I. Cross-cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads. A. Silk Road Origins: Silk Roads 1. Silk Roads:...

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I. Cross-cultural I. Cross-cultural Exchanges Exchanges on the Silk Roads on the Silk Roads

Transcript of I. Cross-cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads. A. Silk Road Origins: Silk Roads 1. Silk Roads:...

Page 1: I. Cross-cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads. A. Silk Road Origins: Silk Roads 1. Silk Roads: overland route that linked China to Mediterranean Roman.

I. Cross-cultural Exchanges I. Cross-cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roadson the Silk Roads

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A. Silk Road Origins:A. Silk Road Origins:1. Silk RoadsSilk Roads: overland route that linked China to

Mediterranean Roman world via Mesopotamia, Iran, & Central Asia

-two periods of heavy use: (1) 150 B.C.E.–907 C.E.150 B.C.E.–907 C.E. (2) 13th-17th centuries C.E.

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-Chinese DEMAND for goods…

imports: HORSESHORSES, alfalfa, grapes, medicinal products, metals, precious stones

EXPORTS: peaches & apricots, spices, SILK, pottery, paper

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2. ParthiansParthians drive Seleucids out of Persia & control Mesopotamian trade

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B. Trade Network DevelopsB. Trade Network Develops

1. A growing need for:

-police enforcement-maintenance of roads, bridges

2. A professional merchant class develops

-tariff & toll revenues

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C. The Sasanid Empire (224-600)C. The Sasanid Empire (224-600)

1. The Perisan “Sasanid Dynasty” rose to power during fall of Rome

2. defeated Parthians

3. Zoroastrianism: state religion

- intolerance & persecution- dualist faith of Good-Evil

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D. The Impacts of Trade:D. The Impacts of Trade:1. Turkic nomads benefited from trade

2. military technology: Kushan STIRRUPKushan STIRRUP, mounted bowman

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E. Cultural Trade: Spread of ReligionsE. Cultural Trade: Spread of Religions

1. merchants carry religious ideas along silk routes

- spread of Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, & (eventually) Islam

2. development of monasteriesmonasteries for traveling merchants

3. BUDDHISMBUDDHISM becomes dominant faith of silk roads

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Spread of ReligionsSpread of Religions

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Writing a thesis statement…Writing a thesis statement…

In 3-4 sentences create a thesis paragraphanswering the following question:

What were some of the key factors behind the development AND maintenance of the Silk Roads?

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II. Indian Ocean II. Indian Ocean Maritime SystemMaritime System

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A. Indian Ocean GeographyA. Indian Ocean Geography

1. Linked Indian Ocean basin to South China Sea:

Three distinct regions:

(1) South China SeaSouth China Sea (2) S.E. AsiaS.E. Asia (3) west coast of India to west coast of India to

Arabia to E. Africa Arabia to E. Africa

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2. trade in Indian Ocean made possible by monsoon winds

3. sailing technology: lateen lateen sail sail & new shipbuilding techniques

4. traders seldom retained political ties to homelands…effect?

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B.B. Origins of Contact & TradeOrigins of Contact & Trade

1. evidence of early trade between ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley

2. 2,000 years ago Malay sailors migrated to the islands of Madagascar

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C. Impact of Indian Ocean Trade C. Impact of Indian Ocean Trade

1. 1st c. Greco-Egyptian text:

-describes trading system including spices, aromatic resins, pearls, Chinese pottery, luxury goods

2. Indian Ocean ports (entrepôtsentrepôts) culturally isolated

3. Traders & sailors often married local women in the ports

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III. Trade Routes Across the SaharaIII. Trade Routes Across the SaharaA. Early Saharan cultures:

1. hunting-gathering culture joined with pastoral cattle herders

2. camel domestication camel domestication from Arabia evolved along trans-trans-SaharanSaharan; trade routes linked N. Africa & Sub-Saharan Africa

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B. Trade Across the Sahara B. Trade Across the Sahara 1. southern Saharasouthern Sahara: desert salt deposits

sub-Saharan regionssub-Saharan regions: kola nuts & palm oilNorth AfricaNorth Africa: agricultural products & wild animals to Italy

2. Roman decline (3rd c.) & Arab invasion of North Africa (mid-7th c.) caused the BerberBerber people to revolt in the 700’s

3. Berbers find GOLDGOLD from Niger River & West Africa & trade salt & copper for gold

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Kingdom of Kingdom of GhanaGhana

A. Ghana Kingdom Ghana Kingdom developed in West Africa between Niger & Gambia Rivers (300-1100)

B. rivers transport goods & develop trade

-collected taxes from traders

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C. few natural resources: salt & gold

-iron tipped spears

D. camel vital for trade

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"The King . . .(wears). . . necklaces round his neck and bracelets on his forearms and he puts on a high cap decorated with gold and wrapped in a turban of fine cotton. He (meets people) in a domed pavilion around which stand ten horses covered with gold-embroidered materials…and on his right, are the sons of the (lesser) kings of his country, wearing splendid garments and their hair plaited with gold.

At the door of the pavilion are dogs of excellent pedigree. Round their necks they wear collars of gold and silver, studded with a number of balls of the same metals."

Al-Bakri (10th century geographer )

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After 700 AD, the religion of Islam began to spread over northern Africa. Muslim warriors came into Ghana and fought with the non-Islamic peoples

there. This weakened the great civilization of Ghana.

Islamic Mosque in GhanaIslamic Mosque in Ghana

blankbluesky.com/ travel/ghana/