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Davide Ciceri, Marcelo de Oliveira, Antoine Allanore
2nd International Workshop on Alternative Potash – 15th June 2017, London
Hydrothermal alteration of ultrapotassic syenite as affordable option to potash
supplies in the tropics
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syenite altered syenite fertilizer effect
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795 million people are undernourished
FOOD SECURITY
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FOOD SECURITY
population growth
availability accessibility
quality
food loss
water resources
climate change
arable lands
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FOOD SECURITY
Premanandh 2011
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FOOD SECURITY
N-FERTILIZERS P-FERTILIZERS K-FERTILIZERS
AVAILABILITY
ACCESSIBILITY
QUALITY
FERTILIZERS
30-40 GJ t-1NH3 1-4 GJ t-1
P2O5 1-4 GJ t-1K2O
YIELDS
COST
NUTRITION
Steel: 15 GJ Glass: 35 GJ Wood: 7 GJ
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ALTERNATIVE FORMSOF POTASH?
SOIL
Brazilian oxysoil
Skorina and Allanore (2015)
PRODUCTION
CONSUMPTION
FAO (2016)
POTASH
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• Abundant
• Available (world-wide distribution; quarry)
• Relatively high grade (~15 wt % K2O)
Mason & Moore, Yaroslavsky, Poddervaart
In low-temperature, non-aggressiveaqueous solutions, 1 mm crystal ofK-feldspar dissolves in 520,000years.
ALTERNATIVE POTASH SOURCES
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GEOLOGY
MATERIALS SCIENCE
AGRONOMY
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8Ciceri et al. (2017)
FELDSPAR CHARACTERIZATION• XRD (mineralogy)
• XRF (elemental content)
• Surface Area
• Particle Size Distribution
• Leaching
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Ciceri et al. (2015)
FELDSPAR CHARACTERIZATION
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Rate of K-feldspar dissolution isup to 1000 times faster than in astandard flow through system
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MATERIALS SCIENCEProcessing technology Pros/Cons
comminution and/or mechano-activation of K-feldspar and microorganism-mediateddissolution (bioweathering)
calcination in presence of fluxes/additives
• No K2O dilution; cheap; no waste
• Limited experimental evidence; need of strictexperimental protocols.
• K2O concentration
• T; waste; type of flux?; limited experimental data
alkaline hydrothermal alteration• Mild processing conditions; no waste
• K2O dilution; water
• other resources (manure, seawater, algae, ashes, sugar beets liquors, etc.)
• K2O content; abundance; limited know-how; scale up
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HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSING
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HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSING
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MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION
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ELEMENTAL RELEASE
K-feldspar hydrothermal material
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CONCLUSION• Importance of fertilizers for global food security (potash)
• Long-term research effort, from mine to processed product characterization of K-feldspar sources (Ciceri et al. 2017) processing technologies (Ciceri et al. 2015) characterization of processed material (Ciceri et al. in prep.)
• Hydrothermally altered K-feldspar as a promising alternativesource of potash: mineralogy and potassium release ≈ 20gK/kgHS at pH=5 (24h)
• Preliminary economic considerations
• Example of succesful partnership between industry andacademia
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSMIT team: Prof. Allanore, Dr. de Oliveira, Dr. Gadois, Dr. Skorina,Dr. Stokes, Dr. Sabatini, Ms. Berger, Mr. Grimonprez, Ms. Dolittle,Ms. McDunn, Mr. Sumitro, Mr. Blanchard, Mr. Martin, Ms. Kestin,Ms. Gutierrez, Mr. Sankararaman, Mr. Williams, Ms. Postak, Ms.Sypnievski, Mr. Kitcher., Mr. Martins, Mr. Buscemi, Mr. Zaharil
H&M Analytical Services, Inc.: Dr. Steve Miller
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EXTRA SLIDES
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MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION
Conversion of K-feldspar
Hydrogrossular: Ca3Al2(SiO4)3−x(OH)4x
Tobermorite: Ca5Si6O16(OH)2·4H2O
Dicalcium silicate hydrate: Ca2(SiO3OH)(OH)
17.4 wt %Albite: NaAlSi3O8
K-feldspar: KAlSi3O8
Panunzite: (K, Na)AlSiO4
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• Specific heat water: 4.2 kJ kg-1 K-1
• Latent heat of evaporation: 2.3 kJ kg-1
• 1 kg K2O 8.6 kg material 6.5 kg rock
• Latent heat: 77.2 kJ kg-1H2O
• Specific heat: 64.2 kJ kg-1H2O
• Grinding: 258.6 kJ
• Total heat = 0.4 GJ tonK2O
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PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION
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ELEMENTAL RELEASE
Release of Si and Ca2+ from hydrothermal material (24 h, pH=5, agitation)
hydrothermal materialK-feldspar
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MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION
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Electron microprobe
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MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION
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HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSING