structural units within the molecule in cellulose acetate grafted with caprolacton. Further ex-

periments have been carried out also to plasticize cellulose.

In another subproject, PP composites were modified with natural reinforcements to produce

structural materials for appliances and acoustic devices. The effect of component properties and

interfacial interactions on composite properties was studied in these composites. The results

showed that combined reactive/nonreactive surface modification leads to considerable improve-

ment in composite strength, but the processability of the compound deteriorates with increasing

reinforcement content. The study of failure processes indicated that besides the usual microme-

chanical deformation processes also the fracture of wood flour particles may occur in these mate-

rials considerably influencing the overall properties of the composites.

Preparation of thermoplastic starch material

2.1.8 Synthesis and investigations of new polymer architectures

Radical polymerization

Tamás Fónagy, Béla Iván, Tamás Podlaviczky, István Szanka, Márta Szesztay

Investigations in the synthesis of well-defined star and hyperbranched polymers were continued.

During this work a new synthesis strategy for the preparation of hyperbranched polymers was

developed. This has been found to seem more economical than any of the existing methods.

Studies on the synthesis of star polymers by coupling end functionalized linear chains have

resulted in new insights into the star forming processes. First, evaluation of the data obtained by

the gel permeation chromatography multi-detector system supports that the hydrodynamic

volume and viscosity of the stars are considerably smaller than that of the linear polymers of

similar molecular weights. Second, it has been found that there is a minimal chain length which

needs to prevent macroscopic gel formation via coupling of the cores. Star-star coupling was

observed also with longer arms which may lead to microgel formation. Third, we could establish

17

that the average number of arms per molecule decreases with the increasing molecular weight of

the precursor linear chains.

Carbocationic polymerization

Péter Werner Groh, Béla Iván, Árpád Máthé, Narmandakh Mijid, Viktória Pálfi, Ákos Szabó,

Klára Verebélyi

On the basis of the new, chelate-containing catalyst systems developed in our laboratory, several

new polyisobutylenes (PIB) with well-defined molecular weight, with 100% chain end

functionality, with ultra-narrow molecular weight distribution and diverse topology were

prepared by quasiliving carbocationic polymerization. In the course of our collaboration with the

Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces (Potsdam-Golm, Germany) applying the linear

polyisobutylene hydroxide as macroinitiator, the synthesis of well-defined PIB-b-poly(ethylene

oxid) amphiphilic block copolymer has been carried out which shows practically perfectly

organized micellar self arrangement. This amphiphilic copolymer was applied as nanotemplate

for the preparation of nanoporous SiO2 and TiO2.

In the framework of the Hungarian-Austrian Intergovernmental S&T Cooperation Programme

we have optimized the multistep synthesis and the purification of three arm-star topological

polyisobutylene possessing endgroups which are able to establish strong hydrogen bonds. On the

basis of this we have synthesized a completely new supramolecular polymer system showing

reversible gelation.

In addition, the carbocationic polymerization of styrene in an environmentally friendly solvent

(benzotrifluoride) was investigated. We have also studied the influence of di-tert-butyl pyridine

as additive on the carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene.

Amphiphilic conetworks

Csaba Fodor, Gábor Erdődi, Márton Haraszti, Béla Iván, Gergely Kali, Péter Mezey, Sándor

Szabó L.

We have achieved considerable advances during our research on amphiphilic polymer

conetworks (APCNs). In the past few years, we started to investigate the application potential of

these new materials in several fields. Because of their nanophase separated morphology, as seen

in the Figure, we have examined the utilization of these conetworks among others as

nanoreactors. Our investigations have successfully resulted in loading APCNs with nanometric

silver metal. This new organic-inorganic nanocomposite can attract interest in numerous new

18

advanced applications. Our goal is to better understand these materials and extending the applied

techniques to other components.

Investigations were also carried out to reveal the mechanical properties of APCNs. The obtained

results may assist especially in application-oriented targeted material design, since the

parameters affecting the Young modulus of swollen gels were successfully isolated.

In 2005, our research group has organized the first Symposium of this field in Budapest with the

title of „International Symposium on Polymer Conetworks, Gels and Membranes: Science,

Technology and Applications”.

Atomic force microscopy image of the structure of an amphiphilic polymer conetwork

(the dimensions of the picture: 250x250 nm)

2.2 Research in environmental chemistry

2.2.1 Analytical research in environmental chemistry

Organic materials in atmospheric aerosols

Marianne Blazsó, Zsuzsanna Czégény

The organic carbon content of fine aerosols plays an important, yet undetermined role in the at-

mospheric processes. The sources of the organic material in tropospheric aerosols and the proc-

esses taking place in the atmosphere have been studied in cooperation with the Air Chemistry

Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (Pannon University).

The method of thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation, coupled to GC-MS has been suc-

cessfully applied for the qualitative chemical analysis of organic carbon content of aerosols.

However, the method can not be easily applied for quantitative analysis, because of the high

19

number of components of various nature, and of frequently overlapping GC retention. In order to

determine the relative amounts of some characteristic organic components of atmospheric aero-

sols the means of semi quantitative analysis have been studied. The relative response of the dif-

ferent organic compounds proved to differ very much in the total ion chromatograms of the hy-

drolysis-methylated products of aerosols. Moreover, integration of peaks in the total ion chroma-

togram leads to erroneous results for the numerous unresolved components. Reproducible rela-

tive quantitative data were obtained by the integration of the selected ion chromatograms of MS

fragment ions characteristic for a particular compound or compound class.

Work on the pyrolysis GC-MS system

Investigation of the application of liquid chromatography

Esther Forgács-Tóth

Our research concerning separation techniques was directed to the development and application

of new biochemical analytical methods, and to study the theoretical background of the new

methods.

We studied in detail the effect of water-soluble salts and pH on the interaction of free amino ac-

ids with the corn protein. It was established that both hydrophilic and hydrophobic forces are in-

volved in the interaction.

We reviewed the advantages and disadvantages of the new chromatographic methods applied for

the analysis of oils and dairy products.

20

A new mathematical-statistical method was developed and successfully employed for the study

of the enzyme production of the edible mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus. A new combined method

including reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography followed with capillary elec-

trophoresis was developed for the separation of collagenous peptides.

2.2.2 Development of material and energy saving technologies

Purification of soil and groundwater contaminated by chlorobenzenes

László Horváth, György Mink

In co-operation with SME-s a 50 m3/day capacity innovative experimental plant of combined

technology has been developed for the purification of groundwater contaminated by chloroben-

zenes in the area of Garé and Hidas. Both in terms of efficiency and economic feasibility, the

plant was optimized in 2005, and the plans of size-up have also been elaborated. The technology

that is characterized by high reliability and very low need for energy was patented both in Hun-

gary and Italy. After sizing-up (to 1000 m3/day capacity) at about 140 Million HUF investment

costs, the present UV-oxidation plant can be replaced. According to TLCC calculations, this

size-up would result in about 1200 Million HUF saving during an estimated life time of 20 years.

Regeneration of industrial adsorbents

László Horváth, György Mink

Based upon desorption kinetic and catalytic oxidation studies, a method has been developed for

the “in situ” regeneration of active carbon adsorbents used for air purification in painting manu-

factures. The solvents are removed from the used adsorbent by controlled thermal desorption us-

ing air as carrier gas. The exiting air is purified by catalytic oxidation at moderate temperatures

where the formation of CO, NOx and PCB-s is thermodynamically inhibited. The whole process

is automated. Concentration of organic vapours in the outlet air is kept far below the explosion

limit by regulating of the heating rate and the air flow rates. The method is energy saving since

the energy need for desorption is covered by the oxidation heat of the solvents. The installation

and service test of the system is aimed to be done in the first half of 2006. The user is the Medi-

agnost Co. Ltd., Budapest.

21

Sea-water desalination by solar energy

László Horváth, György Mink

In the previous years, in co-operation with the Cagliari University a plant module has been in-

stalled on the island of Sardinia for testing and performance analysis. The module is designed for

operation in shallow ponds, preferably in the basins of abandoned salt plants to produce fresh

water on a more economic way as compared to the traditional solar stills. The mathematical

simulation of the heat and mass transfer processes and the optimization of the unit is in progress.

The method has been patented in 2005. It will be used by ECOS S.R.L., Cagliari.

Laboratory scale solar still unite

Development of hibride separation methods

László Horváth

In co-operation with the Budapest Technical University, a systematic comparison has been made

about separation of azeotropic and close-boiling mixtures, applying batch extractive distillation

(BED) in rectifier. All the eight possible mixtures with at most a single azeotrope (minimum and

maximum boiling azeotropes with heavy, light, and intermediate boiling entrainers; and close

boiling mixtures with heavy and light entrainers) are compared. All the cases are feasible in

batch rectifier, applying BED. The operation steps are determined by the relative position of the

azeotropic composition and entrainer in bubble point ranking. The main limiting parameters

(F/V, N, Epremix) are also determined by the mentioned relative position; only the existence of

maximum number of stages in the rectifying section is determined by the type of the azeotrope.

22

The theoretical results of separation variants applying intermediate boiling entrainer were proved

experimentally.

2.2.3 Studies on the utilization of biomass materials by thermal methods

Marianne Blazsó, Emma Jakab, Erika Mészáros, Gábor Várhegyi

The thermal behavior of energy plantation products has been studied. The work – started in the

previous years – was supplemented by including tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) and energy

grass (Agropyron) species into the investigations. Thermogravimetry - mass spectrometry and

pyrolysis-gas chromatography - mass spectrometry measurements have been performed. Addi-

tional macropyrolysis experiments have been carried out in Trondheim, Norway, employing a

larger reactor in inert and oxidative atmospheres within the framework of a co-operation with the

Norwegian University of Science and Technology. A special emphasis was given to studying the

role and composition of extractive compounds. Soxhlet extraction has been performed on the

plant samples applying different solvents and extraction times. The performance of the different

extraction experiments has been compared, and the extracted compounds have been thoroughly

analyzed. The inorganic content of the biomass samples has also been studied. The performed

laboratory experiments helped to clarify the effects of certain factors that are important in the

industrial utilization of biomass materials.

We also studied charcoal as a potential source of biomass energy. A modern, environment-

friendly charcoal production technology concentrates most of the energy content of the feedstock

into the charcoal. We studied the product of this process in cooperation with the University of

Hawaii, USA. Our partners with their Flash CarbonizationTM technology have prepared corncob

charcoal. Pulverized charcoal samples were studied in the kinetic regime, at oxygen partial pres-

sures of 0.2 and 1 bar by thermogravimetric experiments. Their reaction kinetic modeling was

performed, as well. A partial removal of minerals from the corncobs by an acid-washing proce-

dure resulted in a burn-off terminating by 130 - 160°C higher than in corresponding experiments

with untreated chars. A model based on three reactions gave an adequate description over a wide

range of experimental conditions. Characteristics of the combustion process were determined,

including activation energy values characteristic for the temperature dependence of the burn-off;

formal reaction orders characterizing the dependence on the oxygen content of the ambient; and

functions describing the conversion dependence of the partial processes. In another work we par-

ticipated in the researches of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology on the CO2

23

gasification of charcoals. We carried out kinetic evaluation and mathematical modeling and, in

this way, quantitative characteristics were obtained for the sub-processes of gasification.

In cooperation with the University of Beira Interior, Portugal, the enzymatic bleaching

(biobleaching) of kraft pulp has been studied. Laccase enzyme was used in the bleaching process

in the presence of violuric acid mediator instead of chlorine. With the help of pyrolysis - gas

chromatography - mass spectrometry measurements, we have found that the applied biobleach-

ing process efficiently decreases the lignin content of the kraft pulp. The amounts of residual lig-

nin in the bleached pulps and the reactions occurring during the biobleaching process have been

determined. The obtained results are useful for the optimization and development of the indus-

trial biobleaching process.

Placing a sample into the TG-MS system

We participated in an EU R&D 5 G1RD project that, among others, aimed at the production of

bio-oils in a mobile plant pyrolyzer. We have developed a fast and reliable analytical pyrolysis

method to test catalysts for the refining of pyrolytic bio-oils.

24

2.2.4 Studies of chemical reactions supporting the recycling of plastic wastes

Studies on the pyrolytic recycling of plastics and polymer mixtures

Marianne Blazsó, Zsuzsanna Czégény, Emma Jakab

The volatile thermal decomposition products of organic flame retardant components of electronic

and electric wastes are contaminating the pyrolysis oils and gases of plastic recycling. For the

environmentally safe utilization of recycled products either as a fuel or as a raw material of

chemical industry, the contaminating compounds must be eliminated from the pyrolysis oil or

gas. It may be carried out on line by introducing the pyrolysis products in a suitable heated cata-

lyst bed. The choice of the appropriate catalyst for a specific contamination is easily done apply-

ing the method developed by our research group.

Dehalogenating activity of sodium-containing molecular sieves of basic character (4A, 13X and

NaY) were tested. The transformation of the pyrolysis products of plastic wastes has been inves-

tigated by carrying through a catalyst bed of these zeolites and of an acidic alumino-silicate, for

comparison. Significant dehalogenation was observed only for sodium zeolites of large pores.

Due to the transformation by the latter zeolites the double bond in 1-alkene products of polyole-

fins is statistically rearranged, and several alkene isomers were formed. However, contrarily to

the effect of acidic catalysts, no branching and no further unsaturation occur. In the pyrolysis oil

of styrene copolymers both hydrogenation of monomers and oligomers, and condensation to pol-

yaromatic compounds take place by basic and acidic catalysts, as well. The transformation of the

pyrolysis oil of polyesters also proved to be analogous, namely the total decarboxylation of the

organic acid and ester products is observed.

Environmentally advantageous chemical modifications of polymers

Béla Iván, Tibor Szakács, Györgyi Szarka, Márta Szesztay

Based on our previous results, we have continued our investigations in the field of the environ-

mentally advantageous oxidative transformation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). Our efforts are

related to problems of PVC recycling due to the fact that PVC and its products do not decom-

pose, and poisonous materials may form during their incineration.

Systematic investigations were performed by us in order to reveal the influence of the most

common PVC stabilizer, lead stearate on the oxidative degradation of PVC. We have found that

25

lead stearate stabilizer has no effect on the major secondary process, that is chain scission during

the treatment of PVC by oxygen at mild conditions. This can be advantageous during the de-

composition or modification of PVC. The importance of these results is reflected by the fact that

the oxidized PVC chains with relatively low molecular weights are able to be blended with many

various polymers due to the presence of the modified structure, i. e. oxo groups formed in the

thermooxidative process. This process allows the application of unsuitable PVC products as sec-

ondary raw materials for making novel PVC products via recycling, that is in an environmentally

friendly way.

2.2.5 Processing of hazardous wastes by thermal plasma technology

Katalin Főglein, Loránd Gál, Zoltán Károly, Ilona Mohai, János Szépvölgyi

Our studies in the field of environmental chemistry cover the processing and disposal of both in-

organic (such as flue dust, fly ash, red mud) and organic (freons, polychlorinated biphenyls

(PCB-s)) materials by thermal plasma technology. Goals of the studies are the complete trans-

formation of the particular hazardous materials in lab scale, and, moreover, development of effi-

cient industrial technologies, as well. Efficiency of waste processing can be improved by the pro-

duction of valuable secondary raw materials such as soot, metal and oxide powders, and heat.

In the first step, thermodynamic calculations were performed to estimate the quality and quantity

of the probable products. The help of special computer design and evaluation software accom-

plished plasma experiments. Our plasma facilities include two radiofrequency (RF) systems with

3 and 30 kW plate power and a direct current arc plasma (DC) system of 40 kW power. Various

sampling and analysis methods were developed for the identification of the inorganic and or-

ganic products.

In 2005 the following material systems were tested: decomposition of organic model compounds

(CFCl3, CHCl3, CCl4, 1,2-dichloro-benzene, PCB-s, antracene); synthesis of carbon based prod-

ucts, such as carbon black and nanotubes, from freons; formation of inert, vitrified, products

from inorganic wastes.

Based on the experimental work a complex process scheme was developed for the treatment of

100000 t/year communal, 30000 t/year hazardous, metal containing industrial and 10000 t/year

organic wastes. The process applies both conventional and plasma technology. The waste treat-

ment results in valuable products, (alloyed iron, glass and ceramic sheets, foamed glassy prod-

ucts, insulator panels, carbon black, fine metalic and oxide powders), and in energy sources

(heating oil, electric energy, heat), as well. These products satisfy real demands and have good

26

chance for marketing. Products improve the economic balance of the complex technology, and

contribute to the participation of new contractors in the field of environment protection industry.

2.2.6 The activities of the Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry

Tibor Horváth, Zoltán Sándor

By following an official procedure, our laboratory has met the requirement of “accredited testing

laboratory”, and a certificate that complies with the criteria of MSZ EN ISO/IEC 17025:2001

standard has been issued in 2005. The Laboratory is able to carry out combined physical, chemi-

cal and analytical measurements of drinking water, both surface and ground water, industrial wa-

ter, sewage, sewage sludge, soils, wastes and hazardous wastes on the basis of valid standards

and the law.

Replacing a column in the HPLC equipment

New analysis methods for waste waters, soil, sludge, dangerous materials and different type of

waters was developed. Corrosion rates in different engine-coolant antifreeze agents were investi-

gated. A new corrosion inhibitor for industrial cooling-heating systems and for combustion en-

gines based on propylene-glycol was developed.

27

3 PARTICIPATION IN NATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECTS

3.1 Hungarian Scientific Research Fund (OTKA)

• Study of the factors determining the extent and mechanism of polymer degradation, as

well as certain aspects of stabilization (T 037687)

• Corrosion properties of copper-aluminium bimetallic systems (T 037693)

• Effect of additives on thermal decomposition reactions in waste utilization (T 037704)

• Basic research by thermal analysis for the optimum utilization of biomass fuels

(T 037705)

• Studies on electrosorption processes (T 042452)

• Preparation and complex characterisation of carbon-based nanocomposites (T 043359)

• Preparation and study of polymer composites with particles of controlled size and nano

particles: adhesion, modification and deformation mechanisms (T 043517)

• Formation of organic aerosols in the atmospheric processes (T 043578)

• Preparation, modification and characterisation of carbon nanotubes by physical, chemical

and simulation methods (T 043685)

• Study of electrosorption: a bridge between the investigations in electrochemistry, electro-

catalysis, corrosion and colloid chemistry (T 045888)

• Nanostructured amphiphilic conetworks and gels (T 046759)

• Plasma synthesis of nanoparticles (T 047360)

• Metal adsorption on foreign metal surfaces (practical aspects) (T 047371)

• Thermal decomposition of flame retarded polymers (T 047377)

• New style hyper-branched polymer architectures (T 048409)

3.2 Other Hungarian research grants

• Development of long-lifetime human joint prostheses (Project NKFP 1/013/2001)

• Environmental friendly, marketable product development and environmental researches

in the aluminum industry (NKFP 3/035/2001)

28

• Processing of hazardous wastes by thermal plasma technology in Hungary (KMFP,

OMFB-00547/2004)

• The role of antioxidants on the metabolism of metal elements and redox-homeostasis in

liver diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, intestinal tumours and porphyria cutanea

tarda in experimental and human studies (Ministry of Welfare 002/2003)

• New supporting material for the biological mosquito killing with helicopter (OM, KMFP-

00036-2002)

• Preparation and application of products based on natural raw materials and/or biologi-

cally partly or completely degradable multicomponent materials (NKFP 3A/0036/2002)

• Single screw extruder/internal mixer to prepare samples for the study of polymer

structure and properties (GVOP-KMA-3. 2.1)

• Application of fillers based on renewable raw materials for developing widely applicable

polypropylene composites (OMFB-00221/2004)

• Development of a combined pilot plant technology for the purification of groundwater

contaminated by chlorobenzenes (KMFP-00008/2003) (2004-2006)

• Official accreditation of the Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry (OMFB-

00221/2004)

4 PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROJECTS

4.1 Research projects supported by the European Community

• Waste management and recycling of WEEE-process. Integrated thermochemical treat-

ment of halogen-containing materials (GIRD-CT-2002-03014)

• Research training in powder technology for competitive manufacture of food,

pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and biological powders (EU MRTN-CT-2004-512247)

4.2 Intergovernmental research cooperation

• Development and characterization of eco-friendly thermoplastics (Eureka Ecoplast E!

2819)

29

• Characterization of the double layer structure of single-crystalline Pt-group metals in

aqueous solutions (DFG-HAS cooperation with the Department of Electrochemistry,

University of Ulm, Germany)

• New Functional Polyisobutylenes and Nanostructured Materials Derived Therefrom

(Hungarian-Austrian Intergovernmental S&T Cooperation Programme A-16/03.

Cooperation with the Division of Macromolecular Chemistry, Institute of Applied

Synthetic Chemistry Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria)

• Electrochemical fabrication, characterization and modification of nanowires and

nanogaps (MÖB-DAAD cooperation, 2005-2006, Project No. 37 with the Research Cent-

re Jülich, Institute of Thin Films and Interfaces 52425 Jülich, Germany)

• DESASOL - Solar desalination (Hungarian-Italian Intergovernmental S&T Cooperation,

2004-2007; Project No: I-20/2003, University of Cagliari)

• Preparation at rare earth oxides in thermal plasma reactor (Hungarian-Spanish

cooperation with Institute of Ceramics and Glasses, Madrid)

• Synthesis and recations of permanganate salts (HAS-INSA 7/2004-2006, cooperation

with Jodhpur University)

• Study on preparation and properties of organic adsorbents and catalyst supports (HAS-

INSA 8/2004-2006, cooperation with Indian Institute of Technology)

• Synthesis, characterization, modeling and application of amphiphilic hydogels based on

polyisobutylene (with the financial assistance of Cyprus Research Promotion Fondation,

University of Cyprus)

5 PARTICIPATION IN THE UNIVERSITY EDUCATION

In 2005, coworkers of IMEC delivered the following graduate and post-graduate lectures and

laboratory courses:

Budapest University of Technology and Economics

• Introduction to materials science – Surface modification and advanced surface analysis

(lecture courses by Imre Bertóti)

• Electronics and instrumentation. Electronics and measurement techniques (lecture

courses by Tamás Pajkossy)

30

• Advanced ceramic materials (lecture course by János Szépvölgyi)

• Plastics. Processing of plastics. Polymer physics. Polymer blends and composites (lecture

courses by Béla Pukánszky)

• Applications of plastics (lecture course by Erika Fekete)

• Plastics and environmental protection (lecture course by Enikő Földes)

• Additives of polymers (lecture course by János Móczó)

• Materials chemistry (laboratory practice Ilona Mohai)

• Application of plastics; Processing of plastics (laboratory practice; Tünde Pozsgai, János

Móczó, Szilvia Klébert, Erika Fekete, Enikő Földes, Károly Renner)

Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest

• Methodologycal and ethical problems of scientific research (PhD course by Mihály T.

Beck)

• Electrocatalysis (PhD course by György Horányi)

• Polymer chemistry and technology. Fundamental macromolecular chemistry. Designed

synthesis of polymers. Physical, organic and analytical principles of molecular

engineering of macromolecular systems (lecture courses by Béla Iván)

• Laboratory courses in chemical technology (by Tamás Fónagy, Péter Groh Werner, Már-

ton Haraszti, Béla Iván, Péter Mezey, Viktória Pálfi, István Szanka, Tibor Szakács)

• Characterization of macromolecular materials by complex analytical techniques. Thermal

degradation producing new materials, and eliminating wastes (special courses by

Marianne Blazsó)

Miskolc University

• Advanced ceramic materials (PhD course by János Szépvölgyi)

Semmelweis University, Budapest

• Laboratory course in phytochemistry (by Judit Fodor)

Polytechnic Institute of Dunaújváros

• Renewable sources of energy (lecture course by György Mink)

Central European University

• Theory and practice of waste-processing (PhD course by János Szépvölgyi)

31

PhD theses

• Tamás Fónagy: Preparation of well-defined polymer architectures with the application of

atom transfer radical polymerization, ELTE TTK, supervisor: Béla Iván

• Werner Péter Groh: Investigation of the influence of reaction conditions in carbocationic

polymerization of isobutylene, ELTE TTK, supervisor: Béla Iván

• János Móczó: Particulate filled polymers; interaction, structure and micromechanical

deformations, BME, supervisors: Erika Fekete, Béla Pukánszky

MS theses

• Kristóf Bagdi: Preparation of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and TPS nanocomposites, study

of their structure and properties, BUTE, conductors: Béla Pukánszky, Péter Müller

• László Bodai: Development of polyurethane materials for the neuro-endovascular

embolization, BUTE, conductors: Béla Pukánszky

• Amália Papp: Study of the stabilization mechanism of phosphorous stabilizers in Philips-

type HDPE, BUTE, conductor: Enikő Földes

• Károly Renner: Micromechanical deformation processes in poliamide-based

nanocomposites, BUTE, conductors: Béla Pukánszky, János Móczó

• András Somogyi: Changes in the decomposition properties of azo-dicarbonamide during

PE foam production, BUTE, conductor: Erika Fekete Erika

• Kálmán Tóth: Synthesis of poly(polyisobutylene-methacrylate), ELTE, conductor: Iván

Béla

Scientific Student Conference (TDK)

• János Bozi: Influence of flame retardants on the thermal decomposition of polycarbonate.

Pyrolysis-gas chromatographic studies. ELTE, supervisor: Marianne Blazsó

• Attila Kiss: Effect of surface treatment on the aggregation of CaCO3 fillers and the

properties of their composites, Third place, BUTE, conductors: Béla Pukánszky, Erika

Fekete

• Ildikó Kriston: Study of the stabilization mechanism of stabilizers in Philips-type HDPE,

Second place, BUTE, conductor: Enikő Földes

• Tamás Podlaviczki: Synthesis of polystyrene star polymer by quasiliving atom transfer

radical polymerization and analysis of the polymer, ELTE, supervisor: Béla Iván

32

• Ákos Szabó: The effect of 2,6-di(tert-butyl)pyridin proton trap in the quasiliving

carbocationic polymerization of isobutylene (Junior prize), ELTE, supervisor: Béla Iván

• Györgyi Szarka: Environmentally advantageous oxidative transformation of PVC in

dioctyl-ftalate, ELTE, supervisor: Béla Iván

• Klára Verebélyi: Carbocationic polymerization of styrene in benzotrifluoride solvent,

ELTE, supervisor: Béla Iván

6 INDUSTRIAL R&D PROJECTS

• AKZO-NOBEL Coatings Ltd.

Characterization of environment-friendly paint systems

• BASF AG

Participation in solving different R&D problems

• Béres Pharmaceutical Co.

Production of effective bone strengthening medicine

• BorsodChem

Studies on PVC-based polymer blends

• Clariant Huningue SA (Switzerland)

Development of new stabilizers

• DUNAFERR Rt.

Development of monitoring systems for environmental protection

• Du Pont Co. (USA)

Participation in solving different R&D problems

• ECOS S.R.L. (Italy)

Development of solar destillators

• General Electric Hungary Co.

R&D on various technological problems, electrical characterisation of gas-discharge

lamps, software development

• General Electric Co. (USA)

Participation in solving different R&D problems

33

• HCL Ltd., Plasline Ltd. (Hungary)

Development of PVC profile

• Inno-Comp Ltd.

Development of polypropylene products

• IN VITRO R&D Ltd.

Production of an effective substance for the therapy of anaemia

• Kalle Nalo Hungaria

Investigation of multilayered polymer films

• Middle-Tisza Agricultural Co.

Preparation of biofuels from waste vegetable oils

• MAGYAR LAKK Ltd.

Characterization of coatings made from paints of low organic solvent content

• Hungarian Combustion Technique Ltd.

Thermal investigations of solid fuels

• NABI North American Bus Industries Ltd. Co.

Enhancement of corosion protection of autobuses

• System Consulting Rt.

Synthesis of sodium-borohydride

• TVK Co.

Development of polyethylene and polypropylene products

7 RESEARCH FACILITIES

Department of Materials Chemistry

• X-ray photoelectron spectrometers (Kratos XSAM 800, VG Escascope)

• Fast atom beam treatment facility

• RF glow discharge treatment facility

• Nanotribology tester (Nanotest 600)

• ICP-OES spectrometer (Thermo Jarell Ash Atomscan 25)

34

• High temperature reactors for gas-solid reactions

• RF induction plasma systems (Linn, Tekna)

• Spectrometer with CCD-3000 detector (Jobin-Yvon TRIAX 550)

• Electrochemical measuring techniques (potentiostatic and galvanostatic, stationary and

transient voltametric facilities, electrode impedance spectroscopy, noise spectroscopy,

harmonic analysis)

• Determination of corrosion rate in high-resistance systems

• Rapid corrosion resistance tests

• Methods for the evaluation of lifetime and paint-technological properties of coatings

• Polarography-voltametry

• Continuous mechanically spouted bed dryer with inert packing (laboratory and big

laboratory size)

• Continuous fluidized bed drier and granulator (laboratory size)

• Homogenizer (Braun)

• Ultrasound homogenizer (Heat Systems-Ultrasonics W-220 F)

• Centrifuge (SIGMA 4K10)

• Freeze-dryer (Lyovac GT2, Leybold-Heraeus)

• Particle size analyzer (Malvern 2600 and Mastersizer)

• UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Biochrom 4060)

Department of Polymer Chemistry and Materials Science

• Gel permeation chromatograph (Waters 510)

• Laboratory ozonizer (Yanko Industry Ozone Services)

• Tester of PVC degradation (Donaulab)

Department of Applied Polymer Chemistry and Physics

• Laboratory rolling mill (Schwabentan)

• Single-screw extruder (Haake Rheomex S 3/4")

• Twin-screw compounder (Brabender DSK 42/7)

35

• Internal mixer (Brabender, 50 ml)

• Laboratory press (Fontijne SRA 100)

• Injection molding machines (Battenfeld BSKM 30/50, BA 200 CD)

• High-speed fluid mixer (Thyssen Henschel FM/A10)

• Vacuum thermoforming machine (VFP 0505 1SL)

• Thermal analyzers (Perkin Elmer DSC2, DSC7, TGA6, Mettler DSC30, TMA40, TG50)

• Thermomechanical analyzer (Polymer Labs, DMTA II)

• Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (Mattson Galaxy 3000)

• UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Hewlett Packard 8452A)

• Rheometry (Göttfert 2002 capillary viscometer, Göttfert MPS-D MFI tester, Brabender

Rheotron rotational viscometer, Rheolab rheometer, Physica UDS 200 Universal

dynamic spectrometer)

• Mechanical testing system (Zwick 1445, Fritz Heckert FPZ 10, Instron 5566)

• Impact testers (Ceast Charpy 6546, Ceast Resil 5.5, Zwick, Izod, Charpy)

• Optical instruments (Hot Stage Mettler FP 82 HT, Polaroid DMC1 digital camera,

Hunterlab ColourQuest 45/0)

• High pressure liquid chromatograph (Knauer HPLC 64)

• Gas chromatograph (Perkin Elmer XLGC)

• Microtome (Reichert-Jung, Polycut)

• Contact angle goniometer (Rame-Hart 100-00-(115)-S Automated Goniometer)

• Gas permeation analyzers (Brugger GDPC, Systech 8000 Oxygen Permeation Analyzer)

• Thermomat Metrohm 763 PVC

Department of Environmental Chemistry

• Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (Agilent 6890 GC / 5973 MSD)

• Thermobalance-mass spectrometer system (Hiden Hall 300 PCI, Perkin-Elmer TGS-2)

• High pressure thermobalance (Hiden Hall IGA, high temperature furnace)

• Reactive thermobalance (Mettler)

36

• Analytical pyrolysers (CDS Pyroprobe 2000)

• Finnigan MAT GC/MS instrument

• Gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (HP 5985B)

• Gas chromatograph (HP 5880A)

• Laser-diffraction particle size analyzer (Malvern 2600C)

• Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Perkin Elmer 1700)

• Volumetric adsorption system for studying adsorption and chemisorption

• Solar still simulator

• Two-column GC with automatic dosing system (Perkin-Elmer Autosystem XL)

Laboratory of Environmental Protection

• UV-VIS spectrophotometer (Unicam)

• ICP-OES spectrometer (Jobin-Yvon Ultrace 138)

• Semi-preparative HPLC equipment (Waters LC-Module 1)

• HPLC/MS facility (Shimadzu LCMS 2010)

• HPLC equipment (Waters 9110)

• HPLC system (Merck Hitachi)

• Pump for column preparation (Shandon)

• Equipment for evaluating thin-layer chromatograms (Shimadzu)

• UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer (Jasco)

37

8 PUBLICATIONS IN 2005

2.1.1.

• Dányádi L, Százdi L, Gulyás J, Bertóti I, Pukánszky B: Surface chemistry and adhesion in carbon fiber reinforced epoxy microcomposites, Composite Interfaces, 12, 243-258 (2005)

• Keszei S, Matkó Sz, Bertalan Gy, Anna P, Marosi Gy, Tóth A: Progress in interface modifications: from compatibilization to adaptive and smart interphases, European Polymer Journal, 41, 697-705 (2005)

• Tóth A, Mohai M, Ujvári T, Bertóti I: Chemical structure of silicon-, oxygen and nitro-gen-containing a-C:H films prepared by RF plasma beam CVD, Thin Solid Films, 482, 183-187 (2005)

• Tóth A, Mohai M, Ujvári T, Bertóti I: Nanomechanical properties of silicon-, oxygen- and nitrogen-containing a-C:H films prepared by RF plasma beam CVD, Thin Solid Films, 482, 188-191 (2005)

• Tóth A, Mohai M, Ujvári T, Bertóti I: Surface and nanomechanical properties of Si:C:H films prepared by RF plasma beam CVD, Diamond and Related Materials, 14, 954-958 (2005)

• Veres M, Füle M, Tóth S, Pócsik I, Koós M, Tóth A, Mohai M, Bertóti I: Raman scattering of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene treated by plasma-based ion implantation, Thin Solid Film, 482, 211-215 (2005)

• Veres M, Koós M, Tóth S, Füle M, Pócsik I, Tóth A, Mohai M, Bertóti I: Characteri-sation of a-C:H and oxygen-containing Si:C:H films by Raman spectroscopy and XPS, Diamond and Related Materials, 14, 1051-1056 (2005)

2.1.2.

• Gál L, Mohai I, Károly Z, Szépvölgyi J, Gubicza J: Synthesis of nanosized zinc ferrites in RF thermal plasma reactor, In Proceedings: 17th ISPC, Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, Toronto, ID738 pp 1-6 (2005)

• Károly Z, Gál L, Szépvölgyi J: Effect of synthesis conditions on the morphology of ZnO powder produced in RF thermal plasma, In Proceedings: 17th ISPC, Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, Toronto, ID213 pp 1-6 (2005)

• Károly Z, Szépvölgyi J: Plasma spheroidization of ceramic particles, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 44, 221-224 (2005)

• Markovic Z, Todorovic-Markovic B, Mohai I, Károly Z, Szépvölgyi J, Farkas Z, Nikolic Z: Optical emission study of RF thermal plasma during fullerene synthesis, Fullerenes, Nanotubes, and Carbon Nanostructures 13, 215-226 (2005)

• Markovic Z, Todorovic-Markovic B, Nikolic Z, Mohai I, Károly Z, Farkas Z, Szépvöl-gyi J: Influence of the characteristics of precursors on fullerene formation in RF thermal plasma reactor, In Proceedings: 17th ISPC, Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, Toronto, ID216 pp 1-6 (2005)

• Mohai I, Szépvölgyi J: Treatment of particulate metallurgical wastes in thermal plasmas, Chemical Engineering And Processing, 44, 225-229 (2005)

38

• Todorovic-Markovic B, Markovic Z, Mohai I, Károly Z, Farkas Z, Nikolic Z, Szépvölgyi J: Optical diagnostics of fullerene synthesis in the RF thermal plasma process, J. Serb. Chem. Soc., 70, 79-85 (2005)

• Todorovic-Markovic B, Markovic Z, Mohai I, Nikolic Z, Szépvölgyi J: Optical diag-nostics of carbon plasma during fullerene synthesis, In Proceedings: 17th ISPC, Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, Toronto, ID217 pp 1-6 (2005)

2.1.3.

• Pallai-Varsányi E, Tóth J, Gyenis J: A szárítás, mint a termék végső minőségét meghatá-rozó művelet, Műszaki Kémiai Napok, Veszprém, 319-322 (2005)

• Tóth J, Kardos-Fodor A, Halász-Péterfi S: The formation of fine particles by salting-out precipitation, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 44, 193-200 (2005)

• Tóth J, Pallai-Varsányi E, Gyenis J: Formation and isolation of bovine serum albumin in particulate solid form, VDI-Berichte, 1901, 575-580 (2005)

2.1.4.

• Fekete É, Lengyel B: Accelerated testing of waterborne coatings, Progress In Organic Coatings, 54, 211-215 (2005)

• Horányi G, Kálmán E: Recent developments in the application of radiotracer methods in corrosion studies. In: Analitical Methods In Corrosion Science And Engineering, (Eds Marcus Ph, Mansfeld F) CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2005 pp 283-334

• Horányi G: Radiotracer study of embedding of SO42- and Cl- ions into the surface film

formed on Mn corroding in perchlorate solution, Corrosion Science, 47, 507-514 (2005)

• Láng G G, Horányi G: The formulation and modeling of the anodic dissolution of zinc through adsorbed intermediates, Journal Of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 583, 148-154 (2005)

• Láng G G, Rokob T A, Horányi Gy: Comments on „Observation of the surface stress induced in microcantilevers by electrochemical redox processes” by F. Tian, J.H. Pei, D.L. Hedden, G.M. Brown, T. Thundat, Ultramicroscopy, 104, 330-332 (2005)

• Láng G, Inzelt G, Vrabecz A, Horányi G: Electrochemical aspects of some specific features connected with the behavior of iron group metals in aqueous perchloric acid/perchlorate media, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 582, 249-257 (2005)

• Lendvay-Győrik G, Pajkossy T, Lengyel B: Study of the effect of weathering on water-borne coatings by electrochemical impedance and gravimetry methods. In Proceedings: Corrosion 2005 Science and Economy, Institute of Precision Mechanics, Warsaw, pp 169-175 (2005)

• Lendvayné Győrik G, Pajkossy T, Lengyel B: Vízhígítású festékekből kialakított bevona-tok vizsgálata elektrokémiai impedanciával és gravimetriával, Korróziós Figyelő, 45, 157-161 (2005)

• Lengyel B, Fekete É: Különböző típusú kötőanyagokból előállított vízhígítású festék-anyagok bevonatrendszereinek kitételi és gyorsított korróziós vizsgálatának tapasztalatai, Korróziós Figyelő, 45, 91-95 (2005)

• Pajkossy T, Kibler L A, Kolb D M: Voltametry and impedance measurements of Ir(111) electrodes in aqueous solutions, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 582, 69-75 (2005)

39

• Pajkossy T: Impedance spectroscopy at interfaces of metals and aqueous solutions – Surface roughness, CPE and related issues, Solid State Ionics, 176, 1997-2003 (2005)

• Szabó S, Bakos I: A fémadszorpció szerepe a korrózióban, Magyar Kémikusok Lapja, 60, 8-12 (2005)

• Szabó S, Bakos I: A vas-cink korróziós cella polaritásának megváltozásáról, Korróziós Figyelő, 45, 115-121 (2005)

• Szabó S, Bakos I: Katódos korrózióvédelem elektromos polarizációval, Magyar Kémiku-sok Lapja, 60, 50-55 (2005)

• Szabó S, Bakos I: Katódos korrózióvédelem galvánanódokkal, Magyar Kémikusok Lap-ja, 60, 377-382 (2005)

• Szabó S, Bakos I: Regarding the polarity reversal of the zinc/steel galvanic couple, Corrosion Review, 23, 171-180 (2005)

• Szabó S, Bakos I: Regarding the polarity reversal of the zinc/steel galvanic couple, In Proceedings: 4th International Conference Urb-Corr, PRINTECH, Bucharest, pp 116-121 (2005) ISBN: 973-718-259-6

• Szabó S, Bakos I: The impressed current cathodic protection, In Proceedings: 4th International Conference Urb-Corr, PRINTECH, Bucharest, pp 122-133 (2005) ISBN: 973-718-259-6

• Szabó S: Korrodáló vas-cink fémpár polaritásának megváltozásáról, Tűzihorganyzás, 4, 5-8 (2005)

• Szabó S: Vasbetonszerkezetek katódos korrózióvédelme, Beton, 13, 3-5 (2005)

2.1.5.

• Dinya M, Székely E, Szentmihályi K, Tasnádi Gy, Blázovics A: Major and trace ele-ments in whole blood of phlebotomized patients with porphyria cutanea tarda, Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 19, 217-220 (2005)

• Kótai L, Sajó I, Fodor J, Szabó P, Jakab E, Argay Gy, Holly S, Gács I: Reasons for and consequences of the mysterious behaviour of newly prepared hemipyridine solvate of bis(pyridine)silver(I) permanganate, Agpy2MnO4·0.5py, Transition Metal Chemistry, 30, 939-943 (2005)

• Ladó C, Hajdú M, Farkas E, Then M, Taba G, Szentmihályi K,: Study on the transfer of components of Aetheroleum carvi and Aetheroleum foeniculi oils, Fitoterapia, 76, 166-172 (2005)

• Nagy J, Folhoffer A, Horváth A, Csák T, Taba G, Szentmihályi K, Szalay F, Zelkó R: Kinetic study of zinc sulphate release from lipophilic matrices prepared for the therapy of Wilson’s disease, Pharmazie, 60, 524-526 (2005)

• Sárközi Á, Then M, Szentmihályi K: Mineral element content of greater celandine (Chelidonium majus L.), Acta Alimentaria, 34, 113-120 (2005)

• Szentmihályi K, Blázovics A, Taba G, Balázs A, Huszár Sz, Pintér E, Szilágyi M: The effect of selenium supplementation with different selenium status on redox parameters in ducks, In Proceedings: 5th International Symposium on Trace Elements in Human: New Perspectives, University-Medical School, Athens, pp 408-413 (2005)

40

• Szentmihályi K, Taba G, Lado C, Fodor J, Then M, Szőke É: Medicinal plant teas recommended as nutritional source for element supplementation, Acta Alimentaria, 34, 161-167 (2005)

• Szentmihályi K, Then M, Fodor J, Fekete T, Csedő K: A kozmetika és a gyógynövényte-ák, Olaj, Szappan, Kozmetika, 54, 82-85 (2005)

• Then M, Ladó K, Fodor J, Szentmihályi K: A Salvia nemorosa L. hatóanyag- és ásványi elemtartalmának tanulmányozása, Olaj, Szappan, Kozmetika, 54, 29-32 (2005)

• Then M, Szentmihályi K, Gere A, Jasztrab Sz, Szőke É: Antioxidant properties of Myrtilli folium, Phaseoli fructus sine seminibus and drug mixture extracts, Acta Ali-mentaria, 34, 169-176 (2005)

2.1.7.

• Dányádi L, Százdi L, Gulyás J, Bertóti I, Pukánszky B: Surface chemistry and adhesion in carbon fiber reinforced epoxy microcomposites, Composite Interfaces, 12, 243-258 (2005)

• Fekete E, Földes E, Pukánszky B: Effect of molecular interactions on the miscibility and structure of polimer blends, European Polymer Journal, 41, 727-736 (2005)

• Földes E, Pukánszky B: Miscibility-structure-property correlation in blends of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer and polyamide 6/66, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 283, 79-86 (2005)

• Gatos G K, Százdi L, Pukánszky B, Karger-Kocsis J: Controlling the deintercalation in hydrogenated nitrile rubber (HNBR)/organo-montmorillonite nanocomposites by curing with peroxide, Macromol. Rapid Commun., 26, 915-919 (2005)

• Lim K L K, Mohd Ishak Z A, Ishiaku U S, Fuad A M Y, Yusof A H, Czigány T, Pukánszky B, Ogunniyi D S: High-density polyethylene/ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene blend. I. The processing, thermal, and mechanical properties, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 97, 413-425 (2005)

• Miltner H E, Rahier H, Pozsgay A, Pukanszky B, Van Mele B: Experimental evidence for reduced chain segment mobility in poly(amide)-6/clay nanocomposites, Composite Interfaces, 12, 787-803 (2005)

• Pukánszky B: Interfaces and interphases in multicomponent materials: past, present, future, Eeuropean Polymer Journal, 41, 645-662 (2005)

• Pukánszky B: Special issue on the Conference on Interfaces and Interphases in Multi-component Materials(IMM, 2003) - Preface, Composite Interfaces, 12, 165-166 (2005)

• Renner K, Móczó J, Pukánszky B: Mikropórusos filmek alapanyagának fejlesztése, Mű-anyag és Gumiipari Évkönyv, 11-14 (2005)

• Renner K, Yang M S, Móczó J, Choi H J, Pukánszky B: Analysis of the debonding process in polypropylene model composites, European Polymer Journal, 41, 2520-2529 (2005)

• Sava I, Bruma M, Szesztay M, Müller P: Poly (1,3,4-oxadiazole-amide-ester)s and Thin Films Made from Them, High Performance Polymers, 17, 263-275 (2005)

• Százdi L, Pukánszky B Jr., Földes E, Pukánszky B: Possible mechanism of interaction among the components in MAPP modified layered silicate PP nanocomposites, Polymer, 46, 8001-8010 (2005)

41

• Vidéki B, Klébert Sz, Pukánszky B: Grafting of caprolacton to cellulose acetate by reac-tive processing, European Polymer Journal, 41, 1699-1707 (2005)

2.1.8.

• Bruns N, Scherble J, Hartmann L, Thomann R, Iván B, Mülhaupt R, Tiller J C: Nano-phase separated amphiphilic conetwork coatings and membranes, Macromolecules, 38, 2431-2438 (2005)

• Domján A, Erdődi G, Mezey P, Iván B, Wilhelm M, Graf R, Spiess H W, Gutmann J: Structure and morphology of the amphiphilic conetworks: NMR and X-ray scattering studies, In Proceedings: International Symposium on Polymer Conetworks, Gels and Membranes Sciences, Technology and Applications, IMEC CRC HAS, Budapest, pp 44-48 (2005)

• Erdődi G, Kennedy J P: Ideal tetrafunctional amphiphilic PEG/PDMS conetworks by a dual-purpose extender/crosslinker. II. Characterization and properties of water-swollen membranes, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 43, 4965-4971 (2005)

• Erdődi G, Kennedy J P: Ideal tetrafunctional amphiphilic PEG/PDMS conetworks by a dual-purpose extender/crosslinker. I. Synthesis, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 43, 4953-4964 (2005)

• Erdődi G, Kennedy J P: Water-swollen highly oxygen permeable membranes: analytical technique and syntheses, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chemistry, 43, 3491-3501 (2005)

• Fónagy T: Jól definiált szerkezetű polimerek előállítása atomátadásos gyökös polimerizá-ció és egyéb módszerek kombinálásával, PhD értekezés, ELTE Kémia Doktori Iskola, (2005)

• Groenewolt M, Brezesinski T, Schlaad H, Antonietti M, Groh W P, Iván B: Polyiso-butylene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) for robust templating of highly ordered mesoporous materials, Advanced Materials, 17, 1158-1162 (2005)

• Iván B, Erdődi G, Domján A, Haraszti M, Schreble J, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R: Intelligent nanostructured polymer conetworks and gels: an overview, In Proceedings: In-ternational Symposium on Polymer Conetworks, Gels and Membranes Sciences, Technology and Applications, IMEC CRC HAS, Budapest, pp 56-60 (2005)

• Iván B, Haraszti M, Erdődi G, Scherble J, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R: New nanophase separated intelligent amphiphilic conetworks and gels, Macromolecular Symposia, 227, 265-274 (2005)

• Kali G, Iván B: Swelling response of amphiphilic conetworks to salt concentration, In Proceedings: International Symposium On Polymer Conetworks, Gels And Membranes Sciences, Technology And Applications, IMEC CRC HAS, Budapest, pp 66-68 (2005)

• Kovács O, Iván B: Functional star polymers by quasiliving atom transfer radical polymerization, Polymer Preprints, 46, 243-244 (2005)

• Kovács O, Szanka I, Iván B: Quasiliving atom transfer radical polymerization of methacrylates by slow initiation with 4-methylbenzyl bromide, Polymer Preprints, 46, 368-369 (2005)

• Mezey P, Domján A, Iván B, Thomann R, Mülhaupt R: Morphology studies and potential applications of poly(N,N-Dimethylacrylamide)-L-Polyisobutylene amphiphilic polymer conetworks, In Proceedings: International Symposium On Polymer Conetworks, Gels

42

And Membranes Sciences, Technology And Applications, IMEC CRC HAS, Budapest, pp 80-82 (2005)

• Nugay N, Erdődi G, Kennedy J P: Cyclosiloxane-based networks: synthesis, thermal characterization, and microstructure, Journal of Polymer Science: Part A: Polymer Chem-istry, 43, 630-637 (2005)

• Petraru L, Roth T, Groh W P, Pálfi V, Iván B, Binder W H: Gels from hydrogen-bonded supramolecular polymers, International Symposium on Polymer Conetworks, Gels and Membranes Sciences, Technology and Applications, IMEC CRC HAS, Budapest, pp 40-42 (2005)

• Roth T, Groh P W, Pálfi V, Iván B, Binder W H: Supramolecular three-arm star poly-isobutylenes by Sharpless-type "click" reactions, Polymer Preprints, 46, 1166-1167 (2005)

• Sava I, Bruma M, Szesztay M, Müller P: Poly (1,3,4-oxadiazole-amide-ester)s and Thin Films Made from Them, High Performance Polymers, 17, 263-275 (2005)

• Szabó S L, Iván B, Scherble J, Mülhaupt R: New types of amphiphilic conetworks: synthesis and characterization of poly(N,N-Dimethylacrylamide)-L-Poly(Dimethyl-siloxane)s, In Proceedings: International Symposium on Polymer Conetworks, Gels and Membranes Sciences, Technology and Applications, IMEC CRC HAS, Budapest, pp 72-76 (2005)

2.2.1.

• Cserháti T, Forgács E, Deyl Z, Miksik I: Chromatography in authenticity and traceability tests of vegetable oils and dairy products: a review, Biomedical Chromatography, 19, 183-190 (2005)

• Cserháti T, Forgács E: Effect of pH and salts on the binding of free amino acids to the corn protein zein studied by thin-layer chromatography, Amino Acids, 28, 99-103 (2005)

• Eckhardt A, Miksik I, Charvátová J, Deyl Z, Forgács E, Cserháti T: Proteomics of col-lagen peptides: a method to reveal minor changes in post-translationally modified collagen by HPLC and capillary electrophoresis, Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, 28, 1437-1451 (2005)

• Gere-Pászti E, Cserháti T, Forgács E, Deyl Z, Miksik I, Eckhardt A, Illés Z: Interaction of hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin with peptides, studied by reversed-phase thin-layer chromatography, Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, 28, 2619-2632 (2005)

• Morais H, Forgács E, Cserháti T: Enzyme production of the edible mushroom Pleorotus in shaken cultures completed with agro-industrial wastes, Engineering in Life Science, 5, 152-157 (2005)

• Morais H, Forgács E, Cserháti T: The use of spectral mapping for the study of the en-zyme production of the edible mushroom Pleurotus Ostreatus, Acta Alimentaria, 34, 121-130 (2005)

2.2.2.

• Mink Gy, Horváth L, Méder G, Welther K, Házi I, Henézi F, Floris F, Mulas P: Purification of groundwater contaminated by chlorobenzenes using a combined solar photocatalytic/stripping reactor. In Proceedings: 3rd Dubrovnik Conference on

43

Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Zagreb, pp (2005) ISBN 953-6313-70-7

• Mink Gy, Horváth L, Mulas P, Floris F: Low cost plant module for solar desalination. In Proceedings: Estec 2005 (European Solar Thermal Energy Conference), ESTIF, Freiburg, pp 287-290 (2005)

• Stéger C, Varga V, Horváth L, Rév E, Fonyó Z, Meyer M, Lelkes Z: Feasibility of ex-tractive distillation process variants in batch rectifier column, Chemical Engineering and Processing, 44, 1237-1256 (2005)

2.2.3.

• Adam J, Blazsó M, Mészáros E, Stöcker M, Hilsen H M, Bouzga A, Hustad E J, Gronli M, Oye G: Pyrolysis of biomass in the presence of Al-MCM-41 type catalysts, Fuel, 84, 1494-1502 (2005)

• Gómez C J, Várhegyi G, Puigjaner L: Slow pyrolysis of woody residues and an herba-ceous biomass crop: a kinetic study, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 44, 6650-6660 (2005)

• Oudia A, Simoes R, Queiroz J, Mészáros E, Jakab E: Characterization of Mediated Lac-case Biodelignification of Eucalyptus Globulus Kraft Pulp, In Proceedings: 2005 Interna-tional Pulp Bleaching Conference, The Sweedish Association of Pulp and Paper Engi-neers, Stockholm, pp 248-251 (2005)

2.2.4.

• Blazsó M: In situ modification of pyrolysis products of macromolecules in an analytical pyrolyser, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 74, 344-352 (2005)

• Blazsó M: Pyrolysis oils of plastic wastes, In Proceedings: Third International Sympo-sium on Feedstock Recycling of Plastics, Universitätsverlag Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, 2005. pp 11-18

• Jakab E, Bhaskar T, Sakata Y: Pyrolysis of halogen-containing polymer mixtures, In Proceedings: Third International Symposium on Feedstock Recycling of Plastics, Univer-sitätsverlag Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, 2005. pp 163-168

• Jakab E, Omastová M: Thermal decomposition of polyolefin/carbon black composites, Journal of Analytical And Applied Pyrolysis, 74, 204-214 (2005)

2.2.5.

• Főglein K A, Szabó P T, Babievskaya I Z, Szépvölgyi J: Comparative study on the decomposition of chloroform in thermal and cold plasma, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 25, 289-302 (2005)

• Főglein K A, Szabó P T, Szépvölgyi J: Products of CCl2XY decomposition in thermal plasma, In Proceedings: 17th ISPC, Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, Toronto, ID215 pp 1-6 (2005)

• Főglein K A, Szépvölgyi J, Szabó P T, Mészáros E, Pekker-Jakab E, Babievskaya I Z, Mohai I, Károly Z: Comparative study on decomposition of CFCl3 in thermal and cold plasma, Plasma Chemistry And Plasma Processing, 25, 275-288 (2005)

• Főglein K A, Szépvölgyi J: How can the carbon black yield from freons be raised in thermal plasma decomposition? In Proceedings: 17th ISPC, Centre for Advanced Coating Technologies, Toronto, ID214 pp 1-6 (2005)

44

• Kovács T, Turányi T, Főglein K A, Szépvölgyi J: Kinetic modeling of the decomposition of carbon tetrachloride in thermal plasma, Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing, 25, 109-119 (2005)

• Szépvölgyi J, Károly Z, Mohai I, Zsámbók D, Kőszegi Sz, Varjas P: Processing of steelmaking dust by thermal plasma technology, In Proceedings: International Confer-ence on Clean Technologies in the Steel Industry, OMBKE, Budapest, pp 139-145 (2005)

Other publications • Borondics F, Jakab E, Bokor M, Matus P, Tompa K, Pekker S: Reductive functionali-

zation of carbon nanotubes, Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures, 13, 375-382 (2005)

• Feczkó T, Marton A, Molnár A, Szentes G: Estimation of uncertainty of direct radiative of the aerosol for a rural site in central Europe, Atmospheric Environment, 39, 7127-7136, (2005)

• Fodor-Kardos A, Horváth A: Polynuclear complexes of a dissociative excited state formed in the [Ru(bpy)2(CN)2]-HgCl2 system, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 4, 185-190 (2005)

• Horváth E, Kristóf J, Frost L R, Jakab E, Makó É, Vágvölgyi V: Identification of superactive centers in thermally treated formamide-intercalated kaolinite, Journal of Col-loid and Interface Science, 289, 132-138 (2005)

• Iván B: Proceedings (editing), International Symposium on Polymer Conetworks, Gels and Membranes Sciences, Technology and Applications, IMEC CRC HAS, Budapest, pp 1-109 (2005)

• Molnár G, Botvay A, Pöppl L, Torkos K, Borossay J, Máthé Á, Török T: Thermal degradation of chemical modified polysulfones, Polymer Degradation and Stability, 89, 410-417 (2005)

• Pekker S, Kováts É, Oroszlányi G, Bényei Gy, Klupp Gy, Bortel G, Jalsovszky I, Jakab E, Borondics F, Kamarás K, Bokor M, Kriza Gy, Tompa K, Faigel Gy: Rotor-stator molecular crystals of fullerenes with cubane, Nature Materials, 4, 764-767 (2005)

• Sipos P, Németh T, Mohai I, Dódony I: Effect of soil composition on adsorption of lead as reflected by a study on a natural forest soil profile, Geoderma, 124, 363-374 (2005)

• Sipos P, Németh T, Mohai I: Distribution and possible immobilization of lead in a forest soil (Luvisol), Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 27, 1-10 (2005)

• Szépvölgyi J: A vegyipar jelene és jövője, Ezredforduló, 4, 10-12 (2005)

• Szépvölgyi J: Mivel foglalkozik az anyagtudomány? Természet Világa, 136, 42-46 (2005)

• Tóth M, Szépvölgyi J, Horváth P: Archeometric studies on two gilded buckles of belt found in regions Hódmezővásárhely-Sóhalom and Ártánd-Kisfarkasdomb, Gepidische Gräberfelder im Theissgebiet II., Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum 91-96, (2005)

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9 E-MAIL ADDRESSES

Name E-mail-address Direct Phone No* Extension** Ajler, László ajler@chemres.hu 332 Babos, Gábor - 329 Bakos, István bakos@chemres.hu 303 Beck, T. Mihály beckmt@chemres.hu 235 Belházy, Éva ady@chemres.hu 337, 465 Bertóti, Imre bertoti@chemres.hu 438-1156 464, 578 Bíró, Péterné ebiro@chemres.hu 386, 113, 271 Blazsó, Marianne blazso@chemres.hu 438-4148 397 Cseke, László - 463-4333 191, 546 Dengel-Szentmihályi, Klára szklari@chemres.hu 386, 113 Erdődi, Gábor erdodi@chemres.hu 566, 539 Erdő-Fazekas, Ildikó erdone@mail.bme.hu 463-2508 191, 546 Feczkó, Tivadar feczko@mukki.richem.hu +36-1-88-624-032 Fekete, Erika ebodine@mail.bme.hu 463-4335 191 Fekete, Éva efekete@chemres.hu 319 Fodor, Judit fodorj@chemres.hu 332 Fodor-Kardos, Andrea kardos@mukki.richem.hu +36-1-88-624-032 Fónagy, Tamás fonagyt@chemres.hu 539 Főglein, Katalin fogleink@chemres.hu 415 Földes, Enikő efoldes@chemres.hu 438-4138 395, 546, 191 Gál, Loránd gallorand@chemres.hu 456, 486 Groh, Werner Péter groh@chemres.hu 566, 539, 146 Gulyás, László gula@chemres.hu 578 Gyulassy, Eszter gyulassy@chemres.hu 111, 261, 515 Haraszti, Márton marci@chemres.hu 566 Horányi, György hor34@ludens.elte.hu 209-0555/6229 Horváth, László lhorvath@chemres.hu 451 Horváth, Tibor thorvath@chemres.hu 238 Iván, Béla bi@chemres.hu 438-1123 376 Kali, Gergely g.kali@chemres.hu 566 Károly, Zoltán karoly@chemres.hu 415 Kéméndi-Fridrich, Erzsébet kemendi@chemres.hu 111 Klébert, Szilvia klebert@chemres.hu 463-4336 191 Kótai, László kotail@chemres.hu 332 Kurucz-Kovács, Barbara kovacsbarbara@chemres.hu 159 Kránicz, Andrea kranicz@chemres.hu 438-1130 166 Laczkó, Zsuzsanna zslaczko@chemres.hu 337, 465, 486 Lendvay-Győrik, Gabriella gyorik@chemres.hu 163 Lengyel, Béla blengyel@chemres.hu 438-4149 574 Lengyel, István ilengyel@chemres.hu 364 May, Zoltán mzozo@ chemres.hu 386 Máthé, Árpád mathea@chemres.hu 146, 539 Meskó, Mónika - 463-4334 191, 546 Mészáros, Erika m_erika@chemres.hu 141, 243 Mészáros, Gábor meszaros@chemres.hu 213

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Name E-mail-address Direct Phone No* Extension** Mezei-Seres, Ágota msagota@chemres.hu 438-1130 167 Mezey, Péter mezey@chemres.hu 566, 539 Mink, György mink@chemres.hu 438-1151 305 Móczó, János jmoczo@mail.bme.hu 463-3747 191 Mohai, Ilona mohaiti@chemres.hu 415 Mohai, Miklós mohai@chemres.hu 514, 578 Novák-Czégény, Zsuzsanna czegeny@chemres.hu 438-4148 381 Pajkossy, Tamás pajkossy@chemres.hu 230 Pálfi, Viktória viki@chemres.hu 146 Pekker-Jakab, Emma jakab@chemres.hu 438-4148 381 Pozsgay, Tünde tfrater@mail.bme.hu 463-3475 191 Prodán, Miklós prodan@chemres.hu 261 Pukánszky, Béla bpukanszky@mail.bme.hu 463-2015 191, 395, 546 Renner, Károly krenner@mail.bme.hu 463-2479 191 Sándor, Zoltán zsandor@chemres.hu 379, 515, 261 Selmeci, Józsefné jselmeci@chemres.hu 546 Stark, Bertalanné - 510 Szabó, L. Sándor szs@chemres.hu 566, 539 Szabó, Sándor szabos@chemres.hu 303 Szanka, István szani@chemres.hu 539 Szauer, Judit jutka@chemres.hu 546, 191 Szentmarjay, Erika erika@ mukki.richem.hu +36-1-88-624-032 Szesztay, Márta szesztay@chemres.hu 539 Szépvölgyi, János szepvol@chemres.hu 438-1130 346 Tardi, Ilona tardi@chemres.hu 319 Tarlós, Éva tevi@chemres.hu 468 Tatay, Ede - 463-4330 191, 546 Till, Ferenc till@chemres.hu 280 Tóth, András totha@chemres.hu 514, 578 Tóth, Judit toth@ mukki.richem.hu +36-1-88-624-032 Tyroler, Erzsébet - 539 Ujvári, Tamás t-ujvari@chemres.hu 430, 578 Várhegyi, Gábor varhegyi@chemres.hu 438-1148 599

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