Hydrogeologic Cross Sections, Plate 9, Geologic Atlas of ... · To accompany the atlas Report and...
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Hydrogeologic Cross Secons By John D. Barry 2018 Geologic Atlas of Wright County County Atlas Series C-30, Part B Plate 9 of 9 Hydrogeologic Cross Secons D–D ’ through G–G ’ Minnesota Department of Natural Resources County Geologic Atlas Program mndnr.gov/groundwatermapping To accompany the atlas Report and Plates 7–8. Cross Secon D–D′ Loam ll is the dominant geologic material at the land surface except in three areas located in the west, central, and east porons of the cross secon, where coarse- textured deposits allow recent trium-age water to migrate from the surface to underlying shallow buried sand aquifers. Aquifers are connected at these locaons, with few or no intervening ll layers to impede vercal migraon of water. Recharge along the rest of the cross secon is more limited, as the loamy lls of the Heiberg Member (hbt) and Villard Member (nt) at the land surface have relavely low hydraulic conducvity. Vintage trium-age water was present on the west side and central region at depths of approximately 100 to 150 feet below the land surface. Water collected from a buried sand aquifer (scs) near Rhoades Avenue NW had a calculated carbon-14 residence me of 3,000 years. Another sample from a buried sand aquifer (psu) collected east of Granite Lake had a calculated carbon-14 residence me of 2,000 years. On the east side recent and mixed trium-age signatures were found in buried sand aquifers and upper bedrock aquifers at depths of approximately 150 to 175 feet below the land surface. In general, vintage trium-age water was present at depths greater than 200 feet below the land surface. Mixed trium-age water was found roughly 350 feet below the land surface in the Buffalo area that is inconsistent with the trium ages determined from surrounding wells; its result is unclear. Groundwater flow depicted as equipotenal lines is both vercally downward and east toward the regional groundwater discharge zone, the North Fork Crow River. Local groundwater flow is toward lakes such as Albert and Beebe lakes and toward smaller streams. Cross Secon E–E′ Three areas of coarse-textured sediments near Kramer Ave SW, and County Highways 8 and 12, appear to allow recent trium-age water to migrate from the surface to underlying shallow buried sand aquifers. Aquifers are connected in these locaons, with lile or no intervening ll to impede vercal migraon of water. Recharge and connecvity to the land surface along the rest of the cross secon is more limited, as the loamy lls of the Heiberg Member (hbt) and Villard Member (nt) have relavely low hydraulic conducvity. Vintage trium-age water was present in the west and central regions at depths of approximately 100 to 150 feet below the land surface. Water was collected from two vintage trium-age wells near County Highway 7. The buried sand aquifer (cg1) in this locaon had a calculated carbon-14 residence me of 3,000 years and a well completed in the Mesoproterozoic bedrock aquifer (Mss) had a calculated carbon-14 residence me of 6,500 years. On the east side mixed trium-age groundwater was found in buried sand aquifers at depths ranging between 80 and 160 feet below the land surface. In general, vintage trium-age water was present at depths greater than 200 feet below the land surface. Water collected west of Dean Lake from a well with vintage trium age had a calculated carbon-14 residence me of 1,700 years. Groundwater flow depicted as equipotenal lines is both vercally downward and east toward the regional groundwater discharge zone, the North Fork Crow River. Local groundwater flow is toward lakes such as Dean Lake and toward smaller streams. Cross Secon F–F′ Loam ll is the dominant geologic material at the land surface along this cross secon. However, in two small areas near County Highway 3 and State Highway 25, coarse textured deposits allow recent trium age-water to migrate from the surface to underlying shallow buried sand aquifers. Near County Highway 3, aquifers are connected, with no intervening ll to impede vercal migraon of water. Recharge along the rest of the cross secon is more limited, as the loamy lls of the Heiberg Member (hbt) and Villard Member (nt) at the land surface have relavely low hydraulic conducvity. In general, vintage trium-age water was present across the cross-secon line below the Moland Member (mt) ll at depths of approximately 100 to 150 feet below the land surface. Some excepons occur: vintage trium-age water was found above the mt ll in the Howard Lake area and mixed trium-age water was found below the mt ll near Delano. Carbon-14 residence me was calculated from two wells: <100 years (recent) for the nts buried sand aquifer in the Howard Lake area, and <100 years (recent) for an Upper Tunnel City aquifer from the east side. Groundwater flow depicted as equipotenal lines is both vercally downward and east toward the regional groundwater discharge zone, the South Fork Crow River. Local groundwater flow is toward lakes such as Howard and Waverly lakes and toward smaller streams. Cross Secon G–G′ Loam ll is the dominant geologic material at the land surface along this cross secon. However, near the South Fork Crow River, recent trium-age water can migrate from the surface to an underlying shallow buried aquifer. The aquifers are connected in this locaon, with no intervening ll to impede vercal movement of water. Recharge along the rest of the cross secon is more limited, as the loamy ll of the Heiberg Member (hbt) and Villard Member (nt) at the land surface have relavely low hydraulic conducvity. No recent or mixed trium-age water was sampled along this line. Vintage trium-age water was present at depths of approximately 100 to 150 feet below the land surface. A buried sand aquifer (scs) sample near the west edge had a calculated carbon-14 residence me of 5,000 years, highlighng the limited recharge through the lls in the west poron of the county. Two vintage trium-age wells west of Ann Lake were tested for carbon-14 analysis, resulng in 2,000 years for the buried sand aquifer (cg) and 19,000 years for the Mt. Simon aquifer. Groundwater flow depicted as equipotenal lines is both vercally downward and east toward the regional groundwater discharge zone, the South Fork Crow River. Local groundwater flow is toward lakes such as Ann Lake and toward smaller streams. 1020 900 1000 920 980 960 940 920 hl Mss ms ct1 _m Mss nts hwt mlt sct Ka _sl nt _tc ct1 hbt hwt ha hs sct hwt _tc mt mt _w nhs Kd nts nt hl _w pu <ls _e pwt scs <mv _e cg1 _m pu 8.3 17 14 30.2 38 9 11.6 5.8 3 7 68 370 247 440 174 120 223 232 150 181 470 19,000 2000 5000 1050 1100 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 1050 1100 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 Elevation (feet) G’ G County Hwy 3 State Hwy 25 South Fork Crow River County Hwy 13 Ann Lake County Hwy 30 County Hwy 30 Emma Lake County Hwy 8 1000 980 960 940 920 hbt ms nhs ms hwt ct1 hwt nts nts mt scs pu _tc mlt zus pu _w _w <mv Mss Agr hbt cg1 nts sct Ka mt nts cg1 hwt nt pu mt hl hwt mt Kd _tc ct1 _e _m <ls psu cg ct nt hs mlt mls 1050 1100 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 1050 1100 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 Elevation (feet) F’ F 110 18.7 7.6* 14.7 Recent Recent 5.8 10.7 8.9 9 17 36 6 29 6.5 10 8 9.3 31 2.06 1330 210 270 299 1000 130 1000 390 330 284 110 250 570 780 165 830 640 470 330 State Hwy 25 South Fork Crow River County Hwy 31 Lile Waverly Lake Spring Lake Howard Lake US Hwy 12 Dague Ave SE Delano County Hwy 3 Waverly Lake 1000 980 960 940 940 920 900 ct1 pu sct ct1 ms mt mt <gu _w _m mt mt mt hs ct nhs cg1 Mss Agr _tc Kd Ka hbt nt hwt nt nt hs nts pu mlt scs nts sct mlt nts _e ms _e nhs ha pu hl hwt Agt pu <ls _tc _j _sl hbt mls ct1 nts cg1 nt hbt hwt 1050 1100 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 1050 1100 1000 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 Elevation (feet) E’ E 12 7.2 5.4* 12 11.6 24.1 4 6.2 20 52 9.3 17 380 540 180 174 168 144 305 380 250 298 233 204 3000 1700 6500 State Hwy 55 Dean Lake County Hwy 6 County Hwy 12 Hamlin Ave SE Crow River Cokato Lake Dempsey Ave SW North Fork Crow River Crow River County Hwy 8 County Hwy 7 Kramer Ave SW Ahern Ave SE County Hwy 3 1000 980 960 940 940 920 900 1000 zus zus hbt pu nts Agn cg1 _m pwt <gu sct Agn _m prt nt nt hs hbt nt sct prs mlt _e mt Ka ct cg _w prt nts Ka psu hl ct1 pwt nt ct1 mls hs ms ct ms pwt A<d mt Mss _m hbt cg1 sct hbt nt ms nt mt scs nts _tc hs hwt ct1 cg mt nhs zus nts mlt hwt pu pws nhs 11.4 21 7.4 8.3 9.8 177* 14.9 15.1 3000 2000 12.9 8.7 8.1 16 11.1 49 7 330 480 223 243 110 195 120 440 102 420 274 130 202 100 340 3.9 2.8 4.1 4.1 1050 1100 1000 1150 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 1050 1100 1000 1150 950 900 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 450 400 350 300 Elevation (feet) D’ D Crow River County Hwy 12 Crow River Rhoades Ave NW Granite Lake County Hwy 3 Rock Lake Albert Lake County Hwy 6 Beebe Lake County Hwy 7 North Fork Crow River County Hwy 8 Buffalo This map was compiled and generated in a geographic informaon system. Digital data products are available from the DNR County Geologic Atlas Program at mndnr.gov/groundwatermapping. This map was prepared from publicly available informaon. Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the factual data on which this map interpretaon is based. However, the DNR does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, or any implied uses of these data. Users may wish to verify crical informaon. Sources include both the references in the report and informaon on file in the offices of the Minnesota Geological Survey and the DNR. Every effort has been made to ensure the interpretaon shown conforms to sound geologic and cartographic principles. This map should not be used to establish legal tle, boundaries, or locaons of improvements. Base modified from Minnesota Geological Survey, Wright County Geologic Atlas, Part A, 2013. Universal Transverse Mercator projecon, zone 15N, North American Datum of 1983. North American Vercal Datum of 1988. 500 Lafayee Road St. Paul, MN 55155-4025 888-646-6367 or 651-296-6157 mndnr.gov This informaon is available in alternave format on request. The Minnesota DNR prohibits discriminaon in its programs and services based on race, color, creed, religion, naonal origin, sex, public assistance status, age, sexual orientaon, or disability. Persons with disabilies may request reasonable modificaons to access or parcipate in DNR programs and services by contacng the DNR ADA Title II Coordinator at [email protected] or 651-259-6157. Discriminaon inquiries should be sent to Minnesota DNR, 500 Lafayee Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4049; or Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20240. © 2018, State of Minnesota, Department of Natural Resources and the Regents of the University of Minnesota Prepared and published with the support of the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund and the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment LOCATION DIAGRAM ) 101 ) 24 ) 55 ) 25 ) 25 ) 55 94 12 94 Howard Lake Buffalo Maple Lake Annandale South Haven Rockford Waverly Cokato Montrose Delano Albertville Monticello Clearwater 45° 94° 94°15' 93°45' 45°15' B’ A A’ B C D E G F D’ E’ F’ G’ C’ C’ C D’ D E’ E A B A’ B’ Symbols Part B line of cross secon shown on this plate Well used to generate cross secon* *Not all wells are displayed in cross secon view due to the high density of wells. D D’ Part B line of cross secon shown on Plate 8 A A’ Part A line of cross secon A A’ N 1 0 1 2 3 4 SCALE 1:300 000 1 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 3 9 KILOMETERS 5 MILES *aquitard *aquitard ha Aquifers and aquitards grouped by stragraphy Quaternary unconsolidated sediment (see Figure 6 in the report for geologic unit correlaon) Quaternary aquitards Grouped by texture ranging from highest to lowest sand content indicang relave hydraulic conducvity. Surficial sand and gravel Buried aquifers and aquitards Geologic unit code Percent sand Bedrock Dakota Unnamed Jordan St. Lawrence Formaon* Upper Tunnel City Wonewoc Eau Claire Formaon* Mt. Simon Mesoproterozoic (includes Hinckley, Fond du Lac, and Solor Church) Precambrian crystalline bedrock (includes Agn, Agr, Agt, A<d, <gu, <ls, <mv) _j _e _m _w _tc _sl Kd Ka Mss ct hwt, mt ct1, nt, prt hbt, pwt, sct, mlt hl >60% >50% and ≤60% >40% and ≤50% >30% and ≤40% ≤30% CROSS SECTION EXPLANATION Interpreted trium age is indicated by background color Interpreted trium age is indicated by paern color hl* hbt* nhs, nts nt* ms mt* cg ct* cg1 ct1* hs hwt* scs sct* mls mlt* prs prt* pws pwt* psu pu zus Groundwater condions Symbols and labels Land or bedrock surface General groundwater flow direcon Geologic contact Approximate equipotenal contour; contour interval 20 feet 900 Water table Trium age Darker color in small vercal rectangle (well screen symbol) indicates trium age of water sampled in well. Lighter color indicates interpreted age of water in aquifer. Mixed: water is a mixture of recent and vintage waters (greater than 1 TU to less than 8 TU). Well not sampled for trium. Vintage: water entered the ground before 1953 (less than or equal to 1 TU). Recent: water entered the ground since about 1953 (8 to 15 trium units [TU]). 7.2 29 5000 250 Enhanced-permeability zone Groundwater moves from an overlying surficial aquifer to a buried aquifer. Groundwater moves from an overlying buried aquifer to an underlying buried aquifer. Groundwater flowpath is unknown. Water from the surface moves through a thin layer of overlying fine-grained material to an underlying aquifer. Groundwater discharges to a surface-water body. Direcon of fault movement, arrows indicate relave movement Chloride: if shown, concentraon is ≥5 ppm. (* indicates naturally elevated values) Arsenic: if shown, concentraon is ≥2 ppb. Manganese: if shown, concentraon is ≥100 ppb. Carbon-14 ( 14 C): if shown, esmated groundwater residence me in years. Groundwater flows laterally. 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 MILES 1 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 8 3 9 KILOMETERS SCALE 1:100 000 VERTICAL EXAGGERATION X 50
Transcript of Hydrogeologic Cross Sections, Plate 9, Geologic Atlas of ... · To accompany the atlas Report and...
Hydrogeologic Cross Sections
By John D. Barry
2018
Geologic Atlas of Wright CountyCounty Atlas Series C-30, Part B
Plate 9 of 9Hydrogeologic Cross Sections
D–D’ through G–G’
Minnesota Department of Natural ResourcesCounty Geologic Atlas Program mndnr.gov/groundwatermapping
To accompany the atlas Report and Plates 7–8.
Cross Section D–D′
Loam till is the dominant geologic material at the land surface except in three areas located in the west, central, and east portions of the cross section, where coarse-textured deposits allow recent tritium-age water to migrate from the surface to underlying shallow buried sand aquifers. Aquifers are connected at these locations, with few or no intervening till layers to impede vertical migration of water. Recharge along the rest of the cross section is more limited, as the loamy tills of the Heiberg Member (hbt) and Villard Member (nt) at the land surface have relatively low hydraulic conductivity. Vintage tritium-age water was present on the west side and central region at depths of approximately 100 to 150 feet below the land surface. Water collected from a buried sand aquifer (scs) near Rhoades Avenue NW had a calculated carbon-14 residence time of 3,000 years. Another sample from a buried sand aquifer (psu) collected east of Granite Lake had a calculated carbon-14 residence time of 2,000 years.
On the east side recent and mixed tritium-age signatures were found in buried sand aquifers and upper bedrock aquifers at depths of approximately 150 to 175 feet below the land surface. In general, vintage tritium-age water was present at depths greater than 200 feet below the land surface. Mixed tritium-age water was found roughly 350 feet below the land surface in the Buffalo area that is inconsistent with the tritium ages determined from surrounding wells; its result is unclear.
Groundwater flow depicted as equipotential lines is both vertically downward and east toward the regional groundwater discharge zone, the North Fork Crow River. Local groundwater flow is toward lakes such as Albert and Beebe lakes and toward smaller streams.
Cross Section E–E′
Three areas of coarse-textured sediments near Kramer Ave SW, and County Highways 8 and 12, appear to allow recent tritium-age water to migrate from the surface to underlying shallow buried sand aquifers. Aquifers are connected in these locations, with little or no intervening till to impede vertical migration of water. Recharge and connectivity to the land surface along the rest of the cross section is more limited, as the loamy tills of the Heiberg Member (hbt) and Villard Member (nt) have relatively low hydraulic conductivity. Vintage tritium-age water was present in the west and central regions at depths of approximately 100 to 150 feet below the land surface. Water was collected from two vintage tritium-age wells near County Highway 7. The buried sand aquifer (cg1) in this location had a calculated carbon-14 residence time of 3,000 years and a well completed in the Mesoproterozoic bedrock aquifer (Mss) had a calculated carbon-14 residence time of 6,500 years.
On the east side mixed tritium-age groundwater was found in buried sand aquifers at depths ranging between 80 and 160 feet below the land surface. In general, vintage tritium-age water was present at depths greater than 200 feet below the land surface. Water collected west of Dean Lake from a well with vintage tritium age had a calculated carbon-14 residence time of 1,700 years.
Groundwater flow depicted as equipotential lines is both vertically downward and east toward the regional groundwater discharge zone, the North Fork Crow River. Local groundwater flow is toward lakes such as Dean Lake and toward smaller streams.
Cross Section F–F′
Loam till is the dominant geologic material at the land surface along this cross section. However, in two small areas near County Highway 3 and State Highway 25, coarse textured deposits allow recent tritium age-water to migrate from the surface to underlying shallow buried sand aquifers. Near County Highway 3, aquifers are connected, with no intervening till to impede vertical migration of water. Recharge along the rest of the cross section is more limited, as the loamy tills of the Heiberg Member (hbt) and Villard Member (nt) at the land surface have relatively low hydraulic conductivity.
In general, vintage tritium-age water was present across the cross-section line below the Moland Member (mt) till at depths of approximately 100 to 150 feet below the land surface. Some exceptions occur: vintage tritium-age water was found above the mt till in the Howard Lake area and mixed tritium-age water was found below the mt till near Delano. Carbon-14 residence time was calculated from two wells: <100 years (recent) for the nts buried sand aquifer in the Howard Lake area, and <100 years (recent) for an Upper Tunnel City aquifer from the east side.
Groundwater flow depicted as equipotential lines is both vertically downward and east toward the regional groundwater discharge zone, the South Fork Crow River. Local groundwater flow is toward lakes such as Howard and Waverly lakes and toward smaller streams.
Cross Section G–G′
Loam till is the dominant geologic material at the land surface along this cross section. However, near the South Fork Crow River, recent tritium-age water can migrate from the surface to an underlying shallow buried aquifer. The aquifers are connected in this location, with no intervening till to impede vertical movement of water. Recharge along the rest of the cross section is more limited, as the loamy till of the Heiberg Member (hbt) and Villard Member (nt) at the land surface have relatively low hydraulic conductivity. No recent or mixed tritium-age water was sampled along this line. Vintage tritium-age water was present at depths of approximately 100 to 150 feet below the land surface. A buried sand aquifer (scs) sample near the west edge had a calculated carbon-14 residence time of 5,000 years, highlighting the limited recharge through the tills in the west portion of the county. Two vintage tritium-age wells west of Ann Lake were tested for carbon-14 analysis, resulting in 2,000 years for the buried sand aquifer (cg) and 19,000 years for the Mt. Simon aquifer.
Groundwater flow depicted as equipotential lines is both vertically downward and east toward the regional groundwater discharge zone, the South Fork Crow River. Local groundwater flow is toward lakes such as Ann Lake and toward smaller streams.
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This map was compiled and generated in a geographic information system. Digital data products are available from the DNR County Geologic Atlas Program at mndnr.gov/groundwatermapping.
This map was prepared from publicly available information. Every reasonable effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the factual data on which this map interpretation is based. However, the DNR does not warrant the accuracy, completeness, or any implied uses of these data. Users may wish to verify critical information. Sources include both the references in the report and information on file in the offices of the Minnesota Geological Survey and the DNR. Every effort has been made to ensure the interpretation shown conforms to sound geologic and cartographic principles. This map should not be used to establish legal title, boundaries, or locations of improvements.
Base modified from Minnesota Geological Survey, Wright County Geologic Atlas, Part A, 2013.
Universal Transverse Mercator projection, zone 15N, North American Datum of 1983. North American Vertical Datum of 1988.
500 Lafayette Road St. Paul, MN 55155-4025 888-646-6367 or 651-296-6157 mndnr.gov
This information is available in alternative format on request.
The Minnesota DNR prohibits discrimination in its programs and services based on race, color, creed, religion, national origin, sex, public assistance status, age, sexual orientation, or disability. Persons with disabilities may request reasonable modifications to access or participate in DNR programs and services by contacting the DNR ADA Title II Coordinator at [email protected] or 651-259-6157. Discrimination inquiries should be sent to Minnesota DNR, 500 Lafayette Road, St. Paul, MN 55155-4049; or Office of Civil Rights, U.S. Department of the Interior, 1849 C Street NW, Washington, DC 20240.
© 2018, State of Minnesota, Department of Natural Resources and the Regents of the University of Minnesota
Prepared and published with the support of the Minnesota Environment and Natural Resources Trust Fund and the Clean Water, Land and Legacy Amendment
LOCATION DIAGRAM
)101
)24
)55
)25
)25
)55
94
12
94
Howard Lake
Buffalo
Maple Lake
Annandale
South Haven
Rockford
WaverlyCokato
Montrose
Delano
Albertville
Monticello
Clearwater
45°
94°
94°15'
93°45'
45°15'
B’
A A’
B
C
D
E
G
F
D’
E’
F’
G’
C’
C’C
D’D
E’E
A
B
A’
B’
Symbols
Part B line of cross section shown on this plate
Well used to generate cross section*
*Not all wells are displayed in cross section view due to the high density of wells.
D D’
Part B line of cross section shown on Plate 8
A A’
Part A line of cross sectionA A’
N
1 0 1 2 3 4
SCALE 1:300 000
1 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 83 9 KILOMETERS
5 MILES
*aquitard
*aquitard
ha
Aquifers and aquitards grouped by stratigraphy
Quaternary unconsolidated sediment(see Figure 6 in the report for geologic unit correlation)
Quaternary aquitards
Grouped by texture ranging from highest to lowest sand content indicating relative hydraulic conductivity.
Surficial sand and gravel
Buried aquifers and aquitards
Geologic unit code Percent sand
Bedrock Dakota
Unnamed
Jordan
St. Lawrence Formation*
Upper Tunnel City
Wonewoc
Eau Claire Formation*
Mt. Simon
Mesoproterozoic (includes Hinckley, Fond du Lac, and Solor Church)
Precambrian crystalline bedrock (includes Agn, Agr, Agt, A<d, <gu, <ls, <mv)
_j
_e
_m
_w
_tc
_sl
Kd
Ka
Mss
ct
hwt, mt
ct1, nt, prt
hbt, pwt, sct, mlt
hl
>60%
>50% and ≤60%
>40% and ≤50%
>30% and ≤40%
≤30%
CROSS SECTION EXPLANATION
Interpreted tritium age is indicated by background color
Interpreted tritium age is indicated by pattern color
hl*
hbt*
nhs, nts
nt*
ms
mt*
cg
ct*
cg1
ct1*
hs
hwt*
scs
sct*
mls
mlt*
prs
prt*
pws
pwt*
psu
pu
zus
Groundwater conditions
Symbols and labels
Land or bedrock surface
General groundwater flow direction
Geologic contact
Approximate equipotential contour; contour interval 20 feet
900
Water table
Tritium ageDarker color in small vertical rectangle (well screen symbol) indicates tritium age of water sampled in well. Lighter color indicates interpreted age of water in aquifer.
Mixed: water is a mixture of recent and vintage waters (greater than 1 TU to less than 8 TU).
Well not sampled for tritium.
Vintage: water entered the ground before 1953 (less than or equal to 1 TU).
Recent: water entered the ground since about 1953 (8 to 15 tritium units [TU]).
7.2
29
5000
250
Enhanced-permeability zone
Groundwater moves from an overlying surficial aquifer to a buried aquifer.Groundwater moves from an overlying buried aquifer to an underlying buried aquifer.
Groundwater flowpath is unknown.
Water from the surface moves through a thin layer of overlying fine-grained material to an underlying aquifer.
Groundwater discharges to a surface-water body.
Direction of fault movement, arrows indicate relative movement
Chloride: if shown, concentration is ≥5 ppm.(* indicates naturally elevated values)
Arsenic: if shown, concentration is ≥2 ppb.
Manganese: if shown, concentration is ≥100 ppb.
Carbon-14 (14C): if shown, estimated groundwater residence time in years.
Groundwater flows laterally.
1 0 1 2 3 4 5 MILES
1 0 1 2 4 5 6 7 83 9 KILOMETERS
SCALE 1:100 000VERTICAL EXAGGERATION X 50
