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UNDERGRADUATE PROJECTWRITING

A quick guide to Chapter One



Contents of Chapter One

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Statement of the Problem

1.3 Objectives of the study

1.4 Relevant Research questions

1.5 Statement of hypotheses

1.6 Scope of the study

1.7 Limitation of the research

1.8 Significance of the research1.9 Definition of Unfamiliar Terms

References



BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This is your introductory part and you must:

Create readers interest here

Establish the areas of the research. This maycontain:

i. The general and specific description of the

topic, andii. A brief preview of the topic or/and the

foundation of the problem.



Bakgoud of the stud Eaple….

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The debate for or against organizations engaging in societal

improvement is no more the bane of contention. Much of the

discourse amongst organizations has shifted from the mere levels of

should we? or should we ot? to more pressing demand of how

fair and true is the information supplied to financial accounting users in

line with best global practices and how such financial detailstransparently inform stakeholders of the organizations dealings with

the society? ………..



STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This provides the context for the research study and the questionswhich the research hopes to answer. A problem statement articulates

the issue to be addressed and indicates the need for the study.

• A good problem “tateet should tickle the fancy " of the reader

in a persuasive way.• It is advisable to keep your statement as concise as possible

…..betee (-250words), but with enough information to

convince readers that the research is feasible, appropriate and

worthwhile.• The statement should concisely include the research gap you hope

to close

To achieve this you must attempt to observe the following keys to a

good statement of problem:



Keys to good Statements

• What is the relevance of the topic to Accounting

• How current is the issue?

• Will the problem likely to continue into the

future?• Does the problem have theoretical importance

and support

• What is the effect of the problem on a larger

population• Will your study substantially revise or extend

existing knowledge



Stateet of the Pole…eaple

………The problem is that conventional reporting is inadequate tocompletely convey all the details of firms involved in corporatesocial accounting. Corporate neglect and avoidance of vital detailscreates gap in financial information reporting. There is nocompleteness and correctness of fair view to users of financial

information, such as shareholders, rating agencies, governmentand investors due to failure to report in transparent formats.

Utama (2010) acknowledging this gap affirms that companies,especially large companies, report their Corporate Social

Responsibility activities in varying and difficult to evaluate manner.Hartani, (2003), argues that businesses should not be expected tovoluntarily disclose their negative reports. Thus, only choice detailsare made available for public consumption given a freehad……………



Objectives of the study

The objectives of your research should summarize whatyou hope to achieve by the end of the study. As astandard rule your objectives should be related to theresearch problem stated in 1.2 above.

It is possible to make a general statement of what youhope to accomplish (General Objective). However it isadvisable to break them down into logically smaller

parts (Specific Objectives).

The Specific objectives are used to systematically

address the various research questions.



Benefits of objectives

• Minimizes a wild-goose chase

• Keeps you Focused on the key aspects of the

study

• Reduces the temptation of accumulated

unwanted data

•

Helps to align your conclusion at the end ofthe research



Stating your objectives

Be simple, straight forward and avoid ambiguousstatements and as much as possible.

Use only action verbs that are specific enough to beevaluated. Below are standard action verbs used in

objective statements: To

i. Determine;

ii. Compare;

iii. Verify;iv. Calculate;

v. Describe, and

vi. Establish.



Ojetives of the stud……eaple

The purpose of this study is to determine the level oftransparency of Corporate Social Accounting practicesin Nigerian quoted companies. The specific objectivesinclude:

1. Determine the degree of Corporate SocialResponsibility Disclosure of quoted firms in Nigeria;

2. Determine how Corporate Social Responsibilityexpenses are accounted for in financial statements

by Nigerian firms;3. Determine whether corporate social Responsibility

is avenue for increased profitability in Nigeria orot……….



Relevant Research questions

These are the specific queries you want to

answer in addressing your research problem.

It is advisable that your relevant research

questions are stated in specific order to the

objectives of your study.....



Relevat Reseah uestios….eaple

Aligning with the objectives stated in 1.3. abovethe below questions are made:

1. What is the degree of Corporate Social

Responsibility disclosure amongst quoted firmsin Nigeria?

2. Are Corporate Social Responsibility expenses

tracked independently of other operatingexpenditure?

3. Is social responsibility an avenue for quoted

firms in Nigeria to increase profitability?



Statement of hypotheses

A hypothesis is simply a statement that can be provedor disproved. It is very possible for a research questionto be developed into a hypothesis by changing it into astatement.

When you make specific predictions regardinganswers to a research question posed, then you are

building a hypothesis that can be tested empirically.

Its is advisble to make at least three of suchstatements to comfirm your findings.



The Null Hypothesis

A null hypothesis (H0) is the hypothesis to be disproved.A working null hypothesis is simply developed by adding

ot or akig it a egatie stateet.

Example……..

T he degree of Corporate Social Responsibility disclosure

amongst quoted firms in Nigeria is ot sigifiat.

Or

There is o sigifiat relatioship etwee Corporate

Social Responsibility disclosure and quoted firms

perforae i Nigeria



The Alternative Hypothesis

This is what you hope will be accepted based on theliterature. It is denoted as (H1). The alternativehypothesis is a positive statement or the reverse of theNull.

Example……..T he degree of Corporate Social Responsibility disclosure

amongst quoted firms in Nigeria is sigifiat.

OrThere is a sigifiat relatioship etwee Corporate

Social Responsibility disclosure and quoted firms perforae i Nigeria



Scope of the study

This is an outline of what your study will cover. It

should define the parameters of the study such

as the time period, object, theory, process or

activity area to be covered.

It is advisable you use the scope to define

specific boundaries in which the study will be

operating in.



Scope of the stud……eaple

The area of this study covers all industries

within the Nigerian economy as long as the

company is listed on the stock exchange.

However, the study is specifically focused on the

public limited companies that are quoted and

whose shares are traded on the floors on the

Nigerian stock exchange for the period of 2000-2011 .



Limitation of the research

The limitation of your study are those

characteristics of design that can influence the

interpretation of the results of your study.

Remember, these must be the constraints you

could not avoid in the process of the study. They

are basically outside your control, at least during

the period of the study.



Limitation of the eseah… Eaple

Though good effort has been made to put up an empiricalresearch however the following factors have been unavoidable

absent as a result of their critical limiting factors for this study:

1. The most recent Annual Reports of some quoted companiesand

2. Financial Statements for the estimated sample size included

only the companies which are listed in the Nigeria Stock

Exchange market (NSE) whose annual reports are statutorily published and made available to the general public. The

research was limited by information about companies which

are not public quoted companies since they are not required

statutorily to make available to the public their annual

reports.



Significance of the research

• The significance of your research simplyexplains the importance of the proposedstudy and its relevance. The significance

should be able to show how the study willcontribution to knowledge.

•

You must also specifically state thebeneficiaries of the study and how they standto gain from the finding of the research.



Significance of the eseah…Eaple

……..This study will be greatly beneficial to a number ofgroups in Nigeria. Companies Stakeholders rank amongstthe top beneficiaries of this study on corporate socialresponsibility

Another set of interest group that will benefit from the findings of this research will be the community and society from where companies operate.

The last set of beneficiary of this study is the internationalcommunity- particularly in the area of urgent significance inthe uniformity and standardization of the reporting formats for entities involved in Corporate SocialResposiility…………….



Definition of Unfamiliar Terms

This is the definition of terms or words used

outside of their universal meaning or

application.



References

These are works from authors and materialsconsulted in this first chapter.

Look out for details on referencing in the nearestfuture.

You are to however, note the followings:

1. APA fifth edition is the recommended style foruse.

2. It is advisable to use the available referencingapplication on Microsoft word 2007 or 2010.

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