I. Hydrocarbons

1. Organic compound: all carbon-containing compounds with the primary exceptions of carbon oxides, carbides, and carbonates

2. Hydrocarbon: organic compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen

3. Alkane: hydrocarbon that has only single bonds

I. Hydrocarbons

4. Write the molecular formulas and structural formulas for the first ten members of the alkane series.

5. Homologous series: a series of compounds that differ from one another by a repeating unit

6. For alkanes, the relationship between the numbers of carbon and hydrogen atoms can be expressed as CnH2n+2.

I. Hydrocarbons

7. Branched-chain alkanes must be named differently than straight-chain alkanes.

8. Parent chain: the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms

9. All side branches are called substituent groups because they appear to substitute for a hydrogen atom in the parent chain.

10. Copy the five steps for naming branched-chain alkanes (page 221 in handbook)

II. Isomers

1. Isomers: Compounds that have the same chemical formula but different molecular structures

2. Draw both of the isomers of C4H10.

III. Alkenes and Alkynes

1. Because carbon has four valence electrons, it can form up to four covalent bonds.

2. Sometimes carbon forms multiple bonds with other carbon atoms.

3. Alkene: a hydrocarbon that has at least one double bond

4. Alkyne: a hydrocarbon that has at least one triple bond

III. Alkenes and Alkynes

5. Naming alkenes and alkynes:a) Find the longest chain of carbons containing a

double or triple bond, and name it using the alkane name but with the “-ane” ending changed to “-ene” for alkenes or “-yne” for alkynes.

b) Number the carbons in the parent chain starting at the end that will give the first carbon in the double/triple bond the lowest number. Use that number in the name (e.g., 1-butene).

III. Alkenes and Alkynes

c. If there is more than one double or triple bond, use a prefix (di, tri, tetra, etc.) before the suffix –ene or –yne. Indicate the positions of the bonds before the name. (2,4-heptadiene)

d. If there are substituents attached to the parent chain, indicate their position and alphabetize them when including them in the name.

IV. Cyclic Alkanes

1. Cyclic hydrocarbon: an organic compound that contains a hydrocarbon ring

2. Cycloalkanes: cyclic hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds

IV. Cyclic Alkanes

3. To name substituted cycloalkanes:A. Count the carbons in the ring and use the

name of the parent cyclic hydrocarbon (e.g., cyclohexane)

B. Number the ring, starting from one of the branches. Find the numbering that gives the lowest possible set of numbers for the branches.

C. Name the substituents.D. Add the prefix to show the number of groups

present (e.g., trimethyl)

IV. Cyclic Alkanes

E. Alphabetize the substituents.

F. Put the name together using the name of the parent cycloalkane. Use commas to separate numbers and hyphens between numbers and words.

V. Aromatic Hydrocarbons

1. Benzene: a cyclic hydrocarbon that contains six carbon atoms, six hydrogen atoms, and electrons that are shared among all six carbons in the ring (Draw the structure.)

2. Aromatic Compound: an organic compound that contains a benzene ring

V. Aromatic Hydrocarbons

3. Aliphatic Compound: hydrocarbons such as the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes

4. Aromatic hydrocarbons are named similarly to cyclic alkanes, but their parent name is benzene.For example:2-ethyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene

VI. Polymers

1. Polymer: a large molecule consisting of many repeating structural units

2. Monomer: a molecule from which a polymer is made

3. Plastic: a polymer that can be heated and molded while relatively soft

VII. Functional Groups

1. Functional Group: an atom or group of atoms that always reacts in a certain way

2. List and draw the 9 functional groups.3. Halocarbon: any organic compound that contains

a halogen substituent4. Alkyl Halide: an organic compound containing a

halogen atom covalently bonded to an aliphatic carbon atom

5. Aryl Halide: an organic compound containing a halogen atom bonded to a benzene ring or other aromatic group