I. BRIEF HISTORY OF GRAPE GROWING The Home Vineyardmbmg.ucanr.edu/files/297356.pdf · The Home...
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1/25/19 1 The Home Vineyard Art Nathan, Enologist/Viticulturist UC Master Gardener 2011 The Home Vineyard I. BRIEF HISTORY OF GRAPE GROWING Early grape culture Grape growing in California Effects of 18 th Amendment (Prohibition!) Post Prohibition The Home Vineyard II. HOME VINEYARD CULTURAL PRACTICES A. Site selection B. Plant selection – Rootstock and cultivars for home vineyard C. Planting and early care during First Leaf D. Second Leaf care E. Third leaf and beyond F. Pruning principles G. Irrigation H. Pest Control I. Diseases The Home Vineyard Brief History…. • Family “Vitaceae”; Genus “Vitis”; • Mostly species “vinifera”. V. labrusca is eastern NA species; V. rotundafolia is found in southern states. French hybrids – inter-species crosses. • Seeds in refuse piles of pile dwellers. • Biblical mentions • Culture began in Asia Minor • Phoenicians moved grapes into Europe • California – Mission grape • Southern California • Northern California The Home Vineyard The Home Vineyard • Site selection: • Soil types – can be varied between sandy and clay – slightly acid • pH 5.5 to 6.5 • Grapesdo reasonably well in poor, shallow soils • Vine spacing – depends on soil types and vigor of vines being planted. • Selecting plants • Rootstocks – may not need if soil free of phyloxera and nematodes. • Cultivars – dependent on climate for proper ripening. • Table Grapes • Wine Grapes • Raisin Grapes
Transcript of I. BRIEF HISTORY OF GRAPE GROWING The Home Vineyardmbmg.ucanr.edu/files/297356.pdf · The Home...
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TheHomeVineyardArtNathan,Enologist/Viticulturist
UCMasterGardener2011
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I.BRIEFHISTORYOFGRAPEGROWINGEarlygrapecultureGrapegrowinginCaliforniaEffectsof18th Amendment(Prohibition!)PostProhibition
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II.HOMEVINEYARDCULTURAL PRACTICESA.Site selectionB.Plantselection – Rootstock andcultivars for homevineyardC.Plantingandearly care duringFirst LeafD.Second Leaf careE. Thirdleaf and beyondF. PruningprinciplesG. IrrigationH. PestControlI. Diseases
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BriefHistory….• Family“Vitaceae”;Genus“Vitis”;• Mostly species“vinifera”.V. labrusca iseasternNAspecies;V. rotundafolia isfound in southernstates.Frenchhybrids – inter-speciescrosses.
• Seedsinrefusepilesofpiledwellers.• Biblicalmentions• CulturebeganinAsiaMinor• PhoeniciansmovedgrapesintoEurope• California– Missiongrape• Southern California• NorthernCalifornia
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• Siteselection:• Soil types– canbevariedbetweensandyandclay– slightlyacid• pH5.5to6.5• Grapesdo reasonablywell inpoor, shallow soils• Vinespacing– depends onsoil typesandvigorofvinesbeingplanted.
• Selectingplants• Rootstocks–maynotneed if soil freeofphyloxera andnematodes.• Cultivars– dependentonclimate forproper ripening.
• Table Grapes• Wine Grapes• RaisinGrapes
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SauvignonBlancNorthbank Vineyard,Marlborough,NZ
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PinotGrigio(Gris)Northbank Vineyard,Marlborough,NZ
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• Plantingand care during FirstLeaf• Planting –
Soil shouldbe well drained and weed freeAdd“French Drain” if necessary toprovide drainage.
Eliminate rodentpests (squirrels, gophers, moles) if possiblePlant rootedvines foreasier vine establishment
Trim vine priortoplanting.Can putcuttingsin the ground– will rootinground.
*Nursery Rowsformultiple vine planting*Stake vines before orafter planting if notgrowing atfencing.
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• PlantingandcareduringFirstLeaf(continued)Weedcontrol– mechanicalvs. chemical
NOCHEMICALweeding the firstyear!Keepsoil clean,usingcarenottodamageyounggrapevine
Cluster thin– eliminate anypotential fruit the first twoyears.Pruneafterall leavesdrop in fall
Prune tosingle spuroftwobuds.Maintainvigilanceagainstgroundpests likeslugs, snails &rodents.
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TheHomeVineyard• CareDuringSecondLeaf:• Mostcareis in training thevineupthestake
• Picka single shoot• Leave spur– justincase
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• Dormantpruningafterendof2nd Leaf
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TrellisingandTraining• Multitudeoftrellistypesandmethodsfortraininggrapes.• Easiestandoldestmethodis asinglegrapestake,withnowires.• Winegrapesusuallygrownonwire from40to42 inchesaboveground.
• Tablegrapesgenerallygrownhigher, with5feetbetweenvineandground.
• Arbors andotherpatiostructuresarequitesuitable for trainingandgrowing tablegrapes.• Allow 50-100Squarefeet per grapevine
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Training Systems: 2 Basic Systems
• Cordon Trained
• Head Trained• Spur pruned• Cane pruned
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• Cordon Trained
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• Head trained, spur pruned
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• Head trained, cane pruned
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PrinciplesofPruning1.Pruninghasadepressingorstuntingeffectonthevine;the
removaloflivingvegetativepartsatanytimedecreasesthecapacityortotalproductiveabilityofthevine.
-Leafarea,numberandsizedeterminescapacity.
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PrinciplesofPruning2.Theproductionofcropdepressesthecapacityofthevinefor
thefollowingyearoryears.
- Overcroppingwhenveryyoungcandepressvinegrowth&productionformanyyears,especiallylargeclustervarieties.
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PrinciplesofPruning3.Thecapacityofthevinevariesdirectlywiththenumberof
shootsthatdevelop.
- Capacityofvinedeterminedbyleafarea,NOThowfasttheshootsgrow.
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PrinciplesofPruning4.Thevigoroftheshootsofavinevariesinverselywiththe
numberofshootsandwiththeamountofcrop.
- Fewshootswithreducedcropwillhavegreatergrowththanmanyshootswithcrop.
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PrinciplesofPruning5.Thefruitfulnessofavine,withinlimits,variesinverselywith
thevigoroftheshoots.
- VINE BALANCE ISTHE KEY.
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PrinciplesofPruning6.Alargecane,arm,orvinecanproducemorethanasmallone
andtherefore shouldcarrymorefruitbuds.
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7.Agivenvineinagivenseasoncan properlynourishandripen onlyacertainquantityof fruit;itscapacityislimitedbyitsprevious historyanditsenvironment.
- Bearing capacitywithoutdelayingripening isIDEAL.
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• Inconspicuousflowers• Don’tconfusewithdeveloping berries
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• BloomEvolvesquiterapidlyinwarm,sunnyweather
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• Flowerreaches “fullbloom”whencalyptrafallsoff
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• Stamenfalloffandberrybeginstodevelop
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• Grapeflowersbeforebloom
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• Grapeflowersmid-bloom
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• Grape flowersfullbloom(85%)
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• Grapefruitsetaftershatter
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• Producingqualitywinegrapes:• Getlightonthefruit
-Crop thinning-Leaf thinning
-Improvesfruitcolor-Pestreduction-Reduced diseasepressure
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Producingqualitytablegrapes:• Thin,thin,thin• Flowerclusterthin– toomanyblooms• Clusterthin– vinesettoomanyclusters• Berry thin– improvesberrysize.
• Girdling&growthregulators• Notcommoninhomevineyards
GirdlingProcedure
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IrrigationforGrapevines• Grapesneedmoderate irrigation– canrequireupto10gallons/day/vineinverywarmclimateslikeMontereysouthcounty(SoledadtoBradley.)• Floodaroundoneortwovinesworks.Dependingonsoil,every2-3weeksissufficient.• Dripirrigationworksgreatbutmustbedonemorefrequently.• Avoidstressbetweenbloomandveraison.
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GrapeNutrition• Grapeshaveprettylownutritionalneedscomparedtomostcrops• Nitrogen– don’toverfertilize…willleadtoextremevigor,reducingfruitfulness.• Zinc– canbedabbedon pruningwoundsinwinterorfoliarspray1-2weekspriortobloom• Potassium– applytosoil6”deepand18”fromtrunkofvine.
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PestManagement• Invertebrates
- Leafhoppers,thrips,westerngrapeleaf skeletonizer,leaffolders,leafrollers,blue-green&glassywingedsharpshooter(GWSS),lightbrownapplemoth(LBAM),cutworms- SeeUCIPMGuidelinesfortreatments
• DiseasesPowderymildew,Botrytiscinerea,Eutypa sp.
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PestManagement• Diseases
Powderymildew,easilyControlledwithdustingsulfurat6”,thenevery6”untilveraison
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PestManagement• Diseases
Botrytiscinerea (graymold) AKA“NobleRot”
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PestManagement• Diseases
Eutypa dieback
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Birdscanbedevastatingtoripening grapes- Applynettingafterveraison.
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References:- CaliforniaMasterGardenerHandbook2nd edition,UCPress- GeneralViticulture2nd edition,Winkleret.al.,UCPress,1974- http://cagardenweb.ucanr.edu/Growing_Grapes_in_the_California_Garden/
- WinemakinginCalifornia,RuthTeiser &CatherineHarroun,McGraw-HillBookCompany,1983
