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IntroductionYou are about to embark on an extraordinary journey if you are contemplating the submission of an application to the Presidential Management Fellows (PMF) Program.

Before you move down the road too far, it’s important to thank the Robertson Foundation for Government, a nonprofit family foundation dedicated to helping government meet its talent needs by identifying, educating and motivating top U.S. graduate students to pursue federal government careers. The Robertson Foundation commissioned this Class of 2013 Presidential Management Fellows Application Guide, seeking the technical assistance of GovLoop, the leading knowledge network for public sector professionals. Below is a bit more background on the Robertson Foundation.

Established by the family of the late philanthropists Charles and Marie Robertson, and named in their honor, the Robertson Foundation for Government pursues a mission that was central to Mr. and Mrs. Robertson’s philanthropic activities: strengthening the United States government and increasing its ability and determination to defend and extend freedom throughout the world by improving the training and education of men and women for government service. The PMF Program is one such elite entryway into government service that the Robertson Foundation is pleased to support. Helping qualified and deserving recent graduates become PMFs is important to the Robertson Foundation, and one of many ways they are living out their stated mission to improve the United States government.

Through this guide, a vast wealth of information from various sources is brought together into one easy-to-use resource. It taps into an unprecedented collection of more than 60 PMF Program alumni, 10 university career advisors, and 10 government agency PMF program coordinators who contributed their definitive knowledge on how to successfully navigate the application process. A great deal of credit for this guide goes to these talented professionals. We hope that their valuable understanding of the PMF selection process will help you make the most of your own application, and will give you the best shot at reaching your goal of becoming a Presidential Management Fellow. We also provide a place for you to learn more, watch videos, read blog updates and interact with others involved in the process at PathtoPMF.com Please note that this is not an official resource endorsed by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) or the Executive Office of the President (EOP), but represents a trusted source of valuable information about the PMF program. While we will strive to post changes as soon as we see them, please regularly check http://www.pmf.gov for official information and updates. The Robertson Foundation for Government is grateful to the contributions of GovLoop for their role in helping to prepare this guide. Together we are proud to provide this comprehensive resource to the next generation of government leaders.

Applicants, start your public service engines...and good luck!

Guide to The Presidential Management Fellows Program

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2Managing the Application Process

SECTION 1: THE PROGRAM 5

SECTION 2: WHY BE A PMF 8

SECTION 3: THE APPLICATION 10

SECTION 4: THE ONLINE ASSESSMENT 11

SECTION 5: THE IN-PERSON ASSESSMENT 13

SECTION 6: THE JOB FAIR 18

SECTION 7: THE JOB 23

SECTION 8: WHAT’S NEXT 25

SECTION 9: ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 26

Guide to The Presidential Management Fellows Program3

Andrew CardDean of the Bush School of Government and Public Service

Texas A&M University

Former White House Chief of Staff under President George

W. Bush

“As the PMF application process undergoes revisions and as the standards for acceptance evolve, it’s our job to make sure that applicants are equipped with the best, most current information about the process. PathtoPMF.com, the product of an unprecedented partnership between the Robertson Foundation for Government and GovLoop, breaks down the barriers that deterred applicants from pursuing one of the most prestigious fellowships our government has to offer. It will be an invaluable resource to every future applicant.”

PAUL LIGHTPaulette Goddard Professor of

Public Service

Founding Principal Investigator of the Global Center for Public Service

New York University

“The PMF is the premier federal program for recruiting the nation’s most talented students into the public service. It has undergone substantial revision in recent years and students often struggle understanding the process. That’s why I’m excited about PathtoPMF.com. The Robertson Foundation for Government has teamed up with social networking site GovLoop to create PathtoPMF.com as the “go-to” guide, helping prospective applicants navigate the PMF process from application to placement.

James b. Steinberg

Dean of the Maxwell School of Syracuse University,

and University Professor of Social Science, International

Affairs, and Law

“The Guide to Managing the Application Process is an invaluable tool for any student interested in the PMF program, one of the most exciting paths to a career in public service. Draw on the experience and insights of those who know the program best – from former PMFs, college career advisors and government managers, the Guide helps prospective applicants understand what it takes to become a PMF. With this guide, the Robertson Foundation has made an extraordinary contribution by helping to attract the brightest and most committed young men and women to service to the nation.”

PathtoPMF.com and the accompanying guide gives the PMF program the boost it needs to reignite student interest. If the federal government is to meet the many future challenges it faces, it must have the very best leaders. The PMF Program is the gateway. PathtoPMF.com is your tour guide through the gateway and beyond.”

http://PathtoPMF.comhttp://PathtoPMF.com

Managing the Application Process 4

PETER F. COWHEYDeal of the School of

International Relations and Pacific Studies

Qualcomm Endowed Chair in Communications and Technology

PolicyUniversity of California, San Diego

“The Presidential Management Fellowship program enjoys considerable prestige within the government and constitutes a solid point of entry for those dedicated to pursuing careers in federal public service. For some agencies, like the State Department, the PMF program is the only viable avenue into entry level civil service positions. Additionally,PMF hires do well in the US government after the PMF ends because of the program’s rotational opportunities, 80 hours of optional training, and significant fast-tracking opportunities up the

STEPHEN W. BOSWORTH

Dean of the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy

Tufts University

Former U.S. Special Representative for North Korea Policy

Former U.S. Ambassador to South Korea, the Philippines, and Tunisia

“Applying for a Presidential Management Fellowship is not easy, nor should it be. In order to identify the most worthy candidates, applicants are subject to a rigorous review and interview process. We fully support setting high standards for entry into the PMF program, but we also recognize that applicants making a commitment to serve their nation deserve the support from their institutions, organizations like the Robertson Foundation for Government. PathtoPMF.com, a roadmap to the PMF application process, represents our commitment to the men and women who want to pursue fulfilling careers in service to their nation.”

Donald F. KettlEDean of the School of

Public Policy

University of Maryland, College Park

“The Robertson Foundation’s PathtoPMF.com is an invaluable guide to the often-complex twists and turns of the Presidential Management Fellow process. For a generation, the PMF program has been a stellar opportunity for the very best and brightest to launch their careers in government leadership. Now, as the Robertson Foundation is providing a powerful new program to help prepare leaders in government service and international affairs, this how-to manual will help countless students find their path to exciting public service careers. We at the University of Maryland School of Public Policy are proud to have shared tips and hints with the Robertson Foundation in improving access to this great program.”

GS scale that are largely unavailable to other new hires. I hope that this GovLoop publication, sponsored by the Robertson Foundation for Government, will generate the enthusiastic participation that this program fully warrants.”

http://PathtoPMF.comhttp://PathtoPMF.com


SECTION 1: THE PROGRAMHistory

The Presidential Management Fellows Program (PMF) is one of several ways for current and recent students of advanced graduate degree programs to start on a career path as a public servant in the federal government. The program, originally known as the Presidential Management Interns Program, was established by President Carter’s Executive Order in 1977 to attract

young people with exceptional m a n a g e m e n t potential into g o v e r n m e n t careers. Several talented people got their start in the early years

of the program, including former NASA head Sean O’Keefe and the 13th Commissioner of Social Security Kenneth Apfel.

In 1982, the program mission statement was broadened under President Reagan to attract

“ o u t s t a n d i n g men and women from a variety of academic disciplines who have a clear interest in, and commitment to, a career in the analysis and management of public policies and

programs.” Senator Jeff Merkley of Oregon began his fellowship the same year as this executive order.

In 2003, under the direction of President George W. Bush, the program was renamed the Presidential Management Fellows Program, to more accurately reflect the talent and professionalism of those men and women

serving in the program. In December 2010, the PMF became part of the Pathways Program, a hiring reform initiative designed to recruit new talent to the public sector.

Overview

The hiring process for the United States federal government adheres to many rules and regulations that attempt to determine a candidate’s quality. The PMF program allows recent graduates to compete for jobs against other people of their relative age and experience. It also provides management training, rotations through different agencies, and competitive entry-level salaries.

While the PMF program is an excellent opportunity to start a

career in public service and sets someone up for quick advancement, the application process is also extremely competitive. Even if you are one of the few hundred Finalists named out of

Sean O’Keefe

Jeffrey Merkley

1975

2012

1977Launched by Carter

1982Expanded by Reagan

2003Renamed byGeorge W. Bush

2010Repackagedwith Pathways


thousands of applicants, you are not guaranteed a job placement. OPM cites that only 60% of finalists ultimately secure a job.With this in mind, it is smart for even the most qualified applicant to apply for other opportunities as well. Luckily, the PMF is not the only entry point into the federal government. It would be wise to apply to the Recent Graduates Pathway program, and other positions as they are posted on USAJOBS, especially GS-9 and GS-11 jobs.

It’s important to remember to look at the number of applicants versus finalists. It’s a pretty selective program - not one you can depend on getting. You apply with the hopes of getting it but you need to keep on applying to other positions throughout the process. - Kaleigh Emerson, PMF Class of 2010, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services The PMF program is a two-year commitment, during which participants are paid a full salary and benefits at the GS-9, GS-11, or GS-12 levels, and in some cases, may go as

high as GS-13 (up to $70,000 per year). By the time you are done with the program, you will have: ● Attended a minimum of 160 hours of interactive vs. “formal classroom” training (80 hours per year)● Completed at least one development assignment four to six months in length● Created a performance plan and received an annual performance review● Passed an annual review● Created an Individual Development Plan (IDP), used to set goals for time in the program● Received Executive Resource Board (ERB; or equivalent) certification that an individual has met all program requirements● Benefited from the assignment of a mentor● Gained eligibility for non- competitive conversion to a permanent or term position upon successful completion

Process and Schedule

New program regulations that went into effect on July 10, 2012, under the Pathways Program strive to make it easier for students and recent graduates to find job opportunities and to get experience working in

the Federal Government. The PMF Program falls under the Pathways banner and allows graduates to apply to the program in their final year of study, as well as for two years following their completion of their studies.

PMFs come from a variety of disciplines and graduate studies, such as master’s students, PhD recipients, and law students. In addition, the program is encouraging applicants from a wide array of backgrounds, including individuals with advanced degrees in humanities, sciences, information technology and whatever else you’ve chosen as your course of study. Many graduates with non- traditional backgrounds have harnessed the PMF program to jump- start very successful careers of service. Much depends on current needs within the federal government from one year to the next. Understanding current events will help give you a sense of staffing trends.

Changes to future program eligibility issues will be made available on the official PMF Program website (http://www.pmf.gov).

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http://www.usajobs.govhttp://www.pmf.govhttp://www.pmf.gov


Working With Your College / University AdvisorYour college and university advisors may be the best resources available to you along the process (in addition to this guide, of course!). Many university career advisors host an informational session at the beginning of each year to let students know about the PMF program and help them decide if the program is right for them. Others send out emails and direct students to materials on the internet. Find out who the career advisor for the PMF program is at your school and ask them for help in laying out a plan for your application. We’ll say it again: they will be one of the most valuable resources for you on the path to PMF.

Traditionally, the PMF program begins to accept applications every fall. Prospective participants are notified that applications are being accepted through an announcement from USAJOBS. Head on over to USAJOBS, set up your account, and get familiar with the system if you have not already done so. It is critical that you are familiar with the application process before you begin your application to become a PMF.

Once you have filled out the online application, you will be prompted to complete an online assessment. Based on your score from the online assessment, you will be named a semi-finalist and be invited to an in-person interview. If your score is high enough in the interview, you will be named a finalist and be eligible for a PMF appointment. At that point, you will attend a job fair to meet potential agencies, and be eligible to apply for job opportunities.

By the start of my final year in graduate school, I decided on pursuing a career in public service and I established my own network of PMF alumni and other contacts in federal agencies. I used my school’s resources, my own connections, and professional associations. These conversations really helped my preparation. PMF Class of 2011

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SECTION 2: WHY BE A PMF?According to the PMF alumni that we interviewed for this guide, the PMF program is the best way to start a public service career as it:

● Provides exposure to several federal agencies or departments through the built-in rotations.● Creates opportunities for making connections with peers and senior-level mentors. ● Offers dependable pay and benefits with a good balance of work and personal development.

PMFs also have the potential to work on projects they would never have access to in the private sector, while still enjoying the leeway to explore and find a niche in the federal government.

Other PMFs stress how great it looks on a resume, whether or not you accept the fellowship. You also have access to great jobs and training opportunities that are unavailable to most other federal employees.

From the Source: A Premier Opportunity

“It’s a great opportunity to experience working for the federal government, and it can open doors to many exciting opportunities if you’re willing to make the program work for you.” - Christopher Gee, PMF Class of 2005, Department of Homeland Security

“It’s the best possible way to enter government, as far as I’m concerned. Also, the fact that an agency is willing to pay a fee and commit to training in order to take you on means that they’re somewhat invested in your development as an employee and a person, more so than in the general hiring process.” -PMF Class 2008

“It is a great way to gain a broad understanding of management in the federal sector with opportunities to try out different jobs (through rotations) and with regular advancement opportunities.” - PMF Class 1982 “The PMF is the best way to get into the federal government, and the best way to get promoted within the federal government quickly, and so it is a program that our students look at very favorably.” - Matthew Upton, Director of Career Services, Bush School of Government & Public Service


“I encourage any and every U.S. student who is even remotely thinking about federal employment to throw their hat in the ring. Mostly, these are students interested in government work, but I’ve had several students apply and make it through the process who were not necessarily focused on this career path. It’s largely those focused on government work, however, who remain tenaciously committed to pursuing PMF positions well after the summer months. The others normally pursue and accept opportunities elsewhere.” -Tamara Golden, Career Consultant, University of California, San Diego

“Just the prestige of being a PMF Finalist gives you that leg up. I think folks who are

familiar with the program -- and understand what they had to go through to become a Finalist -- understand that this is the cream of the crop.” - Lisa Allison-Lee, Veterans Affairs, Agency Coordinator

“The Presidential Management Fellowship program enjoys considerable prestige within the government and constitutes a solid point of entry for those dedicated to pursuing careers in federal public service. For some agencies, the PMF program is the only viable avenue into entry level civil service positions. Additionally, PMF hires do well in the US government after the PMF ends because of the program’s rotational opportunities, 80 hours of optional training, and significant fast-tracking opportunities up the GS scale that are largely unavailable to other new hires.” - Peter Cowhey, Dean, School of International Relations and Pacific Studies, University of California, San Diego

It is a fabulous way to come into the government. Since entering in 1982 I have been in the government the whole time. I have hired probably 30 PMFs and I had more in different rotations. I have never had a bad experience. The program has the reputation now that you’re never going to get a bad person. I have three PMFs on my staff now -- probably more if I count former PMFs!

- Bev Goodwin, PMF Class 1982, General Service Administrator

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The federal service retention rate for PMFs has been

83-88% after three years 63-77% after five years

1 in 12 PMFs/PMIs between 1982 and 1989 joined the senior executive service

Source: http://www.naspaa.org/initiatives/Published%20Conference%20Summary.pdf

http://www.naspaa.org/initiatives/Published%20Conference%20Summary.pdfhttp://www.naspaa.org/initiatives/Published%20Conference%20Summary.pdf

application. If you were applying to the typical job you might be able to call and say ‘I tried to submit my resume by email, and didn’t get a response, did you receive it?’ You can’t do those types of things when you’re applying for PMF. You need to be a lot more detail-oriented in this application than you do in others.” - Kaleigh Emerson, PMF Class 2010, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.


SECTION 3: THE APPLICATIONHarness The Program. Be Assertive. Be Creative.

Completing the combined application and online assessment is your first step towards PMF success. You will need to submit your application and assessment documents between November 5 and 19, 2012.

● Make sure your resume is current and ready to submit● Get a copy of your graduate school transcript to upload (3MB size limit on all documents)● Look up your federal school code if you don’t know it already.● Don’t wait until the last minute to take the un-timed situational and behavioral questions, and the three required essays.

When you begin your application, you will be prompted to create a user name for login, and provide basic biographical information. Secondly, you will be asked to upload your resume and transcript. After submitting, you will reach a page warning that you are about to begin the online assessment section. If you wish, you are able to stop at this point and resume your progress later. It is recommended that you complete this section in one session. However, it is expected that this entire section - the application and online assessment - could take up to three hours, so make sure to manage your time accordingly.

Tips for completing the online assessment portion begin in the next section.

“It’s important to make sure that every step of the application is done accurately. I have several friends who would have been well-qualified, but they were not considered due to computer malfunction when submitting their initial

Top 4 Tips for Completing Your Application

START EARLY. Make sure that you have given yourself enough time to complete your online application. Past applicants have reported having trouble with the online submission system, such as not being able to save attachments - problems that can be easily taken care of by starting well in advance of the November 19 deadline.

HAVE YOUR LONG FORM FEDERAL RESUME READY. For those who will be applying to work in the federal government for the first time, make sure that you know the specific details about how to correctly create a federal resume. Check out GovLoop’s Rock Your Resume Group for examples. While you are allowed to submit a traditional resume, formatting in the government style will help ensure your qualifications are understood by federal hiring agents.

UNDERSTAND THE PMF PROGRAM. Know what your commitment will be when you are hired as a PMF fellow, and why you are motivated to apply. This is a good opportunity to start thinking about your “elevator pitch” -- quick talking points about yourself that will come in handy in later stages of the application as well.

HAVE SOMEONE LOOK OVER YOUR APPLICATION BEFORE SUBMITTING. This will cut down on small needless errors. Your career advisors would be good candidates for this type of assistance.

Application inquiries can be directed to [email protected]

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SECTION 4: THE ONLINE ASSESSMENTThe assessment portion of the application is untimed and unproctored, which means you can submit it any time between November 5 and 19, 2012.

The on-line assessment includes three components:

1) a video-based situational judgment assessment,2) a questionnaire designed to assess specific work styles and work-related characteristics required for success and fit in the PMF Program, and 3) essay questions.

The essays are collected during the application process, but factored into the in-person assessment.

“Many of the questions were repeated in slightly different ways to see if you would answer consistently. It felt like I was getting everything “wrong” but realistically there was probably no wrong answer. Many had an obvious answer as well, if you are able to work well with others and perform well on the job, etc.” - Elizabeth Fischer Laurie, PMF Class of 2011, General Services Administration

“The only thing you know for sure is that they are looking for leadership qualities. Just be honest. One of our online assessments was personality leadership. I’m not sure what it tested. We answered a lot of strange questions that you couldn’t prepare for - they weren’t knowledge-based so you just have to trust that you are a good candidate and answer those questions honestly.” - Ashley Cassels, PMF Class of 2010, Small Business Administration

Read a selection of sample questions below so that you will not be surprised when you see them on the assessment:

Sample Questions:● When you have an appointment, do you typically arrive: A) very early B) early C) on time D) late E) very late”

● Write an appropriate topic sentence for the following paragraph....

● After which sentence should the following text be broken into a new paragraph?

● Which of the following subjects did you get your lowest grade in during high school? (Biology, Math, Foreign Language...)

● Which of the following group of words include a misspelled word?

● How would your colleagues/peers describe you? How do they like your organizational skills?

● They also asked what you would do in specific situations that had an ethical slant--like whether

There have been some changes to the assessment process this year and the information we share below offers the unofficial input from interviews with past participants. Much of their advice and the sample questions are still relevant, but please be sure to read the official PMF Assessment Preparation Guide located at:http://www.pmf.gov/become-a-pmf/assessment-process.aspx


you would confront a co-worker who was doing something that you didn’t agree with, versus going directly to your supervisor.

● What grades did you receive in high school?● How often do you go out in the evenings?

● How strongly would you agree that people like you as a person?

● If your boss asks you to do something that is beyond your skill set, what do you do? 1.) Try your best to do it yourself. 2.) Find a colleague that can help you. 3.) Don’t do the assignment. Many scenario questions were asked, such as:

● If you were a manager, and one of your employees had issues and was not meeting work goals, and the employee’s stated reasons was a lack of training, what would you do? a) Publicly confront the employee in front of co-workers and berate him/her for not doing his/her job. b) Threaten to fire the employee if he/she doesn’t start doing a better job. c) Work with the employee to develop a training schedule to work on the necessary required skills. d) do nothing. A lot of the questions were trying to determine the potential PMF’s personality. While there are no right/wrong answers, the PMF program usually tries to look for well-balanced, sociable, intelligent, flexible people with a strong work ethic and an enthusiasm for getting the job done, and being creative to do so if necessary.

Overall, the most solid advice we can give you for the online assessment is: be yourself, don’t over-think questions, and write essays that showcase your motivation for public service.

“I did not do a whole lot of prep for [the online assessment]. We did receive a little practice guide that had a couple questions. I went through that multiple times. A former PMF suggested going through the LSAT practice book, so I did read through that. It was helpful to get me in that logical frame of mind. [My advice is to] just go sit in a library for an afternoon and read through the LSAT practice book to get the gist of how you’re supposed to be thinking on the logic portion of the assessment.” - Kaleigh Emerson, PMF Class of 2010, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

Advice from a Career Counselor:“What the PMF is looking for is collaborative team-builders. What they are not looking for are alpha personalities. I have seen some outstanding candidates who I knew were strong personalities get knocked out in the first round. I probably know about forty or forty-five PMFs, and with one exception, every single one of them is not an alpha personality. There is one person who seems to have slipped through the cracks, but the others are not. They are thoughtful, self-effacing people, total team players, fiercely committed to public service, patriots, and that is really what you need to be to be a PMF. You can’t make yourself into a personality that you’re not and if you think you’re a strong alpha personality, take the test and see what happens.”

As an applicant and semi-finalist you are evaluated on the following during the online and in-person assessments:

- problem solving- interpersonal skills

- oral communication- written communication

- public service motivation- personal accountability

- adaptability


SECTION 5: THE IN-PERSON ASSESSMENTIf you pass the online assessment, as a semi-finalist you will be invited to the in-person assessment. The in-person assessment is a half-day immersion experience that puts Semi-Finalists through a series of group and individual exercises designed to simulate “the day in the life” of a PMF. Candidates will interact with real issues and senior government leaders in four major components: Group Exercise, Press Conference, Behavioral Interview and a Writing Exercise. Semi-Finalists will be observed and evaluated by a panel of assessors in each exercise. The in-person assessment will last approximately five hours and is designed to be a challenging, highly engaging experience. While the schedule includes two short breaks, you should be prepared to have very little “downtime”. The 2013 in-person assessment locations are Atlanta, GA; Chicago, IL; Houston, TX; Los Angeles, CA; Miami, FL; and, Washington, DC Metro Area (to include Baltimore, MD). Semi-finalists travel and participate at their own expense. Plan on participating in a full day of activities. Below are a few examples of the types of questions you might encounter:

Show Off Your Skills During the In-Person Assessment, But Be a Team PlayerThe key for the in-person assessment is to stay calm and collected during the interview. The interview should take you about one hour. The panel of interviewers will be composed of two or three federal agency representatives. Be prepared

to answer questions that will demonstrate: ● your abilities to solve complex problems, ● your flexibility in the workplace, ● your motivations for applying to the PMF program, ● your interpersonal and oral communications skills. This is your time to shine as a potential PMF candidate. You have already made it this far, and you are getting closer to your PMF appointment.

Writing Exercise Example Questions: -What is your motivation for a career in public service? -Should the federal government charge people for using plastic bags instead of paper? -Should the government increase internet security protocols? -What motivates you?

Group Exercise and Behavioral Interview: Question prompts are of the same variety for both the group exercise and behavioral interview. -Tell us about something you have researched, written papers on, or are generally passionate about. -Tell us about union representation and whether or not workers should be allowed to unionize. -Take a position on a current event that you have read about and explain how you all would have solved that problem, or avoided an unfortunate outcome. -Suggest legislation that would benefit your future agency and tell why it would or would not be effective.

Be sure to review OPM’s official PMF Assessment Preparation Guide at www.pmf.gov/become-a-pmf/assessment-process.aspx


“When you go to the group interview, you don’t want try to outshine everyone else and put people down. You want to show how you collaborate with people. Even if someone says something really stupid, which they might in the interview, saying something like ‘well, that’s an interesting point, have you looked at it from this view?’ is a good approach. So you’re diplomatic, collaborative and building off what other people say.” - Bev Godwin, PMF Class of 1982, General Services Administration

In-Person Assessment Advice from PMFsHere are a few other nuggets of wisdom from people who’ve preceded you:

● The assessors are looking for good team players, who voice their opinions and make a meaningful contribution to the discussion, but who are cordial and who seem like they would be a solid colleague. - PMF Class of 2006

● Take a deep breath and relax before going into the assessment. Be well-rested and speak concisely. Respect your fellow applicants and allow them to speak during the assessment. - PMF Class of 1999

● Be a team player during the group presentation--that part is about how you handle and resolve team issues more than it is about your speech topic. It’s a long day--wear something that you can be comfortable in, but still look professional. - Jeni Webb, PMF Class of 2011, Department of Housing and Urban Development

● Make friends with your cohort of competitors that are taking the assessment with you -- everyone is highly qualified -- no need to be mean about it. Don’t feel bad if the assessors don’t look up or

appear to be curt. They are scribbling furiously to take down their impressions, but I think they have received special instructions on how they are and are/not supposed to interact with the interviewees. - PMF Class of 2011

● Stay calm. Don’t necessarily be swayed by the other applicants (everyone has their own idea of how the process works, what they are looking for, or what they have “heard” through the grapevine). - PMF Class of 2011

● Be well-groomed, clean and neat. Prepare by reading op-eds in major newspapers on a variety of topics. Remember to make eye contact, engage others, answer clearly and articulately and be on point. Demonstrate that you are a leader, but also a team player. - Bridget Shea Westfall, PMF Class of 2005, Department of Health and Human Services

In-Person Assessment Advice from Career Advisors:● The interviewers will tell you exactly how much time you have to answer each question. Keep your answers concise – be sure to answer the question posed to you, but don’t ramble and think you have to take up the entire amount of time allotted.

● Some interviewers were friendly, some were stone-faced. You need to be ready to perform at your best even if you’re not being given the normal body language or facial cues that might otherwise provide you with positive reinforcement. - Tamara Golden, Career Consultant, University of California, San Diego ● The assessors are looking for good team players, who voice their opinions and make a meaningful contribution to the discussion, but who are cordial and who seem like they would be good to work with. - Career Advisor ● Don’t try to compete with those around you. Treat it as you would the work environment and act accordingly. If you have a group assessment engage as you would if these were your colleagues. - Career Advisor


Congratulations: You’ve Been Named A Finalist!

If you pass the in-person assessment and are selected as a Finalist, you will be invited to participate in the Job Fair. Notification of your Finalist status is typically sent via email in late January. Below is a bit more statistical information about the types of people who are selected as Finalists.

One quick note before you peruse the tables and graphs below: Even if you see that your school, your degree or your target agency is under-represented in the data below, do not be discouraged. Apply anyway and give it your all! The PMF application process is designed to reward merit, so you have just as solid a chance of success as anyone else.

Increasingly Selected Law Students

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Perce

ntage

of To

tal Fi

nalis

ts

Year

Schools of Public AffairsColleges of Law

Source: Graham Drake, University of Kentucky

An increasing number of law school students are applying and attaining Finalist status over the past decade. In fact, the PMF Class of 2012 had an almost equal number of finalists from law schools (160) and schools of public affairs, public policy or public administration (163). For more information about this trend, please check out this blog post: http://www.govloop.com/profiles/blogs/applying-to-the-presidential-management-fellows-pmf-program-does-


Data for University locations where PMFs semi-finalists and finalists come from:

Source: http://pmfellow.blogspot.com/

http://pmfellow.blogspot.com/


What Did the 2012 Finalists Study?Field of Study NumberLaw (JD or other law degree) 160Public Affairs/Policy 83Public Administration 80International Affairs/Administration/Studies 68Business Management/Administration 46Health Administration/Public Health 26International Development/Trade 26Security Policy/Studies 16Environmental Sciences/Natural Resources 14Environmental Policy/Studies 13Social Work 11Community/Regional Planning/Development 10Political Science 10Other Subject Areas 9Policy Analysis 9Engineering 8History 8Biological Sciences 6Diplomacy 6Management 6National Security 6Conflict Analysis/Resolution 5

Which Schools Placed the Most Finalists in 2012?Georgetown University 24George Washington University 23American University 20University of Michigan-Ann Arbor 18Harvard John F Kennedy Schl of Govt 17George Mason University 14Emory University 13George Washington Univ Nat Law Ctr 13Tufts University 10Univ of London-London School Econ 10University of California-Berkeley 10John Hopkins Univ Sch Advan Int St 9Univ Maryland Clg Park 9Univerisyt of Minnesota-Twin Cities 9Yale Univ Sch Forestry Environ Std 9Columbia Univ Sch Intl Pub Affairs 8University of Denver 8University of Georgia 8University of Wisconsin-Madison 8Duke Univ-School of Public Service 7

Where Were PMF Finalists Placed in 2012? Department of Health and Human Services 79Department of State 40Homeland Security 25Veterans Affairs 19Department of Agriculture 18Department of Housing and Urban Development 16Department of the Treasury 15Defense 13Interior 12International Development 11Financial Protection Bureau 10Energy 10Labor 10Transportation 9President 6Personnel Management 5

TAKE NOTE: Once you have been named a Finalist, you now have to get hired into a PMF position, pass a background investigation, and go through the agency’s on-boarding process. It can take several months on top of that to pass a security clearance for those positions that require it.

Agency PMF Program Coordinators strongly suggested that candidates view the Projected Positions System (PPS) for available positions for PMF finalists. The PPS is a way for agencies to advertise available PMF appointments and is only for current PMF finalists. Check frequently as new positions are posted and change often throughout the year.

Please also remember that: • Finalists have 12 months from the date they are selected as Finalists to be appointed to agency positions as Fellows• Employment policies and incentives are determined by individual agencies• Finalists who are current graduate students must complete advanced degree requirements prior to onboarding

Source: http://www.pmf.gov

https://www.pmf.opm.gov/JobSearch/results.aspxhttps://www.pmf.opm.gov/JobSearch/results.aspxhttp://www.pmf.gov


SECTION 6: THE JOB FAIRThe PMF Job Fair is where Finalists begin the process of finding their appointment. Typically, the job fair is held in Washington, DC, and includes dozens of agency representatives that are there for one reason: discovering someone like you. Many participants find their appointments during the job fair. Others use the fair to learn more about agencies to inform their decision-making process. Ultimately, the job fair is your best shot at meeting agency representatives and nailing down your appointment.

Should You Attend the Fair?

One question some finalists ask is: how important is it to attend the job fair? There are a couple considerations to think about:

● Are the agencies you are interested in going to be there? Some agencies only attend the job fair if they know they are going to be hiring a PMF. Others don’t attend the job fair. Call them and ask if they will be there.

● Are you interested in working in Washington DC, or do you want to work elsewhere? Most federal government agencies are headquartered in the Washington DC area and have regional offices located around the country. A few agencies are headquartered outside of DC and you should try to schedule an interview with them if you’re interested in a particular locality, but it’s always good to get face time with headquarters.

“I recommend going if you can afford it. It’s a really good place to get a sense of what agencies are out there and the breadth of agencies. I know my year HUD was taking a ton of finalists, so it’s very interesting to see what opportunities are there. It’s also nice to put faces with names. It gives you an opp to have in-person interviews without having to pass phone interviews first. So I would go in with probably like three different goals.The first goal is to get a job, but you might want to have two other goals in case it doesn’t work out. The second goal is to get interview practice - I would suggest doing mock interviews beforehand. Third, use it as a chance to learn about agencies. I was not familiar with jobs in the federal government before the job fair. This was my first interview to see agencies. I asked a lot of questions in my interviews. I wanted to learn more about the agencies rather than get a job right away. I would go home and process what I learned, then look for more positions in those agencies later.” -Kaleigh Emerson, PFM Class of 2010, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

We don’t go if we don’t have an opening to fill. If we’re there, we’re looking to hire and we’re looking for the best person. We’re usually very anxious to fill that position. -Bev Godwin, PMF Class of 1982, General Services Administration

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Here are some other reasons why finalists don’t want to miss the fair:● The fair is an awesome opportunity to improve your interview skills. Interview after interview for several days straight really cranks up your game a notch or two, and it makes for fun story-telling down the line.

● Some interviewers will let you interview at their offices, which helps avoid the craziness and rush of the job fair. If you can, we recommend scheduling your flight so that you can be in DC, and available for interviews either the day before or the day after the fair.

● The fair is an excellent opportunity to meet people. Never again will that many PMFs from your cohort be in the same place at the same time and it will give you the chance to make some connections that could be useful down the road.

● Even if you’re not looking for a position in DC; even if you think you have something lined up already, the job fair is an unparalleled opportunity. You can get insights into agency culture, information on the day-to-day duties of various positions, and meet a whole lot of interesting people (both formally and at the many happy hours).

● You may find out about an agency or a job that you hadn’t previously considered, but ends up being a good fit. Many agencies also have PMFs working their booths, so it’s a good opportunity to talk to them and find out what it’s like to be a PMF in their office and agency.

● If you are hoping for a job in DC, it’s good to attend the job fair because there might be opportunities to tour facilities and meet employees. You never know - you might like an agency until you see where you’ll work...and you might just want to reconsider based on your future digs (or dive).

THE BOTTOM LINE: DON’T MISS IT!

You will be expected to cover all of your expenses for the job fair. Of course, your return on investment is landing that sweet GS-11 or GS-12 opportunity and getting your public sector career started off on the right foot - so spend the money to get there if you’re out of town. You won’t regret it.

Before the Fair: Do Your HomeworkHere are three important steps to take before the job fair:

1. Research agencies that interest you. Let’s face it: government’s big. Your options are immense. You will want to learn as much as you can about prospective agencies in advance so that you can speak knowledgeably to their representative at the fair.

“The applicant should do research up front to know which agencies they are interested in...and then be sure to go and talk to people at that booth, but also to be open that maybe they haven’t heard of. They likely don’t know every agency. You can go online and look up the government manual to learn about the mission of every government agency...there are some interesting small agencies or offices within agencies that do really cool things. So be open to other things and spend time talking to as many people as you can.” - PMF Class of 1982, General Services Administration

2. Prioritize your top picks. Once you’ve done your homework on your favorite agencies, it’s always a good practice to rank them in the


order of where you most want to work - and don’t just think about your appointment, but where you might want to launch and spend your career.

3. Don’t wait for the fair to make contact. If you are showing up to the job fair and expecting to set up an interview with the State Department, or one of the other big agencies, you will be too late. Ask your career advisor for contact information for past PMFs from your school who have a connection with that agency. Try to schedule your most sought after interviews ahead of time. Check the Projected Position System (PPS) website for PMF positions that may interest you. Email and/or call the designated point of contact (this is not always the PMF Agency Coordinator) for any PMF position for which you wish to interview as spots are limited.

4. Get your professional house in order. Ask your Career Advisor or other trusted person to: review your resume (make sure your resume is free of grammatical and typographical errors). Practice interview questions with you. Look over supplemental materials that show your skills (policy memos you’ve written for school, outreach materials you’ve prepared for a previous job). Practice introducing yourself to recruiters (how can you tell your professional story in 1-2 sentences?) Make sure your

resume tells a coherent story. Even if you’ve done a lot of different things, help recruiters find the thread. A couple introductory bullets at the top can make all the difference. Bring a condensed one page version of your resume.

5. Ask yourself some tough questions. Review the floor plan and think about who you want to talk to most. What are the top things you’re looking for? What are you willing to compromise on?

6. Print out copies of your resume. You will want to be able to hand these out to everyone from an agency you meet.

The night before:7. Rest up. You will have a hectic few days and for those coming to DC from outside the area, you’ll likely be jet-lagged and in unfamiliar settings. 8. Make yourself comfortable. Pack snacks water, coffee, whatever you’ll need. Buy or bring clothing that is both professional and comfortable (you will be on your feet all day). Get a bag that looks good, but can hold a lot of stuff comfortably. Figure out the Metro system and do not rely on cabs as they are very slow! http://wmata.com

Tips from former PMFsSet up some interviews ahead of time with preferred agencies.

Stay the whole time if you can.

Get a place to sleep that’s close to the convention center so you don’t have much travel time.

Make sure you have internet access.

Have plenty of updated resumes and business cards.

A few writing samples are good but you don’t need as many of those.

Talk to everyone, you never know what agency may have a niche for you.

Be ready to follow up with thank you notes for all interviews (ask for business cards to have contact info). Email is OK for these.

http://wmata.com


At The Fair:

● Consider the size of the agency, its mission, and the experience you hope to gain. At smaller agencies you may have the opportunity to make more immediate impact and receive leadership opportunities, but you may not have as many resources (training, technology, fellow PMFs) available to you. At larger agencies you may have all the resources you need but you may not get the immediate leadership opportunities. ● The morning of the first day you will hand out a million resumes - bring plenty! (There is a Kinkos if you need to print more, but the lines will be long). Talk to folks about the agencies and openings, etc. Later in the day your cell phone will start ringing with agencies trying to interview you that evening or the following day. If you can push the interview to the day after the job fair and offer to meet at their offices, it may be helpful (to both them and you), but go ahead and schedule it during the job fair if you can’t. ● Look at the PMF website and contact offices that have posted jobs that may interest you. Many PMFs do this and have interviews already set up before they walk into the job

fair. This way you can interview with those offices, and check out other offices at the job fair, all at the same time.

● Try very hard to keep the first 60-90 minutes in the morning of the second interview day open. This time is the time to hit agencies that you definitely want to talk to, but don’t have time to get to on day one (there will be a few).

For those finalists who don’t have a sure sense of the agencies they want to pursue, the Job Fair is a good opportunity to see who is there and what kinds of positions are available. Some agencies only attend the job fair when they have a specific role or job that they need filled. If you are going in with an open mind as to where you want to work or what kind of work you will be doing, you may find opportunities at the job fair that you won’t know about if you don’t attend.

I had a short list of agencies in my mind, but I did keep an open mind and I ended up at an agency I had never heard of until I walked past the booth at the job fair. I had never heard of it, but I really liked the vibe that they had. -Steve Morris, PMF Class of 2009, Small Business Administration

Tips from former PMFsPrepare concise bullets of your experience that is pertinent to the positions.

Contact agencies that haven’t posted on the Projected Positions System (PPS).

It’s difficult to authentically and enthusiastically explain your qualifications for the eighth time in two days. So, schedule the important interviews first, and do everything you can to schedule interviews before the job fair, particularly if you’re local.

Bring a water bottle and snacks; plenty of pens, notebook pages, resumes, business cards, letters of recommendation, and writing samples.

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https://www.pmf.opm.gov/JobSearch/results.aspxhttps://www.pmf.opm.gov/JobSearch/results.aspx


Again, we would urge you to figure out which agencies you’re most interested in well in advance of the fair. Contact those agencies and try to set up interviews before, during, or after the event itself. If an agency doesn’t have information about past PMFs, do some research yourself and look up current contacts within the agency and be in touch with them.

After the Job Fair: Managing Job OffersManaging the job fair is tricky, but the real work comes in managing the job offers. We recommend that you not accept the first job offer unless you have taken some time to do some due diligence about the job first. Probably the biggest mistake people make is to get really excited about getting a job offer and then accept it right away.

It’s pretty important to do a lot of research about the position, agency, etc. Many people accept offers without meeting their new direct supervisor - unsurprisingly, a lot of them are unhappy in their positions now. This seems obvious, but a lot of PMFs get caught up in the excitement of the fair and getting job offers, and neglect to make sure what the work environment is really going to be like. Here are some more helpful tips.

● Don’t be surprised if you get job offers during the job fair. Don’t immediately accept if it isn’t your first choice. Some agencies will take longer to make job offers and you don’t want to accept prematurely and then have to backtrack when something you like better comes along. ● Don’t feel like you have to accept then and there. Some folks feel pressure to take jobs on the spot, before having a chance to talk to their families or hear other offers from other agencies. Think about it like this - if a person is asking you to make a life-changing decision in 5 minutes, what will they be like to work for? ● Ask for some time to consider the offer and be considerate of the agency’s time. If you are offered a job on Day One but you have more interviews scheduled on Day Two, the offering agency would understand if you requested an additional day to respond. ● Offer deadlines can sometimes be extended, but it is up to the agency. Generally speaking, most offers are awarded at the job fair or soon thereafter so there is no benefit in holding out for additional offers if you already have received multiple offers.

● Give them a time frame and stick to it. Be respectful of their desire to acquire as close to their top choice as possible, and if you know immediately or sooner than agreed upon that you do not intend to accept, let them know as soon as possible. ● ...but if you really wanted that one from the outset, go for it! If you receive an offer (ask for the offer in writing!) from an agency you are genuinely interested in working for, and you are impressed by their PMF Program and the type of work you will be doing there as a fellow, accept the offer. Then inform all of the other agencies you have accepted another offer so that those opportunities can be made to other finalists. ● Don’t be shy, call if you want to learn the results. If you haven’t heard from the organization that is your first choice, then call the POC and ask if you have made their final list. ● Get a sense of security (clearances, that is): If you’re offered a position that requires a security clearance that you don’t have yet, understand that you may have to wait a year or more! Definitely get another job in the meantime, so you can afford to eat while you wait; however, you will have up to one year from being selected to secure an appointment.


SECTION 7: THE JOBFollow up after the career fair with all the agencies that impressed you. Continue being diligent as long as necessary. If you are not called back for any interviews, get on the phone or computer and be in touch with all the agencies that are still posting positions for which you are qualified.

“This was the hardest part of the whole process. It took me five or six months to secure a position. I was named a finalist in March and then it was August before I accepted my position. I went to graduate school right out of undergrad so I was lacking full time work experience, which made me very anxious. I was having phone interviews and either wasn’t liking the positions I was offered or wasn’t getting the positions that I did like, so it was very anxiety provoking. There was a sense amongst my friends and I that once we became finalists, the hard work is over, and that is definitely not the case. I would say that the hard work is just beginning.

You have to be really patient and not start stressing until December. It’s hard to not have a job for that long but federal government hiring managers are working on a different timeline than the job seeker. So try to find some part-time work between grad school and a PMF position. I know several people who were offered positions in early summer, but I was volunteering and asked ‘can I start in November?’ Be patient. Positions will open up!” - Kaleigh Emerson, PMF Class of 2010, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services

How long does it take to find a PMF job?Anywhere from a few days after an interview, right up to the one year mark, with a majority of offers coming two to three months after an interview.

What advice do you have for those who are having trouble finding a PMF job?Be open to all different agencies, not just the most popular/famous ones. It is often better to be a big fish in a small pond then a small fish in a big pond.

What if I have trouble finding a job?● “I was not placed for ten months, during which time I turned down three offers (and was not chosen for many more) before taking my final (dream!) job. Stay positive and remember that the right job is worth the wait!” - Jessica Cagley, PMF Class of 2010, U.S. Agency for International Development

● “My advice to new and future PMFs is: if you have a place or an issue area you know you want to work on, and they don’t have an advertised opening, it may be because they don’t know about the program. In addition to what vacancies people put post, it doesn’t hurt to also research and explore and interview at other agencies and then tell them about the PMF program.” - Bev Godwin, PMF Class 1982, GSA


● “If you are 3-6 months into the process and not finding a position, it may be important to look at whether you are you being too narrow in your search. Are you ruling out jobs that would develop solid transferrable skills but not in your preferred agency? Are you thinking you need the perfect job from your first PMF appointment? Budget, human resources, and project management skills are portable from agency to agency and foundational skills for leaders. Most PMFs will tell you that the program is about access. Get into an agency, focus on skill development, and maximize the rotation and leadership development opportunities to network, explore, and position yourself for work in a preferred agency or office.” - Jennifer Niggemeier, Director of Graduate Career Services & Alumni Relations, Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy

How do I determine what location is right for me?● “The only aspect that people have to appreciate is that in government the headquarters and the field are two different atmospheres and they have to appreciate that if they are not at headquarters, they are in a different realm. Sometimes at headquarters, they have higher pay or higher grade levels than in the field. Ultimately, if you

really want to work with people, being in the field is more rewarding than just being in the office and talking about policy.” -Robert W e i s b e r g , PMF Class of 2001, Depa r tmen t of Housing and Urban Development ● “After having been through my PMF experience, I would recommend that people try to be in DC. That’s where the most networking opportunities are, where the training and all the mentoring takes place. If you want to go to a regional office after your two years in PMF, you can do it, but I would recommend spending those two years in DC or at least at a headquarters office. For instance, CDC is in Atlanta...so DC or headquarters.” - Kaleigh Emerson, PMF Class 2010, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services ● “The agency’s location wasn’t as important as the opportunity to travel was. I asked about this in my interviews.” - PMF Class of 1998

● “I hoped to be in DC but I was willing to take almost any agency. It is better to get in as a PMF and learn from your initial position even if it is not a perfect fit. You can often transfer either

within your agency or even to another agency as a PMF.” - PMF Class of 2011, ● “Location and agency were a big concern. I ended up in DC even though I was trying to find placements elsewhere. “ - PMF Class of 2011

● “For those who do not particularly want to live in DC, I still highly recommend spending the 2 years of the PMF in Washington. In agencies with numerous PMFs, the rotation process, promotion process, and networking go more smoothly. Also, the PMF community is much more active in DC. These benefits are invaluable, and can help you transition out of DC into a job/location you are interested in long-term. Rotations out of DC can also help with that transition.” - PMF Class of 2008

After You’ve Nailed Down Your AppointmentOnce you have received your appointment, the PMF Coordinator for your agency will update your status online and provide a start date for your Fellowship. You will still need to clear a background check and complete your graduate studies to begin your position as a PMF Fellow. Other than that, it looks like you made it. Well done!

SECTION 8: WHAT’S NEXT?After you land the placement and find yourself working as a PMF, be sure to make the most of the experience. Get to know your colleagues - both your fellow PMFs and the agency employees you meet throughout your fellowship. Take advantage of the opportunities for training and mentorship, and strive to understand the strategic plans and goals of the agencies where you gain exposure.

One advisor also cautioned PMFs to “stay humble.” When you are named to such a prestigious position, it’seasy to fall into a sense of self-importance that, if not handled appropriately, can alienate your new colleagues.

Remain ambitious, but be respectful of people who have likely spent a significant amount of their career doing their best to make a difference in a spirit of service to their country. Seek to learn from everyone and strive to contribute in ways that add value. So that’s it! That’s all that you need to know about the PMF application process in 25 pages or less. We hope this guide and the accompanying web-based resources at http://pathtopmf.com were helpful to you.

In fact, would you do us a favor? If you used this guide and it helped you to become a Finalist, would you let us know? Send an email to [email protected] and tell your story.

Who knows? Maybe you will be passing along your own hard-won advice to the next generation of PMFs.

We wish you the best in the application process - and sincerely hope that you’re one of them.

“Now in the later years of my career, [being a PMF is] almost like a badge of honor. Many times I’ll be in a meeting and somebody’s talking about someone they’re going to hire and say “and they’re a PMF” and I’ll say “well, I was one” and they’ll be like “oh, that’s cool!” So it’s sort of like you’ve been in an Ivy League school and it tells people something about you that helps you throughout your career.” - Bev Godwin, PMF Class 1982, General Services Administration


http://pathtopmf.comhttp://www.rffg.orghttp://www.govloop.com

SECTION 9: ADDITIONAL RESOURCES

Robertson Foundation for Government www.rffg.org

GovLoop - Knowledge Network for Government www.govloop.com

Official Presidential Management Fellows Program www.pmf.gov

PMF Listservhttp://listserv.opm.gov/wa.exe?SUBED1=PMF&A=1

Government Pathways for Students and Recent Graduates www.opm.gov/hiringreform/pathways/

National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA) http://www.naspaa.org/

USA Jobs www.usajobs.gov/

PMF Fellows Blog www.pmfellow.blogspot.com/

Presidential Management Alumni Group www.pmag.org/pmf_resources.htm

Judith Labiner, Brookings Institution: “Looking for the Future Leaders of Government? Don’t Count on PMI’s” www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2003/08/22governance-labiner

Graham Drake, University of Kentucky: “Evaluating the Presidential Management Fellows Program” www.martin.uky.edu/Capstones_2010/Drake.pdf

Laurel McFarland, NASPAA: “Blazing Graduate Pathways into Federal Service” www.govexec.com/pdfs/040910ar1.pdf

PATH TO PMF WEBSITE www.pathtopmf.com


http://www.rffg.orghttp://www.govloop.comhttp://www.govloop.comhttp://www.pmf.govhttp://www.pmf.govhttp://pmf.gov/news-events/pmf-listserv.aspxhttp://www.govexec.com/pdfs/040910ar1.pdfhttp://listserv.opm.gov/wa.exe?SUBED1=PMF&A=1http://www.opm.gov/hiringreform/pathways/http://www.opm.gov/hiringreform/pathways/http://www.usajobs.gov/http://www.usajobs.gov/http://www.naspaa.org/http://www.usajobs.gov/http://www.usajobs.gov/http://www.pmfellow.blogspot.com/http://www.pmfellow.blogspot.com/http://www.pmag.org/pmf_resources.htmhttp://www.pmag.org/pmf_resources.htmhttp://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2003/08/22governance-labinerhttp://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2003/08/22governance-labinerhttp://www.martin.uky.edu/Capstones_2010/Drake.pdfhttp://www.martin.uky.edu/Capstones_2010/Drake.pdfhttp://www.govexec.com/pdfs/040910ar1.pdfhttp://www.govexec.com/pdfs/040910ar1.pdfhttp://www.pathtopmf.com

October 2012

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