I. I.Kelp Forests Dominated by brown algae Found in shallow open coastal settings where water...

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I. Kelp Forests Dominated by brown algae Found in shallow open coastal settings where water temperature usually < 20 o C Bottom depth typically <20 m Light readily available Highly productive, diverse ecosystems Productivity related to fast kelp growth rates

Transcript of I. I.Kelp Forests Dominated by brown algae Found in shallow open coastal settings where water...

I. Kelp Forests

• Dominated by brown algae• Found in shallow open coastal settings

where water temperature usually <20 oC• Bottom depth typically <20 m

• Light readily available

• Highly productive, diverse ecosystems• Productivity related to fast kelp growth rates

Fig. 16-7

Atlantic Fig. 16-9Pacific Fig. 16-8

I. Kelp Forests

Atlantic Pacific

Grazers Urchins Urchins, Abalones, Limpets

Suspension Feeders

Mussels Mussels

Predators Maine Lobsters

Sea Otters

I. Kelp Forests

A. Factors Affecting Kelp Forests1. Intensity and frequency of winter storms

2. Presence/Absence of urchin predators (sea otters/lobsters)

3. Abundance and behavior of herbivores• Winter storms can rip kelps from their holdfasts• After severe storms, portions of sea floor may be stripped

of kelp• Urchins deprived of preferred foods (mature kelp or drift

algae) may increase mobility and eat newly recruited kelps• Grazing may prevent kelps from re-growing

• Leads to establishment of more resistant coralline algae• Leads to urchin barrens

vanaqua.org

Fig. 16-14

hopkins.stanford.edu

I. Kelp Forests

B. Kelp Forest Ecology• Sea otters/Lobsters important top-down

regulators of community structure• Prey on important grazers like urchins (Pac/Atl) and

abalones (Pac)

• Urchins, abalones, other herbivores graze on attached seaweeds, drift kelp

• Urchin populations can have a major impact on community composition

Fig. 16-11

Fig. 16-15

II. Plants

A. Bryophytes• Non-vascular plants• Dominant gametophyte

1. Marchantiophyta (liverworts)

2. Anthocerotophyta (hornworts)

3. Bryophyta (mosses)

bio1151.nicerweb.com

II. Plants

B. Pteridophytes• Vascular plants• Dominant sporophyte

1. Lycopodiophyta (club mosses)

2. Pteridophyta (ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails)

sierrapotomac.org

malag.aes.oregonstate.edustevie8126.blogspot.com

II. Plants

C. Seed Plants• Vascular plants• Dominant sporophyte

1. Cycadophyta (sago palms)

2. Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)

3. Pinophyta (conifers)

4. Gnetophyta (gnetales)

5. Anthophyta/Magnoliophyta (flowering plants)**

cycadssouthafrica.net

ginkgoucmp.berkeley.edu

conifersfrogsonice.com

Welwitschiabiolib.cz

II. Flowering Plants (Anthophyta)

• True roots, stems, leaves• Roots

• Mechanical anchors• Absorb water, minerals• Often with root hairs (increase surface area for absorption)• May store carbohydrates

• Stems• Elevate and separate leaves• Elevate reproductive structures• Nodes, internodes

• Leaves• Main photosynthetic organ• Blade, petiole, veins

• Specialized vascular tissues that transport water, minerals, nutrients

• Xylem – Water• Phloem – Minerals, nutrients

thomson.fosterscience.com

parenchyma

collenchyma

sclerenchyma

micro.magnet.fsu.edu

II. Flowering Plants (Anthophyta)

• Monocots vs. dicots

holganix.com