I. Gregor Mendel “father of genetics”. a. Inheritance Theory Prior to Mendel 1. Traits...
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I. Gregor Mendel “father of genetics”
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a. Inheritance Theory Prior to Mendel
1. Traits “blended”
• Trait: characteristics to be passed from parent to offspring
• “bloodlines”: thought traits passed through the blood
2. Problem with blending: cannot account for unexpected traits
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II. Mendel- the story
a. Personal history
1. Austrian monk
2. Teacher of high school natural science- love of evolution, nature, meteorology
3. “for the fun of it”: crossed peas and mice- saw inheritance patterns
4. pea plants- a formal test
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5. let’s add math:- importance of statistics and ratios: basis for his hypotheses- problem the math created: not used in
biology previouslyb. The research
1. pea plants- why?- structure (male and female parts on same plant)- distinctive traits- rapid reproduction- ability to control pollination and fertilzation
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Steps of Mendel's
Experiment
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1. Mendel studied the inheritance of one trait (for example plant's height, color of flowers or color and shape of seeds).
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2. Mendel first cross pollinated tall pea plants (identified as
TT, height of plants in this variety were about six feet
tall) with each other.
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Mendel noticed, that only tall plants were produced. He came to a
conclusion, that the tall variety of a pea plant, must contain some
factor for tallness.
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3. Mendel then cross pollinated short pea plants (identified as tt, height of plants in this variety were about one foot tall) with each other.
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X
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In every generation of this plant only short plants were produced. Once again he concluded that pea plant must contain some factor for height (in that variety - for shortness).
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4. The next step of Mendel's experiment was to crossed tall pea plants (TT) with short pea plants (tt). The resulting plants were labeled Tt and only tall plants were produced.
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T
t
T
t
Tt
Tt
Tt
Tt
All plants were tall
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LabelingThe standard way of labeling the variation information of a trait in a
particular organism is using two letters. Capital letters represent information which is dominant. Lowercase letters represent the recessive. The letter being used describes a variation (usually the recessive) of the trait.
• TT stands for a plant where both pieces of height information are dominant - tall. The plant is tall.
Tt stands for a plant where one piece of height information is dominant - tall, and the other is recessive - short. The plant is tall.Tt stands for a plant where one piece of height information is recessive - short, and the other is dominant - tall. The plant is tall.tt stands for a plant where both pieces of height information are recessive - short. The plant is short.
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Here we crossed two peas which contained both tall and short information.
T
T
t
t
Tt
Tt
TT
tt
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A cross in which only one trait is studied is called monohybrid cross .
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5. Mendel named every generation: Starting generation – P (parent) generation.
The following offspring generation was called
F1 - first generation (daughter generation),
F2 - second filial generation, and so on.
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P F1 F2
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2. results from experiments- tall x short ----- > all tall- “dominant” ---- > tall- “recessive” ---- > short- hybrid x hybrid ---- > result of crossing F1 generation- led to the idea of gene forms3. the gene- sections of chromosomes coding for a trait- alleles: forms of a gene (ex: tall and short for the gene for height)
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4. no blending: Mendel found that blending was not occurring since all traits expressed were either dominant or recessive, but not in between (ex: either tall or short; not medium)
5. example crosses:
AA x AA aa x aa
Aa x Aa
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c. Research rejected1. why?- math not previously used in science - public skeptical- information not understood- public distracted by Charles Darwin’s study on evolution
d. Importance of research- evolution: provided genetic support for this theory
- modern genetics studies: we still use much of Mendel’s conclusions in our own theories/ studies in genetics