Hydropower

HydropowerPiter Biswaspiterbiswas11@gmail.com1

Course OutlineRenewableHydro PowerWind EnergyOceanic EnergySolar PowerGeothermalBiomassSustainableHydrogen & Fuel CellsNuclearFossil Fuel InnovationExotic TechnologiesIntegrationDistributed Generation2

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What is Hydroelectric Power??? Hydroelectric Power is an environmentally friendly way to generate electricity.

It is form of energy a renewable source. HP comes from flowing of water. water when flowing by the force of gravity can be used to turn turbines and generators that produce electricity.3

Hydrologic Cycle4

http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_how.html

The hydrological cycle is the movement of water in the environment by Evaporation, condensation and precipitation.. 4

Hydropower Design5

TerminologyHead Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release its stored energy. The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the fore bay and the tail bay) is called headDams: three categorieshigh-head (800 or more feet)medium-head (100 to 800 feet)low-head (less than 100 feet) Power is proportional to the product of head x flow 6

Types of Hydroelectric Installation7

Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

How Hydroelectric Power works???A dam is built to trap water, usually in a valley where there is an existing lake. Water is allowed to flow through tunnels into the dam to turn turbines and thus drive generators. Notice that the dam is much thicker at the bottom than at the top, because the pressure of the water increases with depth.

Hydropower to Electric Power9

PotentialEnergyKineticEnergyElectricalEnergyMechanicalEnergy

Electricity

As we all know that Energy can neither be created nor can be destroyed, only can be transformed from one form to another.9

Environmental Impacts10

Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams11

Is hydroelectric Renewable???Hydro-electric power is renewable.The Sun provides the water by evaporation from the sea,and will keep on doing so

The Sun evaporates water from the sea and lakes, which forms clouds and falls as rain in the mountains, keeping the dam supplied with water.

Ecological ImpactsLoss of forests, wildlife habitat, speciesDegradation of upstream catchment areas due to inundation of reservoir areaRotting vegetation also emits greenhouse gasesLoss of aquatic biodiversity, fisheries, other downstream servicesCumulative impacts on water quality, natural flooding Disrupt transfer of energy, sediment, nutrientsSedimentation reduces reservoir life, erodes turbinesCreation of new wetland habitat Fishing and recreational opportunities provided by new reservoirs13

Environmental and Social IssuesLand use inundation and displacement of peopleImpacts on natural hydrologyIncrease evaporative lossesAltering river flows and natural flooding cyclesSedimentation/siltingImpacts on biodiversityAquatic ecology, fish, plants, mammalsWater chemistry changesMercury, nitrates, oxygenBacterial and viral infectionsTropicsSeismic RisksStructural dam failure risks

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14Inundation means flood due to this many land use changes people use to migrate from place to place

Hydropower Pros and Cons15PositiveNegativeEmissions-free, with virtually no CO2, NOX, SOX, hydrocarbons, or particulates.Frequently involves impoundment of large amounts of water with loss of habitat due to land inundationRenewable resource with high conversion efficiency to electricity (80+%)Variable output dependent on rainfall and snowfallDispatchable with storage capacityImpacts on river flows and aquatic ecology, including fish migration and oxygen depletionUsable for base load, peaking and pumped storage applicationsSocial impacts of displacing indigenous peopleScalable from 10 KW to 20,000 MWHealth impacts in developing countriesLow operating and maintenance costsHigh initial capital costsLong lifetimesLong lead time in construction of large projects

15Proposed projects from:http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/page/capacity/proposedunits.xls

Continued.PositiveNegativeOnce the dam is built,the energy is virtually freeWater can be stored above the dam ready to cope with peaks in demandThe dams are very expensive to build, however many dams are also used for flood control or irrigation,so building costs can be shared

No waste or pollution producedmuch more reliable than wind,solar or wave powerBuilding a large dam will flood a very large area upstream, causing problems for animals that used to live there

Electricity can be generated constantlyFinding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact on residents and the environment may be unacceptable. Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full power very quickly unlike other power stationsWater quality and quantity downstream can be affected, which can have an impact on plant life.

Hydropower in Context17

Sources of Electric Power18

Renewable Energy Sources19

Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm

Major Hydropower Producers20

Three Gorges Dam (China)

Itaip Dam (Brazil & Paraguay)22

Itaipu, Wikipedia.org

Guri Dam (Venezuela)23

http://www.infodestinations.com/venezuela/espanol/puerto_ordaz/index.shtml

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