I /I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I

EAGLE-PICHER THE EAGLE - PICHER COMPANY COUPLES DEPARTMENT: JOPLIN, MISSOLkI

SINCE 1843 #cHER

GPO PRICE $

OTS PRICE(S) $

Hard copy (HC) d.@ Microfiche (MF) ,A,

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19650002898 2020-01-31T05:37:37+00:00Z

INVESTIGATIONS LEADING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A PRIMARY ZINC-SILVER OXIDE BATTERY OF IMPROVED PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

SUMMARY REPORT NO. 3 Contract No. NAS 8-5493

Control Number TP3-83728 (1F) CPB 13-1600-63

GEORGE C. MARSHALL SPACE FLIGHT CENTER Hun tsv i 1 le, A la bama

Reporting Period 1 J u l y 1964 through 30 September 1964

Date of Report: 31 October 1964

THE EAGLE-PICHER COMPANY COUPLES DEPARTMENT Jop l in , Missouri

A./7,7 2 / / . d Q Prepared by : /d& / I - yy-G-=</r(

B. R. Hawkins , Pro jec t Engineer

Reviewed by : P.-D. Eddy, Sec t ion Mani#er

fY& & * ,

Reviewed by : P.-D. Eddy, Sec t ion Mani#er

/

Approved by : kf l rne, E. M. Morse, Engineering Manager

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. PURPOSE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11. ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

111. FACTUAL DATA AND DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A. General B. Separa tor Materials

1. Design Fac to r s 2. Discussion of Separator Treatments 3. Conclusions

C. U t i l i z a t i o n of t h e Zinc Plate D. F a i l u r e Modes of t h e Zinc-Si lver Oxide System E. Prel iminary Design Study

IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . V. PROGRAM FOR THE NEXT INTERVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

V I . PERSONNEL. 0 . . 0

APPENDIX References c i t e d i n t h i s r epor t References which are a v a i l a b l e Master Schedule Abs t r ac t Card D i s t r i b u t i o n L i s t

67 68 69 69 69 69 73 74 75 75 76 78 78 79

TABLES N o * I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

FIGURES No. 1 - E f f e c t of discharge cu r ren t d e n s i t y upon maximum mono-

v a l e n t p l a t eau vo l t age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 No. 2 - E f f e c t of semipermeable membrane on d ischarge v o l t a g e . 7 1 No, 3 - Typical e f f e c t of cons t ruc t ion v a r i a b l e s upon cel l

capac i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 No. 4 . E f f e c t of a c t i v a t e d l i f e on d ischarge v o l t a g e . . . . . 77

i

I * 1. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I. PURPOSE

The immediate o b j e c t i v e during t h i s extended c c n t r a c t per iod e h a l l be t he design of a z i n c - s i l v e r oxide c e l l capable of a c t i v a t e d s t a n d per iods and re- charge a b i l i t i e s as follows:

A. Stand per iod (or u s e f u l l i f e ) - t h i r t y days B. C. Cycle c a p a b i l i t y - s i x cyc le s i n t h i r t y days

1. Five cycles removing 25% depth 2 . A f i n a l discharge of 100% capac i ty

Stand temperature - 90" F

D. Bat t e ry v o l t a g e during d ischarge - 28 f 2.0 v o l t s (1.40 k 0.10 v o l t s per c e l l )

Rela ted s t u d i e s w i l l be c a r r i e d out as r equ i r ed t o achieve this goal .

- 67 -

11. ABSTRACT

E f f o r t i s being made t o develop a c e l l design capable of l imi t ed cyc le l i f e while r e t a i n i n g the high rate and high dens i ty c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t he p r i - mary z i n c - s i l v e r oxide system.

A l i t e r a t u r e search has been c a r r i e d out wi th emphasis on r e fe rences p e r t i n e n t t o improved sepa ra to r systems.

A prel iminary design study has been begun t o determine more s p e c i f i c - a l l y t h e areas s u b j e c t t o design modif icat ion.

S tud ie s r e l a t i v e t o opt imiza t ion of t he z i n c p l a t e d e n s i t i e s Over t h e

- 68 -

1. 111. FACTUAL WTA AND DISCUSSION

A. General

The z i n c - s i l v e r oxide system has been inves t iga t ed ex tens ive ly as i n d i - S p e c i f i c s t u d i e s have included ca ted by t h e r e fe rences included i n t h e appendix.

i nd iv idua l i n v e s t i g a t i o n s of both e l e c t r o d e s , as w e l l as sepa ra to r materials. Segments of o t h e r s t u d i e s have d e a l t w i t h e l e c t r o l y t e concent ra t ion and a d d i t i v e s .

It is ind ica t ed t h a t i t is p o s s i b l e t o cons t ruc t h ighly r e l i a b l e , h igh energy d e n s i t y , primary z inc - s i lve r oxide batteries, whi le r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e secondary b a t t e r y comes a t the expense of e i t h e r b a t t e r y energy dens i ty o r h igh rate c a p a b i l i t i e s . Y e t it is poss ib le t o c o n s t r u c t z i n c - s i l v e r oxide t r ies,

goa l of t h i s program s h a l l be the design o f a ce l l capable of l imi t ed cyc le l i f e whi le r e t a i n i n g t h e h igh energy densi ty and c l o s e v o l t a g e r egu la t ion f e a t u r e s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of t h e primary system.

e i t h e r vented or s ea l ed , capable of a cons iderable number of cyc le s . (t 5 me

It appears t h a t u t i l i z a t i o n of t h e cathode and anode a c t i v e materials has e s s e n t i a l l y reached a p la teau , a l though r e fe rences occas iona l ly mention t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of chemical a d d i t i v e s o r o the r innovat ions. has d iscussed t h e a d d i t i o n of palladium t o t h e p o s i t i v e e l ec t rode , as have Landers and Kera l l a . ( 3 ) It is a n t i c i p a t e d , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e most advantageous ap- proach w i l l involve t h e a s s imi l a t ion and a p p l i c a t i o n of technique and knowledge revea led i n t h e p e r t i n e n t references. This is perhaps most t r u e of eva lua t ion of separators and methods of t h e i r improvement, because of programs which have d e a l t l a r g e l y or e n t i r e l y wi th separa tor s t u d i e s .

For in s t ance , Dirkse (2)

B. Seuara tor Materials

1. Design Fac tors

As s i l v e r migra t ion , d e n d r i t i c z i n c growths, d i s s o l u t i o n of z i n c , and s e p a r a t o r degradat ion remain l imi t ing f a c t o r s i n t h e opera t ion of secondary z inc - silver oxide cells, a g r e a t amount of s tudy has been a c c o q l i s h e d i n r e c e n t y e a r s r e l a t i v e t o sepa ra to r s . cluded phases of s tudy devoted e i t h e r t o sc reening o r s p e c i a l t rea tment of s epa ra - t o r materials and the s e l e c t i o n of t h e optimum combination thereof . To under- s t a n d t h e importance of s e l e c t i n g the optimum sepa ra to r combination, it is only necessary t o examine t h e funct ion of t h i s material and t h e e f f e c t o f m u l t i p l e l a y e r s upon cel l energy dens i ty and v o l t a g e r e g u l a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .

Almost a l l s i l v e r z i n c development programs have if-

As i nd ica t ed by Figure No. 1, equi l ibr ium ce l l v o l t a g e during d ischarge can be r ep resen ted by an e s s e n t i a l l y l i n e a r func t ion of c u r r e n t dens i ty based upon t h e total s u p e r f i c i a l a r e a of t h e p o s i t i v e group ( i f a l l o t h e r design fac- t o r s are h e l d cons tan t ) . Figure No. 2 i n d i c a t e s poss ib l e e f f e c t s of q u a n t i t y of s e p a r a t o r material i n a c e l l upon d i scha rge v o l t a g e a t cons tan t c u r r e n t den- s i t y . F igu re No. 3 relates the e f f e c t s of vary ing t h e number of p l a t e s and q u a n t i t y of s e p a r a t i o n i n a ce l l upon t h e p o s s i b l e capac i ty i n t h e c e l l . These t h r e e f i g u r e s i n d i c a t e t h e problems of design involved i n opt imizing t h e design of a cel l f o r a s p e c i f i c appl ica t ion .

- 69 -

.. . . .

- 1 0 -

I I I

- 7 1 -

‘I , I I I I

/‘

/”

’ - 7 2 -

I I . I I I 1 I 1 1 I I 1 I I 1 I I I I

Very f requent ly , a ba t te ry a p p l i c a t i o n demands an average c e l l v o l t a g e wi th in d e f i n i t e l i m i t s , such as 1.40 f 0.10 v o l t s . I f longer a c t i v a t e d l i f e i s requi red , a common method of achieving t h i s a i m is t h e use of a more membranous sepa ra to r . c r e a s e i n number of p l a t e s to o f f s e t t h e adverse e f f e c t of increased sepa ra t ion upon ce l l v o l t a g e and v o l t a g e regula t ion . A s i nd ica t ed by Figure No. 3, t h i s i n t u r n decreases t h e p o s s i b l e cell capaci ty and energy dens i ty .

The g r e a t e r th ickness of s epa ra to r may be s u f f i c i e n t t o demand a n i n -

These p r a c t i c a l design c r i t e r i a r e v e a l t h e importance of s e l e c t i n g t h e optimum sepa ra to r system and the use of t h i s system such t h a t l imi t ed cyc le l i f e may be obta ined without making the s a c r i f i c e s o u t l i n e d above.

2. Discussion of Separator Treatments

Many s t u d i e s have included screening tests which r e f l e c t t h e relative a b i l i t i e s of prospec t ive separator materials t o meet one or more of t h e r e q u i r e - ments of an accep tab le product. The cr i ter ia used c m o n l y considered i n evalu- a t i n g s e p a r a t o r s i nc lude t h e following:

A. Dimensional changes upon wet t ing B. E l e c t r o l y t e r e t e n t i o n o r a b s o r p t i v i t y C. I). A b i l i t y to r e t a r d s i l v e r t r a n s p o r t E. Res i s t ance to oxidat ion F. E l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e G. Phys ica l s t rength

Degradation o f t h e material i n c a u s t i c s o l u t i o n

Some of these p r o p e r t i e s have been eva lua ted and r epor t ed f o r most of t h e commonly available commercial products.

The u s e of glycer ine- f ree c e l l u l o s i c membranes has been widely followed by makers of secondary a l k a l i n e c e l l s because of t h e a b i l i t y t o r e t a r d silver t r a n s p o r t and t h e i r r e l a t i v e l y low electrical r e s i s t a n c e , as w e l l as t h e i r low c o s t and ready a v a i l a b i l i t y . However, because of t h e degradat ion of t h e s e materi- als i n c a u s t i c and ox id iz ing environments, many a t tempts to f i n d s u b s t i t u t e s or t o improve t h e p r o p e r t i e s of c e l l u l o s i c s have been made.

One t reatment of c e l l u l o s i c materials which has been widely repor ted i s the depos i t i on of s i l v e r wi th in the material by use of formaldehyde or o the r re- ducing agent . (4) but has l i t t l e or no e f f e c t upon oxida t ion r e s i s t a n c e as determined by a t t a c k of a l k a l i n e permanganate so lu t ion . ( 5 )

It has been repor ted t h a t such t reatment may reduce swe l l ing

S tud ie s have r e s u l t e d i n d a t a r e l a t i n g t h e progress ive d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f cel lophane i n KOH/ZnO systems under oxygen, inc luding the depolymerization of t h e material as a func t ion of time and temperature. It w a s found t h a t t h e maxi- mum degree of swel l ing of cellophane and, hence, t h e g r e a t e s t degree of a t t a c k upon cel lophane, occurs i n KOH concentrat ions ranging from 26-33 percent by weight. ( 5 ) s t r e n g t h of cel lophane i n c a u s t i c so lu t ions a t temperatures down t o -35" C. (6)

Another manufacturer has repor ted data descr ib ing t h e l o s s of

- 73 -

I , I- I I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 I I I I I

Among t h e t rea tments of cellophane have been a d d i t i o n of g r a f t s of s t y r e n e and isopropylacrylamide monomers as w e l l as methacryl ic a c i d . (5, 7? I n d i c a t i o n s are t h a t t h e s e treatments may no t g r e a t l y inc rease t h e r e s i s t a n c e t o KOH a t t a c k without undue increase i n the e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e of t h e mem- brane. One of t h e more r e c e n t t reatments has been t h a t of cel lophane by a n t i - oxidants such as m- and p-phenylenediamine. It has been ind ica t ed t h a t such t rea tments may r e s u l t i n remarkably improved oxida t ion r e s i s t a n c e whi e e l e c - t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e remains e s s e n t i a l l y unchanged (about 0.010 ohm-inch' fo r t he membrane t e s t e d ) . However, t h i s decreased r e a c t i v i t y of t h e membrane caused i n a b i l i t y t o r e t a r d s i l v e r t ranspor t . should be a b l e t o react with dissolved and c o l l o i d a l silver i n order t o pre- v e n t i t s migrat ion. (23 s s 6, Later r e p o r t s from Electric Storage Ba t t e ry Company i n d i c a t e t h a t an isocyanate t rea tment of c e l l u l o s i c s may hold some promise. Prel iminary i n d i c a t i o n s were that r e s u l t s might inc lude improved s t r e n g t h r e t e n t i o n and g r e a t e r oxidat ion r e s i s t a n c e a t t h e expense of s l i g h t l y increased electrical r e s i s t a n c e .

It is now concluded t h a t a sepa ra to r

Recent ly , a t tempts have been made t o eva lua te or s tudy sepa ra to r sys- tems by means of r a d i o a c t i v e tracer techniques. (2) t he rate of t r a n s p o r t of an i so tope of s i l v e r through the system under s tudy. However, Dirkse v e r i f i e d t h a t this means of eva lua t ion is confused by t h e f a c t t h a t c e l l u l o s i c materials e f fec t ive l j j remove disso lved and c o l l o i d a l s i l v e r from t h e e l e c t r o l y t e . c e l l u l o s i c membrane (assuming no g r a f t i n g o r s p e c i a l t rea tment of the membrane). Again, i t is implied t h a t only r e a c t i v e membranes are capable of prevent ing s i l - ver t r a n s p o r t .

This involves measuring

Therefore , very l i t t l e s i l v e r passes through a "fresh"

3. Conclusions

In view of the d i f f i c u l t y observed i n obta in ing reproducib le r e s u l t s r e l a t i v e t o s i l v e r loading of membranes and t r anspor t through membranes, i t is doub t fu l that any mathematical desc r ip t ion or p red ic t ion can be formulated t o estimate a c c u r a t e l y t h e processes which occur i n a c e l l . s e v e r a l reasons :

This is t r u e fo r

1. Only under t h e most exact ing cond i t ions can compression of expanding or "swelling" ma te r i a l s be he ld a t a cons tan t l e v e l . impl ies v a r i a t i o n i n t h e mean pore s ize , microscopic s u r f a c e area, and rate of chemical a t t a c k , as w e l l as e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t a n c e .

This

2. S i l v e r t r a n s p o r t undoubtedly varies wi th t h e "age" of a reac- t i v e membrane. t i o n and q u a n t i t y of s i l v e r a l ready he ld by the membrane.

This age would be r e f l e c t e d by the s ta te of degrada-

3. Zinca te concentrat ion i n the e l e c t r o l y t e probably a l s o a f f e c t s silver t r a n s p o r t .

4. Cer ta in membranes, notably i r r a d i a t e d i n e r t s , appear s u s c e p t i b l e t o wrinkl ing , o r local overlap.

5. I f cons iderable q u a n t i t i e s of "open" s e p a r a t o r s are employed i n a cel l , bulk movement of t h e e l e c t r o l y t e , as w e l l as i o n i c t r a n s p o r t , may be a cons iderable f a c t o r i n t h e movement of s i l v e r and z i n c through- out t h e cell.

- 74 -

The apparent conclusion i s t h a t a t t he present s t a t e - o f - t h e - a r t , sc reening tests only a l low t h e r e j e c t i o n of poor materials on t h e basis of com- par i son t o accep tab le products. For example, it may be decided t h a t a product having an electrical r e s i s t a n c e three t i m e s t h a t of cel lophane does not j u s t i f y f u r t h e r eva lua t ion . However, it may not be p o s s i b l e t o assert t h a t a m a t e r i a l which passes a s i n g l e screening test w i l l perform des i r ab ly i n a c e l l . l i k e l y t h a t f a c t o r s such as pore size and d i s t r i b u t i o n or o the r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s no t e a s i l y measured are important. f ined , t h e f i n a l s t e p i n t e s t i n g a separa tor system w i l l involve employing i t i n a c e l l .

It i s

U n t i l t e s t i n g procedures are f u r t h e r re-

PTATE THICKNESS

( inches)

0.030 0.028 0.024 0.022 0.020

C. U t i l i z a t i o n of t he Zinc P la t e

S tud ie s repor ted earlier indica ted the b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t of lower apparent d e n s i t i e s upon d ischarge e f f i c i e n c i e s of t he z inc p l a t e . dens i ty of 40 grams per cubic inch , t h e lowest i n v e s t i g a t e d , proved t o g ive t h e g r e a t e s t e f f i c i e n c y , d a t a have been extended Over a range of 36-58 grams per cubic inch. A s t he less dense material r e q u i r e s g r e a t e r volume, it is apparent t h a t f o r op t imiza t ion i t is a l s o necessary to examine t h e volume fac- tor. Table No. I conta ins da t a re levant t o t h i s s tudy.

S ince a

APPARENT PERCENT

(nm/ in3 ) DENSITY EFFICIENCY

36 52.1 40 48.4 46 42.4 51 33.9 58 28.8

TABLE NO. I

0.00796 0.0079 0.00796 0.0069

I 0.0065

AMPERE -HOURS PER M I U I - I N C H

These da t a were obtained s p e c i f i c a l l y f o r a z inc p l a t e weight of 1.01 grams per square inch, and for a cu r ren t dens i ty of 0.27 ampere per square inch of s u r f a c e area. P l a t e s were discharged aga ins t a cons iderable excess of p o s i t i v e material and t h e s e data rep resen t t h e average of f i v e "runs". It is apparent that a t t h e lower d e n s i t i e s , t h e i n c r e a s e i n p l a t e e f f i c i e n c y is o f f s e t by the p l a t e thickness, so t h a t no advantage i s gained on a volume bas i s . As such data are dependent upon c u r r e n t d e n s i t i e s , it is planned t o a t t a i n s u f f i c i e n t data t o allow opt imiza t ion over t h e p r a c t i c a l range of d i scharge rates.

D. F a i l u r e Modes of t h e Zinc-Si lver Oxide System

There are s e v e r a l modes of f a i l u r e or l o s s of capacity assoc fa t ed w i t h t he z i n c - s i l v e r oxide system. These inc lude t h e following:

- 75 -

1 - 1 . I1 I i I

1. Loss of oxvgen from the p o s i t i v e D l a t e : Divalent s i l v e r oxide is thermodyracical ly uns t ab le i n c a u s t i c so lu t ions . Aside from o t h e r r e a c t i o n s t h e even tua l decomposition of the higher oxide of s i l v e r w i l l cause consid- e r a b l e l o s s of capac i ty from a p o s i t i v e p l a t e which con ta ins l i t t l e or no metallic s i l v e r .

2. Loss of s i l v e r t o t h e e l e c t r o l y t e and separator material: Cel lu- l o s i c membranes e f f e c t i v e l y remove i o n i c and colloidal s i l v e r from t h e e l e c - t r o l y t e . Less r e a c t i v e materials a l s o impede t h e t r a n s p o r t of s i l v e r t o some e x t e n t and accumulate s i l v e r in t h e process. also remains i n s o l u t i o n as governed by t h e s o l u b i l i t y product of t he species. S i l v e r may be removed from t h e so lu t ion by t h e s e p a r a t o r o r z inc p l a t e de- pending upon t h e e f f i c i e n c y of the sepa ra to r system i n use. As t h e s i l v e r conten t of t h e e l e c t r o l y t e tends t o be renewed so long as the oxidized form lasts, it i s obvious t h a t a separa tor system must r ep resen t optimum condi- t i o n s of electrical and physical performance.

A small amount of s i l v e r

3. Contamination of t h e e l e c t r o l y t e by z i n c a t e and carbonate: The e f f e c t s of such contaminations apparent ly have not been f u l l y evaluated. It would seem, however, t h a t such a d d i t i o n s would a f f e c t t h e impedance of t h e cel l , r e s u l t i n g i n the reduced a v a i l a b i l i t y of e lec t rochemica l energy a t the h igher v o l t a g e levels. This would cause imparied v o l t a g e c o n t r o l and reduced accep tab le capaci ty . F igure No. 4 i n d i c a t e s t h e e f f e c t of s t a n d upon v o l t a g e c o n t r o l and capac i ty . While t h e capac i ty fo r t h e sub- j e c t ce l l t o a n end v o l t a g e of 1.30 v o l t s decreased by nea r ly 20%, t he capac i ty t o a 1.10 v o l t cu to f f decreased by less than 13%. s tudy w i l l involve t h e determinat ion of ce l l impedance as a func t ion of a c t i v a t e d l i f e , as w e l l as the r e s i s t a n c e of s epa ra to r materials having undergone silver accumulation and phys ica l degradat ion.

One phase of

4. I n t e r n a l shor t inq : Penet ra t ion of t h e sepa ra to r system by e i t h e r metallic s i l v e r or d e n d r i t i c growths may provide conduct ive pa ths and the re - f o r e , s e l f -discharge of t he cell.

E. Prel iminary Design Study

A set of cells has been constructed fo r t h e purpose of e s t ima t ing t h e c a p a b i l i t i e s of a design similar to the pro to type c e l l design presented a t t h e conclus ion of t h e o r i g i n a l c o n t r a c t period. s i l v e r g r i d i n both the p o s i t i v e and negat ive p l a t e s .

The only major change w a s t h e use of

Data are no t y e t s u f f i c i e n t l y complete t o compare t o t h e design objec- t i v e as s t a t e d . cell capac i ty , followed by discharges of 25% of t h i s capac i ty a f t e r i n t e r v a l s of one and s ix days. The remaining d ischarges w i l l be conducted and t h e d a t a presented i n the next progress r e p o r t .

Cells have been discharged t o 1.30 v o l t s to determine average

Stand temperature is 90" F.

- 76 -

1.

t

- 77 -

1. IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

A number of r e fe rences have been compiled and most examined f o r rele- vance t o t h i s con t r ac t . o f numerous cyc le s , a t t he expense of t h e high energy dens i ty c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e primary z i n c - s i l v e r oxide system. w i l l allow l imi t ed cyc le l i f e a t +90° F without compromising t h e high rate capa- b i l i t i e s and energy dens i ty of the primary system.

It i s apparent t h a t a p p r o p r i a t e ce l l des igns are capable

It i s hoped t o a r r i v e a t a design which

Tests have been begun to es t imate t h e c y c l e a b i l i t y of cells similar A t i n des ign t o those cons t ruc ted a t the end of t h e o r i g i n a l c o n t r a c t per iod.

t h i s t i m e t h r e e cyc les have been conducted over a per iod of twelve days.

U t i l i z a t i o n of t h e a c t i v e materials i s not c u r r e n t l y being improved apprec iab ly . It is i n d i c a t e d , however, t h a t z i n c material dens i ty may be regu- l a t e d t o allow t h e determinat ion of t h e optimum q u a n t i t y of z i n c f o r a s p e c i f i c condi t ion of s e rv i ce . dens i ty of t h e nega t ive material i s a s i g n i f i c a n t design f a c t o r wi th r e spec t t o charge r e t e n t i o n on a c t i v a t e d s tand. Data presented i n t h i s r e p o r t r e v e a l t h a t on i n i t i a l d i scharges , a t least, the b e n e f i t s of z i n c d e n s i t i e s lower than 45 grams/inch3 may be o f f s e t by the g rea t e r vohme requ i r ed by t h e anode a c t i v e materials. These d a t a were obtained a t a s p e c i f i c c u r r e n t dens i ty and tests are being i n i t i a t e d to extend these da t a t o cover the range of u s e f u l c u r r e n t d e n s i t i e s .

A s confirmed e a r l i e r (see F i n a l Report , t h i s c o n t r a c t ) ,

The s e l e c t i o n of t he optimum combination of s epa ra to r materials f o r a

Seve ra l r e sea rche r s s p e c i f i c a p p l i c a t i o n i s important i n view of the e f f e c t s of mu l t ip l e l a y e r s upon v o l t a g e magnitude and r e g u l a t i o n as w e l l as c e l l capac i ty . have concluded t h a t a reactive membrane, such as cel lophane, is necessary t o pre- ven t silver t r anspor t . The literature inc ludes prepara t ion of membranes and t rea tments of membranes tco numerous t o i temize.

Cer ta in t rea tments which a r e ind ica t ed t o be b e n e f i c i a l , such as t h e i socyanate t reatment of cel lophane, w i l l be eva lua ted wi th r e s p e c t t o a t t a i n i n g t h e des ign goal.

V. PROGRAM FOR TH7 NEXT IN'lXRVAL

E f f o r t w i l l be made t o regain some of t h e s l i ppage ind ica t ed i n t h e Master Schedule included i n t h e Appendix. lowing s p e c i f i c areas :

This w i l l i nc lude e f f o r t i n t he f o l -

1. Survey of t he cur ren t l i t e r a t u r e w i l l be continued.

2. Attempts w i l l be made t o l o c a t e th inne r s u i t a b l e sepa ra to r materi- a l s , both membranous and "open" types.

3 . Optimization s t u d i e s r e l a t i n g t o z i n c e f f i c i e n c y as a f f e c t e d by apparent dens i ty of t h e mater ia l and d ischarge cu r ren t dens i ty w i l l cont inue.

4. A program vi11 be outl ined which w i l l allow es t imat ion of t h e oper- t i n g and r e l i a b i l i t y characteristics of the f i n a l cell design.

5 , Studies r e l a t i n g t o the e f f e c t s of var ious e l e c t r o l y t e add i t ives w i l l be i n i t i a t e d .

6, The preliminary design study w i l l be completed.

V I . PERSONNEL

The following t o t a l s of man-hours have been expended during the con t r ac t period:

Engineering - - -- - - -0 -0 - 2381 hours Technical ----_-------- 2894 hours

TOTAL 5275 hours -

- 79 -

I. I I I I 1 I I I I I I I 1 I I I I

A P P E N D I X

REFERENCES CITED IN THIS REPORT

(l) Contract AF 33(616) -7529, Cook Electric Company, %alua t ion of A l k a l i n e C e l l s "

(2) Contract AF 33(615)-1236, D i r k s e , T. P., "Si lver Migration and Transport Mechanism S tud ie s i n Si lver-Zinc Batteries"

(3) Contract AF 33(600) -41600, Delco-Remy , "Development of Sealed S i l v e r Oxide- Zinc Secondary Batteries"

(4)

(5)

U. S. Pa ten t 3,091,554, among o t h e r s

Contract NAS 5-2860, Electr ic Storage Ba t t e ry Company, %Alkaline Battery Separator Study"

(6) Contract DA-36-039-AMC-O2238(E), Yardney Electr ic Company, ' ~ e v e l o p m e n t Of t h e Sealed Zinc-Silver Oxide Secondary Ba t t e ry System", March 31, 1964

Tuwiner , S. B., Diffusion and Membrane Technology, Reinhold Publishing (7 ) Corporation, 1962, (Lib. Cong. N o . 62-20783)

a

I I I i I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I

REFERENCES WHICH ARE AVAILABLE

'"Mechanism of Processes i n S i l v e r Electrode of a STS Storage Battery", U. N. Flerov, Zh. Prekl . Khim. 36, 1980-7, 1963 (60, 1331a)

"Inv. of Si lver-Zinc Storage Bat te ry Radioact ive Zinc (65) Isotope", T. 2. Palagyi , J.E.S. 108, 201-3, 1961 (56, 8440)

"The E f f e c t of Amalgamating Agent on E l e c t r o l y t e Parameters and Their S t a b i l - i t y i n Zinc/Manganese C e l l s " , T. Fabiuonmicius, Mokslas ir Tecknika, 1961, pp. 35-6 (55, 24310)

"Mechanism of Cathodic Reduction of Zinc Oxide Phase Layers on Zinc Electrode", A. I. Oshe, e t a l , Zhur. Fig. Khim. 35, 1641-2, 1961 (56, 261)

"Mechanism of t h e E f f e c t of an Asymmetric A l t e r n a t i n g Current i n Charging Zinc- S i l v e r Bat te ry on Shape of Discharge Curve", V. V. Romanov, Zhur. Preklad. Khim. 34, 1312-16, 1961 (55, 6197 i; 17294 i )

'Qf fec t of Per iodic Reverse Current and Pulsa t ing Current on Elec t ro . Deposit ion of Zinc from Zinca te Solut ion", G. Bek, et a l , Zhur. Preklad Khim. 34, 2020-7, 1961 (56, 1284)

"Hydrogen Overvoltage on Zinc Electrode i n Alka l ine Solut ions. E f fec t of KOH Concentration", 2. Z. I o f a , e t a l , Zhur. Fig. Khim. 35, 1571-7, 1961 (55, 25546)

"Cathodic Behavior of Ago i n Alkal ine Solut ion", T. P. Dirkse, J.E.S. 107, 859-64, 1960 (55, 2306)

"Kinetics of Ag/Ag+ Electrode", H. Genscher, Proc. I n t . Corn. Electro-Chem. Ther- modynam. & Kinet. 9 th , 1959, 352-61, G e r m . (54, 3001)

' b x i d a t i c n of S i l v e r Elec t rode i n Alkal ine Solut ions" , T. P. Dirkse, J.E.S. 106, 920-5, 1959 (54, 2045)

"Oxide on S i l v e r Electrode Conductivity", C. P. Wales, J.E.S. 106, 885-90, 1950 (54, 93)

"Si lver Peroxide-Zinc Alka l ine Cells",P. F. Bruns, e t a l , Ind. & Eng. Chem. 50, 1273-8, 1958 (53, 904 b)

"Separators for t h e S i l v e r PeroxidelZinc Alka l ine Battery",Bruins, e t a l , Ind. Erig. Chem. 48, 381-5 (1963) (50, 7621 g )

"The Ago-Ag2O Elec t rode i n Alkaline Solut ion", T . P. Dirkse, J.E.S. 109, 173-7 (1962)

"Voltage P o t e n t i a l of Oxide and Oxygen Chemisorption Layers on S i lver" , H. Galer & H. Reinbardi , Z. Electrochem. 64, 414-21 (1960), (50, 15020)

"St ruc ture of t h e Charged Ago Electrode i n Zn/Ag Storage Battery", V. V. Romanov, Zhur. Preklad. Khim. 33, 2071-8 (1960) (55, 17294)

"So lub i l i t y and S t a b i l i t y of Ago i n A l k a l i n e E lec t ro ly t e s" , R. F. A m l i e , P. Ren- s h i , J.E.S. 108, 813-19 (1961) (56, 1278)

b

I - 1 . I I I 1 1 I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I

"The Ag-Ago E lec t ro ly t e" , D. D. Cahon, e t a l , J.E.S. 101, 725-31, 1960 (54, 23995)

"Absorption of Hydrogen & Oxygen on Elec t rode Surfaces", R. F. A m l i e , e t a l , J.E.S. 108, 377-83, 1961 (55, 14120)

"Electro. P rope r t i e s 6 Kinet ics of Elec t rode Reactions", R. J. Brodd, J . R e s . Nat iona l Bureau of Standards m, 275-82 (1961) (55, 25535)

'%hemica1 & Physicochem. Evolution of Zinc as t o i t s S u i t a b i l i t y f o r Manufacture of S torage Batteries", L. Pesthy, Kohaszati , Lapole 15, 262-7, 1960, Ib id . 317-23 (54, 23994)

%node Pass iva t ion of Zinc i n Alkal ine Solu t ions" , T. I. Papma, et a l , Doklady. Akad. Nauk. SSSR 132, 639-42, 1960 (56,262)

"Factors Decreasing the Capaci ty of Zinc Elec t rodes i n Alka l i -Zinc S torage B a t - t e ry" , V. N. Flerov , Zhur. Preklad. Khim. 33, 140-6, 1960 (54, 9544; 53, 17719 h)

Improvement of Some Charac te r i s t i c s of t h e Zinc-Si lver S torage Bat tery", V. V. I 1

Romanov, Bestnik. Elektroprom. 3 l , 26-9, 1960 (55, 6198)

"Influence of Aging Processes on t h e Working A l k a l i Zinc Cells", V. N. F le rov , Trudy. Chekvertogo. Soveschaniya. Tlektrkhim, Moscow 1966, 768-72 (54, 9542)

" Inves t iga t ion of S i lver -Zinc Alka l i Storage Ba t t e ry by Aid of Radioac t ive Iso- topes", T. 2. Palogyi, J.E.S. 106, 846, 1959

"Composition and P rope r t i e s of Sa tura ted So lu t ions of ZnO i n KOH", J.E.S. 106, 846, 1959

' 'Equilibrium Conditions on a Zinc Elec t rode i n Alka l ine Solu t ion Sa tu ra t ed wi th Zincate", E. A. Mendzharitski and V. S. Bagotsk i i , Doklady. Akad. Nauk. SSSR - 125, 575-7, 1959 (55, 8117)

'%orrosion of t h e Elec t rode i n the S i lver -Zinc A l k a l i C e l l " , T. P. Dirkse & F. DeHaan, J.E.S. 105, 311, 1958

"Duration of A c t i v i t y of Ag/Zn Batteries", L. K i s s (Budapest) Magyar Kem. F o l y i o r a t 64, 17-19, 1958 (52, 11629)

" E l e c t r o l y t i c Oxidation of Zinc i n A lka l ine Solut ions" , T. P. Dirkse, J.E.S. _102, 192-501, 1954

"Processes Taking Place on t h e Zinc E l e c t r o l y t e of an Alka l ine C e l l " , 2. A. I o f a , e t a l , Zhur. Preklad. Khim. 22, 983-94, 1949 (46, 4397)

S i lver -Zinc Secondary Bat te ry Inves t iga t ion" , 3 rd Quar t e r ly , J. J. Lander and I t

J. A. Kerella (Apr i l 1963), Contract No. AF 33(657)-8943, 2nd Quar t e r ly (Janu- a r y 1963)

Design and Construct ion of Yardney Primary Bat te ry BA(X-R)/U", F i n a l Report 11

(November 1960), Contract No. DA-36-039-sc-73157'

T h e S i lve r -S i lve r Oxide E lec t r ide , P a r t 2, Anodization a t 0 and 20" C i n A l k a - l i n e Solut ions" , C. P. Wales (May 1962) NRL Report 115768

C

I. I 1 I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I 1 I 1

The S t a t e of Development of S i l v e r Oxide-Zinc and Nickel-Cadmium Batteries", I t

R. W. S h u l t and W. T. S t a f f o r d (February 1960), STL/TR-60-0000-0934 I t Chemically Heated Zinc-Si lver Oxide Battery", Report No. 1, J. J. Holchek, e t a l ,

(September 1962) , Cata lys t Research Corp. , Contract No. DA-36-039-sc-90812

''High P.ate Cycling Behavior of the Silver Electrode", T. P. Dirkse, (Apr i l 19631, Nonr-1682(01)

I 1 Test Report on Sealed S i l v e r Oxide-Zinc Secondary C e l l s " , (February 1962) , Delco- Remy, Contract No. AF 33(600) -41600

Development and R e l i a b i l i t y Inves t iga t ions of Zinc-Si lver Oxide Missile Batter- 11

ies", N. T. Wilburn, Proc. 11th Ann. Batt. R e s . and Dev. Conference (19571, p. 58

Separator Material f o r S p e c i a l Purpose Batteries (Ag/Zn) ' I , P. F. Bruins , Proc- 11

11th Ann. B a t t . R e s . and Dev. Conference (1957), p. 62

Charac t e r i za t ion o f Zinc-Silver Oxide Molten E l e c t r o l y t e C e l l Systems", D. J- I t

Doan, Proc. 11th Ann. B a t t . R e s . and Dev. Conference (1957), p. 64

Zinc-Silver Oxide Batteries (primary)", N. T. Wilburn, Proc. 10th Ann. B a t t . R e s . I 1

and Dev. Conference (1958), p. 20

"Zinc-Silver Oxide Ba t t e ry (secondary)", p. Howard, Proc. 10th Ann. Batt. R e s . and Dev. Conference (1958), p. 41

"Battery Separators", H. H. Bieber, Proc. 9 t h Annual B a t t . R e s . and Dev. Confer- ence (1955), No. 1115

"Zinc-Silver Oxide Secondary Battery", J. S. Bone, Proc. 9 t h Ann. B a t t . Res. and E e v . Conference (1955) , No. 1045

Zinc-Si lver Oxide Secondary Battery", P. L. Howard, Roc. 9 th Ann. Batt. R e s . 'I

and Dev. Conference (1955), No. 1105

11 Zinc-Silver Oxide Batteries f o r Special Applications", R. Goodrich, Symposium on Eattteries (1958), English Paper No. 99

"Tec5nical Problems Associated with t h e Si lver-Zinc Battery", C. L. Chapman, Symposium on Batteries (1958), English Paper No. ( f )

"Automsrt ica 1 l y Activated Zinc -S i lver Oxide Batteries 'I , Symposium , B a t t e r y Res ear ch and Development Conference (1958) , pp. 37 -57

"Silver Oxide Secondary Batteries", P. L. Howard, F. Solomon, 13th Ann. Power Sources Conference (1959), p. 92

"Sealed Zinc-Silver Oxide Secondary Batteries", J. C. Duddy, J. T. A r m s , 14th Ann. Power Sources Conference (1960), p. 84

'won-Reserve S i l v e r Oxide C e l l " , R. A m i l e , P. Ruetschi , 14th Annual Power Sour- ces Conference (1960) , p. 120

d

"Sealed Zinc-Si lver Oxide Batteries (Secondary)", J. J. Lander, 14th Ann. Power Sources Conference (1960)

" R e l i a b i l i t y Program on High-Rate Zinc-Silver Oxide Batteries (Secondary) 'I, N. T. Wilburn, 14th Ann. Power Sources Conference (1960)

Sealed Zinc-Silver Oxide Batteries (Secondary)", J. A. Kerella and J. J. Lander, I 1

16th Ann. Power Sources Conference (1962), p. 105

Zinc-Silver Oxide (Primary) Batteries f o r Space Applicat ions" , E. M. Morse, D. L. I 1

Lawson, 16th Ann. Power Sources Conference (1962), p. 127

"Zinc-Silver Oxide Non-Reserve Battery", G. M. Wylie, 16th Ann. Power Sources Conference (1962), p. 130

"Sealed Zinc-Si lver Oxide (Secondary) Batteries", J. A. Kerella and J. J. Lander, 17th Annual Power Sources Conference (1963), p. 116

"Separators f o r A lka l ine B a t t e r i e s (Secondary) ' I , T. P. Dirkse, 17th Ann. Power Sources Conference (1963), p. 118

"Low Rate Sealed Zinc-Silver Oxide Batteries", D. B. Colbeck, 17th Ann. Power Sources Conference (1963), p. 135

"The S t a b i l i t y and S o l u b i l i t y of Ago i n Alka l ine Solutions", T. P. Dirkse and B. Wiers (September 1958), Contract Nonr 1682(1)

11 I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Ago Primary Batteries", F i n a l Report (September 1961), G. M. Wjrlie, e t a l , Contract No. DA-36-039-sc-78319

"Automatically Ac t iva t ed Zinc-Silver Oxide Battery", Report No. 5 , J. J. Holchek, et a l , Contract No. DA-36-039-sc-85361

"AAatomatically Act ivated Zinc-Silver Oxide Battery", Report No. 2 , J. J. Holchek, e t a l , Ccn t rac t No. DA-36-039-sc-85361

"The S i l v e r Oxide-Zinc Alka l ine Primary C e l l , P a r t V , Comparison of KOH, CsOH an? RbOH E lec t ro ly t e s" , C. M. Shepherd and H. C. Langelan, NRL Report 5635

"Si lver Oxide-Zinc B a t t e r y Program", J. Rhyne, Jr., (May 1961), Contract No. AF 33( 600) -41600

" Inves t iga t ion of AgO Primary Eaatterles, F i l ia l Report (SepteEber 1961), Gi M e Wylie, e t a l , Contract No. DA-36-039-sc-78319

"Thermodynamics o f t h e Z inc-Si lver Oxide C e l l " , Royal A i r c r a f t Establishment (February 1958), Report No. Chem. 515

"The Zinc-Silver Oxide C e l l , Low Temperature Operation without Aux i l i a ry Heating", (December 1958), I. A . Denison, e t a l , Contract No. DA-506-01-010

"Silver Oxide-Zinc Alka l ine Storage Batteries: E f f e c t of F l o a t and Normal Char- ges on Capacity and Re la t ed Charac t e r i s t i c s " , C. P. Wales (August 1958), W.L Report No. 5167

e

1 . 1. 8 1 I I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I 1 I

"On E lec t rode Phenomena of Ag/AgO System i n Alka l ine Battery", Hoshizawa and Takehira, Department of I n d u s t r i a l Chemistry, Facul ty o f Engineering, Koyoto Unive r s i ty , Koyoto, Japan

" Inves t iga t ion of Ago Primary Batteries", 4 t h Quar t e r ly (June 1960) , P. Ruetschi , et a1 , Contract No. DA-36-039-sc-78319

Thermal C o e f f i c i e n t s of EMF of t h e S i l v e r (I) and t h e S i l v e r (11) Oxide Zinc - I t

45% KOH Systems", S. H i l l s , J.E.S. August 1961, pp. 810-11

' m e Formation of D i and T r i v a l e n t Silver on a Rotat ing Disc E lec t rode i n A l k a - l i n e Solutions", Y.U.V. Pleshave, Proc. Academy of Science 117, 1-6 p. 739-741

' t i g h t Weight High-Drain Zinc-Silver Oxide Battery", G . R. Snyder , (August 1960) , TR-859, Contract No. DA-3N06-01-010

'(The S t a t e o f Development of AgO-Zn and Ni-Cd Batteries", R. W. S h u l t , W. To S ta f f o r d , STL/TR-60-OOOO -09034

"Scald Zinc-Si lver Oxide Secondary Batteries", J. C. Duddy and J. T. A r m s , P r O C . 1!1t!i .~im. Power Sources Conference, p. 84

"So lub i l i t y of Ag,O", L. H. L. Johnston, F. Cuta, and A, B. Garrett, J.A.C.S. 55, 2311-25 (1933)

"The S t a b i l i t y and S o l u b i l i t y of Ago i n A l k a l i n e Solutions", T. P. Dirkse and B. Wiers , J.E.S. 106, 284 (1959)

I n v e s t i g a t i o n of As0 Primary Bat ter ies" , P. Ruetschi and R. A m l i e , 1st Quar t e r ly I t

Report (1 June 1959 - 31 Auguzt 1_959), Contract No. DA-36-039-sc-78318 , Elec- tr ic S to rage Ba t t e ry Company

" Inves t ige t ion of AgG Trimary Batteries", P. Ruetschi and R. A m l i e , 2nd Quar t e r ly Report (1 S e p t e v h r 1959 - 30 November 1959) , Contract No. DA-36-039-sc-78313, Electr ic Storage Rs t t e ry Con~xny

I n s e s t i g a t i o n of Primary Bat ter ies" , P. Ruetschi and R. A m l i e , 3 r d Quar t e r ly 11

Report ('1 DecexEer 1459 - 29 February 1960) , Contract No. DA-36-039-sc-78318, Electric Sto rage Ba t t e ry Company

11 A c c n n u l ~ t o r " , H. G . Andre, 11. S. Patent 2,317,711, A p r i l 27, 1943

"Silver and Zinc Accunulator with Izsc',:rble ??!egative Electrcde and I n v a r i a b l e Elec- t r o l y t e " , H. G. Andre, U, S . Patent 2,594,709, A p r i l 29, 1952

"Zinc-Silver Accumulator", H. G. Andre, U. S. Patent 2,594,710, A p r i l 29, 1952

"Zinc-Silver Accumulator", H. G . Andre, U. S. Pa ten t 2,594,711, A p r i l 29 , 1952

"Si lver and Zinc Accumulator Having an Inso lub le Negative Electrode", H. G. Andre, U. S. Pa ten t 2,594,712

"Electric Accumulator", H. G. Andre, U. S. Patent 2,594,713, A p r i l 29, 1952

f

I I I I I

I' I I I i 1 I 1 I I I 1 1 I

' Q l e c t r i c a l Accumulator", H. G. Andre, U. S. Pa ten t 2,669,594, February 16, 1954

' x l e c t r i c Battery", C.L.C. Chapman, U. S. Pa ten t 2,719,874, October 4, 1955

Rechargeable Battery", M. N. Yardney, U. S. Patent 2,610,219, September 9, 1952 I 1

I n t e r e l e c t r o d e Separator for Rechargeable Batteries", M. N. Yardney and M. E - ll

Kagan, U. S. Patent 2,635,127, A p r i l 14, 1953

I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Battery Separator Materials", P. F. Bruins, e t a l , F i n a l and 4 t h Q u a r t e r l y Report (July 1, 1957 - September 30, 1957), Contract No. DA-36-039-SC- 73120, Polytechnic I n s t i t u t e of Brooklyn

11

"Si lver Peroxide-Zinc Cells: Polymeric Membrane Separators", H. H. Bieber, P. F. Bruins and H. P. Gregor, Ind. Eng. Chem. Vol. 50, No. 9 , 1273-8, 1956

"Separators fo r t h e S i l v e r Peroxide-Zinc-Alkaline Battery", R. C. Sha i r , P. F. Bruins and H. P. Gregor, Ind. Eng. Chem. Vol. 48, No. 3 , 381-5, 1956

The Nature of t h e Zinc Containing Ion i n S t rong ly Alka l ine Solut ions" , T. P. 11

Dirkse, J.E.S. 101, 328, 1954

"A Study of Alkal ine So lu t ions of Z i n c Oxide", T. P. Dirkse, C. Postmus, and R e Vandenbasch, J.A.C.S. 76, 6022 (1954)

" E l e c t r o l y t i c Oxidation of Zinc i n Alkaline Solut ions" , T. P. Dirkse, J.E.S. 102, 497 (1955)

'The Polarographic Behavior of Zinc i n Strongly Alka l ine Solutions", T. P. Dirkse, Z. Physik. Chem. N. F. 2, 1 (1955)

"Composition and P r o p e r t i e s of Saturated So lu t ion of ZnO i n KOH", T. P. Dirkse, 3.E.S. 106, 1954 (1959)

"The Growth of Zinc Dendrites i n Some Swelling Polymers", T. A. Kryulwa, Pro- ceedings of t h e 4 t h Sov ie t Conference on Electrochemistry, October 1956

Ba t t e ry E lec t ro ly t e" , M. Mendelsoln and C. Horowitz, U. S. Pa ten t 2,872,362, I 1

February 3, 1959

" I n h i b i t o r s of Aging i n Sodium Zincate Solut ions" , V. N. Flerov, Zhur. P r i k l a d , Khin. 3, 1779-85 (1956) C.A. 2, 7211 (1957)

"The Aging Process of 'Super Saturated ' Z inca te Solut ions" , V. N . Flerov, Zhur. F i z . a i m . 3 l , 49-54 (1957)

"The E f f e c t of Continuously Changing P o t e n t i a l on the S i l v e r Electrode i n Alka- l i n e Solut ions" , T. P. Dirkse and D. B. DeVries, J. Phys. Chem. 63, 107 (1959)

"Oxides on the S i l v e r Electrode", C. P. Wales and J. Burbank, NRL Report 5298, May 15, 1959, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C.

"Oxides on t h e S i l v e r Electrode", C. P. Wales and J. Burbank, J.E.C.S. 106, 885 (1959)

I - I- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

S i l v e r Oxide-Zinc Alka l ine S torage Batteries: on Capacity and Re la t ed Charac te r i s t ics" , C. P. Wales, NRL Report 5167, August 11, 1958, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C.

E :feet of F l o a t and Normal Changes I 1

'The Oxidat ion S t a t e s o f t h e Elements and The i r P o t e n t i a l s i n Aqueous S o l u t i o n s , j W. M. Lat imer , 2nd Ed. Prent ice-Hal l , Inc. N.Y. (1952)

Elec t rochemis t ry Volume I, H. J. Creighton and W. A. Koehler, John Wiley & Sons, p. 253

In t roduct ion t o Chemistry, S. Glasstone, D. Van Nostrand C o . , p. 466

''A Study of t h e Zinc-Nobel Metal Couple i n Alka l ine Solut ions" , T. P. Dirkse and E. G. Vr ie land , J.E.S. 106, 997 (1959)

' va l ence E l e c t r i o n s of S i lve r " , J. M. A d a m s , 2. Physik. 52, 882 (1928)

I 1 Oxygen Iso tope E f f e c t s a t Anodes", M. Anbar and H. Taube, J.A.C.S. 78, 3252 (1956)

"Zinc-Alkali S to rage Battery", H. Andre, B u l l . SOC. Franc. Elec. (6) 1, 132-46 (1941 C.A. 37, 1939)

'!Electric S torage Battery", H. G. Andre, U. S . Pa ten t 2,757,222, J u l y 31, 1956

''Method of Making Electr ic Accumulators", H. G . Andre, U. S . Pa ten t 2,611,792, September 23, 1952

Wethod o f Forming E l e c t r i c Accumulators", H. G . Andre, U. S. Patent 2,534,714, AprLl 29, 1352

"Battery E lec t rode and Process f o r Making Same", A. S. B e r c h i e l l i , U. S. Pa ten t 2,754,348, J u l y 10, lS56

Some Fhysico-Chemical Evidence of the Bivalency of S i lver" , Nath Sen Binayendra, I t

Current Sc i . ( Ind ia) 17, 182-3 (1948) C.A. 43, 10a

"A Study o f t he S i l v e r I Oxide-Silver I1 Oxide Electrode", J. F. Bonk and A. B. Garrett , J.E.S. 106, 612-15 (1959)

H. Bracken, Kgl. Norshe, Vrdenskab. Selskab. Foch. 7 , 143-6 (1935) C.A. 29, 4647-5

"Electrode f o r Electr ic Batteries and Method of Making Same", 0. H. B r i l l and F. so:oiiioii, s. s. Patezt 2,55&,?95, Cctebcr 6 , 1953

"Zinc Alkali S to rage Battery", Chloride E l e c t r i c a l S torage Company, Ltd. , B r i t . Pat . 470,240, August 11, 1937, C.A. 32, 863

"Electrometr ic S tud ie s of t h e P r e c i p i t a t i o n of Hydroxides", H. T. S. B r i t t o n , 3 . C . S . 127, 2110-59 (1925)

"Electrometr ic Study of t h e Reactions Between A l k a l i e s and S i l v e r Nitrate Solu- t ions" , H. T. S . B r i t t o n , J.C.S. 127, 2956-70 (1925) C.A. 20, 1770-1

M. N. Rrown, Trans. Am. Electrochem. SOC. 30, 327-46 (1916)

h

I I. 1 i 1 I 1 I I I I I I 1 1 I I I 1

Paul F. Bruins, Quarter ly Report f l , (February 1 - A p r i l 30, 1951), Contract No. DA-36-039-sc -5425

'B lec t rode Bearing Current D i s t r i b u t i o n Network and Method of Producing Same", C.L.C. Chapman, U. S. Pa ten t 2,776,331, January 1, 1957

I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Conductive P l a s t i c s f o r Use in Batteries", S. A. Corren and A. S. Louis, 12th Quar t e r ly Progress Report ( F i n a l ) , 15 A p r i l 1957 - August 1957, Contract No. W-36-(~39-sc-64463, Markite Company

I 1

"Depolarizer Material fo r Primary Cells", A. F. Daniel , U. S. Patent 2,678,343, May 11, 1954

'The Absolute S izes of C e r t a i n Univalent and Bivalent Ions", W. P. Davey, Phys. Rev. 19, 248-51 (1922) C.A. 17, 2207-9

P rec i s ion Measurements of t h e Lattice Constants of Pure Metals", W. P. Davey, I 1

Phys. Rev. 23 , 292 (1924), C.A. 19, 1798-4

"Po ten t i a l - pH Diagrams of Si lve r " , P. Delahay, M. Pourboix, and P. Von- Rysselheaghe, J.E.S. 98, 65-7 (1951)

"Si lver 0xide:Zinc C e l l " , I. A. Dennison and P. L. Howard, U. S. Pa ten t 2,513,- 292, J u l y 4 , 1950 , C.A. 44, 9280a

"Silver Oxide Zinc A l k a l i Primary Cell", I. A. Dennison, P r e p r i n t of E lec t ro - chem. SOC. No. 20 and 26, Voi. 90

"The S o l u b i l i t y of Zn(OH)2 i n KOH", V. V. Deshpaude and M. B. Kabaldi, J. Univ. Bombay 21, Sec. A , Pt . 3 , 14-21 (1952), C.A. 46, 11063e

"So lub i l i t y of Zinc Hydroxide i n Sodium Hydroxide and Amvonium Hydroxide", H. G. D i e t r i c h and J. Johnston , J.A.C.S. 49 , 1419-31 (1927)

F re l iT ina ry I n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e S i l v e r Oxide-Zinc-Alkali Primary Battery", T. I?. Cirkse, NIiL Report P-2129, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C.

11

T. P. D i r l c s e , NRL Report 2244, March 1944, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Wash- ixgton, I). C .

"The S i l v e r Oxide-Zinc-Alkalai System as t h e Basis f o r a Secondary Battery", T. P. Dirkse, FRL Report P-2431, February 1945, Naval Research Labora to r i e s , TJZiShillgtC?nJ D; c.

L l

"The S i l v e r Oxide E lec t rode , T. P. Dirkse, J.E.S. 106, 453 (1959)

'??he Oxidation of t h e S i l v e r Electrode i n Alka l ine Solutions", T. P. Dirkse, Technical Report No. 8 (May 1, 1959), Contract No. Nonr 1682(01)

'?he Oxidation of t h e S i l v e r Electrode i n Alka l ine Solut ions" , T. P. Dirkse, J.E.S. 106, 920 (1959)

"Corrosion of t h e Zinc Electrode i n the Si lver-Zinc-Alkal i C e l l " , T. P. Dirkse and F. DeHaan, J.E.S. 105, 311, 1958

i

I I I 1 I I I I I I I m I I I I I I 1

'%orrosion of t h e Zinc E lec t rode i n the Si lver-Zinc-Alkal i C e l l " , T. P. Dirkse and F. DeHaan, Technical Report No. 5 (November 1, 1957), Contract No. Nonr 1682(01)

'%Electrolytic T r a n s i t i o n of Ag20 t o Ago i n Alka l ine Solutions", T. P. Dirkse and G. J. Werkcma, J.E.S. 106, 88 (1959)

Negative E lec t rode f o r Si lver-Zinc Batteries", J. Doyen, U. S. Patent 2,876,678, II

January 6 , 1959

M. S. Eber t , E . L. Rodowskar and J. C. W. Fraze r , J.A.C.S. 55, 3056-7, 1933

Ba t t e ry Component", J. B. Eisen, U. S. Pa ten t 2,679,546, May 25, 1954 11

Gravi ty F i e l d E f f e c t s on Zinc Anode Discharge i n Alka l ine Media", M. Eisenberg, H. F. Bauman, and D. M. B r e t t n e r , LMSD Report No. 480464, October 19, 1959, Contract No. Nord 17017, Lockheed Missiles and Space Div., Lockheed A i r c r a f t Corp . , Sunn-pale , C a l i f .

I 1

11 An Evaluat ion of the Gassing C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a Si lver-Zinc and of a Lead Acid Battery", J. V. Ekberg, Report No, NA-56-115 (January 31, 1956), Contract No. AF 33(600) -22305, North American Aviation, Inc.

"Zinc A l k a l i Primary C e l l " , G. S. Engle, B r i t . Pat . #3,861, February 14, 1913, C.A. 8, 2533

R. Fau i r e , Comp. Redn. 210, 398-400 (1940) C.A. 34, 35552

'?he Conversion of S o l i d Substances i n Liquids: On t h e Various Modif icat ions of t h e Zinc Hydroxides", W. Feitknecht, Helv. Chim. Acta. 13, 314-45 (1930)

I ' K i C e t i c s of S i l v e r (1) - S i l v e r I1 Exchange Reaction", B. M. Gordon and A. C. Wahl, J.A.C.S. 80, 273-6 (1958)

"A Stcdy of t h e App l i ca t ion of Ion Exchange t o E l e c t r o n i c Batteries", Harry P. Gregor, F i n a l Progress Report (15 June 1953 - 31 August 19541, Contract No. NObs 62383, BGhips , Dept. of Navy Index No. NS-677-095, Polytechnic I n s t i t u t e of Brooklyn

"A Reproducible and S t a b l e S i lve r -S i lve r Oxide Electrode", W. J. Hamer and D. N. Cl'alg, J.E.S. 104, 2G6-11 (1957)

"Zinc A l k a l i Primary C e l l " , G. W . Heise, U. S. Pa ten t 2,077,561, A p r i l 20, 1937, 2.A. 31, 379:

G. W. Heise and A. Schumacher, U. S. Pa ten t 2,077,562

'%Reaction between S i l v e r and Pe r su l fu r i c Acid", G. I. Higson, J. C. S. 119, 2048-55 (1921) C.A. 16, 1054-5

"A Study of t h e Action of A l k a l i e s on Cer t a in Zinc S a l t s by Means of t he Hydrogen Electrode", J. H. Hildebrand and W. G. Bowers, J.A.C.S. 38, 785-8 (1916)

"EElectrode f o r E l e c t r i c Batteries", P, L. Howard, U. S. Pa t en t 2,724,734, Novem- ber 22, 1955

1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I I I I 1 1

S t a b i l i t y of t h e S i l v e r Nucleus", J. Kaplan, Z. Physik. 52, 883, (1928) C.A. 23, 11

1565-1

"Silver-Zinc-Alkali Secondary Battery", K. Konoshita, J. Electrochem. Assn. Japan .3, 341-9 (1935) C.A. 2502

"Si lver-Alkal i Ba t t e ry II", K. Konoshita, Bul l . Chem. SOC. Japan 12, 366-76 (1937) C.A. 32, 55

"Si lver-Alkal i Bat tery I", K. Konoshita, Bul l . Chem. SOC. Japan 12, 164-72 (1937) C.A. 31, 6977

"So lub i l i t y of Zinc Hydroxide i n A l k a l i e s " , 0. Klein, Z. Anorg. Chem. 7 4 , 157-69 ( 19 12)

"The Magnetism of Bivalent Silver Compounds", W. Klemm, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 201, 32-2 (1931) C.A. 26, 887-9

%Hydrolysis of Zinc S u l f a t e Solutions", I. M. Kolthoff and T. K a m e d a , J.A.C.S. 53, 832 -42 ( 1931)

"The Galvanic C e l l " , K. Kordesch and E'. Martinola , Mh. Chem. 84, 39, 53 (1953) C.A. 47, 6278

"The Determination of t h e S o l u b i l i t y of S i l v e r Oxides i n Alka l ine So lu t ions by t h e Method of Radioact ive Ind ica to r s " , L. D. Kovba and N. A. Balashova, Zhur. Neorg. Khim. 4, 225-6 (1959) C.A. 53, 11952 i (1959)

"The Amphoteric Character of S i l v e r Hydroxide", E. Lane, Z. Anorg. Allgem. Chem. 165, 325-63 (1927) C.A. 21, 3795-2

''Primary Battery Depolarizer and Method of Making Same", H. E. Lawson, U. S. Pat- e n t 2,528, 891, November 7 , 1950

" Inves t iga t ion of S i l v e r Oxide-Zinc Alka l ine S to rage Batteries Models HR05 and ALHR-I.', Harold L ich tens t e in , F ina l Report (August 9, 1951) R. Material Lab., New York Naval Shipyard, Report 5239-5

'%Nucleus Formation i n Supersaturated S a l t So lu t ions a t t h e Anodic Pass iva t ion of Zinc, Cadmium and Lead", W. Lorenz, Z. Physik. Chem. (Frankfurt . 20, 95-102 (1959) C.A. 54, 1128h)

'"he Free Energy of Formation of ZnO", C. G . Maier, G . S. Parks and C. T. Anderson, J.A.C.S. 48, 2564-76 (1926)

"Electrochemical Determination of Thermodynamic Constants of Oxides of Seve ra l Metals", I. A. Makolkin, J. Phys. Chem. (USSR) 16, 13-17 (1942) C.A. 37, 2641-7

"The Caus t i c Soda Primary Battery", M. L. Martus, Trans. Electrochem. SOC. 53, 175-93 (1928)

"Zinc A l k a l i Primary Cell", M. L. Martus and E. H. Becker, U. S. Patent 2,018,563, October 22, 1936, C.A. 30, 30

k

I. I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I 1 I

' 'Alkaline Type S i l v e r C e l l " , R. S . Mautner and S. Rosenberg, U. S. Patent 2,701,- 271, February 1, 1955

''Nethod f o r Analysis of Solu t ions Containing Zinc Hydroxide and NaOH", S. M. Mehta and M. B. Katadi , J. Univ. of Bombay 10, P t . 3, 69-81 (1941) C.A. 36, 40536

"Separator f o r A l k a l i n e Batteries", M. Mendelsoln, U. S . Pa ten t 2,858,353, Octo- ber 28, 1958

'me S o l u b i l i t y of Zinc Hydroxide i n Alkal ies" , J. Moir, Proc. of t h e Chemical SOC. 21 , 310-11 (1905)

"Faramagnetism of Bivalent S i lve r " , G . T. Morgan and S. Sugden, Nature 128, 31 (1931) C.A. 25, 4749-3

"On t h e Nature of S i l v e r Superoxide", A. B. Neiding and I. A. Kazarnovski, Doklady, Akademiii Nauk. USSR Vol. 78 , No . 4 , 713-716 (1951)

'The Equilibrium of S i l v e r Oxide and AgCl with Aqueous KC1 and KOH", R . F. Neuton, J. Am. Chem. SOC. 50, 3258-61 (1928)

?Recent Work on Overvoltage", E. Newberry, Men. Proc. Manchester L i t . Ph i l . SOC. 61, P a r t s 11 and 111, Mem. No. 9, C.A. 12, 2496-4

'The C r y s t a l S t r u c t u r e of Seve ra l Oxides", P. N igg l i , 2. Krist 57, 253-99 (1922) C.A. 17, 2525-2

"Passivat ion of a Zinc E lec t rode i n Galvanic Elements w i t h Alka l ine E l e c t r o l y t e s " , 2. Y a N ik i t i na , Zhur. P r ik l ad . Khim. 31, 218-16 (1958) C.A. 52, 10765d (1958)

"Argentic S a l t s i n Acid So lu t ion I. The Oxidation and Reduction Reactions", A . A. Noyes, J. L. Hoard, and K. S. P i t z e r , J.A.C.S. 57, 1221-1229 (1935)

" I T . The Oxidation of Argent ic Sal ts" , A. A. Noyes, K. S. P i t z e r and C. L. Dunn, J.A.C.S. 57, 1229-1237 (1935)

"111. Oxidation Po ten t i21 of t h e Argenteous-Artentic S a l t s i n HN03 Solution", A.A. Noyes and A. Kossiakoff, J.A.C.S. 57, 1232-1242 (1935)

"IV. The K i n e t i c s of t h e Reduction by Water and t h e Formation of Ozone by Argent ic S i l v e r i n HNO3 Solution", A . A. Noyes, C. D. Cory l l , F. S t i t t and A . Kossiakoff, J.A.C.S, 59, 1316-1325 (1937)

I!?. The Oxidation P o t e n t i a l s , E q u i l i b r i a w i th Higher S i l v e r Oxides and t h e For- mation of Nitrate Complexes", A. A. Noyes, D. DeValut, C . D. Corye l l and T. J. Deahl , J.A.C.S. 59, 1326-1337 (1937)

"Zinc-Alkali Primary C e l l " , H. D. Nyberg, U. S . Pa ten t 1,624,845, A p r i l 12, 1927 C.A. 21, 1767

" Inves t iga t ion on t h e S i l v e r Zinc Alkal ine Storage Ba t t e ry by Means of Radioac- t ive Isotopes", T. 2. Palagyi , J.E.S. 106, 846 (1959)

Zinc Battery", P. Pauton, French Patent 804,411, October 23, 1936, C.A. 31, 3395 I 1

1

?he Formation of B i and T r i v a l e n t S i l v e r on Ro ta t ing D i s c E lec t rodes i n Alka l ine Solution", Yu V. Pleskov, Koklady Akad. Nauk. SSSR 117, 645-8 (1957) C.A. 52, 12617 g

Mull Point Charge of Copper and Silver", M. A. Proskurnin, J. Physc. Chem. (USSR) 11

3 , 91-6 (1932) C.A. 27, 12-7

I ' A E u l l Point of t h e Charge on Si lver" , M. Proskurnin and A. Frumkin, 2. Phys. Chem. Abt. A. 155, 29-40 (1931) C.A. 25, 5100-6

"Battery", L. E. Pucher, U. S. Patent 2,786,089, March 19, 1957

'%Electric Battery", L. E. Pucher, W. A. Cunningham and J. F. Szabo, U. S. Pa ten t 2,833,845, May 6, 1958

P o s i t i v e E lec t rodes f o r Electr ic Batteries and Method of Making Same", L. E. I t

Pucher, W. A. Cunningham and J. F. Szabo, U. S. Pa ten t 2,850,555, September 2, 1958

I n v e s t i g a t i o n of Oxygen Covered S i l v e r and Platinum by Volta P o t e n t i a l s and Charg- i n g Currents", G. Radlein, 2. Elektrochem. 61, 727-33 (1957), C.A. 16156 d (1957)

I 1

" S o l u b i l i t y of Zinc i n Alkalies", V. I. Rodionova, Uchenye Zap i sk i Moskiv. Gosu- d a r s t , Pedagog. I n s t . I m . V . I. Henia. 99, 221-6 (1957) C.A. 54, (1960)

"The Absolute A f f i n i t y of Benzoic Acid and of t h e Three To lu ic Acids for t h e Same Base", H. N. K. Rordam, Kgl. Danske Vrdenskab, Seskab, Math.-fys Medd. 3, No. 7 (1920) C.A. 16, 2442-7

"tIydrogen Overvoltage and Electrode Material. A Theore t i ca l Analysis", P. Ruetschi and P. Delahay, J. Chem. Physics 23, 195-199 (1955)

"Influence of E lec t rode Material on Oxygen Overvoltage. A T h e o r e t i c a l Analysis", P. Ruetschi and P. Delahay, J. Chem. Physics 23, 556-560 (1955)

"Po ten t i a l a t Zero Charge f o r Reversible and Ideal Po la r i zed Electrodes", e . Ruetschi and P. Delahay, J. Chem. Physics 23, 697-699 (1955)

P o t e s t i o s t a t i c S tud ie s on Zinc", I. Sanghi and M. Fleishmann, Electrochm. Acta. 1, 161-76 (1959) C.A. 54, 1121 c

1 1

"Electrochemical Behavior of Zinc i n A lka l ine Solut ion. 11. Constant Overvoltage. Measurements", I. Sanghi and M. Fleishmann, Proc. Indian Acad. Sc i . 49A, 6-24, (1959) C.A. 53, 14777 g

"Pos i t i ve P l a t e for Ba t t e r i e s " , J. Salauze, U. S. Patent 2,833,847, May 6, 1958

!'A New Galvanic C e l l , Zinc Negative", Ricardo Salcedo, Anales. F i s . Quim. (Madrid) 41, 321-36 (1945) C.A. 41, 4385

"Crystal S t r u c t u r e of S i l v e r Oxide", V . S c a t t u r i n , P. Bellon and R. Zanne t t i , Ricerca S c i . 27, 2163-72 (1957) C.A. 52, 35B

"The Fermesbi l i ty of Metal Walls t o Gases", Schad. Glas. v. App. 26, 109-10 (1942)

m C.A. 38, 3526-1

"Electric Ba t t e ry Plate" , R. December 2 , 1958

"The S i l v e r Oxide-Zinc A l k a l Report No. C-3478 ( P a r t I)

F. Scheuerle and G. T. Mahon, U. S. Pa t en t 2,862,985,

ne Primary C e l l " , C. M. Shepherd, J u l y 1, 1949, NRL

'?he S i l v e r Oxide-Zinc A l k a l i n e Primary C e l l . P a r t IV. Arode C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of Zinc Alloys", C. M. Shepherd, NRL Report 4885, February 8, 1957, U. S. Naval Re- search Laboratory, Washington, D. C.

' ?heoret ical Design of Primary and Secondary Cells", C. M. Shepherd, NRL Report 5211, December 29, 1958, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D. C. ( P a r t I)

'The So lu t ion of Oxygen i n S i lve r " , J. H. Simons, J . Phys. Chem. 36, 652-7 (1932) C.A. 26, 1850-9

"Electrode f o r Electr ic Battery", T. Solomon, U. S. Pa ten t 2,818,462, December 31, 1957

"Separators f o r E l e c t r i c Batteries", F. Solomon, U. S. Pa ten t 2,858,352, October 28, 1958

"The Diffusion of Oxygen Through Silver", L. Spencer, J. Chem. SOC. 123, 2124-8 (1923)

"Crystal S t r u c t u r e of S i l v e r 111 Oxide", B. S t e h l i k , P. Weidenthaler and J. Vlach, Chem. L i s t y 52, 2230-6 (1958) C.A. 53, 5809f (1959)

"Zinc-Alkali Storage Ba t t e ry I.", S. Tanaka, J . Electrochem. Assoc. Japan 1, 149-53 (1333) C.A. 28, 714

"Combined E l e c t r o l y t i c Barrier and Electrolyte", . W. H. Taylor , U. S. Patent 2,647,- 438, August 4, 1953

"Surface Phenomena 11, The Re la t ion Between Overvoltages of Hydrogen with Pure Metals and Cer t a in P r o p e r t i e s of Metals", A. T h i e l and W. Hammerschmidt, Z. anorg. allgem. Chem. 132, 15-35 (1923) C.A. 1940-9

"The I m e s t j - g a t i o n of New Electrochemical Systems", A. B. T r i p l e r ,W. T. Buckingham, L. D. McGraw and C. P. Faust (1 March 1953 - 1 September 1955) Contract No. I%- 36-033-sc-42682, Department of Army P r o j e c t No. 3-99-09-022, Bat te l le Memorial I n s t i t u t e

"A Method o f Inc reas ing t h e Accuracy of t h e Debyescherrer Photographs", A. S. Van- Arke l , Z. Krist. 6 7 , 235-8 (1928) C.A. 23, 2863-9

''Hydrous Zinc Oxide, 111. Conductometric S tud ie s on P r e c i p i t a t i o n of t he Hydrous Oxide f o r ZnSO So lu t ion with NaOH", K. C. Varshney and A. K. Key, Proc. Nat'l. !.cad. Lci . Ind ia . Sec. A , 26, P t . 3, 256-60 (1957) C.A. 53, 6736 i (1959)

"The Mechanism of Photochemical Processes on Ag-Ag20 Electrodes", V . I. Veselov- s k i i , Zhur. Fiz. K h i m . 22, 1302-11 (1948) C.A. 43, 2503 f

'IGalvanic C e l l " , H. P. H. Walz, U. S. Pa ten t 2,646,458, J u l y 21, 1953

n

1- I 1 I I I I I I 1 I 1 I 1 I I 1 1

Watson, J. Chem. SOC. 89, 578-83 (1906)

N.C.P. Weber, Trans. Am. Electrochem. SOC. 32, 391-404 (1917)

''Amphoteric Metallic Hydroxides", J. K. Wood, J. Chem. SOC. 1910, 878-90

The C r y s t a l S t r u c t u r e of S i l v e r Oxide", R, W. G. Wyckoff, Am. J. Sc i . 3, 184-8 I 1

( 192 2)

Yardney Labora tor ies , Inc. , Quar te r ly Report P ro jec t Flywheel, February 12 t o May 11, 1952, Contract No. bs (53306)

'kechargeable Battery", M. N. Yardney, U. S. Patent 2,601,133, June 17, 1952

"Battery - Terminal Connection Method", M. N. Yardney, U. S. Patent 2,753,620, J u l y 10, 1956

Ca ta lys i s by t h e S i l v e r Ion of t h e Oxidation of Chromic S a l t s by Peroxysulfur ic The Exis tence of Tr iva len t Silver Compounds", Don M. Yost, J.A.C.S. 48,

11

Acid. 152 - I64 ( 1926)

"Alkal ine Bat te ry Grid", H. E. Zahn, U, S. Patent 2,694,100, November 9 , 1954

0

. .

F A L

d o o ' o W W W W a > > > 4 0 0 0 a a a a W Q Q P . a a a a n a a a

I 03

I

1 i i

1 ' I

W

0 !z 0 a: 1

I , I

1 I ! ! i '

I

,

i I

E

' I

.. '.4 .

L

DISTRIBUTION LIST NASA CONTRACT NO. NAS 8-5493

Nat ional Aeronautics & Space Adm. Washington, D.C. 20546 Attn: Miss Millie Ruda, Code AFSS-LD

Walter C. Scot t , Code RPP Ernest M. Cohn, Code RPP James R. Miles, Code SL A. M. Andrus, Code FC John L. Sloop, Code RP

Nat ional Aeronautics & Space Adm. Arne5 Research Center Moffet t F ie ld , C a l i f o r n i a Attn: A. S. Hertzog

Nat ional Aeronautics & Space Adm. Goddard Space F l i g h t Center Greenbelt , Maryland Attn: Thomas Hennigan

Joseph Sherfey

Nat ional Aeronautics & Space Adm. Langley Research Center Langley S t a t i o n Harcpton, Vi rg in ia Attn: Harry Ricker

Nat ional Aeronautics & Space Adm. L e w i s Research Center 21000 Brookpnrk Road Cleveland 35, Ohio Attn: Robert Miller

M. D. Sanders Martin J. Saari Rgbert L. Cummings

Nat ional Aermau t i c s & Space Adm. Planned Space Craf t Center Houstoil 1, Texas A t t n : W i 11 i a m Dus enbury

Robert Cohen

N a t i O R a l Aeronautics & Space Adm. Marshall Space F l i g h t Center Huntsv i l le , Alabama Attn: P h i l i p Youngblood M-ASTR-E

Charles B. Graff M-ASTR-EC

J e t Propuls ion Laboratory 4800 Oak Grove Drive

(3) Pasadena, C a l i f o r n i a Attn: A i j i Uchiyama

U. S. Army Engineer R&D Labs, Fo r t Belvoir, V i rg in i a A t t n : B. C. Almaula

E l e c t r i c a l Power Branch

U.S. Army Engineer R&D Labs. Fo r t Monmouth, New Jersey Attn: David Linden (Code SELRA/SL-PS)

Dr.Adolph Fischbach ( Code SELRA/ SL- PS)

U.S. Army R&D Lia ison Group (9851 DV) APO 757 New York, New York Attn: Chief, Chemistry Branch

U.S. Army Research Off ice Physical Sciences Divis ion 3045 Columbia Pike Arl ington, Vi rg in ia

Harry Diamond Labs. Room 300, Building 9 2 Connecticut Avenue & Van Ness Zit., M.W. Washington, D.C. At tn: Robert Goodrich

Army Materiel Command Research Div is ion

Washington 25, D.C. Attn: John W. C r e l l i n

AMCRD-RSCM T-7

Natick Labs. Clothing Cj, Organic Materials Div is ion Natick, Massachusetts Attn: Leo A. Spano

Robert N. Walsh

U.S. Army TRECOM Physical Sciences Group For t Eus t i s , V i rg in i a Attn: D r . R. L. Echols (SMOFE-PSG)

Leonard M. Bartone (SMOFE-ADS)

- 1 -

DISTRIBUTION LIST (con ' t . ) NASA CONTRACT NO. NAS 8-5493

U.S. Army Research O f f i c e Box CM, nuke S t a t i o n Durham, North Caro l ina Attn: Pau l Greer

D r . Wilhelm Jorgensen

U.S. Army Mobil i ty Command Research Div is ion Center Line, Michigan Attn: 0. Renius (AMSFXI-RR)

Hq., U.S. Army Mater ie l Command Development Div is ion Washington 25, D.C. Attn: Marshall D. Aiken

Of f i ce of Naval Research Department of t h e Navy Washington 25, D.C. Attn: D r . Ralph Roberts

D r . J. C. White

Wright -Pa t te rson AFB Aeronaut ical Systems Divis ion Ohio Attn: George W. Sherman

AF Cambridge Lab. L. G. Eanscom F ie ld Bedford, Massachusetts Attn: CRZE

CROTR Franc is X. Doherty Commander (CRO)

H. W. Fox (Code 425)

Rome A i r Development Center, ESD

Attn: Commander (RAALD) (AMCRD-DE-HI-P) G r i f f i s s AFB, New York

Frank J. Mollura (RASSM)

Hq., USAF (AFRST-PM) Washington 25, D.C. Attn: Lt.Co1. W i l l i a m G. Alexander

Bureau of Naval Weapons Department of t h e Navy Vashington 25, D.C. Attn: Whitwell T. Beatson(Code RAAE-52)

Naval Amuni t ion Depot Crane, Indiana Aetfi: E. Bruess

Bureau of Ships Department of t h e Navy Washington 25, D.C. Attn: Bernard I3. Rosenbaum (Code 340)

C. F. V i g l o t t i (Code 660) James B. Trout (Code 660s)

Naval Ordnance Laboratory Department of t h e Navy Corona, C a l i f o r n i a Attn: M r . W i l l i a m C. Spindler(Code 441)

Naval Ordnance Laboratory Department of t h e Navy S i l v e r Spring, Maryland Attn: P h i l i p B. Cole (Code WB)

Capt. William H. R i t c h i e Space Systems Divis ion Attn: SSZAE-11 A i r Force Unit Post Of f i ce Los Angeles 45, C a l i f o r n i a

Capt. W i l l i a m Hoover A i r Force B a l l i s t i c Miss i l e Div is ion A t t n : WEZYA- 2 1 A i r Force Unit Post O f f i c e Los Angeles 45, C a l i f o r n i a

O f f i c e of t he Deputy Commander AFSC f o r Aerospace Systems

United S t a t e s A i r Force Los Angrles 45, C a l i f o r n i a Attn: W , J. Betinison

M r . Charles F. Yost A s s t . Director , Mater ia l Sciences Advanced Research P ro jec t s Agency The Pentagon, Room 3 E 153 Washington 25, D.C.

- 2 -

I. I I I I I 1 I 1 I I I I I I I I I

U. S . A t o m i c Energy Connniss ion Aux i l i a ry Power Branch (SNAP) Divis ion of Reactor Development Washington 25, D.C.

DISTRIBUTION LIST (con' t. ) NASA CONTRACT NO. NAS 8-5493

L t . Col. John H. Anderson Advanced Space Reactor Branch Divis ion of Reactor Development U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Washington 25, D.C.

M r . Donald B. Hoatson Army Reactors, DRD U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Washington 25, D.C.

Defense Documentation Center Hqs. Cameron S ta t ion , Building 5 5010 Duke S t r e e t Alexandria 4, Virg in ia

National Bureau of Standards Washington 25, D.C. Attn: D r . WI J. Hamer

Power Information Center Universi ty of Pennsylvania Hoore School Building 200 South 33rd S t r e e t Phi ladelphia 4 , Pennsylvania

(Iffice of Technical Services Depar%ment of Commerce I.Jeshington 25, D.C. 20009

Aerospece Corporation Post OfE ice Box 95085 Los Angeles 45, C a l i f o r n i a Attn: Library

B e l l Laborator ies Murray H i l l , New Je r sey Attn: U. B. Thomas

Boeing Airplane Company Seat t le , Washing ton 4-ttn: Henry Oman

Burgess Ba t t e ry Company Fr eepor t, I1 1 i n o i s Attn: D r . Howard J. S t r a u s s

Calvin College Grand Rapids, Michigan Attn: Prof. T. P. Dirkse

Delco Remy Divis ion General Motors Corporation Anderson, Indiana Attn: D r . J. J. Lander

Electr ic Storage Bat tery Company Missile Ba t t e ry Division Raleigh, North Carol ina Attn: A. Chreitzberg

D r . Arthur F le i sche r 466 South Center S t r e e t Orange, New Je r sey

C 2% D Batteries Divis ion of E l e c t r i c A u t o l i t e Conpany Conshohocken, Pennsylvania Attn: D r . Eugene Willihnganz

Electrochimica Corporation 1140 O'Brien Drive Menlo Park, C a l i f o r n i a Attn: D r . Morris Eisenberg

General Electric Company Ba t t e ry Products Section Post O f f i c e Box 114 Ga inesv i l l e , Flo r ida Attn: I. M. Schulman

General Motors Corporation Box T Santa Barbara, Califoriiia Attn: D r . C. R. R u s s e l l

Globe Union Inc. 900 East Keefe Avenue Milwaukee , Wisconsin Attn: D r . C. K. Morehouse

- 3 -

DISTRIBUTION LIST (con' t. ) NASA CONTRACT NO. NAS 8-5493

@o@kl- National Ba t t e r i e s , Inc. Engineering and Research Center 2630 Univers i ty Avenue, S.E. Minneapolis 14, Minnesota At tn : J. F. Donahue

Gulton I n d u s t r i e s A lka l ine Bat te ry Divis ion Metuchen, New Jersey Attn: D r . Robert Sha i r

Inland Test ing Laborator ies Deyton, Ohio Attn: W. Ing l ing

Johns Hopkins Univers i ty Applied Physics Laboratory 8621 Georgia Avenue S i l v e r Spring, Maryland Attn: Richard Cole

Hughes A i r c r a f t Corporation Dower Systems G T e s t Operat ions Dept. Building 366, M.S. 524 P. 0. Box 90919, A i r p o r t S t a t i o n Loo Angeles, C a l i f o r n i a 90009 Attn: M r . R. B. Robinson

Livingston E lec t ron ic Corporation Route 309 oppos i te Springhouse Quarry Nontgcme?-yviile, Pennsylvania Attn: W i l l i a m P. Meyers

Lockh.sed A i r c r a f t Corporation 1123 North Mcthilda Avenue Sunnyvale, C a l i f o r n i a Attn: Chsr les E u r e l l

P. R. Mallory & Company Technical Serv ices Labora tor ies Ind ianapo l i s 6 , Indiana Attn: A. S. Doty

Mmsanto Research Corporation Evere t t e 49, Massachusetts At tn : D r . J. 0. Smith

North American Aviat ion 12214 Lakewood Boulevard Downey, C a l i f o r n i a Attn: Burton 14. Otzinger

D r . John Owen Post O f f i c e Box 87 Bloomf i e l d , New Jersey

Radiat ion Applicat ions Incorporated 36-40 37th S t r e e t Long Is land Ci ty 1, New York Attn: Munroe F. Pofcher

Radio Corporation of America A s t r o Div is ion Heightstown, New Jersey Attn: Seymour Winkler

Radio Corporation of America Post Of f i ce Box 800 Princeton, New Jersey Attn: Paul Wiener

Sonotone Corporation Saw M i l l River Road Elmsford, New York At tn : A. Mundel

Space Technology Laborator ies , Inc. 1 Space Park Redondo Beach, C a l i f o r n i a 90277 Attn: D r . A. Krausz

Power Sources Divis ion Telecomputing Corporation Denver, Colorado Attn: J. S i b i l i a

Univers i ty of Pennsylvania Electrochemistry Laboratory Phi lade lphia 4, Pennsylvania Attn: Prof , J. O'M. Bockris

Yardmy E l e c t r i c Corporation 40-52 Leonard S t r e e t New York 13, New York Attn: D r . Paul Howard

National Aeronautics & Space Adm. Ames Research Center Pioneer P ro jec t Moffet t F ie ld , C a l i f o r n i a Attn: James R. Swain

- 4 -