'HYHORSLQJ&RVWD5LFD¶V Decentralized Biogas Industry · Why Costa Rica? y Country that values...
Transcript of 'HYHORSLQJ&RVWD5LFD¶V Decentralized Biogas Industry · Why Costa Rica? y Country that values...
Developing Costa Rica’s Decentralized Biogas Industry
Heekyung An – Logistics Ohio State University
Jesse Bowlin – Mechanical Engineering Washington State University
Alyssa Hendricks – Atmospheric Science Purdue University
Ryan Ramsey – Chemical Engineering University of Utah
David Rodriquez – Mechanical Engineering University of Massachusetts - Lowell
Outline
Project Introduction
History of Biodigester
Why Costa Rica
Goals
Business plan
Phase I
Technology
Region of focus
Future development
Phase II
Phase III
Conclusion
Project Introduction Implement use of methane producing, biodigestors for
creation of fuel
Costa Rica ideal place
Convert waste to methane gas for transportation
Individual farms
Advance project to all waste
Act as non-profit organization between farmers and methane distributors
Biogas Facts: One cow can produce
enough manure in one day to generate 3 KWh
NO2 warms the atmosphere 310 times more and methane 21 times more than CO2
If compressed, it can replace CNG for vehicles
internal combustion engine or fuel cells
100W for
24hrs
=
Transportation Fuel:
CNG conversion kit <$1000
Applications around the World UK: biogas estimated to replace around
17% of vehicle fuel. 30,000 Oxfordshire homes sewage treatment to provide gas for ~200 homes
USA: methane biogas from cow manure would be sufficient to produce 100 billion KWh (millions of homes).
Germany: in 2010 there were 5,905 biogas plants (mostly manure/corn) operating throughout the whole country. ~12.8 TWh (%12.6 per of the total generated renewable electricity)
A biogas-powered train has been in service in Sweden since 2005.
More than half the gas used in Sweden's 11,500 natural gas vehicles is biogas.
Germany and Austria are targeting 20% biogas in natural gas vehicle fuel
Low cost, rural Biodigesters Quick Facts:
Local materials and no active heating systems and/or mobile mixing mechanisms.
Low investment $150 in warm/tropical
and $250 in cold climates
No wood burning
Health / Hygiene
Free natural fertilizer, improves crop yields by up to 30%.
Why Costa Rica? Country that values renewable energy
technologies.
No producing natural gas and needs to import.
Presidential decree
Import more LNG
LNG is cleaner than petroleum-based fuels and will help reduce NO2 emissions from vehicles by up to 70 %, and CO2 by 40 %.
A barrel of crude oil currently costs ~$95, Equivalent of natural gas costs about $25.
Why not do more decentralized biogas productions instead of importing more?
Others issues: water waste (i.e. from hotels) is not treated and getting back to aquifers
“We know that the primary cause of greenhouse gas emissions in Costa Rica is the transportation sector,
which consumes 78% of petroleum derivatives the
country imports. Liquefied natural gas is precisely an
alternative for us to begin migrating from fossil fuels to
less-polluting alternatives at a lower cost”
November 27, 2012: Officials hope to replace petroleum imports with cleaner natural gas.
Goals Reduce fossil fuels in transportation
Help Costa Rica to achieve carbon neutrality by 2021
Lower dependence on foreign natural gas
Increase awareness and get more people involved with sustainable living
Help stimulate socio-economic development, specially in rural communities.
Advance the introduction of natural gas for vehicles as a transitional fuel (to emission free fuels such as Hydrogen).
Business Pan Partner with local organizations
GREEN
Earth University
Micro-finance projects
Not giving anything out for free
Donations would jump-start initial investments
Users (i.e. farmers) will be able to cover their costs due to a quick return on investment (i.e. value of methane produced, surplus can be sold)
Two-phase Approach
Phase I Technology
Low cost biodigestor
Schematic
Parts list
Chart showing largest biogas yield per tons of waste
Calculations
Energy equivalent of a typical farm waste
Compare animal farm and crop farm
~80 Cows
~1900 lbs Manure
~7400 lbs Slurry
~67 m^3 Biogas ~65% Methane ~35% CO2
~400 kWh
Phase I Region of focus
Sarapiqui
Canton in Heredia Providence
Capitol is Puerto Viejo
Large concentration of dairy farms
Pilot case study in a small rural community
Provide farms with biodigestors
Farmers use biogas to heat house and cook
Use surplus gas to pay back the biodigestors
Take gas to be processed to use in CNG cars and other things
Phase II Centralized sanitation-biogas generation plants for small-medium communities
Begin government and municipalities involvement
Expanding market to hotels & large business centers
Pumping black water
Buy-back incentive
Estimated Cost for a 1 MW (non-automobile grade) digester is from $3.6M to $4.9M
ROI of about 1.5 years
Goal: Develop biogas technology and infrastructure on a community scale and begin recruiting government support
Phase III Replacing imported natural gas industry with biogas
Expanding over Costa Rica to offset imported natural gas consumption.
Jump start biogas industry in other countries
Estimated cost of transition to utility/automotive grade biogas is $4-5M per MW output.
ROI of about 2 years
Goal: Grow natural gas technology and infrastructure to a national level with the co-operation of government and utilities.
Livestock requirements to sustain 0.1 to 5 MW operations
Size of Operation (MWe) 0.1 0.3 0.5 1.5 5
Animal Requirement (head)
Beef Feeder 2,186 6,558 10,930 32,791 109,302
Beef Finisher 1,053 3,158 5,263 15,790 52,633
Dairy Cows 421 1,264 2,107 3,322 21,072
Hog Farrow to Finisher 3,445 10,336 17,226 51,678 172,261
Hog Farrow to Wean 364 1,091 1,818 5,453 18,176
Layers 9,541 28,624 47,707 143,120 477,066
Broilers 37,431 112,294 187,157 561,470 1,871,568
Conclusion Help Costa Rica become more:
Sustainable
Environmentally conscious
Independent of foreign fuel imports
Biodigesters stimulate regional economic development
Natural gas burns cleaner than gasoline and diesel
significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions when from biofuels
Ideally, if successful, can be implemented in more developing countries
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogas
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodigester
http://www.ideassonline.org/public/pdf/BrochureBiodigestersENG.pdf
http://news.co.cr/costa-rica-president-declares-natural-gas-in-public-interest/19929/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas_vehicle
http://www.ticotimes.net/Current-Edition/News-Briefs/Decree-could-help-boost-liquefied-natural-gas-imports-in-Costa-Rica_Tuesday-November-27-2012
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emerging_biogas.html
http://www.socalgas.com/innovation/natural-gas-vehicles/policy/fuel-comparison.shtml
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/12-043.htm