I expect to pass through thisworld but once;

Any good thing, therefore;that I C3.Q do,

Or aoy kIndness that I can showto any fellow creature;

Lel me do it now; let me notdefer or neglec tit;

For I shall Dol pass this waypgaio9

-Henry Drummond~

Nos. 13 & 14 Vol. LV.

Founded by Jvf~halma Gandhi in 1903Former Editor: Afanil41 GanJhi-1918~1")56

FridaYt 12th April, 1957

-----------God be 111 my he.ul , ..ind Inmy L nLLP,ld ntilng ;

Got! be in mine ()C~. lil,d.rn 111) l()1Il..ln~".

Gnd he ru nl) n ou t h • .Iud in111) 1'l. lkHl~;

God he In my ht...,rt ~ .md InIll) lhm:.lllb ~

God be .\t nunc CIH~. .md Llln1Y de p.lrUtl£.

-SnT ....un rri 1

R£CriTf:{ED ATTHE Gr 0 AS A NF.WSrAPER.

Price: SIX PEf'JCE.

Cet Us Pray

ILE T us call to remembrance the dead yetever-living

who have passed the doors, beyond which we can­

not see. As they kept the faith inl time of trail

and held fast to righteousness in the hour of temptation,

so inspired by their example. may w e \,:hen danger isnear and the flesh is weak, triumph over. every trail and

temptation, and finally attain unto everlasting- life.

Eternal God, in whorn the spirits of the just do restf~om their labours: we bless thee for the me~ory of the

righteous t and especially for those most dear to us, who

ha~e lived in faith and departed 'in peace. ·1\1 ay \VC follow

r their rrood example, and truly loving and seryjng thee onb \

earth, be gathered with them into thy heavenly Kingdom-

Almighty God our heavenly father, the spirit of the

life is within us alI; and in thee \VC live and move and

have our being. \Ve pray thee, that we may look on deathas a part of Iife, and find in death and lire together the

living witness of the spirit. \Vilt thou bring co ru fort to

our souls. and give us strength anew, and teach us to

walk steadfastly in the \vay of brotherhood and peace

wherein the great and good have trod. And so may the

peace of God' w hich passeth all understanding, that peace

which the world can neither give nor yet take a,vay, rest

upon our minds and hearts this day and evermore.

~~IEr-;. The Late Mr. t"1anilal Gandhi

Give Our Best. Plnd Tlot Cess.

AS we commemorate the first anniversary of the death of ManilalGandhi, many of us will desire to express in some way our very

deep respect and sincere affectiou for his memory. This is not dlffi..cult for those of us wbo had tite privilege of knowing him personally.The praises which we utter are quite unforced. For Manilal Gandhiwas a good mao, ~ selfless man, a man of real integrity and courage,a maD never afraid to take bis own line, never willing to be ;a dema­gogue Of to be ted by demagogues. and at the same time never willingto make terms with tyranny or iniustice. He fougbt a! be best couldfight with 2 certain wholeness of personality. As I think of his publiclife the quctation wbich springs to my mind is "Blessed are the purein heart." Thi. is higb praise indeed. It an be applied to fewpublic meo. Yet I believe that Manilal Gandhi merited it. We atetbe p.oret fOI his passing and the ricber for his example. Not allbtl frieJ;ldl will agree with every poiat of bis policy. Some will think

that be was Dot extreme enough" others will ~rgu~ '~;I~ r 111

. idealist but Dot a practical polincian. I do' cot l.l'rJ\' \V· l~e

'0£ these arguments. They come from men also wor' -? - - ... -prct. ;'"-What I do feel is that in considering Manila! G.:iDubl I arn before a

human personality. whom I cannot but respect, riod I would asknothing better for myself or any m m than that we should share inthat purity of heart and motive which I honestly be heve was his­He gave his best. Whether our b est is less or more than his best,let us quietly give our best and Dot less. We salute his memory,

I also wish to thank allthe readers and friends for ,their very kind assistance,without which, I could nothave succeeded. 1 hopethat they will continue togive me all the assistancethey cane

Finally I wish to record

my sincere and heartfelt

gratitude to the staff of

"Indian Opinion.' Theyhave been most kind andconsiderate lin overlooking

my mistakes. Because of

my inexperience, they have

often had more work, thrust

upon them but they have

met all these difficulties

without any complaints, and

with their years of experi­

enced work under my "late

husband, they have smooth:

ed out many difficulties

from my path in the pastyear. For this, I am in ..debted to them.

All this has convincedme that everyone looks up

on this work as a labour ofservice and Jove and jt hasthe blessings of God. i,wiu,these blessings and with ..the guidance of the dear

depa~led souls; I hope to

continue with more SUccess-

'Pubtisher-SUSIIILA GANDHI,

12th Ap~il, 1957

Note Of Thanks•

1II!IIIIDJiI

Personal~ YEAR has passedLM1 since I took upon

my shoulders the re­sponsibility of carrying onthe work of 'Indian Opinion:I have experienced mixedfeelings or hopes; and dis­appointments, and also havehad the privilege of newexperiences. I always be­Iieved that this was ate..sponsibility far too greatfor me, but I have foundsince then that one learnsby mistakes, and I havemade a good many of them.Today I have learnt morein the past year than I hadlearnt in the 28 years withmy-editor husband> rtherehave been times when Ihave been overcome by dis­appointments, and the de ...sire to give up this workhas been great, but always,an inner voice has stoppedme.

Before I enter into thesecond year of my respon­sibility I wish to thankAlmighty God, who hasbeen my comforter andguide, and without whoseassistance I would neverhave been able to carry on.I have stated before thatthis paper is not a money..making concern, and mypredecessors have been suchgreat men. that I have to-tread very carefully lest Imake some mistake andbring down even by a frac ..tion the prestige that they

have built. :1 have received I Prasad Andmany attractive suggestionsfrom many friends during Radhak·rishnanthis period.vbut I felt that Renominatedthough they' ,vere all meant . .. .,

.... THE All-India Congress, Com~".l~for my benefit, They were mitree announced OD April 3 . I

such that would have made tbat Dr. Rajeodra Pr~sad and I 1

me waver from the' morals Dr. Radbakrishc.aD.h.ave accepted ",

of "Indian Opinion' and so CObgrcss Party's nomination tat... \ Istand for the secohd term SIS the"' -

I have had to reJec.t these PresideDt and tbe Vice-President 4

suggestions. By doing so of India. i J .... t t

I ~ t 1 -

I know, I must have hurt T~e Central Parliamectar): .' ,'I

the feelings of my friends, Board ~r tqe party bas nominated

d I · h d h Dr. Rajendra Prasad as the Prean \VIS to recor ere ... ... • I

• I " I.drat :.IDd Dr. RadbakrisbDanrlO l~~

my Sincere apologies, · .be office of Vice.Prcsideat: . () '.f

-..Bryon.

INDIANOPINION

~

FRIDAY. 12TH APRIL. 1957

"With you 3 part of me balh passed aw_y.' ....Another, jf I would, I could Dol find,And I am grown much older in a day.But yet I treasure in my memoryYour gift of charity, and young heart"s ease.

And the dear bonour af yout' amity ..For these once mine, my life i!S rich with these,And I scarce know which part may greater be,

Wbat I keep of you, or you rob of me.'-Georgt:\ Santayana.

Manilal Gandhi-"Jn Memoriam

111111_1'

IT/hat is 'hi: worst of woes that wait on 4,t;? ff/ltatSla1Jt/'s the 1.urillklc deepey Oil the bl'owP To view eachlovetl Due blol/ed from li'"es .J. h d b I &':/1 ra'Sje, all c a one onearth,

'1!\\ FU LL year has passed since the passing away ofiM.l I\lanilal Gandhi, our beloved editor. On this firstanniversary we remember again. the years of his

selfless service, and his devotion to the cause- of non­Europeans in South Africa. Although, with his going,many things have finished for many of us, the message ofhis lire still lives on. Gone are those kindly eyes, thatsweet smile. the loving hospitality, the wit and humour,the man who was a lion at heart. Today we remembernil these-things about him and our hearts are heavy withIonging-Ayet this day should remind us of his noblemessage. l\Iany of us will remember him; but how manywill see that light or feel again how vital that messagewas? I-I is was a message of love. He believed that ifwe were sincere, love would prevail and conq uer hatred.Above all. he believed in the adherence at all costs andin all circumstances to the moral values which give mean ..iog to life, }lis gospel was Truth and Service. Hesanctified service as very few men have done. ] n the'yards of Dupree:. U I Ie would hunger that I might eat;\"~ltld take the bitter and .Ieave me the sweet."

April 5th will come round the year again and ragain toproclaim the eternity of time. Manilal Gandhi, wishedto serve his fellowmen longer. but Providence ordainedotherwise. I t is up to us, I t is up to us now to fulfilhis mission. \\' e must endeavour with all earnestness toface the difficulties and crisis of today, in the light of hismessage to us -and in this 'yay, we may give a little ofour lives to the memory of one who was very near andvery dear to our hearts. What greater tribute can wepay him, than the tribute of making his Iife's work ourwork and his cherished ho pes, our hopes?

This article is written in memory of Manila! Gandh iby Alan Paton

A Dangerous Hour

iF I judge correctly, we are living in a dangerous hour. Thegreatest danger to Scutb Africa bas always been tbat a time

might come when white and black would see one another as mortaleaemies \YJe arc nearer to that than we have ever been before.

From 1-: anna Lazar

all the recognised industrial or­ganisation. to their employees,whether White or Black, rhusfcllowing the precedent set bytbe Governor of Northern Rbo­desia at his reception during therecent visit of the Colonial Secre­tary.

Race relations were referred 10

only once during the speechesReply ing to Sir Roy Wele Diky

at the luncbeou Mr. H~rry Op­penheimer said that, to h:s mind,the Federation was being ::ibapedin ao extremely sound way.

liThe great priedpie of partner...ship iSt after all, a principlewhich in this multi-racial coun"try caD give unhy and give nobi.ity of aim," be said.

life! EVEN today I can see thepicture in my mind's eye: Therethey ~II stood-five of them­waiting for us to ahght from rbeboat. 1. Parsee Rustomiee: 2.Omar Jh:averji 3. Mamlalbhai;4 Uncle; 5. and another friendwhose name I have forgottenAll of them are no more bert.with us---ye t tb ey can Deverleave us!

The thing wbicb struck memost forcibly about my goodbrother, after I had met himquite frequently (our respectivefarms, Inanda and Phoenix beingnear each other) was his wonder..ful bumility; his unwavering faithand his undaunted COUtAgt!

No matter how desperate besometimes felt, how frustratedand humiliated, he never gave upthe struggle for justice, for self..

. improvement and for trutb!Truly Mamlalbhai was a worthyson of his great father Maharmariand sweet moth er Kasturba,

"Our ingress to tb is worldis nsked and bar Cj

"Our progress through thiswor Id is trouble ~ n:l care;

"Our egress out tbis, worldwe kaow Dot where:

"But 1£ we hve well here wewe lave well-thele!"

And so, farewell s" eet friend!But ltto live io the beans of thosewho love is nat to d ie l"

I can never forget you, and JIwill try to honour yo ur memoryby emulating your life!

RACIAL. partnership scored anew victory 00 the Copper.

belt when leading African per­SODalities were invited to theformal opening of the big Ban­croft copper mine. At Sir ErnestOppeaheimer's invitation morethan balf a dozen A£ric:ao guestsattended the morning tea-partywhich preceded the formal open­Ing, and the luncbeoD that fol­lowed it. Chief among t hem wereMr..Lawrence Katilungu, presi ..dent of the African Mine Work­ers Union.

No copper mine in NorthernRhodesia bas been opcDcd ihthis inter raciat way in tbe past.

The Bancroft mine authoritiessimply invited representatives of

Africans Jnvihd To Lunch At OpeningOf New ,Mine

was asked to writ c a few wordsfor "Indian Opinion" for the

issue devoted to rbe death anni­versary of my dear good friendand brother-e-Manilal Gandhi.t

To express adequately mythoughts 3Dd- deep feelings-e-Iwould have to be a writer (whichI don't claim to be.) What canI say other than: To me he is Dotgone, and Dever will be gonet­Just lake my beloved parents,uncle Hermann Kallenbach, Ba­puji-so also Manilalbbai, was,is, and will remain interwoven inmy personal Iife till the time willcome (I hope) when we will allmeet again 00 another plane­which I believe to be a bett er a ndbrighter one!

I met ManHalbbai for rhe firstrime whee my people and Iarrived in Durban by beat fromEurope.

I knew about the Gandhifamily long before that day. - Myuncle Hermann Kallenbach whenvisiting us in Europe (my motherwas his only sister} told us a greatdeal about his close associationwith Mr. M. K. Gandhi and hisfamily. Ever, since my child­bood, Bapuji's photograph, whichhe bad sent to mot her throughuncle, stood framed on a specialtable in our home.

So when the memerable daydawned-and I met Maoilalbbaifor the first time in person, I feltas if I had known him all my

O~INION

A Tribtlte ToManilal Gandhi

INOIAN

I write these words in memoryof Manilal Gandbi. who wasfierce against injustice, and gentlein 311 else. It is a year since bedied, and the world, especiallyour part of it, bas certainly notgrown any better aiace, and itlooks al though it is going togrow "orse. But the worst thingthat could happen to it is notanything that Dr. Verweerd cando; it is tba t we, tbrougb fear ordespair, should cease to defendtbe right, and sbould begin tobelieve that conflict is the onlyway of life.

Manilal Gandhi, like his fatherbefore him, believed in the in­exhaustible power of the Divine,upholding and sustaining theworld. No hour is too dangerouswhen men yield their hearts andwills to no other power~ Forthis power casts out fear, aDd itis only of fear that we need beafraid. It is fear that makes tbisQUI dangerous b our.

African and nOD' African peoplefrom meeting together, but tomake them yield the very ideathat there can never be any pur­pose common to African andDon-African, let alone a commonsociety belonging to all.

I say tbis is a dan gerous time,but I am not thinking so muchof Dr Verwoerd and his Bills, asI am tbinking of our hearts andwills : I am thinking, as everygood soldier must do, not 50

much of the terror of tbe enemyas of the stoutness of the defence.The hour is dangerous, Dot somuch for what might happenwithout, as for what might hap­pen within. And remember, ourdefence against Dr. Verwoerdhas never lain in outward pompand power, but always in ourhearts and wills,

The beliefs tbat we cherish inthe oneness of mankind and thewickedness of discrimination havebeen taugbt by aU the.great reli­gions of the world. The facttbat they arc under attack mustmake us all the more eager intheir defence. The time ca119for stout hearts, not long faces.If we are true to our trust, theawe help and encourage all thosewho are trying ts be the same.Of us more than any others it canbe said, united we stand, dividedwe fall.

12th April, 1957

There have always been-andthere still are-numbers of blackpeople and white people wbo donot think in this irreconcilableway. But t be intention of theGovernment, aad notably of Dr.Verwoerd, is to abolish / commu­nication between such people.Isolated from one another, whatwill tbey do? \Vill even they fallprey to the prevailing fears andbates? Will even they begin tothink that white interests andblack interests arc irreconcilable1

The real danger does not lie inDr. Verwoerd or in any law thatbe likes to make. The real dangeris that finally be will convlnce usthat conflict is the ooly way ofIife. Then, because we cannottake up conflict, we shall give upliving, and when we give upliving, we shall give up believing,we shall be swept to the blackBideor the whitt, in preparationfor tbe dread battle that we havehelped to bring more near.

There used to be anotber wayout of tbis valley of tb e s badowof death. That way was totalseparatice- If only we weretotally separated, there could beno battle at all. But we ~[e be­ginning to see clearly that totalseparation is a dream; the Gov­ernment is not even prepared topay the money necesSiry torealise tbe semi-apartbeid of theTomlinson report. Total sepa­ra tien is more than a dream-itis a deception.

Therefore only two pessibilitlesare left. One is to aceept black­\vbitt irreconcilability as ourdoom; tbe other is to reject itwitb all our hearts and wills, andit is these hearts and wills rbatDr. Verwoerd is" determined tobreak. In bis 4try be is shakingthe tree of bis enemies, hopingte shake the la!t of us free ofour bold upon its branches. HisNative Laws Amendment Bill ismeant for tbat very purpose. Iti. designed, Dot only to prevent

t

If I bat time should ever come,white people will say about blackpeople, Hlhey art so many tb2twe dare not give them any. bing;and if we did, they would seizeall." And black people will sayabout white people, "we expectnothing from YOU; what we want

· we shall take, when the timecomts tp

12th April, .1957 ~OPINION148 I N D I A N

&,:tracts from, &ditorlals By C-he Lateffir. Olanilal Gandhi ,

Memorial Service For The'Late Mr, Mal1ilal Gal1dhi

by Mahatma Gandhi, it surely istoday. Let us Dot take hfs namein vain or exploit it to suit ourpurpose. Let us prayerfully in­voke his spirit to guide us in thisdarkness.

\

Bapuji'e favourite hymn "LeadKindly Light" was beanU(uUyenDR by Mr. Matabele. of theOhlenge Instituto. Mr. WadI."reoited the Zt)f8lthran prayerand Miss Gool reoited the MasUm "prayer. At the close - of tlie~

'servioe the Bhantipath was SUDIf. ­Doring I the' day, the KaltiirbaGandhl Sohool prayers were >- re .. (olted. for the lato Mr. Mab,nal 1

Gandhi. -who was tho founder of'··~tbe abave eohool. .

The late Mr. Manilal Gandhi

we are doing is a worse sinner,and impotency to deal with them,is yet another unforgivable sin.So the question is, who is toblame wbom?

... Here in South Aftie2, wberethe future under the presentregime seems so very gloomy,t bere are sigas of a steadily grow·ing awakening in the ~ church,which is raising its voice, hew­ever feeble, again] t the ills of theGovernment. Tney ate signs ofhope. May tbat heavenly lightgrow brighter anu enlighten ourpath and soften the hearts ofrbose in whose hands He basthougbt fit to "place the reink ofthis country and thus bring ptaciand prosperity here and through­out the world to all mankind 'inthe year to come,

-11tb November, 195.5.

lThe above words were chelast words of Mr. Manila! Gandhibefore be was taken iII, and takenaway from us.-Ed.-I.O.]

-22cd July, 1949.

-8th July, 1949.

-0-

-0-

THERE wao a representativesathering on the 5th April

at Phoenix to attend a memorialeervioe for the late Mr .. ManUalGandhi. Swami NisohalaDandawho presided. spoke in EORll.habout the ideals of the deceasedand hla uphill work for the com­mnnlty, tor at times he feltholated, "9 at be strove OIh Howos followed by Fnndit NardovVedalankar, who Ipoke inHindi.

Trouble Lies WithOurselves

.1.The trouble is really withourselves. If the South AfricanGovernment bas sinned in viola­ling God's Jaw by its evil deedswe are grea ter sinners in sub­mitting, aut of selfish reasons .. tothose evils, knowing them to beevils. One who knowiDgly sinsagaiDst man and God; as indeed

What We Should DoOur is a crusade and we must

be prepared to suffej' and to laydown ovr lives, quietly, at thealtar of Truth and Rigbteousness,wlthcut causing injury to thosewho persecute us. That requirespower, for superior to that re-

'etuired in wielding the sword,That power is spiritual power,which comes by the grace of Godte him who bas indomitable faitbin \ bim and respects and abides'by His Jaw as against man madelaws even at the risk of beingcrucified' It is difficult, verydifficult, but not impossible toacquire. We are in the midst ofabounding darkness. Bu t if wego forward with faith in God weshall surely set light. llGodhelps these who help themselves"

These are' not meaninglesswords.

-0-

Hours Of DarknessIndians in South Africa have I

very grave responsibility on tbeirshoulders, They may not sitquiet like mice, ncr may theyallow themselves to be draggedioto any rash action by rousingtheir emotional feelings. Tbeymust keep their balance even inthe face of the strongest prove­cation and act in a dignified man­ner. If there eV~t was a time tosink aU differences and distinc­tions between the rich and poorbetween the various aeetlensbased 00 caU,. creed Of provinceand tQ stand solidly togetber :andbe mutually helpful to face thedifficulties that confront us, inthe true spirit. Tbey were tauibt

The Rev. W. H. Satchell h:a!struck the right note wben bewrites in the "Natal Mercury":

"It is good tbat we shouldpray for goodwill amoDg IIIsections of the people- Yetprayer alone is obviously notenough. Prayer WHboutaction is sheer hypocrisy.

""While not forgetting tbatthe primary intention OD

this Sunday is the fos.eringof goodwill among thedifferent European groups,I write to urge the impor­tance of act jon to reinforceprayer as a means of estab­lishing mutual undertandingand tolerance between Euro·peans and non·Europc3Ds.I write of my "'own city.Titanic sacrifices are beiDgmade by cur people inEngland. Are we less Doblethan tbey?

"'We will go a little further andsay that our prayer should befor the abolition of the colour blraltogether because it is ua­Cbr stian and undemocratic. Ourprayer, moreover, should be (orthe grace of God to be sboweredDot only upon ourselves but uponcur so-called enemy, that bothmay have better sense to solvetheir disputes in a spirh of good­will and friendship and shun theslaughtering of mankind. Tbismay sound very high and im­practicable- But the path oftigbteousness is beset with thornsand without rlghtecusness thereCJtl be DO goodwill, Therefore,the observance of GoodwillSunday however good it maysound, will have ba ve DO mean ..ing if it is Dot followed by actionin a true Christian spirit. .

-28th March 1941

-0-

Goodwill SundayIndia bas been quite justifiably

crikclsed ahd condemned for, herevil of untoucbnbility. Indiawho is suffering tor her sins isfast on ber way to eradicate thatgreat evil; But South AfricaV'J,o claim! to bit. more advancedin ~lvilisation than any etherCQuntry seems to be eopyiagthat ver.y evil that India is tid ~ding betself of. Her segregationpoUCy ber colour bar laws arejust that and notbing else. Infact sbe bas gone one worse be..cause in India it was a social linenot sanctioned by State law buthere the differenti:uioa is basedon colour and race and sanction..ed by the law uf the State, Thereal Cbristian spirit would begoodwill towards aU mankind.That includes tbe enemy as well.In fact it allows no animosity oriUewill towards anybody. Ifthere is iU·will towards some anda profession of goodwill towards'otbers sucb goodwill bas DO roomin the rtal con~cptioD of Chris·tianity.

Wanted True LeadershipTHE Indian community in South

Africa is suffering at thepresent momeut pletbora ofleaders Frout one point of viewit may pcrbap9 congratulate 1tselfthat it bas so m~ny leaders. B~tfront our experience of publtc

· :lff.lirs we hold the:firm convictiontbat . true leadersbip is Dot ..acornmoo thing. True leadershiprequires rcany things and onlywben a community b.s a fewleaders of the true t~ pe If canfeel safe and march to\' rds pro­gress and advanc:emen Ut b:r­wise plethora of Itader~ OD1~ 10..

rensifies dIssensions 3l j di..rer­ences wttbin the commu lity andprevents united actio -wotresuch ac ·ion is ntCeSs3ry lad de­:sitable for the good of \ be com­munity'at large.

"'Ind,an Opinicn" since itsvery inception has alway. beenidealistic in its outlook anti basnot beh ~\1ed in the leadersb'p ofpriviteg'~ and honour seeken- Itbas 31w~VB ad vocated that le~dersmust be men of independence,courage ..ttld above all, inspiredby a sp rh of sacrifice: tru~b,honclty ;lud fairplay.. We thinkthese are alsc'the mara tenet! .ofScttyagraha which bag bad itSorigin in South Africa under tb~Ieadership of Mabatm1 Gandbly;bom some of cur leaders idolise.

-15th June, 1934

12th April, 1957

A DayINDIAN

WithOf!lNION

The Gandhis149

By ROBERT ST. JOH N

IT is difficult to imagine that o~ty :2 YC3r 3i:0 Manilal passedaway, so much bas happened in tb u year.

The "treason trial" arrests ~Qulc not have surprised kim.Indeed be had long expected somethin ~ like this, Aad altboughhe bad certain reservations abcu Ibe r; -ginal plans for the Con­gress of the People and about lb. word og of some of the clauses Iof the Freedom Charter, be wou j b=a ,e stood solid with those ofus who publicly take our stand C" tbr s-de of the arreste d menand the cause for which they art 4JCiDl ersecuted.

But perhaps what would In .t bav· delighted him in tbesedevelopments of the last year is ie mL) [Itt in which these busboycotts have been conducted. Onse gain, as in 1952, theAfric.illu people have shown then ,e1V1e9 Iurly capable of sustaininga legitimate mass campaign win discipuned detarrninaticn andstrict non violence, even in tb. fact of very considerable ad­ministrative and police provoca U~;

This surely would have e. ned hts unstiuted admlratlcn,And he would have rejaicec cquJ'ly in tbe visible proofsthe boycott yielded of an inc :.lsit1[ white understanding ofAfrican difficuhies and demands to be treated as human beingsas of right, which was steadily m2 Je tD~olfest at tbe I~vel of per·!onal cont2cts with tbe boycotters iD spite of ministerial 2ndofficial discouragement-even intimid.iluODt

Despite tbe ste3dy flaw of repressive legislalion, the ytarsince Manila!'.! death b:i:i been marked by a visible solidifying ofthe aU-racial opposition to apartheid which would have w2rmedhis heart as much 2S it dismays the ;dvocates of b:a~sskap.

Whenever her father is in prisonor aw.ay on trips it is she whotakes complete charge.

Aeun, a 19.year ..old boy, lookslike a typical American collegeboy.

Ela, the 13-year·old baby ofthe family, is a quiet little girl,very shy. very sweet looking.

In one corner of the Gandhi'sliving room there is a case ofcurios, all of them connectedwith the life of the Mahatma.On one wall there is a photo­grapb in colours of Gandhi aDO

Nehru On another wall there isan enlarged photograph of Presi-

dent Truman witb Prime Minis­ter and bis sister.

At dinner we taJkeal of food.The Gandbis are srrjct vege­tarians, as are about balf [beHiodus of India and a quar rer ofthe Hindus of South Africa.There were many courses to thedinner; so maoy it seemed like aChinese meal. Tbe vegetablecurry was excellent but piece deresistance was an Icdjan frittercalled chiUe bites.

Unlike most vegc't4dans inthe West the Gandbis refr;infrom eaticg meat and other ani­

;mal products not because they

his filtber would w2at it done.

"His sterling character waswhat attracted followers and dis­armed entire governments. Noone could ever not treat himgently. Even when the policewould come, even they could Dot

help but treat him with klndness,~

"Farber·s personality aloneshook: the British Empire

hHc led an austere and praye r...ful life of great self-discipline,renouncing everything for thegood of mankind. He knew wbatto do. He trained us cb ~ ldren toJive tbe hardest sort of Iives. Wecould never drink nor smoke.We were not allowed (0 becomeslaves to anything,"

M~Di111 Gandhi said 1e wasvery impressed with the A1 rlCID!­

adopricn of passive res» rance.

"Ir is a wonderful, ;u'1aziogtbin~ to watch, Naturally it IS

diffic-ult i-: r them to unde standnon-violence, especlally jf it isnot f xplai-ied properly to them,The} mus n et be loJd bat ifthey ~c (J prison for severalmon :'5 thev will win whae I beyare n bting, for.

--1 It)" must be told that tbi,is w T~· 'y must be told, justas~, ttl 1 soldier in war, thatthev ay h ve to give the If lives.Th. ~ mus expect the worst.The mus be prepared even togo to the galtows. A good passiveresisre r must have DO mentalreseevations u

I a- ked If be ever felt tornbetw~~n c~rryitlg on his father'swork -0 India or in SouthAfrlc ~. ht smi led,

I'F.Jtber·~ pbilosophy W.t1S that('vii must be fought where youfind it; tbat one must never runaw~y from it."

Then we discussed his prisonrecord,

Between 1907 and 1914, whilehis father was still in NataJ,Manilal Ga.ndhi served seVtr;Itbree·mODtb terms for civil dis­obedience•.

In 1930 be wenl to India aD avisit and there served a full year'sterm.

In 1946 he served a three.month South African term.

And then tb e G£l1uis[00 caseHe smiled ;as he told me how hebtcame involved in It

"I went one day to see JuliusLewin in Johannesburg aDd thereI found Raymond Duncan. Wehad lunch together aod for tbefirst tim c' I learned about I beplan to go to Germlston Loca­tion. Sul;1denJy I became veryjeglouSof this young while mao

c. W. M.. GELL.

criminatory laws, be madehis first 21·day fa~Jt. His dallydiet consisted of a small quantityof boiled water. He lost 25pounds. Even bis father neverfasted longer than tbat.

Manilal Gandhi is not fanaticalabout his father's memory. Heconsid"rs that his fatber was oneof the world'5 greatest men. Hesays it in as matter·of-fact a wayas if he \vert stating the distanceto Durban. Unlike so many offJm~us fi~ures, be insists 00 being~ personality in his cwn ttgbt, yetbe dots everytbing within hispower" to carry OD his fatber's

'work in the way be knows

Champion

tbink vegetarian food bealtbier,but for spiritual reaSQDS. It istied to tbeir pacifism, their dis­like of harming man or beast,and their feeling that mao must

. discipline himself.

It seemed appropriate tbatqueericns about fasting should beasked at the dinner table. Maoi·la1 Gandhi p»id he himself baddeae many seven- day fasts inhis youth, when be and hisfatber were working together. In1951. ..Irer his fatber's death, hedi,\ bl~ firlt 14-day fait. Then,just 1lS t year j in sympathy with

.[be Africans' protest against dis-

FearlessA

THE road to Phoenix is linedwith poinsettas srowing wiJd

but just 3S red, just as per reedyformed as the hothouse, Christ­mu kind.. Occasionally a mongoose darts

across the road after a snake.

The house whicb Ma.batma("The Wise, Great-Souled One")G2Ddhi built OD ~ hill and calledSarl'odaya ("For the Welfare ofAU") still stands there, but Mani­tat, the SOD t bas built a largerand more modern place of brickand stone for the' second andthird generations.

\Tbe buildings on the hilltoparc surrounded by pineapples,paWP2W and banana trees, andtbert is 2. tennis court close totbe bouse.

At the entrance a sign reads:

Welcome To Those Who CrossThe Threshold Of Thi~1 Door:

A Hearty Welcome To Both RichAnd Poor!

Althougb Manital Gandbiagreed with his father about theevils of mecbani:atioD, a Dodgeautomobtle stands in the Gandhigarage.

Manilal Gandhi is 60 yearsold. His eyes, behind thin­rimmed spectacles, are soft andkind, although sometimes theyflasb wltb impatience. HIs blackbair bas starred to grey. Hedresses in a conventional, westernmaDDert gen erally very uncsten­briously, although this day bewort .l biege sports shirt, beige'slacks and open work sandals..Must noticeable are his bands!The fingers are long and taper..Ing, There is much of theaesthete :about him . Often bisvoice. seems to b~ com;ng fromfar off, ;.Imost as if from aDotberworld.

Mrs. Gandhi has salt-and­pepper bair, is short of stature,'alw~ys wears sari9, goes to Dur.ban each Saturday to do theweek's marketing for the entirentlblisbment, . gives "IodianOpinion·' as much of her time astbe can spa re, has a sweet andgentle face. and bands very mucblike her husband's. Being a

--Hiadu she wears the small red."'hely mark'· an the forehead.She never interrupts her bus­blnd, and speaks of her father­

...in-Jawalmost reverently.

Sib.. the oldest of the tbree,children, is what" a Frcncbm:aDwould call mignon. Sbe is fragile ..

.looking and at first with stratlgersstems as frightened as a youngdoe cornered by bunters. ButSita, who is 23, is 3n extremelyintelligent young \voman and basthe title of manager for the paper t,

150

who wassoon to go to prison and Itold him 10. He answered. HAilright, como nlong with UB!" SO Iwent and so I got arrested,"

Aller a panse he said he tbot1gb~

there wag [orne mlusndcrateudlugabout subseqnent avents. Normally_when a passive resister is sentenced&1'Jd is given the choice of payingB line or serving as many days inprison) be chosea the imprisonmentand i8 Immediately led orr to starth's sentence. Dut in the Germia­ton case ODe of the laws they badintentionally broken was a proal­bhion ngaicBt the holding of ft

public meeting in an ACricRD loca­tion without a permit. Both theAfrican and Indian Ooogreaseswlshed to test the validity of thisregulation, so they appealed theconvictiona in the I\1agiBtra.te'acourt, Manila] Gundhl bad veryrel uctsntly agreed to this, but theday I spent at Phoenix he wasnervous and restlesa, became it hadbeen many months since his con­viction and nothing WEIS happening,nod this was nll:contrary to the basictheories of civil disobedience,

"I am very SOJD going to givemyself up and ask to be allowed toserve my 00 dajs,' be said.

It was Dot long later that he didj ust that, For 15 days be waa ktpt

~ in the Germistoo prison, \\here helost B pound (i, day. After 23 mored lYS in tlle Pretoria prison he waar..leased J\lSt in time to celebrate

f the Hindu feast of Divali (NewYe1r'e) with bis family. (Ra'mondDaacau Bull two white girls alsogave rhemeelves up nnd served twow~ektllerUlB. after paying part ofth~ir flnes.

~lani1al is deeply anti-Commnnist0:1 the gronnds" he 83y8, that Cow..monism IS based on violence andin his code violence iB one of theextreme cvi)s. Yet he is DeitberbyBterical nor fanatical abont it4When be ",eDt to pril!OD lale 1019~3, be onnonnced tbn~ it waspartly in protest a.gainstthe banningof sa many South A(ricBDB underthe terms of the Suppre88ion ofCommnnlBm Act.

&COne fir my minor objectiooB toCommunists!" he ED.id t "is that Ifiad it 31moet impossible to workwith them. II there is even jostoDe of them on 8 committee be willalways trr to dominate it.n

After dinner we toured thegrounda. The entire Phoenixestablishmenthas heen mado 8 tru!tfor tJC Indiaos of the community,Msb=:t.tma Giodbi would Deverreoagnize the place if he were tocome back to it. The~e is 0 largepriDtiDg plant DOW. 6 They haveDever been oble to offorJ a linotypema:binc,80 ten printers work BixdaIs a week selling by hand eachletter or eaoh word that goes into

INDIANthe 18 or 20 pages or 'IndianOpinion, t which now l1a8 3.000subscrlbers scattered around theworld.

One year ago AIrs. Gandhi de­cided that something had to be doneabout education for the children orthe people who worked for themand VOl ja9t as Winnie bad done atAl£xmdra, abe bad started 00 ont ..door school She herself W~ theteacher. Then they moved intotho origins! Mahatma GandhihemeBDd mada two elaasrooma of itt

A few mootbs ago a governmentinspector came along and foondnearly 200 children j'ammed intothose two small rooms.

He said be bated to be critical,bat be thoaght maybe they neededjO\lt a little more room. And EO •••

Ae D1l days must, the day w:tbthe Gaudhia finally ended. Itended witb JBCkie running out afthe house with B bottle of ink inhie hand and everyone chasinghim.Jackie was the Gendhls' householdpet, u monkey who delighted inconfounding Editor Gandhi by steal­iog bis pen and hid;Dg It, Oncehe did something much worse, furwlnch no one forgave him for days.

After Manila] Gandhi bad work.c~ late one night editing all thearticles for the next isaue of 'IndianOpinion" Jaokie go~ in throngh anopen window and with that literaryinterest common to all members ofthe family made off with the pile ofpaper. Some was finally found,but Jackie evideatlj ate the rest,or tossed it to the lour wlnda,

Toe day ended when the sunbegan to Bet Bod it was time tocatch ii train lor Durban. lvlr.. aDd~lrs Gandhi ~ove me in theirDodge to the depot. There. Biltlngin the glooming of a crisp nntnmnev.nicg wRiting for the train, IBs"'eJ my final q telt on:

"What of the future?"

The train was 4 5 minutes late,50 I bad B cODsidered reply.

uOor only possible weapon i3passive reaistdDce. The Swart Acts

increasing the punishmentB mast-not SlOp DB. 10 IDdia the maximump~nBlty was six y~arBf \Ve mast

evensubmitoar bodies to IOBbes iftbat is their pleasure. If even oolyn (ew willgo OD with the CQtDpBi~[]

the goal willbe acbiev'd. '

U Bat if AfricBD! acd lodiansallow themlelves to be forced intoviolencej then the aDimoaitiea wbichwill be eogcDdered win never dis.appear. L~k at the Boer 1Varl'Vbere is tho peace betfteeD Afri­kUDer..1 and BritishersP Leak atany waf, \Vhere is there everpflace after a warP Or democracy?"

J oat then 11 Strcam or 8eVerE\'

hnodred A'ricane came down tberailroad trackB They were on theirway home from work. ~IaDY ofthem had taken GU~ or !reigb~ csrsB~andiDg on the siding p:ecel orsugar cane from two to six feetlong. Tiley were chewing and.

·Buckijg the reddish qtslk9. Monyof them were almost mked, Thelrbodies glistened ic the light of thesetting sun, They wnlkedt wenryas they must have been trom a longdRy'S work in the cane fi~11PI withpoise, Tbey could DO~ have beengoing home tn anytbiDIl v~r'j

ple'1.8'~nt: a hovel, 0 a'pper vf meallemeal. a elpep on a hard bed. Theybad 8D ugly present and not muchor a future, Yet they walked alongwith n certain proud dignity whichboth ~I[" and 1\1 ~B, Gandhi re­marked,

U11J~re is no rCD80D for fl1ictionbetween them and D':I, nnless some,one tries to create it,u ManilalGandhi said,

'~lt is troe that Indiana openednp traiicg ill remote parts of theeonntrj in a da.y when white menlooked down on trading, TheIndians became the msrchants from

whom the Alricans did l1eBrly niltheir buying. Soma or the Indinost'x.do·t~d the AIricnns, Perhaps

many did. J ait as some, j erhapsmany business men of whllteverrace fXtJloh peopl r, It bas nothingto do with race. ) t is purely a.

cla-s trait"

U fhe white peoiJle bronght AfriC-tD8 to the ci~ie8 and did notuingto house them. 80 they sODgUt.

11ac~B from the IndiaDs and tLeIndiAns rented them space ic theirbackfar16 Some Ind laDB over.obarged them. Agnin this husnothing to do with ruce.. L'lodlOldsor nil CO)OI)[S rmmetimea over­charge

UAtt ODe lime Indiana owned nenr­11 I'll the BbopE!, nod the buses andthe cinemas. ll'Jt Indians canDotfxpect that this wiU go on forever.As the Afcicao l1roqresBes) he willwant lO run his own shope, bo£esnnd olnemas. ] odinDB mn8t renHze

that AfricBcB will assert theirrights.

u\Vith goodwill OD both B'des ond

i r no ODe tries to Btir us np BgnioBteach other. there Y.ill be no ecriouetrouble b... t\Y~eu Afl foons nndIndians."

Just at ,Lis polo~ Q b ain whistleBplit the qu[et autum J :ur.

A oay with tb ... Gandbie waaover.

11th April, 1957

'Watching OverAfricans'

HUNDREDS of A fr j c a Ii sthronged the open ..air meet ..

jag place ~t Ksbushl ArtiaDtcwnsblp in Ndola to hear Mr.J3mes Johnson, Labour M.P.,speak on the need for AfricaDadvancement in Northern Rhe­desia,

Mr. Johnson, wbo carne outfrom Britain to study ccnditicnsin Northern Rhodesia at the in ..vitatien of tbe African Ccagress,was addressing a trade uniongathering.

Referring to the GoVetDme~cestlrn ttes far this territory for1957, be said:

If! would like to see twice 'asmucb spent OD African educatioeas on the polrce and twice -theamount spent on African eduea..tion, as is spent now.."

"You are BciJl under 'tbe pro­tection of Her Majesty's Govern.ment and there are maay peoplelike myself in the House of Com­mons who are watcbing over youand studying your conditions.'"

Inanda IndianWelfare Society

THg fifteenth annual generalmeeung of tbe I020da Indian

Welfare Society was held at tbeIadanda Gove. Aided IndianSchool OD Sunday, April 7. Mr. ~

G. Maf1grey in his PresideDtialAddress exhorted the mem­bers to take a keener interest jntbe affairs of the Society and he~13borated on the :aim! ilod ob­Jects of the Society which in.a,ummarised form were SocialEducational and Religious Mr:s. K-asu, the Secretary preseoteda very comprehensive report oftbe Socie.ry's activitjes' for thep~st year.

The follo\ving official! wc-reelected for tbe ensuIng year:­Patrcnst Mrs. Susbila GandhiMessr•• G. Panchoa, M. Dook~rao, V. Murugan.. S. S. Govea­der, Harilall RamgobiD,' B See­b.arutb,. R. HiralaJ, ,D. Kasu, T.Mabablr, S. R. Roopnarain IiGugraj, G. Ramnatb, R. Ra~bU:natb. and Dr. Dennis Chooaoo.Pres.lden1: Mr. G. Maugrey, vicco.preSident: Mr. S. R;amparlad,boD., secre1ary: Mr. Sa Kuu,boa. treallurer: Mr HaripersadbRa~~obiD, a~lIt. secretary: Mr.Ranjlt !YIabesb, alsr. freasurer:Mr. K~JsbDa RiltngobiDi executivecommIttee: AU officials aadMCSSf3 Mawalall Ramgobib aDdK. Dbaaukdbarict hoa. audita,:Mr. R. Hualal.

... ..

12th April. 1957 ... DIAN OI!IMIOM 151

GtlTICHI-Che Story Of His Cife

PUTHLIBAI-Gandhiji's Mother

"Looking South "

Sesuto to Mr. Ngubane, but hepointed that be spoka Zulu. AEuropean interpreter was {Quodfor Mr. Ngubsne and an Africaninterpreter for the questioner, andthe discussion continued.

After the meeting, the menwere invited to share a cup oftea with Mrs. Brink :1S her guests,but tbey refused on tbe groundof their difference of opinion.

The meeting was originally tohave been held in the ArcadiaParish Hall, but permission wasrefused when anonymous threatswere made tba t it would bebroken up if an African spokefrom the same platform as Euro­peans.

THE Town Clerk of Lagos, 20

African with an Oxford accent,told the Town Clerk of CapeTown, Mr. M. B. Williams:When wbe have put our ownhouse in order we shall be turn­ing our eyes to the south!'

Mr..Williams, who recently re-~ turned from a visit to Nigeriaand other African territories, re­called tbe incident at a IUDchmeeting of the S.A A.F. Associa­tion.

HI had my eyes opened on nlYtwo-and-a half-month trip, If saidMr. Wdliams, flWhen you travelin these territories you realizethe shape of things to come.

"There is no doubt that bow ...ever much is spent on thesecountries, no matter what advant­ages are given to the Africans bythe Europeans, the inhabitantshave one idea in mind-one maoone vote,"

He went on to say that 3 strongcrust of educated African opinionwas concentcating on nuilding upthe spirit of nationalism. It wasnot flag wagging but the. coldcalculated use of education.

"'WbeQ you' think of tbe count­less millions of Africans whoseminds .are being directed alongthese Iines , you get 3 feeling thatto try to ste m tb e tide of Blacknationalism is like playing therole of Canute."

Mr. \Villiams said be was askedby a clergyman io Uganda whetherH you people in the south realizethat we Afr~caDs are probablygoing to prove the bulwark be­tween the West and East in tbefinal result.

He attended 3 town ccuncrlmeeting in Bathurst and rf be badbeen blindfolded be would havetbought be was back in rhe CapeTowe Cuy Council.

HTbere were all tbe same trick.-the referring back and t be post­ponement of reports:'

they would want his service forabout a year. They were notgOIDe to pay him badly, either,and the idea of further travelpleased Gandhiii, so he acceptedthe offer. If be was not going tobe a successful barrister, he mightiU least see a tittle more of the'world" be thought.Cop'vrlght: Reproduced hy coufle~y ofLorrgmaru Lid.

(To be continued )

MORE than 100 youag mea ~ur5t i.CIO Itbe . grounds ~f a privatehome in 20 attempt to disorganise a mixed meeting held by

tbe Liberal Parry. ~

At the close of the meeting, an opportunity to address theMrs. M~rgaret Brink, the owner men who attended tbe meetingof the premises, who is the under more normal circum­Liberal Party candidate in the staDces!'"Pretoria East provincial by. The first warning of a dis­election, tDld a reporter that abe turbance came when tbe menwould ask the police to drop the were heard massing outside Mrs.matter, as DO barm seem to have Brink's' grounds. Soon after­been done. wards, two tear gas bombs were

"In fact, when some of the tbrown, one landing Dear themen entered into the discussion, Press table, forcing reporters towe found the experience stimu- withdraw hurriedly.lating, as I am sure they did The, men poured into thealso," she said, ground" heckling speakers and

In a statement the Feetoria singing, "Die Lied van longbranch of the Liberal Party said Suid Aftik.l·" Brief altercaricnait welcomed criticism, lIalt h ougb between members of the Liberal I

we disliked the manner of in- Party and the men followed, buttrusicu the men"'" adopted, there were no incidents.

"We nevertheless appreciate After the majority of the menthe fact tbat they gave out main bad left on instructions from tbespeaker, Mr. J. K. Ngubane, a police, a handful remained be­bearing, and added great interest hind to take part in what resolvedto the meeting by asking pointed into 2 debate between advocates"questions. " of apartheid and members of the:

"We feel that, having made Liberal Party.this contact, we would welcome One of the mea spoke in

Debate Between Advocates Of ApartheidAnd Liberal Party Members

name, :and tha t after his deathpeople would scrape UPt ial a pre­cious relic, the dust trodden byhis feet I

It wal just when he was feelingso downcast tbat a firm ef Indianmerchants from Porbunder, whobad settled iD South Africa, sentfor him to come and take chargeof some important law businelsfor them in Durban, a SoutbAfrican aeaport Tbey wrote that

CHAPTER IV

By

Mrs. Gertrude Murray-C~rrea

"'''~-''--/-/'''''~.I''I'.I''/_'-'''-'''I'~

AT last three years of studyesme to In end, and G:andbiji

was free to return,

The voyage back to India wasvery stormy and nearly everybody was sick, except Gandbiji.In the ship's dining-roorn onlytwo or three people came to thetable at meal times. They satholding their plates in their bPI,as the ship was tossed tbis wayand that by the wind.

Gandbi]! was longing to sec hisdear mother again. But when beheard the sad news that she baddied while be was in England.His elder brothel' bad kept thenews, Dot wishtng to him I such atbing while he was away in I

foreign land among strangers.

Since it was necessary fotGandhi;i to start earning moneyas soon 3S possible, it was decidedthat he should go to Bombay topractice there as 2 barrister. Hewas to go alone at first and setup a household on his own untilhe bad found some good clients.

He engaged a cook to lookafter him, but unfortunately thefellow was very stupid and dirty.He did not even trouble to washbis own bands, muchless to dohis work in the kitchen properly.Poor Gandbiji was too kind toscold him. Instead, be tried toteach bim bow to took after thebouse. But the cook WJS verylazy and merely watched whileGandbiji did almost ~1I the work.

In the meantime no clientsturned up and so Gandhi] earnedno money at all. After six monthsof this life: be" returned hometo Raikor, quite tired and dis-.appointed.

It was good to be with thefamily again, of course, but itW39 disappointing to have t'o «uthem bow thicgs bad gone withhim in Bombay. They had ex-

. pected him to be of so muc.b helpto th ern after completing bisstudies in England, and so ~ar heh.~td been able ta do notbing •

For a long time things wentvery slowly in Ra;kot,! too.GJlJdhiji carne d OD ly a very: Iitrlemoney now and then, He hadbegan sadly to' feel that be \wasnot going to be a success ia- life­Little did he think rbat DOC daytne' world would ri::Jg with hi's

I 2 INDIAN OIl!INION 11th Apr-il, 1957

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II!

Nonsense About Indians12th April, 1957

StateIN DIAN

InformationOPINION

153

THE State Informati~c.Office's latest booklet on our Icdians saystbat in a century the Indians here "'have advanced from depths of

want, illiteracy, physical and spiritual degradation to heights of

plentY,liberty and opportunity."

They carne here mostly as ftun_teuebsbles" and "coolies, tf saystbe t 5.1.0. It does not knowWb2t it is talking about, Therewere very few "uatoucb2bles'"among the Indian immigrants.Since we were looking for labour­en, most of them were labourerswhich is all the Indian word"cootieU means, Naturally theycame from the poorest workingclasses. Overall statistics arellckiog. But of 7,947 who sailedfrom Calcutta in 1875.6, 21 percent able from the upper castes,48 per cent from the middlecasts and only 38 per cent fromtbe lower castes (not outcasts )

On page 4 of the bookl~t is aparticularly misleading piece ofpropaganda. Tbe faded photosof five Tamil or TeIugu inden­tured labourers are contrastedwith tbe beaming facfs of fouraftluen t Pretoria sb opkeepers,There are co words to explainthis. Not is it said that theGujcr~ti shopke epees carne to thiseountyr as free, passenger Indianswho comprised 19 per cent of the'Dtal Indian immigration.

Of course, some of the original"coolies" have prospe red. Butmost of the small wea1hby minor­ity came here 39 ftete rn ~D of som esubstance. According to theS.1.0.'s own figures (oot used in,his booklet for overseas coo­sumptien), only one per cent of9ut Indians have an income of£300 per bead; i,e, equal to theoverall average of entire Whitepopulation rich and poor. TheTransvaal and Cape Indians, whotogether constitute only 18 perctnt of our Indian population,aver:age about £60 per head. InNatal, Indians only average £25per bead (Africans £19, Colouredsabout £35.)

And, when the S.10. refers10 "prosperous" Indians beingfound "everywhere today" enjoy­ing tbe amenities of life in ge ner-

, CUI measure," it is surely delt­ber2te ddtortion that conceals

~ how 70 per ceot of Durban's160,.000 Indians live below thepaverty line (EurOpe3QS 5 percent. Coloureds 38 per cent, Afri­can~ 25 per cent..) Or that outof 1,422 Indians recently ex­amined in the Springfield districtof Durban (attractively sbown incoloured serial photo by- the5.1.0.) 1,255 were found to beleriou!ly undernourisbed. Of aUthese Dot one photo apptar¥i.

It is true that Indians lIenjoy"old age pensions, disability gr30tsand other allowances. But thedifferential rate at wbich these arepaid out to the needy of variousraces was naturally undisclosed bythe S 1.0 -Whites £5-18-9per head, Coloureds £2-9-6,Indians £1-6-8, Africans£0--9 - 2. Nor is it mentionedthat large numbers of Indiansqualified for family allowancesUDder the Children's Act becauseof their low income-level, until itW2S withdrawn from them (butnot from Europeans) in 1949.This was done because the Na­tionalist Government, witb itsusual ignorance of sociology, felttb~t large Indian families were

merely being encouraged, Buttbe S.I.O. is singularly reluctantto come to grips with statistics.On page 23 of the booklet itquotes birth rates from all overthe place, but gives Union figuresmerely in unintelligible symbols.Perhaps the coyness is due to thesteady declin e in our Indian birtbrate_ over the last 15 years, Itbas dropped from ever 40 perthousand to a little over 30 (Euro­peans 26) ' a Dd one of our maioernational arguments is fast dis­appearing.

Again, it is Iiterally true tbat"hundreds of houses" are beingbuilt for Indians in South Africaout of public funds-c-all in Natal.But it is "bundreds H against aneed of Hthousands u

• It wasautborltarively estimated thatDurban Indians needed 14,,000sub-economic and 3JOOO economichouses between 1945 3Dd 1953Towards this total 800 had beenbuilt by 1950 From the figureof 1,621 houses at Springfield intbe 5.1.0 booklet, I ;I!;SUme thatthis figure has been rather morethan doubled in Ihe last sjK years,But'lo the mtantime the GroupAreas propos~1s to remove Dur­ban IDdlacs mostly to undevelop­ed, agticultur31 laud outsid~ thecity have added 10,000 bOUSfS totbe total already required. Thelag of 17,000 houses in 1945 bastbus _become 25,000 by 1956.Against these: figures of what availilre the "hurJdreds" boosted bythe S,I.O.?

Throughout the S 1.0. booklet

there is wilful statistical obfusca­tion. Tot~1s of Indians employedin industry, their total salariesetc., are quoted without, ofcourse, aoy attempt to elucidateor explain the figures. Only theIndustrious wiH calculate that theaverage wage comes to less tban£20 per month and, since thatincludes working proprietors,managers etc., tbe real averageworking \vage is very much Iow­er (between £3 and £4 per familyper week). Again the diagram

"purpcrtiug to show the percent­age of trade licences held by 10­dians in Durban becomes muchless impressive when it is under­stood that the Indian populationexceeds the European, and thatmost of the categories in whichIndians bold :a clear majorityare the least profitable '(e.g.pedlars, hand laundries etc..)

But obfuscation becomes out­right misrepresentation wben itis shown bow Indians have"gathered wealth" in all businesspursuits, Tbis is "typifiedH bytbe sugar industry in which(thundreds of Indians own morethan 26,130 fertile and productiveacres from which 500,000 tODS ofcane are expected tbis year;"Now it so happens that we havedefinite: statistics for the sugargrowing industry. There areapproximately 1,300 Indian own­er-producers, wbich gives anaverage holding' of 20 acres. Butover 1,000 of these earn at mosta net income of £200 per family(£33 per head), and 700 earn only£100 per family (£16 per bead.)This' is bardly opulence. About50 of the remaining 300arc growers of importance. Theother 250 make £500-£300 perfamily; a modest competence.

.: Yet the S I O. fellows thesefigures with the brazen statementtbat ftall this bas been done (bywhom1) despite the quite dispro­portionate totals of taxation paidby Europeans lind Indians inSouth Mdca"u Disproportioaateto wbat'? One may well ask, asthe S.1.0. proceeds to commendthe Europeans fo r the "generousdegree" tbey "subsidiseH benefitlIod upliftment fot IItbeir Indianc~mpatriots," and to iUustratethis by the ;rEact" tbat ualthoughIndians own £17 millions of rate­able properly in Durban, Euro­peans pay six times as much inmunicipal taxes."

All the li'facts lr here are dis·putable. Indians own £25 mil­HODS of rateable property in Dur­ban (167 per bead). Europeansown £114 millions (£858 perhead). Not unoaturally Euro-

peans pay several times as muchin rates, i e proportionate to theirholdings, It is true the Euro­peans usubsidise" welfare servicesfor non..Wbites. As the we~1tbjest

section of tbe community, en­trenched behind 3. political andeconomic colour bar, it is theleast tbat can be expected oftbem and no matter for congra­tulaticn. Nor; in speaking ofIndian education, does the S.I.O.booklet acknowledge tbat Indians,more ih:illn ony other section oftbe community, have themselvesprovided schools; for their cbit ..dren, only 60 per cent of whomare-even so-able to find room.

I t is simply untrue th:at ourIndians h~re have "'opppoctuni.ties to achieve a standard of livingcomparable groups in their )2Dd

of origin can only dream about."Our Indians have :I slightly higheraverage standard than aU India(25 against £20 per bead petyear.) That is all. Some indi­viduals have prospered rathermore tban they might have inIndia, less than those in ourother immigrant race groups. But ­Indian liberties and opportunitieshere are strictly circumscribedand fast being strangled by theGroup Areas Act and nationalprejudice.

Dismissed FromUniversity Staff

MR. Verhagen, a technical assis-tant in the Department of

Physics a t the University of Pre­toria" after being suspendedfrom duty for some time, hasbeen dismissed from .his post bythe University Council. Noreason for bis dismissal has beengiven.

During the bus boycott Mr.Verhagen, while transporting boy­cotters, was stopped by the police'He refused to give his name andaddress because be believed thathe had'a right to withhold themas he was not convinced tbat hewas beIng held OD a bona fidesuspicion. He W:lS fouad guiltyof refusing to givt his name and2nd address to tbe police :aDdfined £3, in the Pretoria Magis­trate's Court. The magistratesaid tbat Verhagen was cODvincedtbat be h:zd not committed :anoffence aDd assumed tbat becould 'withhold his Dame andaddress.

154 I N D I A N 0 F! I N ION

Leader 01 India's Untoncbables : Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

Mnlti-Racial Cllib,Raided

I ~

ernrne nt IKamina tiOD', .chaol. enrolment and social 5elvice,.

Doz"ol of government andprivate organisations. e WOI~­iog to provide better ItawiD"hOUliDg and j obi for tormerlIuntoucbable•.". The citizen.of India can be proud of tlleswift, direct lelionl their Gol":ernment bas fatttn to wipe oulthe f ffectfi of tbis drgradiny.anachronistic burden 00 theirdevel oprnen t.

No onc-Ixctpt Gandhij]himself-contributed BS muchto the elimination of this bur..den al Dr. Bbimrao RamjiAmbedaar. Of this rebellioulleader, who died a devoutBuddhist, JawabaJlal Nehrusaid: "'He will be .re­membered most as the symbolof revolt against all the op­prestio" features of Hindusociety." (UN ESCO).

12th April 1957

TH E Multi-racial Olub atLusaka. Northern Rhodtli.,

was raided recently and anattempt made to burn it dawD.

Two men. identified by. D

African Ilelvant as EuropeaD'.were seen to enter the premise.through an unlocked deer atmidnight.. '

The raiders carried a tin ofpetrol which they pouted oytrthe floor of the lounge and ontables and cusb'ionr, 1 hen theylet it alight in ODe corner• .J j

At th is stage it is thou ab·t"that tbe intruder. lost theirnerve, for tbey made their gati~

way before the fire had caulll tproperly.

There was little damage IDdthere were DO casus Itie,. t

The attempt was di'icoveredin the morning when ao Alriclnemployee arrived at tbe club."

... ~ j,

Another Aftican woramar,who sleeps within the clubgrounds. said he hea rd a CI rdrive up at midoight and lawtwo men who "looked liteEurOptaD&" get out and eutertbe club.. He paid little atteo.'tion as he Ibo'.uht they weremembers felurn ing to collectsomething tbty bJld largol tea ..

The police are invellilatilJlbut 10 far DO arltufu have beeDmade. .

The AI ul ti·racial Club i. agift from the RhodeaiBD Seltc.'tieo Trust and is the ooly oaeof itl kind in Northern Rho.delia: the only placa in Norih;ern Rhodelia wbere Europe.a.sad l1oc--EuropeliDI cas meet ittpublic. I .~ ~

50 ancient, so riRid and 10 wide­spread a problem as hal Indiain confronting the calte .ystem.

For more tban 350Q year••Indian society had been dividedinto compartments. Wben Ar­yan civililation lipread to India,the new rulicg power did Dotenslave or exterminate tbe C~D­

quered Dravidians, but intrc­duced separarious amocg thepopulation to stabilise the COIl­

flints and relat .oel amoDg theraces, The Aryans tbemselveswere divided iato four groups:priests and tbinker" rulers and?i aeriors, perSODS engaged inagriculture, craft; and trader;and labourers and unskifledworkers. other than la rmers.

I On these Ioundatlons thestructure of Indian society W8g

built. developing lurtber di.­tinct ions a mcng the popula­tion according to sccialliitatusor occupation as the centuriespassed, But after some 2.Q99year,. the earlier fluid boun­daries between one group endanother were moulded into vir­tually unbreakable barriers astradition, custom and supersti­tion hardened men'S! mindr..

Inferior Attitude

During these centuries anattitude of looking down OD

outsiders and 00 persons en­gaged in occupations consideredto be ioferior developed iniJ;1 India in to tbe final evil of"untouchabillty", Men andwomen were virtually excludedfrom society by birtb, occupa,tion, association, unrepentedSiD or varying social errors. Alow-caste man 'could be thrash..ed for railing an umbrella overhis own head, or murdered forsecretly courting a bigh·casttJmaidoo. Persons of low castewere eEcluded from pu'licwell., temples, shop,. lome·times even thorougbfares uledby higher caslei. Until the 20thcentury it was unthinkablethat cet'tain religioul cete­monies, social event" school.or hospitals should be openedto those marked lor life by&'uDtoucbability." Ev~n the pro­tests 4)( Ia.in til IlD1 leformer.could Dot sufficiently lofttnmen's hearts to melt the ironsocial boundatiel.·

BlastedBut time. evolution and legal

measure" have at lalt blastedthis stra ogbold 01 iDjutticel.The practice or preachiog of·'uotoucbabilily'· is now acrime.. 'Vell" temple,. ShOpl,all pUblic facilitiel are opeD toeveryooe_ Hem ber. of theScheduled Castes often receivepecial CODlideratioD for gov-

By

J .. G. MASSEE

during the struggle lor the free-"'dam 01 his country.

Powerful StatureDespite the uncompromisieg

poaiticns that Dr. Ambrdkarmaintained in the defence andpromotion of what be consi­dered to be the just claims ofhie own "depressed classes". bigstature 11 powerful, popular,CODII ructive force in the nationas a whole was never diminish.ed, 10 August 1947 be becameLaw Minister in free India'sfirpt government In tbis vitAlcabinet post be helped to shapebig country's new Constitutionand piloted its passage throughParliament.

With equal fervour, Dr, Aih~

bed~a r prodded Parlia ment toenact the Hindu t:ode Bill, theleRislati~e Iollow-up to consfi»tutional provisions gua ran«teeing social, political Bodeconomic rights to the Sche­duled C&sles. Iregisla t ive de ..lays postponed enactment ofthese reforms. however, andCBUiOd Dr, Ambedbar to resignin bitter protest from his cabi..net post in 1951. 00 leaving.be denounced these delays incharacteristically It rang Iashionufo leave untouched the in.equality between class andclass, bet ween sex and sex, t. an dto go 00 passing legislationrelating to economic problemsil to make B farce of our con.IJtitutioD and to build a palaceon the dUDg -heap."

Happily, Dr. AmbedlDsl'sallegations were belied duringhii lifetime. A major portionof the reforms which he urgedhave become law iDcludiDgItatutes affecting the rights ofwomen and a compl'Ohenlivebill colled "fhe Untouchability(OlIence.) Act, 1955,"

Revolutionary SlashTbe total of these va.rious

constitutional nnd legialativemealureJ is a revQlutionary•lash at tbe tarnished threads inIodia'. otherwise rich embroi.dery of religion_. traditioDt,customl and locial practices.

In all history. scarcely alingle culture bas ~xisted with­out developing what the ~oth

century scorDI "I 'Deial in­equalilie!~ But DO DatioD. intrying to elimioB te tbese ob­Itacle. to individual aDd col ..lective advQncement, bas faced

IN the last month of 1956, a man who was a lender, a ly~l;ol

and a guidioR spirit of more than 59a999.9Q9 human beJDgs

died in New Delhi.

His name wal: Dr. BhimraoRamji Ambedt.1ar. For th!eedecades, tbis. intense and 10­

domitable personality had beenio the forefront of the strug~le

for legal, social and economicliberty for large leRmeata oftbe Indian population whichhave been variou91y describedal "untouchables", "outcasts"and "depressed classes". Ma­hatma called these millionsC.'HBrijaDI". meaniag God's ownpeople,

With Dr. AmbedDlEu's deathon December 7, the HarijaoS1Dot ooly lost a formidablechampion, who was himseJf amember of the "scheduledcastes", as they Bre now called,but his country lost a prom i- .••.• '.. .,•.•J., ••1•••1.,.1.~.1"' •• 1.·.~~.1

nent lawyer. economist andpolitician who will alia be re­membered as the chief archi­tect of free India." CODstitutioD, ••••••••• • • ••• • •••• • •••• 1

one of the most comprehensive.tatutel ever framed.

.. Early Evidence

Dr. Ambed"af was' born iD,893. the son of a school teach.er at a military camp in Bom­bay Stp tell, In ~il1BgC schoolsbe show od early evidence of biatalents, spirit and intellect.

( which were recogoized by theGae~wad of Baroda who helpedhim through Elpbinstone Col.lege, Bombay, This" princelyruler later seDt him to Col umbiaUniTerlity in New Yor}Q City.where he studied political andmoral philosophy, anthropology,sociology and economic.,,"

Concluding these Itudies,Dr. Ambed~af further preparedfor the varied career which wasto follow by purluing economicresearch at the India Office inLoadoD, teaching political eco.nomy fat two years in a Bom­bay colleltt, Bod dciDg addi­tioDElI graduate work a t theUDiverlityof BODO, GermRDy.He tooll bit Doctorate of Sciencein economics and commerce atLondoD University. In 1913 hewas admitted to the Bar~

Dr.. Am~edkl~['a politicalcareer began in 19~6 with hiscotty ioto the llombay Legi,·I.tive CouDcil. From tbis posi­tion be rouled political con­Iciouicesl amocg the ScheduledCastel and fought for their de­mtlDd. to rlceive equitabletreatmeah Robust.controversialBod oUlspollen in hi, attac••agaiDlt tbose outmoded evilsof a locial IYltem which badmarked him at birtb, Dr. Am.bedkar ofteD estraDged himselffrom hi' clolcst a.loci. tel

155

No coloured CommoD\:-ealthcountry made such donations,10 their subjects could Dot beaccommodated at the hostel.which was Dearly always Iull,be said.

But Lord Altrincbam des ..cribed Colonel .Hin'; statementas "evasive." lIe said that iftb e lea J{ue's policy WBS; one ofreal colour equality and ad­mission of coloured people tothe hostel. was sure their coun­tries would contribute to theIeague,

On the league's statementthat mixed races of both sexescaul d Dot be accern moda tedtogether, Lord Altrincham laidthe-league's hostel in Edinburghwas multi-racial nod accom­modated both SExes.

Church May Ask People To DisobeyLaws or The Land

...tioue to serve to the best of myability, but with its centraldirection on ODe matter whichseems to me to be of over­whelmiug importance!'

Refused SeatLord AltriDch~m is editor of

the "Natjonal .and EnglishRevlew" a OODliiiltrvative month,ly publication.

Tbe league's secretary, Col.R. \V. Hills, denied there wasa colour bar as such at thehostel. tt was the league'spolicy to limit accommodationto people from the Dominionsmaking donations to the league,su ch as New Zealand. SouthAfrica, Canada, Australia andSouthern Rhodesia.

IN a sermon preached at St. Mary's Cathedral, Johanueeburgthe Rt. Rev. Ambrose Reeves, Bishop of )ohaDDesburg, re­

iterated the ChUICh'i firm decision to stand by their conscienceBDd, if necessary. disobey the Iawsol the land rather than submitto secular interference in the affairs of the church.

The Bishop said that, if it to tbe interference of secularbecame 0 ece •• ary in this; rna authorities in the lifo of theter, the Church would have to church."counsel its people to disobeythe Jaws and believed that Mounting Tension'such a JZrave decision outweigh- He pointed out that theed havmg to submit to such mounting tensiou betweeninterference in the life of the "some, at any rate," ot theChurch. churches in the Union, and the

Takiog as his text the words secular authorities, had, in theof Peter and the Apostles (Acts last weeks, threatened to de­5-29"3° ): II 'tVe ought to obey velop into open' con filet overGod rather than mea," the Section :2gC of the Native LawsBishop said that leaders of Amendment Bill, which requir­Christianity had come into open ed permission from the Minh­conflict With the authorities of ter of Native Affair, before antheir day very early in tbe his- AfFicRD mlgbt worship in atory of the Christian Church. urban area.

'INot· only Ieaders of the After the most careful con-church, but thousands upon ~ siderarion, the bishops of thethousands of obscure mem bets Church bad decided to ma ke itof the church have-faced exile, plain to the Prime MIDi5ter,

tba~, If such a cIa use beca meostracism, imprisonment, evendea·h iliielf

lrather than submit law. they would be faced with

the grave choice betw~en ohey.i!lg theIr CooscieDce and thelaw of the laod, In the' replyreceived to their protest, w blebthe Pl1me MinISter had passedOD to the ~lini5ter of NativeAffairs, DO attempt had beenmade to deal wuh the poiot..raIsed 10 the letter 'written OJthe late Arcbbi~bup of CppPJTOWD, Dr.. G. Clay[on.. < '

Bishops AttackedUlniteact;' said the Ul~hop in

his seImoD, ·'the bishops wereattacked lor acting before theioteotioD$ of the ~1iDistcr weremade plaiD dutio~ the secondreadioR of tbe bdl,- and that i:tlspite of the fact that, when thebishops me!~ they !lot only badbad tbtl text of 1he hi 11 beforethem. but also the whue paperWhiCh bad been issued to l:X.plain it, various clau~ef.

OPINION

Peer

PEOPL.E.

L6J) () I<Ar YOUR SHOES

INDIAN

Hostel Aparlheid Anget's12th April, 1957

LORD ALTRINOHA~II 33·year-old CODservati\1e peer. has. resigned as en official of the Victoria League because hecomplains there is never room at its students' club in London forcoloured students, The league was Iormed in tgoT to promotefrieDdsbip among the people of the Empire.

10 a letter to Admiral Sir proper hostel lor studentsOecil Harcourt, ehairman of the ' from every part of the Com­

;league.I.ord Altriocham wrote: rnonwealth without distiDction~'IODe of the reasons which you of colour, or that you would; b..,e given me for maintainiag raise money at once toward,r tbi. iniquitous state of aff9irs is rstablilbiD~ such a hostel, Bnd· that }tOU do Dot wish to alienate that, mean whiff, you would· Soutb AfricRcs." withdraw our Dome and sup·. "Every time n coloured stu•. port from one which is an in-dent tries to get sccommoda- .utt to all that the league ~IO.

lion the answer il ·SQIry we are les.~s to stand lor. Nothing,full up at the moment.' but however, bas been done..

'they are Dot alway; full up S.A. Influenceand coloured people are not "Instead 01 being true to our

- encouraged to try ag ain," own principles and setting anAdmiral, Harcourt admitted example to our own compat­

that a colour bat fXIU,. But riots (whose attitude towardsbe added: "Tue club i. not coloured people in this country

. suitable for mix id races, Tbey il1 still Dot all that it should~ have different habits, If be). we are allowing ourselvesmothers in Australia.' for EX.. to be influenced by a Dationample, think their sons and whose theory and practice ofdaughters are hVIDg alongside race relat ions i& condemned byAfncBDi, they wrll Dot be liberal opinion throughout tbeawfully happy about it/I world and by Dearly every

He told the "D...ily Expresl t t : Christian community.."1~ is just a question of . '1.\ special cause for concern

witdom. We think we are doing .1 that the Queen BDd tbe Queenthe r1gbt tbJDg." Mother Qre. pa.trons. of. t~e

league. Princess Ahce J5 U510 bill letter, Lard Al trincham president and Princess Mar-

said be was reslgoiDg from the garet is presrdent of its youn~league-" finance and d.evelop- contingeut,

menlo committees to b~lng the "It ia most unfair and in­colour bat controversy 10tO abe appropriate that the RoyalopeD: Family, who symbolize the

According to Reuter. Lord Commonwealth ideal of humanJ.llt,iDcba.m sa id the league's hrotherhood Dod equal partner­club was run 00 the pUD- ship should be asscciated-s­ciples of aparrherd and this eved nominally Bod uninten­waa an insult to all that the tromlly-e-witb a hostel based

_ league professed to ..staD~ lor. upon the principle of apartheid."Montbs have, now passed "Since persuasion bas failed

since 1 drew your: at tent ron to I have no choice but to resignthe fillet that the club In Lon- from tbe two central commit.

• dOD was being ma intained for tees of tbe league which I be-White srudeute only. Iona to, and to bring this con.

lllI have been ChD~iDg to the- troversy out into the open.hope that you would turn tbe "My quarrel is not with thet:l:\Stiog establishment Into a league itself. which I shall con..

15~ INDIAN QPI~IC?.. N ,12th ~p,il, 1957

7issuran~eI ~

(]Ol11pang

New

Today, of all days, the joy of .giving is uppermost in every heart.The best thing to give to your enemy Is forgiveness; to an opponent,tolerance: to a frie~d, your heart; to your child, a good example; .to your father, deference; to your mother, conduct that will makeher proud of Y,?u; to yourself, respect; to all men, ch~rity; and, to, J

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12th April, 1957 INDIAN OF!INION 157

(From Our Own Correspondent)

UGANDA

London

I

STRONG ocjecricns wereexpressed in tbe Uganda

Lellislati ve Co.operative to aG overnmeot resulution to trans ..fer cOJtrol of the armed Iorcesin East Africa. to the East Afri­can GDverQmenla hom the 'VarOffice. A 3-bour debate showeda deep divJlioD io the council.wi~b African members leadingthe opposi tion to the proposal.Finally the debate was ad­journed ~iD an attempt to reachagreemenl by private discus..iOD. In moving the .resolutioathe Chiel Secretary clMimedtbat the transfer would givethe E1St African Gavemmentsgreater control and responsi­bilaty for tbe Iorces, B'nd thomoit economical way of band­Hog matter. relating to payequipment and slore; would befor the Ealt AldeR High Com.mission to handle these 00

behlU of the individual govern­men ts. A(rican opinion is veryb!)5.ile to the High Commissionwhich one member described asteacb lid of the Kenya Settlers,"and i I therefore unlilfely toagree to any C'x~en.ioD of itspower.. Mr. J. K. Bebiba. themember for Toro, summed upthe feeling of moderate AfricanfeeliDg wMn be said that theyhid Blwayll told that the HighCom mission existed for theee-crdlnatien of ellentia! eco­nomic aD. d research seITicell(rail waYl, posts, locust control,etc), and to Rive it influenceover the arm ed forces wal togrant a greater power than itshould have ..

Dr. E. M. K. MUWIZi, a pro.mineat Congreui leader I saidthat since control over matteraof defence wal always one ofthe Jalt powera to be handedo,er to a lelf.governing coun­try it was importllot that thecontrol should Dot be passed to• Federal..type body like the.High Commislion. The leader01 the [epreientative membeIsMr, J. T. SimpsoD. B. EuropeaD.alia oppoJed the Government.Altbol1~h he was a supporter oftbe High CommisaioQ) the pre­leat Itlge of Ugandii'a develop­ment in relation to future self­gOl'lroment introduced politicalfactor. which should not be

Another Nail!When the State took" over

Afrioan eduoation not tfO longago, all thinking people knewthe paSiJ to whioh Booth Afriaaha? come. Within a year.prImary and seoondary sehemesof Itady in Afrioan Dobaol! werewSltioBlly revised. The FreeMeal Boheme in Afrioan school.was oallonaly withdrawn In taefaoe of vehement nublte oator,.Bince then Afrioan edueatlcn ha,been given the "lnU treatment."Africans. of Cour8e. were the im­mediate viotims. ·Now the Iteamhas been tnrned on the, otherraoes. Separate nniver.itlel foreaoh racial gronp wUI lOon beecome aD ngly reality.

Last week Indian sohool ohll­dren in Notlll had fallen prey tothe vcioions oirole. Hitherto.eaoh child was allowed 3d. adBY in the Sohool.' Free MealBoheme. Thill meagre amounthas been whittled to tuppenC8­provinoial fund. are ranniDR ontis the e:Z:0086 £1Yen. .

The next etep would be thecomplete withdrawal ot the FreeMeal grant·

It all start. the same wa'....Ult

enough refined English folks togo round •••...

F. B. M.

Group as merely the ezprea.ianof Yoruba tribal lentiment.Now for the first time the ActionGroup has got a Kood footingright outside the Yoruba COt1D.

try, while Dr. Azilaiwa retain.hi- fullltrcngth only in the Iboarea•. There i. a footnote to beadded to tbi. election, We havejust received a telegram fromEastern Nigeria in the Iollow­in g terms: ~ JHorse titling cere­monies at Eastern NigeriaDelection-over 20 horses beatento death to celebrate Udi di"i·lion NCNCcandidate'a electicn,Practice stiU Dot illegal. Offi­cial attitude deplores horsetitling but considers it prefcI­able to human sacrifice," Whatbal Dr. AzilDiwe to lay abouttbilt Does he agree that it.was SOt If be does, will hetolerate as a member of hisparliamentary group? It mUltbe realised tbat the NCNCJ.claim to be a stsDdard.bearerof democracy in Welt Africa(which is DOt without weightin lome respects) will be verylIerioully compromiled, if j t istrue that barbarilml of thilJciod have been woven into thefabric of tbe- democratic pro­eel'.

W HOEVER had said thatDurban was the most

English city most have certainlyhad a aenae of humour. Ad­mittedly, Dnrban does have adense English popnlatton, (nopnn is lntendedl) but that i.different to Baying that Durbanis an English City_ English inthe latter sense il iUPPo8ed tomean a way ot life-cleaD, on­adulterated, refined,

"He is an Englishman!For he himself has Ilid it.And it's greatly to his credit,That he is an ED&:Ulbmant"

Yon mnat have heard thillittleditty before.

Bat jaet yon go ~hopping inDurbants West Street SD:?, day inthe week, and if yoar Ikin halthat dark, abominable h nt,brother, yon will meet a newversion of the typical EngUah­man· I don't think ooarser speoi­mens exilt even in the baok'reldregions of Zl1id Attica. "Yel,Jim?'· Bud "What oan I dotor you SamP" are common ex·preBsioos.

In tairneBB, it must be laidthat there are bosiof3f!8 houseowhioh treat non-Earopean cus­tomers with the same degree ofcivility 88 Enropean anstomlrs;but each firms are few and farbetween. Perhapi there are Dot

& @ollnfrgma7i'3 ,2)iaFl/uBy P.J.RDES/"

with the African CODtioentalBank, But the couuter.attB.c~

has Dot been. made witboutsignifica D t loss. Before theelection the NCNC bad 72 sevtsout of 84- It has now 64' Butthe loss of seats is Dot the im­portant point of thg story.Before the election the mOltsubstantial opposition .came(rom the United National In­dependen t Party. w hicb bad "seats, but had DO following atall outside the Eastern Region;it W[U, indeed. Do breakawayfrom the NCNC itself. It basooly 5 seats this time. ButDOW the ACtiOD Group, whichbas ill main strength in WesternNigeria, bas won 13 seats, asagains] one in the previoulHouse. l'bi, may have Iar­reaching consequences. Not onlywill the NCNC beIaced with amore numerous, well crganisedand critical Opposition in theEastern Region; it will DO

IODgeI be able to put itselfforward as the only Una tional"party. as alone having scmeI trength in all 3 regfons. thecore of the NCNC is drawnfrom the 1bo, it bas al way.been able to claim n substantialmembership among other tribes,while depreciating the Action

*

Letter

"Guardian J' Comment

The following is sn editorialfrom the IIYancbester Guar­dian" :

Dr. Azikiwe's party has woncomf?rtab~yenough tbe generale]ectJOD 10 Ealtero Nigeria.an~ be can reckon that, b;gOing to the electors promptlybe hal lareely discounted th~politicil effects of the Forster.~uttoD tribunal's report andltl CommeDti on his tela tioDI

NigeriaDr. Azikiwe's party, the NCNC.

hal woo the Eastem Nigeriaelections. So far it bas won44 of . them-84 seats in theHouse of Assembl}'t and resultsare still awaited in::4 cases,Tbe Action Group have won 901 ag&inst their single successin the last election. The Opposi­t ion partie. are already strong­er than they were in the Houseof Aisembly last time where theNCNC had 72 seats. Six of theten. Ministers in the previouscabinet have been re ...elected.PlofeSIOJ Eyo Ita. lender of tbeOpposi tion in the old Houseretained - his seat at Calabar,Doe of the biggest surprises basbeen the defeat of Chicf NyODgEssien, tbe former DeputySpeaker. Three of the NCNCParliamentary Secretaries bave

_lost their seats.

GhanaThe Parliamentary Opposi­

tion in Ghana hali called fOI

bi-partisan action on ForeignPolicy, ID a statement issuedrecently the opposition Bikedthat national delegations goingabroad should be repretentative0.1 ~oth GovcIDment and Oppo­&lho.D and th~t the ForeignAHIIU Committee of Parlia­ment should be established ali aforum of disculsion and con (I

sultaticc between the Govern­ment and the Opposition OD

ma tters of Ioreigu policy.. TbeOpposition also announced inthe statement its intention ofputting, at the earliest possibleopportuni ty. a motion in Par­liament on propOIStII for 'theForeiJi!D Affairi Committee. Thestatement added: Ult is tbeview of the 0ppo5itiou that itwould male for greater co­operatioD ..-'

ignored on grounds of admiDis~

trative convenience,

**

.. =

J~OIAN

",EWS fll9M I~DIA

Training For l~dja.i· I

Engineers

An agreement has Le~D oon..­eluded belween the Governmentof India, the Ford Fo·IlDdation.ana the U.S. steel industry UD- •

dar whIch DOD to 1000 IndIanengineers will receive Ava"Jelr

1 ~

training In iron and steel teohfnoloEJ In the United State••The' IndIan Government wlllpay the engineer's traDsportation \00118, the FOld Foandatlon will .pay their livIng expeueet. andthe U. S, steel indoatr.v wIll pra.vide tho training opporlQultlel1

Be qu:llilic:d ror £:1,000 !%llari~ offeredin acc:ount3ccy; secretaryship: coStlD&,.bankio~; municipal .s~rl'ices. \Vrite (or"The Dired 'V.y lo Succes.,.' lheCree book that "taIls you on a. successfurcareer through tuition l1y The Sehoal!?C Accountttttcy. oP.. O. DoW( 4S9:!, fZ )JohanncsburCI 47 yean or succenfulcducatioua.l ICl'vice.

12th Apt;;, ]1957 '

whloh J II belnz lslBbll.bed b1the (Jovernment of lodle.

They are part of a team oi15 profe,soll being lent by

~ UNE8CO to the Western HigherInsUlate of Teohnology at Powal.20mile. from Bombay. '" , ~

Foor Rnsalan soientlsls ha,ealread,. been workiDg In India

since December 1956. Nt'" all10 will work at the TtabnologloaI

IIoatUotfi In Kharagpur, Banlll~

lore and Bombar nntll the PowalIDsUtate is ready. .

Scholarships For PhysicalTrainiDg·

(r

The GoverDment propose toaward tor .cholarehhns annuall", ..to promising young men andwomen tor apeclal lraining' i.pbJsloal edneatlon abroad. Thesoholarshlpf', whioh w1l1 be for aperiod ot two yeart, will coyerall expense. of travel, slay andItndy..

Similar l!Ioholarebip~, four ayear. wlll alao be offered for .stndy within the counlly ofaotivities inoludlng yoga a.Bnal

~ and folk dance. These soholar­ships will he for 8 period ot oney"ar~

R. VITHAL I

Bookkeeping, ·WtitiDgup Setl afBaoks, Balaace Sbeets,. Income'Tax Returns•.Contact No. 12 Darkly. Arcade;38 Market Street,

.Cor. Dlaaoaal ~A Mcrk4tt SUe• ~aL.!,ne.h.rB, 'Phone 33:166.4.1~""'.dI.,.m........411n.......a..4~--...~

years ago. The pUIarl, six mile.from each other, are the rame asIhe one In Lnmblnl, and both otthem bear Pali insoriptIon;.

New Man Needed) SaysNehru

Mr. JBwBharlal Nehru. alterbelog re-elected leader of theCoogre.s Party said be did notfde! happy at oontlotJing in officball the time. People ID Indiawere abont to become devote.tlto personalities Bod the personaleqnatlon became more markedwhen the same person oonlinaedto oooap1 the lame place lor along lime, he Bald.

OF!INION

Slum Clearance In MadrasThe Government of India have

approved the NBmasivayapnramslam olearance eoheme of theMadras Government and havesanotioned a lam of Be 358.500for the purpose. The total costIs estimated at R. 378.000"

This soheme is based OD theprInoiple ot aided help (sell).Developed and demaroated plot.o! land will be allotted to 530alum families whose moolly in­come does not exceed Rs175..

These families will also beprovided with buUdiDg materialsfor pUlting np Bailable huts un­der the teohniaal guidance of theloami Buthorltier. '

New Ambassador ToAfghanistan

Mr. B. N. Haksar, lately Am­bassador of India to Turkey, hasbeen appointed Ambassadbr toAfghanIstan.. He will aSSUIne

oharge of hIs new B8tdgDmentearly in May,

Helping JoblessThe GDvernment ot India pro"

poses to eetabllah 15 production.centres in the counlry doriD21957-58 to assess tho problem ofunemployment awoDg edQ08tedpersonB· .The projf.ct ia belDI:purlued OIl the recommendatioDsat a stndv Rronp appointed b~

the PlsDclDg Commission,, I

The group reoommended thee~tabllBbment of 33 amall"aoaleproduotion centres in differeDtSlates. El0h oentre would em­ploy ;j00 matrioulates.. A preli­minary trainiog OOUfSB ot ninemonths was envieaRed.

The oentre would uDderlakethe manufaoture of swall maohinetoole. ngriouUaral implemenllBDd similar artioleLt whioh have~

a ready markel;

A provi8ion or RfJ 40 lakbl J8belnR made for this purpOfle iothe bnl1get for 19:i7-58.

Soviet Scientists FC?r IndiaAooording to a UNESCO aD"

nonnoement. six Soviet 8olenU.llwill go to IndIa to leaoh at tbenew IDsL1tate of Teohnologf

\ip the leoond half of the firBt,.oentury A..D.Aaoka Memorial PillarsTwo memorial pUJara. believed

to have been ereoted by EmperorAtoka, have been found In Nepa1near Ll1mbini. blrthplaoe atBuddha.

The Bad,. bftried In' rolos Bod8180 broken. were reoently ex.amlned by 8peolaliltl Bn(] It hasbeen determined that these oretwo of the 16 pillorl ARaka Betup at varioQ. plaoe. over 2,000

India Shonld Remain In Commonwealth,Says Bevan

.....

MR, Bevan, Briti,h Labour Party's spokesman on foreign affsirB hassaid io India that Nigeria. MalayD. Uganda, Tanganyika add (with

little difficulty) Kenya werelikely to become full members of the Com­monwealth in the near future Dod IndIa ahontd remain In tho ";ommon-we!!1th to "~oid~ them in ~ba ri~ht direction.n I

Addressing members of the In· He began biB speech by eayingdian ParliQaient on !latch B. who that he wasDO~ in India either asgavo him n great ovation, Mr. tho official represeotatiV6 of theBevan said .Ihe severance of the U,K. or 88 n spokesmen of theCommonwealth link would be Iool- British Labour Pady. Bat be ee..ish nad u "profound blunder" for minded bis audience that harsh 88

both India Dod Britrlio, "Unless India had been over Borne of thewe co-operate tog~tberf we will die thinge athat Britain had done re­apart. was the concluding senteace cently, I "harsher thiugB were !aidof hi! 40 minute speech, by the BritiBh people-s-and 81id

The borden of bis speeoh was before you said them"that at a time when tho only alter. There hsd alwaysbeen two tradi.native to violence was Gaadhlsm tiona in Britain, -said Mr, Devanand the worldrequired to be shown One WBB ttie imperialist traditionUthe Nehru way." what waB wanted "with whioh yOD ore 20 much fami.was "not withdrawal but participa- liar. Bn~ there was also the JiberB"tion, not disenfranchisement but en- tarisn tradition. For instance,frat1cbiaement l I Barke and Oharles lameR Fox had

Prime Minister Nehru, who pre. been as ardent advocates of Ameri­sided, later expressed gratitude to ~8D inde~endence ae George Wosh.~Ir. Bejnn, "a good friend of rogton himself,India," for providing food tor It was Coolish to 9peak about thethought. English tradition as thoogh it was

Mr Bevan'pcinted OU~ that the ODe entirel, associated with Im.character of the Commonwealth pedal domination. There hadwas chnnging, Ghana had joined alwDy! been champions of libert, init and other: were likely to fallow Great Britain, great names likesnit It would be foolish to with- Byronand Shelly who had alwaysara~ Indh'a 'influence "just when fought for liberty.you are wodted to goide them in The Honse ~of Commons was athe tight direction." very old institution but democracy

bioreover,he was confident that was not as old as the Parliament.Iodin's influence in "tbis combina- "CborcbilJs were in Parliament fortion will tracsceud that of the very~ many centuries before Bevansmetropolitan power~' nod so lit ~ arrived and brought certain civi.should, "by India's site. by its lisicg Influence there,"

history,by its traditioDs," "At 8 f moment like this, whenHe said the world situation was wha.t your people have been fight­

one without precedent, The great iog Itor 80 long (independence ofpower concept was DO lOOKer vnlid colonial peoples) is abont to boaDd only the doctrine of Osndbism consummate"il. he asked, Uia it Dotoonld invest the concept of power B foolish thing for India to with.with a menning in the world of draw its inflnence from tbuh con.todBy. geric of DeW DoUDna i"-ISI.

I

Ancient Church Sitefound In travancort!

AOOORDING to the ··'rimeuof India" News 8eri'lt1e. a

abanos dlsoovery of what 18 be·lieved to be the remain' of aD

historio ohnroh in tho heart ofthlok, elephBDt-iofelted toreetl1n NUBokal (Travanoore) walmade reoently.

Thl8 churoh II bcllvved to beDoe of Beven founded by St.Thoma! durin G hl~ sojourn inSouth Indis. 'DpreadlDg bl. faUb

11th April, 1957 INDIAN OPINION 15'

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