Hyponatremia Resulting from Adrenal Insufficiency.pdf

30
Trina Banerjee

Transcript of Hyponatremia Resulting from Adrenal Insufficiency.pdf

Page 1: Hyponatremia Resulting from Adrenal Insufficiency.pdf

Trina Banerjee

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Outline

Categories of Adrenal Insufficiency

Pathophysiology:

Hyponatremia in general

Glucocrticoid deficiency

Aldosterone deficiency

Diagnosis

Clinical Presentation

Treatment

Summary

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Categories of Adrenal Insufficiency

Primary:

Affects the Adrenal Glands

Results in Deficiency of Glucocorticoids and  Aldosterone

Secondary:

Affects the Hypothalamus or pituitary

Results in Deficiency of glucocorticoids

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Pathophysiology: Water  Reabsorption

Fluid volume must be delivered to the distal 

Diluting segment of the nephron

NaCl must be reabsorbed in the water impermeable 

thick ascending limb 

Water must be permeable in the cortical and 

medullary collecting  ducts

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Pathophysiology:  ADH

ADH binds to the V2 receptor, which is coupled to a 

guanine‐nucleotide‐binding protein Gs

Adenyl cyclase is activated, leading to increased 

cAMP

Protein Kinase A is activated, which phosphorylates 

the serine 256 residue at the C‐terminus of aquaporin  2

Aquaporin 2 is  then translocated to the apical 

membrane of the collecting duct

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General Pathophysiology

Decrease in cardiac output and reduction in systemic 

BP through unknown mechanisms , resulting in  stimulus of ADH 

Cortisol acts as a negative feedback mechanism on 

both CRH and ADH.

ADH is cosecreted with CRF by the paraventricular  nuclei.

If there is no cortisol the amount of ADH can continue  to increase 

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Oelkers et al

Purpose:  Are AVP levels  increased in patients with 

hypopituitarism?

Retrospective study looking at 5 women with 

diagnosed hypopituitarism who were hospitalized  with symptomatic hyponatremia

All patients were normovolemic and had 

unsuccessfully received saline to reverse their  hyponatremia

All patients had high ADH levels, which normalized 

after cortisone

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Kim et. al

Purpose:  How do glucocorticoids affect AVP 

transciption

1 kb upstream of the transcription site for the AVP 

gene promoter  are  regulatory genes:  GRE, CRE, and  four binding sites for transcription factor activating 

protein 2 (AP2)

Created different constructs of AVP:  deleting GRE, 

GRE and CRE, or GRE, CRE, and 2 AP2s

Deletion of GRE increased AVP

Concluded Glucocorticoids normally act on GRE to 

inhibit AVP

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Chen et. al

Purpose: Looked at the effect of glucocorticoid 

deficiency on urinary concentrating ability

18 rats with bilateral adrenalectomies:

9 rats were given back aldosterone and dexamethasone  (CTL)

9 rats only received aldosterone (GD)

Rats underwent a 36 hour water deprivation

AVP levels were the same for both control and GD 

rats

Na/K/2Cl , AQP‐2 and UT‐A1 were decreased in the 

GD rats compared to CTL

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Wang et. al

Purpose: Looked at the effect of glucocortcoid 

deficiency on urinary diluting ability

25 rats divided into 2 groups, 12 control animals and 13 

glucocorticoid deficient

Observed for 12 days, then with water loading, then 

following administration of a V2 antagonist

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Wang et. al cont.

GD rats:   impaired water excretion, higher urine 

osmolarity and higher urine to plasma osmolarity  ratio compared to controls

GD rats:  increase in NHE3, Na/K/2Cl, AQP 2 and 

AQP 3 compared to controls

Following water loading, the level of AQP was higher 

in the GD rats than the control rats, this reversed with  V2 antagonists

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General Pathophysiology

Salt wasting and volume depletion result in 

hypovolemia which stimulates the release of ADH via  carotid baroreceptors 

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Ohara et. al

Purpose:   Examine the effect of selective 

mineralcorticoid deficiency in the rat on ion, urea,  and aquaporin water channels

Three groups of rats were adrenalectomized:

Group 1 (CTL) in which both mineralcorticoid and  glucocorticoids were replaced

Group 2 in which glucocorticoids were replaced and  and rats were only drinking water (MDW)

Group 3 in which glucocorticoids were replaced and  rats were only drinking saline (MDS). 

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Ohara et. Al cont

MDW rats had a downregulation of Na/K/2Cl and 

Na/K ATPase and an upregulation of AQP 2 and 3  compared to MDS or CTL

Indicates that the changes seen in mineralcorticoid 

depletion are mainly  the  result of sodium depletion

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Diagnosis

Serum cortisol level:

Most patients with severe hyponatremia are in the ICU  and the normal range of plasma cortisol in unstressed 

healthy patients is a “yardstick of limited value”

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Clinical Presentation

Diederich et. al:

Retrospective review of 28 patients with hyponatremia  secondary to secondary adrenal insufficiency between 

1981 and 2000

Serum sodium at admission ranged from 105‐127  mmol/L

Mean plasma osmolarity was 256+/‐16 mosm/kg

Urine osmolarity (n=14) was 399 +/‐

108

Urinary sodium (n=11) was 110+/‐

49 

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Treatment

Volume repletion to turn off ADH

Glucocoticoid

Deficiency:

V2 receptor antagonists

Physiologic Cortisol

Replacement with Hydrocortisone  or Cortisone acetate

Aldosterone

Deficiency:

Replacement of aldosterone

Maintaining sodium balance

V2 receptor antagonists improve hyponatremia, but will  not completely reverse it

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Conclusion

Glucocorticoid

Deficiency:

Hyponatremia

results from elevated levels of ADH, as a  result of decreased cardiac output and SVR, as well as 

upregulation

of Na/K/2Cl, AQP2, and AQP 3

Aldosterone

Deficiency:

Hyponatremia

results from salt wasting, as well as  upregulation

of aquaporin

2 and 3

Largely reversible by maintaining a normal sodium  state