I. AuthorAuthor II. The power of the PresidentThe power of the President III. Presidents of the...

I. Author

II. The power of the President

III. Presidents of the United States

IV. The two parties

V. Soft money

VI. The White House

VII. The Oval Office

VIII.Air Force One

IX. Camp David

X. FBI

XI. FDA

Background Background InformationInformation

Lesson 15 – The President as Corporate Salesman

Michael Parenti (1933— ), received his Ph.D.

in political science from Yale University. He has

taught at a number of colleges and universities in

the United States and abroad. He is the author of

eighteen books. Some 250 articles of his have

appeared in scholarly journals, political

periodicals and various magazines and

newspapers. Some of his writings have been

translated into Bangla, Chinese, Dutch, French,

German, Greek, Italian, Japanese, Korean,

Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Serbian,

Spanish, Swedish and Turkish.

I.I. Author Author

To be continued on the next page.


Michael Parenti

Michael Parenti appears on radio and television

talk shows to discuss current issues and ideas from his published works. Dr. Parenti's talks and commentaries are played on radio stations and cable community access stations to enthusiastic audiences in the US, Canada and abroad.

He lectures on college campuses and before a wide range of audiences across North America and abroad. His books are enjoyed by both lay readers and scholars, and have been used extensively in college courses.

I.I. Author Author



Quotations on politics

I.I. Author Author

The end of Author.

The enormous gap between what US leaders do in the world and what Americans think their leaders are doing is one of the great propaganda accomplishments of the dominant political mythology.The first atrocity, the first war crime committed in any war of aggression by the aggressors is against the truth. The worst forms of tyranny, or certainly the most successful ones, are not those we rail against but those that so insinuate themselves into the imagery of our consciousness, and the fabric of our lives, as not to be perceived as tyranny.

Discuss in groups!


The President of the United States is the chief

executive of the government. He has definite and

important powers over both international and

national affairs. His chief powers can be seen in

the following six aspects:

1. As head of the nation and its

administration;

2. As foreign policy leader;

3. As a lawmaker;

4. As a person with some judicial authority;

5. As commander-in-chief;

6. As the party leader.

II.II. The power of the The power of the PresidentPresident

The end of The power of the President.


Kennedy, John F.1961—1963

Bush, George H.W.1989—1993

Bush, George W. 2001—present

Carter, Jimmy1977—1981

Clinton, William J.1993—2001

Nixon, Richard1969—1974

Reagan, Ronald1981—1989

Ford, Gerald 1974—1977

Vice President Quayle, Dan1989—1993

III.III. Presidents of the Presidents of the United StatesUnited States

The end of Presidents of the United States.

What do you know about

them?

They are mentioned in the text.


winning the War on Terror, ushering in an ownership era, building an innovative economy to compete in the world, strengthening our communities, enforcing the DOMA act and opposing abortion

civil rights, gay rights, progressive taxation, certain gun control measures, reproductive rights, a multilateral foreign policy, environmentalism, public education, social welfare programs to combat unemployment and poverty, and labor unions

Commitment

Liberalism

1828

Democratic Party

1854Founded

ConservatismPolitical ideology

Republican Party

IV.IV. The two The two partiesparties

Which party does the current

president belong to?



IV.IV. The two The two partiesparties

The end of The two parties.

Democratic Party

Kennedy

Republican Party

Which party do they

belong to?

Nixon

Ford

Carter

Reagan

Bush, George H.W.

Quayle

Clinton

Bush, George W.


In the eyes of many observers—and many political practitioners who make use of it—the principal loophole in the federal campaign spending law is something that

has come to be called "soft money". In the broadest sense, soft money encompasses any contributions not regulated by federal election laws. The exemption was made to encourage "party-building" activities which benefit the political parties in general, but not specific candidates. In reality, though, the loophole has emerged as the parties' primary means of raising tens of millions of dollars from wealthy contributors during the fall presidential campaigns, when direct contributions to candidates are prohibited. They are also used to support congressional candidates in key battleground states

during off-year elections.

V.V. Soft money Soft money



Technically, soft money contributions are

supposed to be used only for state and local

political activities—such as voter registration, get-

out-the-vote drives, and bumper stickers—and for

such generic party-building activities as TV ads

supporting the Democratic and Republican

platforms, but not naming specific candidates.

Typically, however, the funds pay for much more—

including office overhead, the purchase of

expensive computer equipment, and other behind-

the-scenes expenses—thus freeing up other

contributions to the party to be used directly to

support candidates.



Cf: Hard money


Only money raised and spent according to the requirements and restrictions of federal law (hard money) may be used in connection with an election for federal office. While the law does not clearly define what is meant by influencing a federal election, a standard of express advocacy, based on court decisions, has gained wide acceptance in evaluating expenditures on voter communications. Federal Election Commission regulations offer this definition: Expressly advocating means any communication that... uses phrases such as "vote for the President," "reelect your Congressman,"... "Smith for Congress," "Bill McKay in '94,"... "defeat" accompanied by a picture of one or more candidate(s), ... or communications... which in context can have no other meaning than to urge the election or defeat of one or more clearly identified candidate(s).



The end of Soft money.

The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. It is a white painted, neoclassical sandstone mansion located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW in Washington, D.C. As the office of the President of the United States, the term White House is often used as a metonym for the President's administration. The Secret Service codename for it is "Crown". The property is owned by the National Park Service and is part of President's Park. An image of the White House is on the back of the US $20 bill.

VI.VI. The White The White House House


North side of the White House

North Portico of the White House

The West Wing of the White House

The southern side of the White House

Other facts


There are 132 rooms, 35 bathrooms, and 6 levels in the Residence. There are also 412 doors, 147 windows, 28 fireplaces, 8 staircases, and 3 elevators. At various times in history, the White House has been known as the "President's Palace", the "President's House", and the "Executive Mansion". President Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901. With five full-time chefs, its kitchen is able to serve dinner to as many as 140 guests and hors d'oeuvres to more than 1,000. It requires 570 gallons of paint to cover its outside surface. For recreation, it has a variety of facilities available to its residents, including a tennis court, jogging track, swimming pool, movie theater, and bowling lane.

The end of The White House.

VI.VI. The White The White House House


VII.VII. The Oval The Oval OfficeOffice

The Oval Office is where the President does the

business of the country—signing bills and Executive Orders and meeting with staff, visitors, and guests. The Oval Office changes with each Administration, as each President brings personal mementos and favorite furniture or artwork, and each makes selections from the White House art collection.

The end of The Oval Office.


Air Force One is an aircraft that was extensively modified to meet presidential requirements. The original paint scheme was designed at the request of President John F. Kennedy. He also directed that the words "United States of America" appear prominently on the fuselage, and that the US flag be painted on the vertical stabilizer.

US Presidents have flown on Boeing aircraft since 1943.

Today, the chief executive flies aboard a modified 747-200B, the newest and largest presidential airplane. The 747 is ideally suited to support the travel requirements of the President.

VIII.VIII. Air Force Air Force One One



The flying "Oval Office" has 4,000 square feet of interior floor space, which features a conference/dining room, quarters for the President and the First Lady, and an office area for senior staff members. Another office can be converted into a medical facility when required. There are work and rest areas for the presidential staff, media representatives and Air Force crews; two galleys are each capable of providing food for 50 people. It provides longer range for presidential travel. Modified for aerial refueling, it has virtually unlimited range. Up to 70 passengers and 23 crew members can be accommodated.

VIII.VIII. Air Force Air Force One One

The end of Air Force One.


Located 70 miles from the White House in the Catoctin

Mountains of Maryland, Camp David was established in 1942 as a place for the President to relax and entertain. President Roosevelt wanted to escape the summer heat of Washington, D.C., and the higher altitude of the Camp provided cool breezes and good security. He called the Camp "Shangri-La" after the mountain kingdom in James Hilton's book Lost Horizon. It was renamed Camp David in 1953 by President Eisenhower in honor of his grandson. It is operated by Navy personnel, and troops provide security. Marine One carries the President during the half-hour helicopter ride from the capital. Guests at Camp David can enjoy a pool, putting green, driving range, tennis courts, gymnasium, and the many guest cabins. The presidential cabin is called Aspen Lodge.

IX.IX. Camp David Camp David



Camp David has been the site of many historic international meetings. It was there, during World War II, that President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill planned the Allies' invasion of Europe. Many historical events have occurred at the Presidential Retreat; the planning of the Normandy Invasion, Eisenhower-Khrushchev meetings, discussions of the Bay of Pigs, Vietnam War discussions, and many other meetings with foreign dignitaries and guests. President Jimmy Carter chose the site for the meeting of Middle East leaders that led to the Camp David Accords between Israel and Egypt.

IX.IX. Camp David Camp David

The end of Camp David.


The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a Federal police force which is the principal investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ). Title 28, United States Code (U.S. Code), Section 533, which authorizes the Attorney General to "appoint officials to detect... crimes against the United States," and other federal statutes give the FBI the authority and responsibility to investigate specific crimes. At present, the FBI has investigative jurisdiction over violations of more than 200 categories of federal crimes and thus has the broadest investigative authority of any federal law enforcement agency. The Ten Most Wanted List has been used since 1949 to notify the public of wanted fugitives.

X.X. FBI FBI



The mission of the FBI is to uphold the law through the investigation of violations of federal criminal law; to protect the United States from foreign intelligence and terrorist activities; to provide leadership and law enforcement assistance to federal, state, local, and international agencies; and to perform these responsibilities in a manner that is responsive to the needs of the public and is faithful to the United States Constitution. Information obtained through an FBI investigation is presented to the appropriate U. S. Attorney or DOJ official, who decides if prosecution, or other action, is warranted. Top priority has been assigned to the five areas that affect society the most: counterterrorism, drugs/organized crime, foreign counterintelligence, violent crimes, and white-collar crimes.

X.X. FBI FBI


The end of FBI.

US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the government agency responsible for regulating food, dietary supplements, drugs, cosmetics, medical devices, biologics and blood products in the United States. Among the FDA’s responsibilities: to insure that foods are pure and wholesome, safe to eat and produced under sanitary conditions; that drugs and medical devices are safe and effective; that cosmetics are safe and made from appropriate ingredients; and that all labeling and packaging is accurate, truthful and informative.

One aspect of its jurisdiction over food is regulation

of the content of health claims on food labels.

XI.XI. FDA FDA

The end of FDA.


Text Text AppreciatioAppreciationn

I. Text Analysis 1. Theme2. Structure3. Further discussion

II.Writing Devices1. Irony 2. Litotes

III.Sentence Paraphrase


I.I. Text AnalysisText Analysis

According to the author, their President is best defined as a corporate salesman, selling the business ideology to the general public both in and outside the country. However his ideology is not the only reason why he is elected president. A more important reason is the fact that without the support of business, he cannot be the President in the first place.

Theme of the text

The end of Theme.


Part 1 (paras. 1— ):

Part 2 (paras. ):

Part 3 (paras. ):

Part 4 (paras. ):


Structure of the text

5

6—8

9—12

13—17

The President should be defined as a corporate salesman, selling the business ideology to the general public both home and abroad.

Most presidents are millionaires when campaigning and leaving. Their life style is quite luxurious.

Presidents tend to trade favors for campaign money, corrupt and operate unlawfully.

Presidents always serve those who control the wealth and power of the country and just make a show of serving the public.


The end of Structure.

I.I. Text AnalysisText Analysismentioned in Para. 1


Question: According to the author, the president of the United States plays an

important role—guardian and representative of corporate America. How do you understand

“corporate America”?

Corporate America is an informal phrase describing the business world of the United States. Example:

Corporate America Pours in Millions to Fund President Bush's Second Inauguration


Every modern president has had occasion to praise the “free-market system” and denounce collectivist alternatives.



Question: What does the author imply when he says “every modern president” instead of “every president”?

in Para. 2

For Reference




For reference: The author does not mean to blame all the American presidents. In paragraph three he specifies those “White House occupants from Kennedy to Clinton”. The facts and examples the author gives are also closely involved with those presidents from Kennedy to Clinton.


I.I. Text AnalysisText AnalysisQuestion: List out the virtues generally thought of

as positive qualities of the corporate ideology.

self-reliant competition; private initiative;

vigor; resolve;

spiritual revival;…



… the president tends to treat capitalist interests as synonymous with the nation’s well-being.


Question: In so-called “nation’s well-being”, who are ignored or sacrificed?

The ordinary people.


in Para. 5


Question: What kind of people, we can learn from paragraph 6, are likely to gain super

power in American political world?


Those who are millionaires with the support of industry and banking.




Question: List the examples mentioned in the text to illustrate the subtle interdependent

relationships between the president and big corporations.

Nixon and ITT; Reagan and oil companies; Bush and “Team 100”, etc. These examples prove their

mutual dependence. With the money of the corporation, the presidents gain the power; with the power, in return, the presidents protect the

corporations’ interest.




Question: Is there any significance about the figure “six”?

In fact, it is ironic that those who are supposed great as President and loyal as Chief Legislator actually turn out to be a law-breaker. Illegally

using FBI wiretaps is not a rare case. Sarcastically the presidents involved are up to

seven.


Thus, long before Bill Clinton thought of doing it, at least six other presidents employed illegal FBI wiretaps to gather incriminating information on rival political figures.


in Para. 11

I.I. Text AnalysisText AnalysisQuestion: What are the “dual role” the president

plays?

He must satisfy the major interests of corporate America and high finance and at the same time make a show of serving the public. He presents

himself as a man of the people while quietly serving those who control the wealth and power

of the country.


in Para. 13


I.I. Text AnalysisText AnalysisQuestion: For what did Kennedy do battle with

the steel industry?

In such a conflict, he had to give up the individual company to protect the common interest of other big industry and business. But seemingly he was serving the public.



I.I. Text AnalysisText AnalysisQuestion: What does the author mean when he

states “or, for that matter, any office” at the end of the text?

The author suggests that any person, once he takes an office, tends to abuse the power

endowed, be he the president or any officer.



What is the role that American president plays that is seldom mentioned?Does the author agree that the U.S. is number one?Does the President always tell his people the unpleasant truth about their economy?Why do the American presidents usually downplay economic crises and emphasize outside dangers?Who are considered the greatest threats to corporate America?How does the President usually weigh the balance between the national well-being and the business interests?


Further discussion about the article



Why do the presidents attach so much importance to the overseas investment of big U.S. corporations?What is the presidents’ life style once they are elected into the White House?How does the author describe the relationship between the president and the business community?Does the presidency necessarily lend greatness to its occupants?How does the author explain the fact that occasionally the presidents also fight against some business interests?


Further discussion about the article

The end of Further Discussion.


II.II. Writing Writing DevicesDevices

It is said that the greatness of the presidential office lends greatness to its occupant, so that even persons of mediocre endowment grow from handling presidential responsibilities and powers. (11)

Irony: a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense

Irony


What effect do you think it has here?



Irony is used when what we say or write

conveys the opposite of its literal meaning.

For example, "Mother will be happy to hear

what you have done now," when Mother will

not be at all happy.

Other examples: "Nice weather!" when it is

raining.

More examples


Irony



• She was an hour late. “Good of you to arrive on time.” George said.

• “This is my brilliant son, who failed out of college.”

• (Senators Gramm, Rudman and Hollings) Blessed are the young, for they shall inherit the national debt.

• “Every time we trusted Democrats,” says House Republican Whip Newt Gingrich, “they cheated.”

• Such kindergarten compliments were happily returned.

Irony: more examples

Where does the irony lie in the following sentences?

The end of Irony.



Prosperity, our president tell us, is here or not far off… (4)

Litotes: a form of understatement which uses the denied opposite of a word to weaken or soften a message

Litotes


What effect do you

think it has here?



… they see no reason why they shouldn’t be allowed to exercise their rights like other citizens and ask their friend, the president of the United States, for a little help. (9)

Litotes: the affirmative expressed by the negation of its opposite

Litotes


What effect do you

think it has here?



Examples:

•That's not bad. (instead of: That's

good/great.)

•Boats aren't easy to find in the

dark.

(instead of: Boats are hard/difficult

to find in the dark.)

More examples


Litotes



• It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on

the brain. —J.D. Salinger, The Catcher in the Rye

• Running a marathon in under two hours is no

small accomplishment.

• The face wasn’t a bad one; it had what they called

charm.

• If he goes out of power, no tear is to be shed.

Litotes: more examples

Where does the litotes lie in the following sentences?

The end of Litotes.


III.III. Sentence Sentence Paraphrase 1Paraphrase 1

Seldom mentioned is this role as guardian and

representative of corporate American. (1)

This role is seldom mentioned as guardian and representative of America of, for and by corporations.

inversion

go to 2

More examples



III.III. Sentence Sentence Paraphrase Paraphrase

Inversion of the verb after certain adverbs:• Never before had I been asked to accept a

bribe.• Not only do they rob you, they smash

everything too.• Not until he got home did he realize that he

had lost it.• On no account must this switch be touched.• Only by shouting was he able to make

himself heard. • She had no money, nor did she know anyone

she could borrow from.

back to 1



Presidents do their share to make the public accept the corporate business ideology. (2)

do one’s part of a job or duty

go to 3

the theories of modern capitalism

Among Western academicians, “ideology” often carries a derogatory connotation, implying that it is dogmatic, impractical, and visionary.



Every modern president has had occasion to praise the “free-market system” and denounce collectivist alternatives. (2)

Every modern president has needed to speak highly of capitalist systems and badly of socialist ones.

need to

go to 4

generally considered synonymous with capitalism

a term used to refer to the socialist systems



… that our social problems and economic

difficulties can be solved with enough “vigor”

and “resolve”, or through “self-reliance” or a

“spiritual revival”, … (3)

strong determination to succeed One of the favorite expressions with

American political and religious leader. Americans are often reminded of the need to revive their pioneering spirit, their sense of the “manifest destiny”, their “American dream”.

go to 5



Prosperity, our presidents tell us, is here or not far off—but so are the nation’s many wild-eyed enemies, be they communists, revolutionaries, or terrorists. (4)

Our presidents say that we are having or going to have a prosperous society. Ironically, the way also fits in with the so-called dangerous enemies—communists, revolutionaries or terrorists as they call it. go to 6

More examples

having an insane, angry, and distressed expression in the eyes

adverbial clause of concession

Whether they are communists, …



III.III. Sentence Sentence Paraphrase Paraphrase

1. Be matter gaseous, liquid or solid,

it is made of atoms.

2. All countries should be equal, be

they large or small.

back to 5



... a record trade deficit, and a runaway

national debt. (4)

the highest level that has ever been reached

… the highest trade deficit that has ever been reached, and a national debt that is becoming uncontrollable.

go to 7

More examples

becoming uncontrollable



III.III. Sentence Sentence ParaphraseParaphrase

1. a record level of unemployment

2. Profits were at record levels.

3. She won the race in record time.

4. runaway success

5. runaway inflation

back to 6



Presidents usually downplay crises relating to the economy and emphasize the ones needed to justify U.S. interventionism abroad, huge military budgets, and curbs on political dissent. (4)

make sth. seem less important than it really is

go to 8

the belief that the government has the duty to influence what happens in foreign countries

efforts to control and limit political opinions different from the official views

antithesis:downplay

vs emphasize



In fact, a president’s primary commitment

abroad is not to democracy as such but to the

global “free market”. (5)

the obligation that comes before everything else

In the first place, a president should get his commitment abroad to the global “free market” rather than to democracy as they call it.

go to 9

in itself



After leaving office they continue to feed

from the public trough. (8)

After they leave the White House they

continue to spend lots of public money.

go to 10

sarcastic metaphorusually used to refer to animals



… they see no reason why they shouldn’t be allowed to exercise their rights like other citizens and ask their friend, the president of the United States, for a little help. (9)

… of course, they would ask the president to

support them as the reward to the campaign

money they offered. go to 11

understatementCan the help really be “little”? Definitely not.

double negativeThey have good reasons to be allowed…



For their part, presidents seem as capable of

trading favors for campaign money as any

influence—peddling, special-interest politician

—only on a grander scale. (10)

giving favors to big contributors in return for money with which they can conduct their presidential campaign successfully

politicians who try to sell their political influence in return for money and who serve special interests such as the interests of oil business or steel business, etc.

go to 12

larger



It is said that the greatness of the presidential office lends greatness to its occupant, so that even persons of mediocre endowment grow from handling presidential responsibilities and powers. (11)

limited abilities

Why is the presidential office great? Because it can make the president seemingly great. As a result of being the president, even a person with limited abilities grows “great”.

as a result of handling…

go to 13

irony



… presidents have been just as readily corrupted as ennobled by high office, inclined toward self-righteous assertion, compelled to demonstrate their military “toughness” against weaker nations, and not above operating in unlawful ways. (11)

… presidents can be ennobled, yes; but they can also be corrupted by capturing such a superior power. They tend to speak or behave as if they are always right. They have to threaten weaker countries with force. And they are quite capable of acting in illegal ways.

go to 14

antithesis



… a shallowness of spirit and mind that the majestic office could cloak but not transform. (12)

deliberately hide facts, feelings etc. so that people do not see or understand them

… the important and impressive office of the president could hide the shallowness of the presidents’ spirit and mind but could not change it.

go to 15



To get to the top of the political power heap the president must present himself as a “man of the people” while quietly serving those who control the wealth and power of the country… (13)

a lot of powerful politicians

In order to climb to the top of all the politicians, the president has to show himself as a loyal servant to the public but in fact he is working secretly for those who are powerful financially and politically.

go to 16

infinitive of purpose



In fact, he might better be described as protecting the common interest of the special interests. (15)

the business community

In fact, we can say he is protecting the common interest of the business community.

go to 17

oxymoron



Still for all the publicity, not all that much has been done to stop that industry from marketing its addictive and injurious products to publics at home and abroad. (16)

in spite of the publicity

Still in spite of the publicity, only a little has been done to stop the tobacco industry from selling its addictive and unhealthy products to publics at home and abroad.

go to 18

sentence adverb

only a little



… the president is… rather inaccessible to us lesser mortals—unless we organize and raise more hell. (17)

… the president is… not easily available for us ordinary people—unless we are organized and do something to show our anger.


behave more angrily and threateningly

humorousordinary people, as compared with people who are more important or more powerful

More examples


III.III. Sentence Sentence ParaphraseParaphrase

lesser/ordinary/mere mortals

• Of course, she dines in the executive suite,

while we lesser mortals use the staff

cafeteria.

back to 18


The end of Sentence Paraphrase.

I. Word Study

II. Phrases and Expressions

III.Word Building

IV. Grammar

Language Language StudyStudy

Lesson 6 – Twelve Angry Men (Part Two)

I.I. Word StudyWord StudyWord list:

1. acquittal

2. avenge

3. bear

4. blunder

5. commonplace

6. injustice

7. intimidate

8. lunge

9. object

10. obscure

11. recreate

12. stamp

13. stick

14. testify

15. trot

16. underhand


I.I. Word StudyWord Study

1. acquittal

Example: Of 52 prosecutions for police brutality, 46

ended in acquittals.

v. acquit somebody of something

The judge directed the jury to acquit Phillips

of the murder.


n. an official statement in a court of law

that someone is not guilty

I.I. Word StudyWord Study2. avenge

v. to do something to hurt or punish someone because they have harmed or offended you

Examples:

The Trojans wish to avenge the death of

Hector; their misplaced values mean that

patience in adversity is impossible.

Half a century later he has finally avenged that

defeat.



3. bear

v. a. to bravely accept or deal with a

painful, difficult, or upsetting situation

b. to dislike something or someone

very much, often so that they make you

feel annoyed or impatient

bear sb. grudge

bear sth. in mind

bear a resemblance /relation to

bear arms

bear fruit




Examples:

She was afraid she wouldn't be able to bear

the pain.

Overcrowding makes prison life even harder

to bear.

Oh, I really can't bear him.

He can't bear spinach.



4. blunder

n. a careless or stupid mistake

commit a blunder, make a blunder

Examples:

Major management blunders have led the

company into bankruptcy.

The parents face a nightmare week-long wait

before blood tests show if there has been a

hospital blunder.



a. happening or existing in many places, and therefore not special or unusual

Examples:

Car thefts are commonplace in this part of

town.

Expensive foreign cars are commonplace in

this Chicago suburb.

5. commonplace



6. injustice

n. a situation in which people are treated very unfairly and not given their rights

Examples:

The group, called the Wilmington 10, were active in protests against racial injustices in the schools in the early 1970s.

These injustices are intolerable, especially when the victims are children.

a. unjust

Word formations


threat

Synonyms


v. to frighten or threaten someone into making them do what you want

Examples:

They tried to intimidate the young people into voting for them.

Attempts to intimidate her failed.

7. intimidate


I.I. Word StudyWord Study8. lunge

v. to make a sudden strong movement towards someone or something, especially to attack them

Examples:

The goats lunged at each other with their horns.

John lunged forward and grabbed him by the

throat.

Word formation

n. lunge



9. object

v. to feel or say that you oppose or disapprove of something

Examples:

Robson strongly objected to the terms of the

contract.

I objected to having to rewrite the article.

Word formation

n. objection

Cf.:

n. object


I.I. Word StudyWord Study10. obscure

v. a. to make something difficult to know or understand

b. to prevent something from being seen or heard clearly

Examples:

Recent successes have obscured the fact that the

company is still in trouble.

The view was obscured by mist.




a. a. not well known and usually not very

important

b. difficult to understand

Examples:

an obscure poet 无名的，不知名的

The details of his life remain obscure. 含糊的，

不清楚的

He’s using an obscure old law to try to stop

the new road being built. 晦涩难懂的

Word formation

n. obscurity



11. recreate

v. to make something from the past exist

again in a new form or be experienced

again




Examples:

Evan often chimes in, so we work together to

recreate the story.

And we can share best practices so that every

educator and employer does not have to

recreate effective strategies from scratch.

Arjelo's novel vividly recreates 15th-century

Spain.


I.I. Word StudyWord Study12. stamp

v. a. to put your foot down onto the ground

loudly and with a lot of force

b. to put a pattern, sign, or letters on

something using a special tool

c. to have an important or permanent

effect on someone or something




Examples:

“I will not!” Bert yelled and stamped his

foot.

The woman at the desk stamped my

passport.

The experience remained stamped on her

memory for many years.


I.I. Word StudyWord Study13. stick

v. a. to attach something to something

else using a substance, or to become

attached to a surface

b. if a pointed object sticks into

something, or if you stick it there, it

is pushed into it

c. if you stick a part of your body

somewhere, you put it in a position

where other people can see it


To be continued on the next page


Examples:

Someone had stuck posters all over the walls.

pins stuck in a notice board

Clara stuck her head around the door to see

who was there.



14. testify

v. a. to make a formal statement of what is

true, especially in a court of law

b. to show clearly that something is the

case




Examples:

Mr. Molto has agreed to testify at the trial.

Later, the witness who had testified against Muawad withdrew his allegation.

The empty shops in the high street testify to the depth of the recession.

The company's experience testifies to the difficulties of opening a business in a foreign country.

More Examples




testify at the court

testify against sb.

testify to sth.

testify that…

在法庭作证作出不利于 ······

的证明证实

证实，证明

Translation



Examples:Dorothy arrived, with a little dog trotting along behind her.He locked the door and trotted down the stairs to my car.She broke into a trot (= started running slowly) and hurried on ahead of us.

15. trot


v. to walk or go somewhere, especially fairly

quickly

n. a fairly slow way of running in which you

take short regular steps

overhand


16. underhand

ad. if you throw a ball underhand, you throw it without moving your arm

above your shouldera. dishonest and done secretly

Examples:

throw the ball underhand 下手投球 They did it all in such an underhand way. 他们

这么干真是阴险。

Antonym


The end of Word Study

List:1. mean it

2. in favor of

3. in the first place

4. see to

5.take a chance/take one’s chances

6. be supposed to do

7. cover one’s blunder

8. bear sth. out

9. take the cake

10. run for

11. bring up

12. make a point

13. break the tie

14.toss and turn/twist and turn

15. settle something

16. other than

17. be entitled to

II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions


to be serious about what you are saying or writing

Examples:

With children, if you say “no”, you have to mean it .

I meant what I said earlier.

1. mean it 当真的，故意的，诚心要……



all in favor

ask… a favor

be in favor with sb.

be out of favor with sb.

do sb. a favor

find/gain/win favor

2. in favor of


所有人都赞成吗

请某人帮个忙

得宠

失宠

帮某人个忙

赢得好感


支持，赞成

a. used to introduce a series of points in an argument, discussion, etc.

b. used to talk about what someone did or should have done at the start of a situation

Examples:

In the first place, I'm too busy, and in the second I don't really want to go.

I wish I'd never got involved in the first place!

3. in the first place




4. see to

to deal with something or do something for someone

Example: Go on, you go out. I'll see to the washing up.



Cf.

I'd better see about dinner.

They've gone to the airport to see their son off.

She saw out her last years at Sudeley Castle.

I could never lie to her because I know she'd see through me straight away.

I've got enough money to see me through six months of unemployment.



to do something that involves risks

Examples: The rope might break, but that's a chance

we'll have to take. After losing $20,000 on my last business

venture, I'm not taking any chances this time.Cf. take the chance/grab the chance/jump at the chance

You should take the chance to travel while you're still young.

5. take a chance





chance n.

Examples:

What are the team's chances of success?

She has a good chance of a successful recovery.

There is little chance of her being found alive.

The day will be cloudy with a slight chance of rain later tonight.

He gave the show a fifty-fifty chance of survival.




It was a million to one chance , but it had happened.

The operation is performed under local anaesthetic, which lessens the chances of infection.

How can we improve our chances of career development?

Chances are they'll be out when we call.


a. used to say what someone should or

should not do, especially because of

rules or what someone in

authority has said

b. used to say what was or is expected or

intended to happen, especially when it

did not happen

c. used to say that something is believed

to be true by many people, although it

might not be true or you might disagree

6. be supposed to


More examples



We're supposed to check out of the hotel by 11 o'clock.

What time are you supposed to be there?

The meeting was supposed to take place on Tuesday, but we've had to postpone it.

The new laws are supposed to prevent crime.

“Dirty Harry” is supposed to be one of Eastwood's best films.

Mrs. Carver is supposed to have a lot of money.



Cf. commit a blunder 犯错误make a blunder 犯错误

7. cover one’s blunder 掩饰错误



if facts or information bears out a claim, story, opinion, etc., they help to prove

that it is true

Example:

Evidence bears out the idea that students

learn best in small groups.

8. bear sth. out



“bear” phrases



bear sb. a grudge

bear sth. in mind

bear a resemblance

/relation to

bear sb. no malice/ill will

bear scrutiny

对某人怀恨在心，跟某人过不去

记住某事

与……相似 / 有关系

对某人无恶意，不对某人生气

经得起详细审查


to be worse than anything else you can imagine

Example:

I've heard some pretty dumb ideas, but that

takes the cake!

9. take the cake



Related phrases


Examples:“How do you do that?” “It's a piece of cake! Watch!”They don't imagine they can have their cake and eat it too.Both companies expect to get a big slice of the cake.

II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressionsa piece of cake 小菜一碟

have your cake and eat it 捞到全部的好处

a slice of cake 一点好处


to try to be elected in an election

Examples:

Salinas is running for a second term as

President.

an attempt to encourage more women to run

for office

run for his life: to run in order to avoid being killed 逃命

10. run for



Examples:

Why did you have to bring up the subject of money? (Synonym: raise)

He was brought up by his grandparents. (Synonym: raise)

11. bring up



a. to mention a subject or start to talk

about it

b. to look after and influence a child

until he or she is grown up

Example:

• He made a point of spending Saturdays with his children.

12. make a point 证明论点正确，得一分



Cf.:

make a point of:

to do something deliberately, even when it involves making a special effort

Example:If three or more teams tie, the overall

record of the tied teams against each other

shall break the tie.

13. break the tie

II.II. Phrases and Phrases and ExpressionsExpressions 打破平局


to swing the balance when two or more people or teams get the same number of points, votes


14. toss and turn/ twist and turn


Examples:

The river twists and turns through the green

fields. 弯弯曲曲

She had slept badly, tossing and turning

before falling into a fitful doze. 辗转反侧

settle a bill

settle an account

settle a claim

settle a score

settle a dispute

settle a lawsuit

settle a conflict

settle an argument

15. settle sth.


结账结账

支付赔偿和某人算账

解决争执解决一个诉讼

解决冲突解决争执


apart from a particular person or thing

Examples:The truth was known to no one other than herself.He doesn't eat pork, but other than that he'll eat just about anything. We know he lived in Fleet Road, but other than that we don't know much about him.

16. other than



Examples:

Ethiopian Jews were entitled to immigrate to

Israel under the Law of Return.

Being a member entitles you to discounts on

tickets.

17. be entitled to (v. n.)



to give someone the official right to do or have something



Cf.

be entitled something:

if a book, play, etc. is entitled something, that is its name

a documentary entitled “The Price of Perfection”


The end of Phrases and Expressions.

III.III. Word BuildingWord BuildingList:

1. prefix – under

2. suffix – al

3. suffix –ence/ance

4. suffix – ward


III.III. Word BuildingWord Building

undergroundunderground

prefixroot

under-: beneath or below in position; inferior or subordinate; less in

degree, rate or quality

B T L EW




underground

underhand

underclothes

underwear

underpass

underscretary

undersized

underdevelopment

undercooked

地下

下手的，手不过肩的

内衣

内衣

地下道

次长，副部长

不够大的

不发达

煮得欠熟的，火候不够的


-al: of, relating to, or characterized by

parental a.

retrieval n.

父母的，家长的

取回，恢复

parental (6)parental (6)

root

suffix



the action, state, or quality of doing something or of being something

Examples:

his sudden appearance

her brilliance

Suffix: -ence/ance

More examples




exist v.

occur v.

appear v.

brilliant a.

Suffix: -ance/ence

III.III. Word BuildingWord BuildingGive

corresponding nouns of the words in the left column.

existence

occurrence

appearance

brilliance


III.III. Word BuildingWord Buildingsuffix: -ward/wards

downward

skyward

leftward

landward

towards a particular direction or place;

our homeward journey; a downward

movement

向下朝天

朝左，左边朝陆地

The end of Word Building.


IV.IV. GrammarGrammarSubjunctive MoodSubjunctive Mood

“Modal + have done” construction: would/should/could/might + have done…

The perfect infinitive denotes a past action or condition. When it is used with modals, it can express improbability, probability, possibility, necessity and subjective certainty of a past action respectively.



1. could (not) have done

2. may/might (not) have done

3. must have done

4. would (not) have

5. should (not) have done

ought to have done

“Modal + have done” construction:

IV.IV. GrammarGrammar


Classification


1. could (not) have done…I don’t remember what he said, but I don’t see how he could have run to the door. (Para. 25)

Probability of a past action—He couldn’t have done that.

“Modal + have done” construction


To be continued on the next page.B T L EW





2. might (not) have done…Don’t you think the woman might have made a mistake? (Para. 151)

Probability of a past action—It is likely that she made a mistake.




Subjective certainty of a past action— we guess that he realized…

3. must have done…For at some moment in the water he must have realized that he would not live if he continued to hand over the rope and ring to others.






4. would (not) have done…I just can’t see two slaps in the face would have provoked him into committing murder.(Para. 46)

Probability of a past action—he wouldn’t be provoked into committing the crime.




5. should (not) have done…“I think you ought to have told me, Alan,” said Hughie in a bad temper, “and not have let me make such a fool of myself.”

Obligation for a past action—but in fact Alan didn’t tell me.

The end of Grammar.


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