Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy state of the art
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Barry J. Maron, MD
Director, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center
Minneapolis Heart Institute Foundation
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Disclosures:
Medtronic (Grantee)
GeneDx (Consultant)
State of the Art:
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
2015
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New HCM Paradigms:
1. Contemporary Treatable Disease
Compatible w/ Low Mortality &
Extended/Normal Longevity
2. RX Interventions Change Clinical
Course of Disease
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“At this time we are aware of no method
of management that can specifically and
favorably influence the course of a patient
with idiopathic ventricular hypertrophy.”
Eugene Braunwald
Edwin C. Brockenbrough
Andrew G. Morrow
Circulation, Volume XXVI, August 1962
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0
5
10
15
20
25
70 years 75 years 80 years 90 years
Survival to Advanced Age in HCM: Many (Most) Patients Don’t Require Much (Anything)
% H
CM
Pati
en
ts
Survival Age
19%
14%
8%
2%
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Sudden
Death Progressive
Heart Failure
AF
&
Stroke
End-
Stage
Profiles in Prognosis for HCM
Benign/Stable
(normal longevity)
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HCM
(36%)
Coronary
Anomalies
(17%)
Dilated CM (2%)
Sudden Death in Young Athletes
Maron, BJ et. al.
Circulation 2009;
119:1085-1092
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Prevention of Sudden Death in HCM
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Highest
Intermediate
Lowest
2° prevention
Cardiac arrest/sustained VT
1° prevention
Family history HCM-SD
Unexplained syncope
Multiple-repetitive NSVT (Holter)
Abnormal exercise BP response
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Massive LVH ≥ 30 mm
Rare subgroups/potential arbitrators
End-stage (EF < 50%)
LV apical aneurysm
Marked LV outflow obstruction (rest)
Modifiable
Intense competitive sports
CAD
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Age ≥ 60y
Alcohol septal ablation (?)
ICD
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Maron BJ et. al.
JAMA 2007
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Alive Non-
Cardiac
Death
Non-HCM
Cardiac
Death
Embolic
Stroke
Heart
Failure
SCD
% o
f H
CM
Co
ho
rt
65%
13% 12%
2% 1%
0.2%/y
Outcome of HCM Patients First Evaluated ≥ 60 Years
1%
HCM Death
Aging is Good in HCM
Maron BJ et. al.
Circ 2013; 127: 585
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Intermediate
Low Risk
Risk Stratification for Sudden Death in HCM
Moderate
High
No risk factors
Family history of sudden death
Nonsustained VT
Unexplained syncope
Extreme LVH
Abnormal BP response to Ex
0.5%/year
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VS
LV
A B
C
LGE as the Only Risk Factor
Maron BJ et. al.
AJC 2008; 101(4):544-7
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L
G
E
LGE LGE
Extent of LGE vs. Sudden Death Risk in HCM
Follow-up (years)
Su
rviv
al
LGE (-) LGE < 10%
LGE 10-20%
LGE > 20%
Chan RH et. al.
Circ 2014; 130(6):
484-95
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Highest
Intermediate
Lowest
2° prevention
Cardiac arrest/sustained VT
1° prevention
Family history HCM-SD
Unexplained syncope
Multiple-repetitive NSVT (Holter)
Abnormal exercise BP response
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Massive LVH ≥ 30 mm
Rare subgroups/potential arbitrators
End-stage (EF < 50%)
LV apical aneurysm
Marked LV outflow obstruction (rest)
Modifiable
Intense competitive sports
CAD
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Age ≥ 60y
Alcohol septal ablation (?)
ICD
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Evidence for Decreased
HCM Mortality:
1000 Patients Presenting
in Mid-Life (30-59y)
MHIF/Tufts
What is Possible…..
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
General Population "Historic Mortality"
0.8%/y
32 ICD
interventions
% D
ea
th P
er
Year
1.5%/y
Maron BJ et. al.
JACC in press
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
General Population "Historic Mortality"
0.8%/y
% D
eath
Per
Year
0.8%/y
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
General Population "Historic Mortality"
0.8%/y
14
Transplants
% D
eath
Per
Year
0.8%/y
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
General Population "Historic Mortality"
% D
eath
Per
Year
0.8%/y
0.6%/y
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
General Population "Historic Mortality"
0.8%/y
6 OHCA
(with
hypothermia) % D
eath
Per
Year
0.6%/y
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0.8%/y
0.5%/y
Current Mortality
2014
% D
eath
Per
Year
p = 0.46
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.5%/y
Current Mortality
2014
Advanced
Heart Failure
(n = 21)
SCD
(n = 15)
% D
eath
Per
Year
Stroke (n=1)
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.5%/y
Current Mortality
2014
Advanced
Heart Failure
(n = 21)
SCD
(n = 15)
% D
eath
Per
Year
Stroke (n=1)
15 SCDs but…
5 declined ICD
7 pre-ICD era
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Sudden
Death
Advanced
HF
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Paradigm Change in Causes of Death: Advanced Heart Failure w/o
Obstruction (transplant/transplant candidates)
All HCM Patients
Current Causes of HCM Mortality (2015)
3%
(60%)
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Surgical Septal Myectomy:
Quality of Life/Survival
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Years Post-op
Su
rviv
al
Isolated Myectomy Nonoperated obstructive Expected ---US population P<0.001
83%
61%
Ommen S et. al.
JACC 2006
(Operative mortality: 0.4%)
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CONTEMPORARY HCM MORTALITY
BY AGE: MHIF/Tufts
2015
<29 y 30-59 y >60 y Total
No.
Patients 474 1000 428 1902
HCM
Mortality 0.5%/y 0.5%/y 0.6%/y 0.5%/y
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Estimated Decrease in
Predicted HCM Mortality
Over 50 Years
4-6%
1.5%
0.5%
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ICD
Sudden
Death
Progressive
Heart
Failure
(obstructive)
Advanced
Heart Failure
& End Stage
(non-
obstructive)
AF
&
Stroke
Benign/Stable (normal longevity)
Drugs
Septal Myectomy
(Alcohol Ablation)
Transplant Drugs
Anticoagulants
Ablation
Profiles in Prognosis for HCM
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Teare report
New disease (Braunwald; NIH)
Familial
Rare disease
“Interesting patients”
Controversy:
? Is obstruction
real
Echo Dx
↑ Recognition and
↑ risk
Common (1:500)
↑ Myectomy
Not as risky
Normal longevity
possible
Modern genetics
↓ Myectomy risk
↑ Alcohol ablation
SD prevention (ICD)
Genetic testing
Advanced imaging
Contemporary
Treatable
Disease
Phases of HCM History
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• It is literally a new day… for
the HCM patients
• Maturing perceptions of
HCM and effective
treatment interventions
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ICD Performance in HCM
506
103
5.5%/y
Follow-up =
3.7 ± 3 years
ICD discharge
rate
Appropriate
Shocks (20%)
11%/y 4%/y
2º prevention 1º prevention
VT/VF
Maron BJ et. al.
JAMA 2007;
298:405-412
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ICD in HCM for Children / Adolescents
224
43
4.4% / yr
13%/yr 3%/yr
No. Patients
Appropriate ICD
Discharge (19%)
2° prevention 1° prevention
Follow-up=
4.3 ± 3.3 yr
Initial shock 9-23 y
(mean= 17 y)
Maron BJ et. al.
JACC 2013;
61:1527-35
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≤ 3
4 - 6
7 - 10
11-20
21-30
31-40 51-60
>90
Duration (months)
No
. P
ati
en
ts
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
61-70
71-90
41-50
ICD in HCM - II: Time to First Shock
Maron BJ et. al.
JAMA 2007;
298:405-412
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Profiles in Prognosis for
HCM
Sudden
Death
Risk
Symptom
Progression
End-
Stage AF
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
% H
CM
Mo
rta
lity
HCM-Related Mortality
0
0.5
1.5
1
6
General U.S.
Population
0.8%/y
0.5%/y
1.5%/y
3-6%/y
Early HCM
Referral Cohorts
HCM Cohorts:
Prior to utilization
of current treatment
strategies/
interventions
ICD intervention
Heart transplant/myectomy
OHCA/defibrillation/hypothermia
Present HCM
Cohort:
Contemporary
treatment
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LA
LA
VS
RV
LV VS
A B C
D E F
Prevalence
of LGE = 55-70%
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HCM is Unpredictable
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Evidence for Reduced
HCM Mortality:
n=1000 Presenting 30-59y
What is possible………
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Beta-
blocker Verapamil
Beta-
blocker Verapamil
Verapamil
+ Diuretic Beta-blocker
+ Diuretic
Subaortic
Obstruction DDD
Pacing
Septal
Myectomy
Nonobstructive
Heart
Transplantation
Disopyramide
Diltiazem
Beta-blocker
+ Verapamil
Management of HCM
Asymptomatic
Mild-Moderate
Symptoms
Severe
Symptoms
? ?
Treatment
Failure
Refractory
Severe
Symptoms
Alcohol
Septal
Ablation
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Evidence for Reduced
HCM Mortality:
n=1000 Presenting 30-59y
What is possible………
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
<15 16-19 20-24 25-29 30
Max. LV Wall Thickness (mm)
% P
ati
en
ts W
ith
SC
D
Relation Between LV Thickness &
SCD in 482 HCM Patients
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Highest
Intermediate
Lowest
2° prevention
Cardiac arrest/sustained VT
1° prevention
Family history HCM-SD
Unexplained syncope
Multiple-repetitive NSVT (Holter)
Abnormal exercise BP response
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Massive LVH ≥ 30 mm
Rare subgroups/potential arbitrators
End-stage (EF < 50%)
LV apical aneurysm
Marked LV outflow obstruction (rest)
Modifiable
Intense competitive sports
CAD
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Age ≥ 60y
Alcohol septal ablation (?)
ICD
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A C
D E F
LA
P
D D
P
VS
VS
B
P
D
* * *
* *
*
Figure 1.
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0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 ≥ 3 No. of Risk Factors for Primary Prevention
Ra
te o
f A
pp
rop
ria
te In
terv
en
tio
ns
pe
r 1
00
pe
rso
n-y
r
3.8
3.0
4.1
Overall p=0.88
Appropriate
Shocks
(35%)
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High
risk
Some
risk
Cardiologist
Patient
Autonomy
TRANSPARENCY / FULL DISCLOSURE / INFORMED CONSENT
?
Risk Factors
Primary Prevention Decision Tree: ICD In HCM
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% H
CM
Mo
rta
lity
HCM-Related Mortality
0
0.5
1.5
1
6
General U.S.
Population
0.8%/y
0.5%/y
1.5%/y
3-6%/y
Early HCM
Referral Cohorts
HCM Cohorts:
Prior to utilization
of current
treatment strategies/
interventions
Present HCM
Cohort:
Contemporary
treatment
ICD intervention
Cardiac transplant
OHCA/defibrillation/hypothermia
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% P
ati
en
ts W
ith
/Wit
ho
ut
ICD
In
terv
en
tio
n/S
ud
den
Death
Appropriate
ICD
Intervention
No Appropriate
ICD
Intervention
ESC Risk Score
<4% <4% 4-6% 4-6% >6% >6%
Risk/5y Risk/5y
<4% 4-6% >6%
Risk/5y
Sudden Death
Assessment of ESC Sudden Death Risk Score
(n = 1649)
60%
26%
63%
9%
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ICD
Sudden
Death
Progressive
Heart
Failure
(obstructive)
Advanced
Heart Failure
& End Stage
(non-
obstructive)
AF
&
Stroke
Benign/Stable (normal longevity)
Drugs
Septal Myectomy
(Alcohol Ablation)
Transplant Drugs
Anticoagulants
Ablation
Profiles in Prognosis for HCM
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Highest
Intermediate
Lowest
2° prevention
Cardiac arrest/sustained VT
1° prevention
Family history HCM-SD
Unexplained syncope
Multiple-repetitive NSVT (Holter)
Abnormal exercise BP response
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Massive LVH ≥ 30 mm
Rare subgroups/potential arbitrators
End-stage (EF < 50%)
LV apical aneurysm
Marked LV outflow obstruction (rest)
Modifiable
Intense competitive sports
CAD
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Age ≥ 60y
Alcohol septal ablation (?)
ICD
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
<15 16-19 20-24 25-29 30
Max. LV Wall Thickness (mm)
% P
ati
en
ts W
ith
SC
D
Relation Between LV Thickness &
SCD in 482 HCM Patients
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Highest
Intermediate
Lowest
2° prevention
Cardiac arrest/sustained VT
1° prevention
Family history HCM-SD
Unexplained syncope
Multiple-repetitive NSVT (Holter)
Abnormal exercise BP response
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Massive LVH ≥ 30 mm
Rare subgroups/potential arbitrators
End-stage (EF < 50%)
LV apical aneurysm
Marked LV outflow obstruction (rest)
Modifiable
Intense competitive sports
CAD
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Age ≥ 60y
Alcohol septal ablation (?)
ICD
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L
G
E
LGE LGE
Extent of LGE vs. Sudden Death Risk in HCM
Follow-up (years)
Su
rviv
al
LGE (-) LGE < 10%
LGE 10-20%
LGE > 20%
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ICD Performance in HCM
506
103
5.5%/y
Follow-up =
3.7 ± 3 years
ICD discharge
rate
Appropriate
Shocks (20%)
11% 4%
2º prevention 1º prevention
VT/VF
![Page 58: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy state of the art](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030207/58ac1d011a28abf03a8b479d/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1 2 ≥ 3 No. of Risk Factors for Primary Prevention
Ra
te o
f A
pp
rop
ria
te In
terv
en
tio
ns
pe
r 1
00
pe
rso
n-y
r
3.8
3.0
4.1
Overall p=0.88
Appropriate
Shocks
(35%)
![Page 59: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy state of the art](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030207/58ac1d011a28abf03a8b479d/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Beta-
blocker Verapamil
Beta-
blocker Verapamil
Verapamil
+ Diuretic Beta-blocker
+ Diuretic
Subaortic
Obstruction DDD
Pacing
Septal
Myectomy
Nonobstructive
Heart
Transplantation
Disopyramide
Diltiazem
Beta-blocker
+ Verapamil
Management of HCM
Asymptomatic
Mild-Moderate
Symptoms
Severe
Symptoms
? ?
Treatment
Failure
Refractory
Severe
Symptoms
Alcohol
Septal
Ablation
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Alcohol Septal
Ablation
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Septal Scarring
Septal Scar No Scar
Post-ablation Post-myectomy
VS=30%
LV 10% Valeti et. al. JACC 2007;49:350
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Cardiovascular Societies &
HCM Consensus Panels for
Myectomy vs. Alcohol Ablation
ACC 2003
ESC 2003
ACC 2011
AHA 2011
Myectomy
Myectomy
Myectomy
Myectomy
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
General Population "Historic Mortality"
0.8%/y
32 ICD
interventions
% D
ea
th P
er
Ye
ar
1.5%/y
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
General Population "Historic Mortality"
0.8%/y
% D
eath
Per
Year 0.8%/y
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
General Population "Historic Mortality"
0.8%/y
14 Transplants
% D
eath
Per
Year 0.8%/y
![Page 66: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy state of the art](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030207/58ac1d011a28abf03a8b479d/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
General Population "Historic Mortality"
0.8%/y
% D
eath
Per
Year 0.8%/y
0.6%/y
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
General Population "Historic Mortality"
0.8%/y
6 OHCA
(w/ hypothermia) % D
eath
Per
Year
0.6%/y
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0.8%/y
0.5%/y
Current Mortality
2014
% D
eath
Per
Year
p = 0.46
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0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.5%/y
Current Mortality
2014
Advanced
Heart Failure
(n = 21)
SCD
(n = 15)
% D
eath
Per
Year
Stroke (n=1)
![Page 70: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy state of the art](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030207/58ac1d011a28abf03a8b479d/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
0.5%/y
Current Mortality
2014
Advanced
Heart Failure
(n = 21)
SCD
(n = 15)
% D
eath
Per
Year
Stroke (n=1)
15 SCDs but…
5 declined ICD
7 pre-ICD era
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% H
CM
Mo
rta
lity
HCM-Related Mortality
0
0.5
1.5
1
6
General U.S.
Population
0.8%/y
0.5%/y
1.5%/y
3-6%/y
Early HCM
Referral Cohorts
HCM Cohorts:
Prior to utilization
of current
treatment strategies/
interventions
Present HCM
Cohort:
Contemporary
treatment
ICD intervention
Cardiac transplant
OHCA/defibrillation/hypothermia
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ICD
Sudden
Death
Progressive
Heart
Failure
(obstructive)
Advanced
Heart Failure
& End Stage
(non-
obstructive)
AF
&
Stroke
Benign/Stable (normal longevity)
Drugs
Septal Myectomy
(Alcohol Ablation)
Transplant Drugs
Anticoagulants
Ablation
Profiles in Prognosis for HCM
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Arrhythmogenic Myocardial Substrate in HCM
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HCM
(36%)
Coronary
Anomalies
(17%)
Dilated CM (2%)
Sudden Death in Young Athletes
Maron, BJ et. al.
Circulation 2009;
119:1085-1092
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Highest
Intermediate
Lowest
2° prevention
Cardiac arrest/sustained VT
1° prevention
Family history HCM-SD
Unexplained syncope
Multiple-repetitive NSVT (Holter)
Abnormal exercise BP response
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Massive LVH ≥ 30 mm
Rare subgroups/potential arbitrators
End-stage (EF < 50%)
LV apical aneurysm
Marked LV outflow obstruction (rest)
Modifiable
Intense competitive sports
CAD
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Age ≥ 60y
Alcohol septal ablation (?)
ICD
![Page 76: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy state of the art](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030207/58ac1d011a28abf03a8b479d/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
A C
D E F
LA
P
D D
P
VS
VS
B
P
D
* * *
* *
*
Figure 1.
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Patients with
LVAA
(n=28)
Aborted
Cardiac
Arrest
(2)✝
Progressive
Heart Failure/
Death
(5)✝
Sudden
Death
(2)*
non-fatal
embolic
stroke
(1)
non-fatal
embolic
stroke
(1)
Appropriate
ICD Discharge
(3)*
Alive/
Clinically
Stable
(n = 16)*
Adverse
Events
(n = 12)
Cardiovascular Event Rate = 11%/year
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Highest
Intermediate
Lowest
2° prevention
Cardiac arrest/sustained VT
1° prevention
Family history HCM-SD
Unexplained syncope
Multiple-repetitive NSVT (Holter)
Abnormal exercise BP response
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Massive LVH ≥ 30 mm
Rare subgroups/potential arbitrators
End-stage (EF < 50%)
LV apical aneurysm
Marked LV outflow obstruction (rest)
Modifiable
Intense competitive sports
CAD
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Age ≥ 60y
Alcohol septal ablation (?)
ICD
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Alive Non-
Cardiac
Death
Non-HCM
Cardiac
Death
Embolic
Stroke
Heart
Failure
SCD
% o
f H
CM
Co
ho
rt
65%
13% 12%
2% 1%
0.2%/y
Outcome of HCM Patients First Evaluated ≥ 60 Years
1%
HCM Death
Aging is Good in HCM
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Intermediate
Low Risk
Risk Stratification for Sudden Death in HCM
Moderate
High
No risk factors
Family history of sudden death
Nonsustained VT
Unexplained syncope
Extreme LVH
Abnormal BP response to Ex
0.5%/year
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LA
LA
VS
RV
LV VS
A B C
D E F
Prevalence
of LGE = 55-70%
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L
G
E
LGE LGE
Extent of LGE vs. Sudden Death Risk in HCM
Follow-up (years)
Su
rviv
al
LGE (-) LGE < 10%
LGE 10-20%
LGE > 20%
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Highest
Intermediate
Lowest
2° prevention
Cardiac arrest/sustained VT
1° prevention
Family history HCM-SD
Unexplained syncope
Multiple-repetitive NSVT (Holter)
Abnormal exercise BP response
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Massive LVH ≥ 30 mm
Rare subgroups/potential arbitrators
End-stage (EF < 50%)
LV apical aneurysm
Marked LV outflow obstruction (rest)
Modifiable
Intense competitive sports
CAD
LGE ≥ 15% of LV mass
Age ≥ 60y
Alcohol septal ablation (?)
ICD
![Page 84: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy state of the art](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030207/58ac1d011a28abf03a8b479d/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
(15%)
(15%)
(7%)
(7%)
(<1%)
(<1%)
(<1%)
(<1%)
(<1%)
(<1%)
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Unexplained LVH
Sarcomeric Protein
Mutations Non-Sarcomeric
Mutations
AMP-Kinase
(PRKAG2)
Lamp2
(Danon)
Storage Diseases
~ 11 Genes---
or more?
> 1400 mutations
Fabry
Disease
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Genetic
Testing
Prognosis
HCM
(w/o LVH)
HCM
(w/ LVH)
To
ide
ntify
“Genotype +
Phenotype - ”
Follow-up
![Page 87: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy state of the art](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022030207/58ac1d011a28abf03a8b479d/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
HCM—ICD Registry
29
(6%)
14
14
1
Deaths
ICD
Malfunction End-stage
Embolic stroke
Cancer, sepsis,
renal diseases,
suicide, CAD,
accidents
No HCM
HCM
HCM- Arrhythmias
(nl EF)
Maron, BJ et. al. JAMA 2007;298:405
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Evidence for Reduced
HCM Mortality:
n=1000 Presenting 30-59y
What is possible………
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Contemporary C-V treatment options
offer HC patients a reasonable
aspiration for reduced mortality and
extended longevity. The ICD has
altered clinical course affording the
possibility of normal or near normal
life expectancy.
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Contemporary C-V treatment options
offer HC patients a reasonable
aspiration for reduced mortality and
extended longevity. The ICD has
altered clinical course affording the
possibility of normal or near normal
life expectancy.
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0
0.5
1
1.5
2
% H
CM
Mo
rta
lity
HCM-Related Mortality
0
0.5
1.5
1
6
General U.S.
Population
0.8%/y
0.5%/y
1.5%/y
3-6%/y
Early HCM
Referral Cohorts
HCM Cohorts:
Prior to utilization
of current
treatment strategies/
interventions
Present HCM
Cohort:
Contemporary
treatment
ICD intervention
Heart transplant/myectomy
OHCA/defibrillation/hypothermia